Professional Documents
Culture Documents
RawOutputofWrittenCommentsProvidedbyCountryRespondents
June08,2012
Thiswrittencommentcompilationincludesresponsesfromthefollowingcountries:
Afghanistan,Angola,Azerbaijan,Bangladesh,Benin,Bhutan,Bolivia,Brazil,BurkinaFaso,Burundi,Cambodia,Cameroon,
CentralAfricanRepublic,Chad,Colombia,Congo,CotedIvoire,DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo,DominicanRepublic,
Egypt,ElSalvador,EquatorialGuinea,Ethiopia,Fiji,Gabon,Gambia,Ghana,Guinea,GuineaBissau,Haiti,Honduras,India,
Indonesia,Iran,Jordan,Kenya,Kyrgyzstan,LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic,Lebanon,Lesotho,Liberia,Madagascar,
Malawi,Maldives,Mali,Mauritania,Mongolia,Morocco,Mozambique,Myanmar,Nepal,Niger,Nigeria,Oman,Pakistan,
Panama,Paraguay,Philippines,Rwanda,Samoa,Senegal,SierraLeone,SouthAfrica,SouthSudan,SriLanka,Sudan,
Tajikistan,Thailand,TimorLeste,Togo,Uganda,Uzbekistan,VietNam,YemenandZimbabwe(75countries).
Contents
01.General:UrbanandRuralDefinitions....................................................................................................................................2
02.General:ImprovedAccessDefinitions.................................................................................................................................17
03.Question3:PoliciesandInstitutions ...................................................................................................................................51
04.SectionB:SelfSupplyElementofDrinkingWaterPolicy ....................................................................................................97
05.Question5:Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation............................................................................................................106
06.Question6:BudgetingandExpenditure............................................................................................................................135
07.Question7:ParticipationandEquity .................................................................................................................................171
08.Question7kand7l:ExamplesofCollaborationwithUsers...............................................................................................199
09.Question8:Outputs...........................................................................................................................................................209
10.Question9:Sustainability ..................................................................................................................................................222
11.Question9jand9l:SlumsandClimateChangePlanning/Programs .................................................................................253
12.Question10:HumanResources.........................................................................................................................................264
13.Questions8,9,and10:HygienePromotion .......................................................................................................................291
14.Questions12and13:HygienePromotion .........................................................................................................................312
15.QuestionD.1:AdditionalDetailonFinancialManagementorAidManagementSystems ...............................................329
16.ObservationsonSustainabilityOfServiceProvision .........................................................................................................338
Pleasereferto2011UNWaterGLAASCountrySurveyQuestionnaireforprecisewordingofquestions.
Disclaimer:Theresponsesprovidedhereinrepresentunedited,originalcommentsmadebycountryrepresentativesparticipatinginthe2011UNWater
GlobalAnalysisandAssessmentofSanitationandDrinkingwater.Thisinformationisbeingdistributedwithoutwarrantyofanykind,eitherexpressedor
implied.Theresponsibilityfortheinterpretationanduseofthemateriallieswiththereader.InnoeventshalltheWorldHealthOrganizationbeliablefor
damagesarisingfromitsuse.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
UNWaterGLAAS201112
01.UrbanandRuralDefinitions
01.General:UrbanandRuralDefinitions
Afghanistan
Urbanareadefinition:
Urban:Highpopulationareas,wherepeoplecouldproduceand
haveaccessestotheirbasicneedsandcanfulfil
theinitialneedsofthelife.
Angola
Urbanareadefinition:
Urbanareascongregatesettlementsatprovincialcapitals,
municipalitiesandcommunasatmainsettlements
Azerbaijan
Urbanareadefinition:
Anurbandistrictisanadministrativeandterritorialunit
establishedbydividinglargecitiesintoseveralsectorswitha
viewtopromotingcitydevelopment,includingmeetingsocial,
culturalanddailylifeneedsofthegeneralpublicandsecuring
lawandorder.
Bangladesh
Urbanareadefinition:
Allareasdeclaredasmunicipalarea(Paurashavas)includingthe
citycorporations,districtheadquartersandupazila
headquarters.
Benin
Urbanareadefinition:
Lesdiffrentesstratgiesnontpasclairementdfinice
concept
Bhutan
Urbanareadefinition:
Bolivia(PlurinationalStateof)
Urbanareadefinition:
reaurbanaesaquellaciudadquecuentaconunapoblacin
concentrada;2.000habitantes.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Ruralareadefinition:
Rural:remoteplacesoutofthecity,wherepeoplehaveaccessto
landsandothernaturalresources.Districtsin
Afghanistanstillcouldbecountedastheruralareasratherthanbethe
Urbanarea.
Ruralareadefinition:
Ruralareascongregatesettlementsatcommunalvillages.Itisall
nationalterritorynotincludedwithinUrbanclassification
Ruralareadefinition:
Aruraldistrictisthesameadministrativeandterritorialunitasan
urbandistrict,butherethemajorityofthepopulationisengagedin
agriculturalactivities.
Ruralareadefinition:
Areanotundertheurbanareaistermedasruralarea.
Ruralareadefinition:
Lesdiffrentesstratgiesnontpasclairementdfiniceconcept
Ruralareadefinition:
Ruralareadefinition:
rearuralesaquelcentropobladoconmenosde2,000habitantes.
UNWaterGLAAS201112
01.UrbanandRuralDefinitions
Brazil
Urbanareadefinition:
BurkinaFaso
Urbanareadefinition:
Lemilieuurbainreprsentelensembledeschefslieuxdes49
communesurbainesdupayssanslesvillagesquiysont
rattachs.
Burundi
Urbanareadefinition:
LaZoneurbaineestdfinieparlexistencedunevoirie
structure,unealimentationeneaupotable,unrseau
dassainissement,unrseaudlectricit.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Ruralareadefinition:
RuraldeacordocomoIBGEInstitutoBrasileirodeGeografiae
Estatstica:Localidadesituadaemrealegalmentedefinidacomo
rural,ondeexistamunidadesdomiciliaresqueconformemum
conjuntodeedificaesadjacentes(50moumenosdedistnciaentre
si)comcaractersticasdepermanncia.Osaglomeradosruraisso
classificadosem:Aglomeradoruraldotipoextensourbana:rea
situadaforadopermetrourbanolegal,desenvolvidaapartirda
expansodereasurbanasdecidadesouvilas.Podeserloteamento,
conjuntohabitacional,ououtroncleodecaractersticaurbana.
Povoado:umaglomeradoruralsemcarterprivadoouempresarial,
novinculadoaumnicoproprietriodosolo,cujosmoradores
exercematividadeseconmicas,querprimrias,terciriasou,mesmo,
secundrias,noprprioaglomeradoouforadele.Opovoado
caracterizadopelaexistnciadeumnmeromnimodeserviosou
equipamentosparaatenderaosmoradoresdoprprioaglomeradoou
dereasruraisprximas.Ncleo:umaglomeradoruralvinculadoaum
nicoproprietriodosolo(empresaagrcola,indstria,usina,etc.),
dispondoounodosserviosouequipamentosdefinidoresdos
povoados.Outrosaglomerados:soaglomeradosquenodispem,
notodoouemparte,dosserviosouequipamentosdospovoadose
quenoestovinculadosaumnicoproprietrio(empresaagrcola,
indstria,usina,etc.).Muitasvezes,adefiniopolticoadministrativa
doIBGEnosuficienteparacaracterizaroquesejarural,pois
atualmenteasrelaesentreourbanoeoruraltmumadinmica
diferentede,pelomenos,quatrodcadasantes.Nohmaisum
isolamentoscioeconmicoeculturalcomoemtempospassados.Na
maioriadasvezes,hoje,hinterdependnciaentreoruraleourbano
emseusdiversosaspectosdavidadomunicpio,daregioedopas.A
abordagemdeterritorialidadetraz,atualmente,umanova
compreensodoquesejaurbanoourural.Quantoaorural,h,hoje
emdia,umaexplicitaodecertossegmentoscomo:populaes
tradicionais(indgenas,quilombolas)extrativistas,ribeirinhos,
assentadosdentreoutros.Aindafalandodepopulaorural,costuma
sedelinear:povosdafloresta,povosdasguasepovosdaterra.
Ruralareadefinition:
Lemilieururalreprsentelensembledescommunesruralesetles
villagesrattachsauxchefslieuxdecommunesurbaines
Ruralareadefinition:
Cestunezonenonviabilise(oilnyapasdevoiriestructure,une
alimentationeneaupotable,unrseaudassainissementetc)
UNWaterGLAAS201112
01.UrbanandRuralDefinitions
Cambodia
Urbanareadefinition:
Usingdatafromthe1998CensusofPopulation,theNational
InstituteofStatistics(2004)developedanewurban
classificationusingcommuneleveldata,ratherthandistrict
leveldataaswasusedinthepreviousclassification.Communes
wereclassifiedasurbanif:
a)Populationdensityexceeded200inhabitantspersquare
kilometre;andif
b)Thetotalpopulationofthecommuneexceeded2,000
inhabitants;andif
c)Lessthan50percentofemployedmaleswereemployedin
agriculture.
Cameroon
Urbanareadefinition:
Unezoneurbaineestunregroupementdespopulationsdans
unespacedisposantounondunplandirecteurdurbanisme
avecdesstructurestatiques,sociales,conomiquesetayant
latteuneautoritadministrativeoumunicipale.
CentralAfricanRepublic
Urbanareadefinition:
Lazoneurbaineregroupetousleschefslieuxdesprfectureset
leslocalitsdontlapopulationestsuprieureougale10000
habitants
Chad
Urbanareadefinition:
Zonepopulationsuprieureougale1200personnes(semi
urbaineeturbaine)
Colombia
Urbanareadefinition:
Secaracterizaporestarconformadaporconjuntosde
edificacionesyestructurascontiguasagrupadasenmanzanas,
lascualesestndelimitadasporcalles,carrerasoavenidas
principalmente.Cuentaporlogeneral,conunadotacinde
serviciosesencialestalescomoacueducto,alcantarillado,
energaelctrica,hospitales,colegios,entreotros.Enesta
categoraestnincluidaslasciudadescapitalesylascabeceras
municipalesrestantes.(DANE,
www.dane.gov.co/files/inf_geo/4Ge_ConceptosBasicos.pdf)
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Ruralareadefinition:
AlltheremainingareasinthecountrywithouttheNISclassification
abovearetreatedasrural.
Ruralareadefinition:
Unezoneruraleestuneinstallationtraditionnelleancienneen
borduredesroutesounondespopulationsdansdesvillagesose
succdentdesgnrations.
Ruralareadefinition:
Zoneruraleenglobetoutesleslocalitsdontlapopulationestende
de10000habitants
Ruralareadefinition:
Zonepopulationinfrieure1200personnes
Ruralareadefinition:
Secaracterizaporladistribucindispersadeviviendasyexplotaciones
agropecuariasexistentesenellas.Nocuentaconuntrazadoo
nomenclaturadecalles,carreteras,avenidasydems.Tampoco
disponeporlogeneraldeserviciospblicosyotrotipodefacilidades
propiasdezonasurbanas.Estconstituidaporcentrospobladosy
zonaruraldispersa.
(DANE,www.dane.gov.co/files/inf_geo/4Ge_ConceptosBasicos.pdf)
UNWaterGLAAS201112
01.UrbanandRuralDefinitions
Congo
Urbanareadefinition:
Lacommunauturbaineestunecirconscriptionadministrative
constitueparuneagglomrationurbainedhabitants
comportantuncertainnombredequartiersvoisins
appartenantunemmeentitadministrativeet
gographiqueconnaissantunminimumdedveloppement
conomique,social,etculturel.Cf:Loi3.2003du17/01/2003.
Cted'Ivoire
Urbanareadefinition:
ElleestappelecommuneUrbainelorsquelleestsitueau
niveauducentreVilleavecpourtutellerapprochedirectele
Prfet.
DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo
Urbanareadefinition:
Urbanareareferredtoanagglomerationwithinacapitalcityof
anyProvinceandatownorcityofatleast100000inhabitants,
forwhichthestatusofcityhasbeenlegallygivenperdecreeby
thePrimeMinister.
DominicanRepublic
Urbanareadefinition:
EnRep.Domlapoblacinurbanaesaquellaquehabitamasde
lamitadenlacabeceradelosmunicipiosydistritosmunicipales
Egypt
Urbanareadefinition:
IstheRegion,whichislocatedwithintherangeofservices
providedbytheState(education,healthcare,etc)
ElSalvador
Urbanareadefinition:
Eslaquetienemsde2000habitantesyciertogradode
planificacin
EquatorialGuinea
Urbanareadefinition:
readonderesidemasentre50100milhabitantes,asicomo
lascapitalesdeprovinciasylasdistritos
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Ruralareadefinition:
Autermedelaloisuscite,lacommunautruraleestune
circonscriptionadministrativeconstitueparungroupement
dhabitantsdunemmeagglomrationruraleayantunniveaude
dveloppementcaractrisparlaprsencedunminimum
dinfrastructuresdebaseetdeservicespublicstelsque:
Etablissementscolaire;
Etablissementsanitaire;
Centresecondairedtatcivil;
March.
Ruralareadefinition:
ElleestappeleCommuneruralelorsquellesetrouveauniveaudela
zoneruraleavecpourtutellerapprochedirectelesousPrfet.
Ruralareadefinition:
AnyagglomerationforwhichthePremierMinisterhasnotlegally
giventhestatusofcityisconsideredaspartofruralarea.
Ruralareadefinition:
Eselrestodelapoblacinquenoresidaenelreaurbana.
Ruralareadefinition:
IstheRegion,whichislocatedoutsidetherangeofservicesprovided
bytheState(education,healthcare,etc)
Ruralareadefinition:
eslamenora2000habitantesyestdispersa,nopresentaninguna
planificacindefinida..
Ruralareadefinition:
reaconsideradascomomunicipiosypoblados
UNWaterGLAAS201112
01.UrbanandRuralDefinitions
Ethiopia
Urbanareadefinition:
Populationgreaterthan:
200020,000smalltowns
20,00150,000mediumtown
>50,001bigtowns
Fiji
Urbanareadefinition:
Urbanareasareconsideredtobetheinnercitiesandtownsin
additiontobuiltupenvironments.Moreorlessadeveloped
area.
Gabon
Urbanareadefinition:
Zonedontlapopulationestgaleousuprieuremille(1000)
habitants
Gambia
Urbanareadefinition:
Settlementsofmorethan5,000inhabitantswithahealth
centreandelectricity
Ghana
Urbanareadefinition:
Areawithpopulation5000andabove
Guinea
Urbanareadefinition:
ElleestappelecommuneUrbainelorsquelleestsitueau
niveauducentreVilleavecpourtutellerapprochedirectele
Prfet.
GuineaBissau
Urbanareadefinition:
Localitsavecinfrastruturesameliresparexempleun
rseaudunadductionsommaire,coleetcentredelasant,
avecunagglomerationdepopulationssuprieure10.000
habitantsetquipossdentunepositionstratgiquepourle
developpementrgional.
Haiti
Urbanareadefinition:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Ruralareadefinition:
Populationlessthan2,000
Ruralareadefinition:
Areontheoutskirts/declaredboundariesofcitiesandtowns,remote
andunderdeveloped.
Ruralareadefinition:
Zonedontlapopulationestinfrieuremille(1000)habitants
Ruralareadefinition:
Settlementsoflessthan5,000inhabitantswithorwithoutthesocial
amenitiesmentionedabove.
Ruralareadefinition:
Areawithpopulationbelow5000
Ruralareadefinition:
ElleestappeleCommuneruralelorsquellesetrouveauniveaudela
zoneruraleavecpourtutellerapprochedirectelesousPrfet.
Ruralareadefinition:
Localitssansinfrastructuresdebasemodernesavecune
agglomrationdepopulationsinfrieure1500habitants.
Ruralareadefinition:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
01.UrbanandRuralDefinitions
Honduras
Urbanareadefinition:
reaUrbanasontodosaquelloslugarespobladosquetienen
lascaractersticassiguientes:
2,000habitantesoms,Serviciosdeaguadetubera,
Comunicacinterrestreoservicioregularmartimo,Escuela
primariacompleta,Correootelgrafoy,Queposeanporlo
menosunodelosserviciossiguientes:Alumbradoelctrico,
AlcantarilladooCentrodesalud.
Fuente.InstitutoNacionaldeEstadsticasdeHonduras(INE)
India
Urbanareadefinition:
(a)allplaceswithaMunicipality,CorporationorCantonment
orNotifiedTownArea
(b)allotherplaceswhichsatisfiedthefollowingcriteria:
(i)aminimumpopulationof5,000.
(ii)atleast75%ofthemaleworkingpopulationwas
nonagricultural.
(iii)adensityofpopulationofatleast400sq.Km.(i.e.
1000persq.Mile)
Indonesia
Urbanareadefinition:
Urbanareasisavillageleveladministrativeareasthatmeet
certainrequirementsintermsofpopulationdensity,
percentageofagriculturalhouseholds,andanumberofurban
facilities,suchasroads,meansofformaleducation,public
healthfacilities,andsoon.
Iran(IslamicRepublicof)
Urbanareadefinition:
BasedonStatisticalCentreofIrandefinitioneachareathathas
amunicipality
andhasbeenapprovedbytheIranianMinistryofInterioris
definedasUrban
area
Jordan
Urbanareadefinition:
Populationcentreswithmorethan5,000persons
Kenya
Urbanareadefinition:
Anareawithanincreaseddensityofhumancreatedstructures
incomparisontotheareassurroundingandhasapopulationof
200andabove(KenyaNationalBureauofStatistics)KNBS
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Ruralareadefinition:
reaRuralsontodosloslugarespobladosquenotienenlas
caractersticasdeterminadasparaelreaurbana.
Fuente.InstitutoNacionaldeEstadsticasdeHonduras(INE)
Ruralareadefinition:
Areasotherthanurbanarea.
Ruralareadefinition:
Villageisaunitofterritoryoccupiedbysomeresidentsasa
communityunitincludesaunitofcommunitythathasthelowest
governmentorganizationsanddirectlybelowthesubdistricthead,
theyhavearighttoorganizethemselveswithintheboundsof
domesticunitaryRepublicofIndonesia(RI).Thespecificcharacteristic
isthevillageheadmanelectionbythelocalcommunity.
Ruralareadefinition:
BasedonStatisticalCentreofIrandefinitioneachareathatisoutof
urbanarea
zoneandhasbeenapprovedbytheIranianMinistryofInterioris
definedas
urbanarea
Ruralareadefinition:
Populationcentreswithlessthan5,000persons
Ruralareadefinition:
Alargeisolatedareaofopencountry(noforest)oftenwithlow
populationdensity.(KNBS)
7
UNWaterGLAAS201112
01.UrbanandRuralDefinitions
Kyrgyzstan
Urbanareadefinition:
UndertheLawoftheKyrgyzRepublicOntheAdministrative
andTerritorialArrangementoftheKyrgyzRepublic,asofApril
25,2008,#65,cityisanadministrativeandterritorialunitin
formofacityoftherepublican,oblast(region)andrayon
(district)subordinance,aswellastheurbantypevillagewhere
thelocalcommunityperformsthelocalselfgovernanceinthe
procedureestablishedbytheConstitutionandlawsofthe
KyrgyzRepublic.
Article6.Thecategoryoftherepublicansubordinancecanbe
classifiedassettlementswithspecialnationalsignificanceor
whichistheadministrative,economicandculturalcenterof
nationalsignificance,withtheindustrialandsocial
infrastructureandpopulationofatleast250thousandpeople.
Specialarrangementoflocalgovernancemaybeestablishedin
suchcities.Thepowersoflocalauthoritiesinthesecitiesmay
bedifferentfromthoseofthelocalselfgovernmentbodiesof
othersettlementsandtheirrelationswithpublicauthoritiesare
ofspecificcharacter.
Thestatusofacityoftherepublicansubordinanceshallbe
establishedbylaw.
Thecategoryofoblastsubordinancecanbeclassifiedasthe
settlements,whicharetheadministrative,economicand
culturalcenter,withindustries,utilitiesandhousing,a
developednetworkofeducational,cultural,educational,
medicalandcommercialinstitutions,withthepopulationofat
least20thousandpeople.
Thecategoryofrayonsubordinancecanbeclassifiedasthe
settlements,whicharetheadministrative,economicand
culturalcenterwiththeindustrialandsocialinfrastructure,a
developednetworkofeducational,cultural,educational,
medicalandcommercialinstitutions,withthepopulationofat
least10thousandpeople.
Thecategoryofurbansettlementscanbeclassifiedas
settlementswiththeeconomicallyimportantentities(industrial
plants,constructionsites,railwaystations,etc.),andlocatedin
areasthathavetherapeuticvalueiftheyhavereachedcertain
levelofaccomplishment,withthepopulationofatleasttwo
thousandpeople.
Inexceptionalcases,thesettlementswithsmallerpopulations,
butwhicharetheadministrative,economicandcultural
centersandhavingcloseprospectoffurthereconomic
developmentandpopulationgrowthmaybereferredtothe
categoryoftherelevantsubordinance,urbantypevillages.
LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic
Urbanareadefinition:
nocleardefinitionexistrefertoJMPdefinitiononly
Lebanon
Urbanareadefinition:
Nodifferentiationbetweenurbanandruralareasandno
definitioninanylegislativetextforurbanareasorruralareas.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Ruralareadefinition:
Ayil(village)isasettlementhavingreachedcertainlevelof
accomplishment,withthepopulationofatleast50people,including
thoseengagedinagricultureandtheirfamiliesmakingatleasthalfthe
population.Theails(villages)categorymayincludethesettlements
havingreachedcertainlevelofaccomplishment,withthepopulation
ofatleast50people,includingtheworkersemployedinagricultural
productionandtheirfamiliesthatmakeatleasthalfthepopulation.
KashtyksandKonushesmaybeformedaspartofthevillage.
Inexceptionalcases,thecategoryofvillagesmayincludetheremote
andhardtoreachcommunitieswithsmallerpopulations.
Ruralareadefinition:
nocleardefinitionexistrefertoJMPdefinitiononly
Ruralareadefinition:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
01.UrbanandRuralDefinitions
Lesotho
Urbanareadefinition:
urbanareameansanareadefinedanddeclaredbythe
Ministerundersection3oftheLocalGovernmentAct1997to
beanareaunderthejurisdictionofeitheranUrbanCouncilor
aMunicipalCouncil.(definitionfromLandAct2010)
Liberia
Urbanareadefinition:
+5000persons
Madagascar
Urbanareadefinition:
Lazoneurbaineoumilieuurbain,cesontleschefslieuxdes
rgionsetleschefslieuxdeDistricts,sauflesdistrictsde
catgorieII(cf:manueldeprocduresdusecteurAEPHA)
Malawi
Urbanareadefinition:
AnareadeclaredbytheMinisterresponsibleforLocal
GovernmentandRuralDevelopmentandbyorderpublishedin
agazetteasatownship,oramunicipality.(LocalGovernment
Act1998).Someofthecriteriausedinclude:1.Levelof
Infrastructure,2.DependenceonnonFarmingactivities,3.
Populationsize.
Maldives
Urbanareadefinition:
Mali
Urbanareadefinition:
ZoneUrbaine:nombredhabitantssuprieur10000
Zonesemiurbaine:nombredhabitantscomprisentre2000et
10000
Mauritania
Urbanareadefinition:
Lazoneurbainecestolapopulationestsuprieure5000
habitants.aveclacceptationdetouteslescapitalesrgionales
Mongolia
Urbanareadefinition:
InaccordancewithMongolianUrbanizationLawspecifies:
Urbanismorethan15,000residents,dominantpercentof
themworkatservicingandfactorysectorsandthereis
developedurbaninfrastructurewhichismadecityup.
Therefore,urbaniscentralizedandhasownadministration.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Ruralareadefinition:
ruralareameansanareawhichisnotanurbanarea
Ruralareadefinition:
15000persons
Ruralareadefinition:
Lazoneruraleoumilieurural,cesontlesautresqueleszones
urbaines(cf:manueldeprocduresdusecteurAEPHA)
Ruralareadefinition:
AnareanotdeclaredbytheMinisterresponsibleforLocal
GovernmentandRuralDevelopmentandbyorderpublishedina
gazetteasatownship,oramunicipality.
Ruralareadefinition:
Ruralareadefinition:
Zonerurale:nombredhabitantsinfrieur2000
Ruralareadefinition:
Lazoneruralecestolapopulationestinferieur5000habitants.
Ruralareadefinition:
Ruralarea50015000residents,developedoneofthelineof
businessagriculture,industry,tourism,healthresort,transportand
trade.Therefore,ruralislocalizedandhasownadministration.
UNWaterGLAAS201112
01.UrbanandRuralDefinitions
Morocco
Urbanareadefinition:
Lalistedescommunesurbainesetruralesestpubliedansle
bulletinofficieletmisejourpriodiquement.
Ladfinitionmarocainedicteledcoupageadministratifdu
Maroc,cedcoupagedterminedeuxtypesdecommunes,
urbaineetrurale.(Voirannexe:Notesurladmarchede
reclassementdeslocalitsurbainesetrurales)
Mozambique
Urbanareadefinition:
UrbanareaisthelandwithinaperimeterofMunicipalities,
Villages,andlegallyinstitutionalisedsettlements.
Urbanizedareaistheconsolidatedoccupiedland,wherethe
buildingsoccupiesexclusivelytheirownlotswithoutdisputing
withotherbuildingsofsomeoneselseownershipandthat
thesebuildingareasareintegrateinaplannedareafor
urbanization.Source:RegulationofUrbanLandissuedbythe
GovernmentofMozambique(26/12/2006).
Myanmar
Urbanareadefinition:
Anareaconnectedwithatownorcity
Nepal
Urbanareadefinition:
Urbanareasdefinedas:settlementwithapopof5000andpop
densityofatleast10personsperhectorandatleast50%of
popdependonnonagriculturaleconomicactivitiesitincludes
all;Metropolitancities(pop>300,000andrevenue>NRs100
million)Submetropolitancities(pop>100,000andrevenue
>NRs50million),municipalities(pop>20,000andrevenue>
NRs2million)intermediatetownswithpop10,00050,000and
smalltownswithpop5,00010,000(UWSSpolicy2009)
Niger
Urbanareadefinition:
Lazoneestdfinieicientermesdelalimentationeneau
potableenmilieuurbain.Ainsi,lHydrauliqueurbaineestle
domainedelalimentationeneaupotableenglobantle
primtreconcd,nontransfrableauxCollectivits
Territoriales.Leprimtre(centresurbains)estsousla
responsabilitdelasocitdepatrimoinedeseauxduNiger
(SPEN)socitdedroitpublic.
Ladlimitationentrelessoussecteursdelhydrauliqueurbaine
etruraleestvolutive.En2009lesoussecteurdelhydraulique
urbainecomporte52centresurbains.Pourlhorizon2020,40
nouveauxcentressontprvusdtreintgrsauprimtre
concd
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Ruralareadefinition:
Lemilieururalenglobelensembledelapopulationetduterritoire
descampagnes,c'estdiredeszonessituesendehorsdes
communesurbaines.(voirNotesurladmarchedereclassementdes
localitsurbainesetrurales)
Ruralareadefinition:
Ruralareaisapartofnationalterritorywhichlaysoutsidethe
perimeterofMunicipalities,Villages,andlegallyinstitutionalised
settlements.Source:RegulationforTerritoryPlanningissuedbythe
GovernmentofMozambique(01/06/2008).
Ruralareadefinition:
Anareaconnectedwithorlikethecountryside
Ruralareadefinition:
Allsettlementsotherthanabovefallsunderruralareas
Ruralareadefinition:
Aloppos,lHydrauliquerurale,cestdomainedelalimentationen
eaupotableenglobantleprimtrenonconcd,transfrableaux
CollectivitsTerritoriales.
10
UNWaterGLAAS201112
01.UrbanandRuralDefinitions
Nigeria
Urbanareadefinition:
23865.000,00
Oman
Urbanareadefinition:
Theareasandhabitationswhicharehighly/denselypopulated
andhavebeenprovidedwithallthebasicinfrastructural
facilitiesrequiredforcommunityliving,atparwithcertain
internationalstandards.Suchinfrastructuresincludemodern
permanentbuildings,permanenthouseholds,fulltime
uninterruptedelectricitysupplies,safepotablecontinuous
pipedwatersupplysystemwithmeteredhouseconnections,
wastewatercollectionsystem,telephone,internet,mobile
phonefacilities,pavedroadswithwalkways,trafficcontrol
systems,publictransportationsystem,basicandhigher
schools,hospitals,Masjids,postoffices,banks,government
offices,policestations,privatesectoroffices,shoppingmalls,
markets,tradecentres,parksandgardensandotherpublic
entertainmentcentresetc.
Pakistan
Urbanareadefinition:
Sanitation
Thesanitationpolicyprimarilyfocusesonsafedisposalofliquid
andsolidwastes;andpromotionofhealthandhygiene
practicesinthecountry.Thetermsanitation,however,extends
tocovercleanliness,hygiene,propercollectionofliquidand
solidwastesandtheirenvironmentallysounddisposal.Inthis
endeavour,theneedforwastereduction,reuse,recycle(3Rs)
andchangesintheattitudetowardsconsumptionand
productionpatternsareotherimperativesforachievinggoals
ofsustainableenvironment(NationalSanitationPolicy2006)
Urban
Thoseareasthatenjoythedesignationofmunicipal
corporations,municipalcommitteesorcantonmentboardsare
consideredurbanareas(NationalPopulationCensus1998)
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Ruralareadefinition:
Communityofpopulationlessthan5,000
Ruralareadefinition:
Ruralareasaresmallconglomerationcomprisingoffewhousesand
lesspopulatedareasorupcominghabitationsthatarelocatedawayor
farfromtheurbanareasasdetailedabove.Thesemaynothaveallthe
infrastructurefacilitiesmentionedaboveforurbanareasbutmay
havebasicamenitiesinsmallscalelikeunpavedgradedroads,
primaryhealthcentre,limitedelectricity,limitedpotablewaterfacility
withpubliccollectionpoints,lessshopsandentertainmentareasand
notmuchofGovernmentofficesandprivatessectoroffices.Onthe
wholeItwillhaveallthebasicneedsforlivingbutinprimaryand
limitedscale.Formajorrequirements,theurbanareasneedtobe
approached.
Ruralareadefinition:
Anythingthatfallsoutsidetheurbanjurisdictiondefinedaboveis
consideredrural
11
UNWaterGLAAS201112
01.UrbanandRuralDefinitions
Panama
Urbanareadefinition:
Sonaquellascomunidadescuyapoblacinesmayora1,500
habitantesy
cuentaconserviciosdeaguapotableydealcantarillado
sanitarioounaforma
sanitariadedisponerexcretasyaguasservidas.
Arethosecommunitieswithpopulationsgreaterthan1,500
peopleandhas
potablewaterserviceandsewersorsanitarywaytodispose
excretaand
sewage.
Paraguay
Urbanareadefinition:
Loslimitesdereaurbanaserndeterminadosporordenanza
desacuerdoalossgtescriteriosa)Distribucinydensidaddela
poblacin)losequipamientosyserviciosdisponiblesy
proyectados)laexpansinurbanaproyectada;yd)loslimites
fsicosnaturalesoartificialesydeberajustarsealasnormas
tcnicasquedicteporresolucinelServicioNacionalde
Catastro.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Ruralareadefinition:
Sonaquellascomunidadescuyapoblacinesmenora1,500
habitantes,con
poblacindispersaconalgnsistemadeaguapotable,sinserviciode
alcantarilladosanitarioperoconletrinasocontanquesspticos.
Arethosecommunitieswithpopulationslessthan1,500inhabitants,
witha
dispersedpopulationwithdrinkingwatersystem,nosewerservicebut
with
latrinesorseptictanks.
Ruralareadefinition:
Sontodaslasdemsquenoestnestablecidascomourbanas.
12
UNWaterGLAAS201112
01.UrbanandRuralDefinitions
Philippines
Urbanareadefinition:
RefertoNEDABoardResolutionNo.12,1995
Urbandefinitionincludesthecriteriaontheeconomicand
socialfunctions
ofbarrios,poblaciones,andcentraldistrictsasfollows:
1.Intheirentirely,allmunicipaljurisdictionswhich,whether
designatedas
charteredcities,provincial,capitalornot,haveapopulation
densityofatleast
1,000personspersquarekilometer.
2.Poblacionesorcentraldistrictsofmunicipalitiesandcities
whichhavea
populationdensityofatleast500personspersquare
kilometer.
3.Poblacionesorcentraldistricts(notincludedinnos.1and2)
regardless
ofpopulationsizewhichhavethefollowing:
a.Streetpattern,i.e.,networkofstreetineitheratparallelor
rightangle
orientation;
b.Atleastsixestablishments(commercial,manufacturing,
recreational
and/orpersonalservice);and
c.Atleastthreeofthefollowing:
i)atownhall,churchorchapelwithreligiousservicesatleast
onceamonth;
ii)apublicplaza,parkorcemetery;
iii)amarketplaceorbuildingwheretradingactivitiesare
carriedonatleast
onceaweek;and
iv)apublicbuildinglikeschool,hospital,puericultureand
healthcenteror
library.
4.Barrios/barangayshavingatleast1,000inhabitantswhich
metthe
conditionssetforthinno.3above,andinwhichtheoccupation
ofthe
inhabitantsispredominantlynonfarming/fishing.
Rwanda
Urbanareadefinition:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Ruralareadefinition:
RefertoNEDABoardResolutionNo.12,1995
RuralAreaallareasnotfallingundertheurbanclassification.
Ruralareadefinition:
13
UNWaterGLAAS201112
01.UrbanandRuralDefinitions
Samoa
Urbanareadefinition:
AccordingtoSBScensusdefines;wholeofdistrict2and3
(VaimaugaWestto
FaleataEast)asApiaUrbanArea(AUA)ifusinginternational
definitionofurban
>400person/kmthenAUAwillstandat600persons/kkm
Senegal
Urbanareadefinition:
AuSngallazoneurbainenerenvoiepasaudcoupage
administratifmaisunprimtreaffermgrparlasocit
fermire(SDE)encontratdaffermageaveclaSONES(socit
concessionnaire).Ceprimtreestdcoupen66centreso
onretrouvedeslocalitsadministrativementurbaines
(majoritdelaclientle)etplusde400localitsrurales.
SierraLeone
Urbanareadefinition:
Anurbanareaisasettlementwithaminimumof5,000people
separatelyfromtherest
SouthAfrica
Urbanareadefinition:
StatisticsSouthAfrica(StatsSA)isintheprocessofformulating
theNationalurbandefinition.NoofficialSouthAfrican
definitionexists.However,DWAhasidentified6urban
typologieswhicharespatiallyreferenced,usingaflexible
systemthatisabletoincorporatetheotherlocaland
internationaltypologies.
SouthSudan
Urbanareadefinition:
InabsenceofanationaldefinitionofanUrbanAreaisaplace
wheresettlementfollowapatternthatisorganizedby
governmentadministration,inclusiveofplannedroads;housing
schemes;publicsquares(includingschools,hospitals
playgroundsmarketplaces,recreationzones)alongwhichthe
provisionofpublicgoodssuchassafewater,electricity,
seweragesystem,etcarealigned.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Ruralareadefinition:
Areasnotcoveredabove
Ruralareadefinition:
Lazoneruraleestconstituedelapartiedupayssituehorsdu
primtreaffermlaSDE.Ilsagitdetouteslesautreslocalits
(urbainesoururales)quinesontpasdesserviesparlerseaugrpar
laSDE;ellessontainsiapprovisionnessoitparlesrseauxAEPgrs
parlaDirectiondelExploitationetdelaMaintenance(oudans
quelquescaspardesoprateursspcifiques),desforagesquipsde
pompesmotricithumaineetdespuitsmodernes.
Ruralareadefinition:
Aruralareaisasettlementwithamaximumof5,000people
separatelyfromtherest
Ruralareadefinition:
ThereisnoofficialSouthAfricandefinition.However,DWAhas
identified5ruraltypologieswhicharespatiallyreferencedusinga
flexiblesystemthatisdesignedtoincorporatetheotherlocaland
internationaltypologies.
Ruralareadefinition:
Inabsenceofanationaldefinitionofaruralarea,thisisconsideredto
beasettlementadministeredbynativeleaderswheremyriadsof
countrysidecommunalactivitiessuchascultivation;fishing;animal
rearing;hunting;etcaredominant,followingtraditionalnorms
14
UNWaterGLAAS201112
01.UrbanandRuralDefinitions
SriLanka
Urbanareadefinition:
AllmunicipalandurbancouncilsandPradeshiyaSabhas
(smallestpoliticalunitinperiurbanandruralareas)having
morethan6,000
Sudan
Urbanareadefinition:
Alltownsareconsideredasurbanareas
Tajikistan
Urbanareadefinition:
Urbanpopulationismorethen40.000
Thailand
Urbanareadefinition:
UrbanareainThailandcoversBangkokmetropolitan,Pattaya
cityand
municipalityarea
TimorLeste
Urbanareadefinition:
a.UrbanArea:Alldistrictcapitalwereconsideredasurban
areasandareaswhichhasthefollowingcharacteristicsas
urban:
Haveapopulationofabout2000peopleormore
Havelessthat50%ofitspopulationemployedin
agriculture/fishingandtheremainingpeopleinthemodern
sector
Haveelectricityandpipedwater
Haveaccesstoschools,medicalcareandrecreational
facilities
b.Improveddrinkingwatersource:isthedrinkingwaterthat
camefrompipedwithinhousehold,publictap,tube
well/borehole,protectedwellorspring,bottlewaterand
rainwatercollection
c.Improvedsanitationfacility:isthesanitationfacilitythathas
pitlatrinewithslab,ventilatedimprovedpitlatrine(VIP)and
pourflushtoseptictank/pit
Togo
Urbanareadefinition:
Estdsignezoneurbaine,touteagglomrationpeuplequiest
uncheflieudeprfectureoudesousprfecture.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Ruralareadefinition:
PradeshiyaSabashavingpopulationlessthan6,000
Ruralareadefinition:
Otherthanthetownsareconsideredasurbanareas
Ruralareadefinition:
Ruralpopulationislessthen10.000
Ruralareadefinition:
ruralareainThailandcoversanyareaexcludingBangkokmetropolitan,
Pattaya
cityandmunicipalities
Ruralareadefinition:
RuralArea:areasthatdidnotmeetthecategorizationabovewere
classifiedasrural.
Ruralareadefinition:
Estdsignezonerurale,toutelocalitdontlapopulationest
infrieure1500habitants.
15
UNWaterGLAAS201112
01.UrbanandRuralDefinitions
Uganda
Urbanareadefinition:
Gazettedcities,municipalitiesandtowncouncilsasperthe
LocalGovernmentAct2002,whileearliercensusesincludedun
gazettedtradingcentreswithmorethan1,000peopleaspart
oftheurbanpopulation(UBOS,2005)
Uzbekistan
Urbanareadefinition:
Anadministrativeandterritorialunitinacitythatisdivided
intodistricts;smallercitiesandtowns
VietNam
Urbanareadefinition:
Urbanareaisanareawithincreasingdensityofarchitecture
worksbuiltby
peopleincomparisontosurroundingareas.Atpresent,in
Vietnam,urbanareas
consistofcities,townsandsmalltowns(thesmallesturban
areaisasmalltown)
Yemen
Urbanareadefinition:
UrbanAreaistheareawhichhasthemainsuvucei.ehealth,
electricity,water&sanitation,education,andthepopulaionis
morethan15,000persons.
Zimbabwe
Urbanareadefinition:
Allareasfallingundereitheratownorcitycomprisingofalot
ofhouses,factoriesandfastmovinglife
Ruralareadefinition:
Ruralpopulationreferstopeoplelivinginruralareasasdefinedby
UBOS.Itiscalculatedasadifferencebetweentotalpopulationand
urbanpopulation.
Ruralareadefinition:
Anadministrativeandterritorialunitinthecountryside:ruraldistricts
andkishlaks(villages)
Ruralareadefinition:
Communesbelongtodistricts
communesbelongtotownsandcitiesunderprovinces
Ruralareadefinition:
TheNationalDeffentionoftheRuralAreaisaruralcommunitiesand
islanderspopulationthatdoesnotexceed15,000persons.
Ruralareadefinition:
Countrysidemostlycharacterisedbyagriculturallandsandrelatively
slowmovinglife
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
16
UNWaterGLAAS201112
02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions
Afghanistan
Accesstosanitation:
ODFfreecommunitieswiththeuseofsanitarylatrineswhichpreventsfliesfromgettingto
thefaecaldepositsandbacktotheenvironment),Separatesexcretafromhumancontact,
Eliminatesodour,doesnotcontaminategroundandsurfacewaterandEnsuresuserprivacy,
especiallyforwomenandgirls.(Water,sanitationandhygienepolicyMinistryofrural
rehabilitationanddevelopment)
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Flashlatrine,doubleplattypeandImprovedlatrine
Angola
Accesstosanitation:
OnefamilywithAccesstooneadequatesanitaryinfrastructure,asperdescriptionbellow
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Simplelatrine(localmaterial),septicimprovedlatrine,smallflushtoilet,toiletwithaseptic
tankandconnectiontothesewagenetwork
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
17
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Increasingofaccesstosafedrinking
waterandreducingnumberofmortality
causedbyunsafedrinkingwater(MRRD)
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Fielddatacollection,InformationSystem
forWaterandSanitationSector(SISAS)
andtheWellBeingSurvey(IBEP)
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Residentialtapconnectedtothe
network,publicpump,motorized
pumps,protectedsprings
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Azerbaijan
Accesstosanitation:
Accesstosanitation(excretamanagement)isassessedbasedonthefindingsofvarious
statisticalsurveys,studiesandpublicinquiries(oneofthemostrecentinquirieswasDHS
2006).Intheyearsbetweenthesestatisticalobservations,ongoingassessmentiscarriedout.
Additionally,theStateCommitteeforStatisticsoftheAzerbaijanRepublicreceivesfromthe
relevantutilityandotherservices,onanannualbasis,dataontheconnectionofhomestoa
systemofsanitation.
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Sanitationfacilitiesarepourflushtoilets
connectedtoasanitationsystem
connectedtoacesspool
connectedtosomethingelse
withdrainsintocoveredsinks(cesspoolswithacover)
Bangladesh
Accesstosanitation:
Householdsurvey
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Individualorsharedlatrinesofthefollowingtypes:
Flushedandpourflushedtoilet/latrinestopipedsewersystemorseptictank;Pitlatrines
withslabandwatersealorlidorflap;Pitlatrineswithslabbutnowaterseal,lidorflap;
VentilatedImprovedPitLatrines;Compostinglatrines
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
18
02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
TheStateCommitteeforStatisticsof
Azerbaijannormallydeterminesaccess
tosafedrinkingwaterbasedonthedata
fromthepopulationcensus,various
statisticalsurveysandpublicinquiries
(DHS2006beingthemostrecentof
them).Intheyearsbetweenthesurveys,
ongoingassessmentsareundertaken.
Also,theStateCommitteeforStatistics
onanannualbasisreceivesdatafrom
relevantmunicipalandotherserviceson
theconnectionofhomestopipedwater
supplies.
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Sourcesofsafedrinkingwaterare
watertapinthehome
astandpostorwatertapinthe
courtyard
anartesianwell
apublicpipeline(astandpostinthe
street)
protecteddugwells
protectedsprings
Therefore,thesesourcesareincludedin
thestatisticsascomplyingwiththerules
ofhygiene.
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Householdsurvey
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Individualorsharedwatersupply
facilitiesofthefollowingtypes:
UrbanandRural
Pipedwatersupplytohouseholdswith
multipletaps,yardconnectionsor
sharedconnections;Publicstandpipe
sharedbyatmost100persons;Safe
waterpoints,likehandpumptubewells,
ringwells,pondsandfilters,protected
dugwells,protectedspringsandrain
waterharvestingsystem;publicwater
pointsaresharedbyatmost100
personsandprivatewaterpointsby5
persons.
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Benin
Accesstosanitation:
Inventairedetouslesmnagesayantralisdeslatrinestraversdesfiches
derenseignement,desenqutescomplmentaires,desrapportsmensuels
ralisspardesagents(Agentsdhygine,animateursdestructures
dintermdiationsociale)
Intgrationdesdonnesrecueilliesdanslabasededonnesconstruitecet
effet.
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
LatrinesVIPdoublefosses,latrinesdallesansplat,latrinesMozambique
detypesCREPA,leslatrinestraditionnellesamliores,
lespuitsperdusauniveaudesmnagesruraux,lesfossesseptiques,les
latrinesmoderneschassedeau,latrinedetypeECOSAN.
Bhutan
Accesstosanitation:
Householdsurvey(BMIS,2010)
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Animprovedsanitationfacilityisdefinedasonethathygienicallyseparates
humanexcretafromhumancontact.Improvedsanitationfacilitiesforexcreca
disposalincludeflushorpourflushtoapipedsewersystem,septictank,or
latrine;ventilatedimprovedpitlatrine,pitlatrinewithslab,andcomposting
toilet
Bolivia(PlurinationalStateof)
Accesstosanitation:
EnreaUrbana:CENSOyEncuestasdehogares
EnreaRural:CENSOyEncuestasdehogares
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Urbano:PoblacinquecuentaconconexindomiciliariaalareddealcantarilladPoblacin
servidaconcmarasptica,Poblacinservidaconbaosecolgicosyletrinasmejoradas(No
seconsideranenestadsticasoficiales)
Rural:Poblacinquecuentaconconexindomiciliariaalareddealcantarilla.Poblacin
servidaconcmarasptica
Poblacinservidaconbaosecolgicosyletrinasmejoradas
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
19
02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
milieurural:tauxdedessertecalculsur
labasedelanormede1EPEpour
250habitants
milieuurbain:tauxdedessertecalcul
surlabasedelanormede1
branchementpour12habitants
source:DGEauetSONEB
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
AdductiondEauVillageoise(AEV),FPM,
PEA,PM,branchements,bornes
fontaines
source:DGEauetSONEB
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
NationalHouseholdSurvey
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Thepopulationusingimprovedsources
ofdrinkingwaterarethoseusingany
ofthefollowingtypesofwatersupply:
pipedwater(intodwelling,compound,
yardorplot,publictap/standpipe)tube
well/borehole,protectedwell,
protectedspringandrainwater
collection.Bottledwaterisconsideredas
an
improvedwatersourceonlyifthe
householdisusingandimprovedwater
sourceforotherpurposessuchas
handwashingandcooking
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
EnreaUrbana:CENSO,Encuestade
hogaresydatosoficialesdelaautoridad
sectorial(MMAyA)
EnreaRural:CENSO,Encuestade
hogares,Registrosadministrativosy
datosoficialesdelaautoridadsectorial
(MMAyA)
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Reddeabastecimiento,pozosprofundos
conbombaselctricas,pozosconbomba
manual,noriasconcubiertasanitaria
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Brazil
Accesstosanitation:
OSaneamento(esgotamentosanitrio)devecontemplar,desdeasligaesdomiciliares,a
coletaeotransportepormeioderedepblica,otratamentodosexcretaseguasresidurias
eadisposioadequadadosefluentes.Levandoemcontaasituaoelocalizaodos
domicliosdevesebuscaralternativas,emtermosdeinstalaes,queatendamaositens
colocadosanteriormente,sejasobaformadesistemascoletivos(redes),individuaisou
isolados.
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Consideraseatendimentoadequadoaquelesdomicliosruraisligadosredecoletorade
esgotosoucomfossasptica.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
20
02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Emsetratandodasreasrurais,conta
secomoIBGE,pormeiodosCensos,de
10em10anos;PesquisaNacionalpor
AmostradeDomciliosPNAD
anualmenteePesquisaNacionalde
SaneamentoBsicoPNSB.
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
DeacordocomaLein11.445/2007:o
suprimentomelhoradodeguapotvel
consistenasinfraestruturase
instalaesnecessriasao
abastecimentopblicodeguapotvel,
desdeacaptao,tratamento,
reservaoedistribuioporrede,
incluindoasligaesprediais,
canalizaointernaerespectivos
instrumentosdemedio,bemcomoo
controledaqualidadedaguadeacordo
comasnormasvigentes.importante
destacarqueaLeiapontaprincpios
comouniversalizaodoacessoaos
serviosdesaneamentobsico,
equidade,integralidadedentreos
principais.Almdisso,osuprimento
melhoradodeguapotveldependede
concepoadequadadetecnologia,
gesto,mobilizaosocial,educaoem
sadeeambiental.Comrelaosreas
rurais,oIBGE,parafinsdepesquisa
sobrecobertura,consideraaindaoutras
formasdeabastecimento,comdestaque
parapoocomchafariz;nascentes,
poosrasoscomcanalizao,inclusive
interna,semprelevandoemcontaa
qualidadedaguaEstasformasde
abastecimentodevereceberpelomenos
otratamentosimplificadono
reservatriodomiciliar.OPlanoNacional
deSaneamentoBsicoPlansab,ainda
emelaborao,chamaaatenoparao
atendimentoadequado,atendimento
precrioenoatendimento.APortaria
518,doMinistriodaSade,defineos
padresdepotabilidadedaguapara
consumohumano.
UNWaterGLAAS201112
BurkinaFaso
Accesstosanitation:
MilieuurbainTauxdaccslassainissementfamilial:populationdesservieenmilieu
urbain/populationtotaldumilieuurbain
NB:10personnespartypedinfrastructuredassainissement
MilieururalLetauxdaccslassainissementfamilialestlenombredemnagesayantaccs
lassainissementfamilialrapportaunombretotaldemnages.
SelonlesnormesetcritreduPNAEPA,unmnageaaccslassainissementfamilialsil
utiliseunelatrinesamliore(quellesoitpartageounon),accessibletoutmomentet
dontlenombretotaldutilisateursquotidiensestinfrieurougaldix.
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Milieuurbain
LatrinesdetypeVIP,LatrinesdetypeTCM,Latrinesrhabilites,LatrinesdetypeECOSAN,
fossesseptiques,fossestanches,raccordementaurseaudgout.
MilieururalCesontleslatrinesamliores.Unelatrineestditeamlioresiellerpondaux
conditionsdescurit,deconfortetdhyginedutilisation.IlsagitdesouvragesSuivants:
Pourlesmnages:VIPunefosse,SanPlatamliore,VIPdoublefosse,latrineEcoSan,
Toilettechassemanuelleunefosseoudoublefosse,toilettechassemcanique,
Pourlescoles,lieuxpubliquesetCentresdesant:VIPmultipostes.
Burundi
Accesstosanitation:
Lamthodeutilisecestlenqutemnageetlinventaire,
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Latrinesamliores,toilette,etrseaudEgouts
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
21
02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Milieurural
Inventairenationaldesouvrages
dapprovisionnementeneaupotable,
puiscalculelaidedunmodleconu
surArcViewGis3.2adnomm
ApplicatifSIGOMD.
Milieuurbain
Inventairedesouvragesralissen
milieuurbain
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Lespuitsmodernes,lesforagesquips
depompe,lespostesdeauautonomes,
lesbornesfontainesetles
branchementsparticuliers.
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Enqutes
Inventaires
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Bornesfontaines,
Sourcesamnages
Branchementsprivs
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Cambodia
Accesstosanitation:
NationalCensus(every10years,latestwas2008Census)
CDHS(latestwasCDHS2010)
NationalKAPSurvey(initiatedin2010,plannedforevery23years(?))
Wastewaterproducedbypeopleleavinginurbanareainaverageamount180L/person/day
(MPWT)
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Flushorpourflushtosewerage
2.Flushorpourflushtoseptictankorpit
3.Pitlatrinewithslab
4.VentilatedImprovedPit(VIP)latrine
5.Publicorsharedlatrine(anytype)
Cameroon
Accesstosanitation:
Enqutes/Etudes
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Latrinesamliores,Rseauxdgoutsparlescanauxdvacuation,Fosses
sceptiques,
CentralAfricanRepublic
Accesstosanitation:
Visitesdomiciliaires
EnqutesCAP(connaissances,AttitudesetPratiques)
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Fosseseptique
Latrineamliorefosseventile(VIP)
Dispositifdelavagedemains
Toilettechassemanuelle(TCM)
Pratiquedelenfouissementsanitairedesexcrtadanslemnage
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
22
02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
1.UrbanPopulationCensusin2008
andCambodiaDemographicandHealth
Surveyin2010
2.RuralPopulationCensusin2008and
CambodiaDemographicandHealth
Surveyin2010
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
1.Urban(MIME):inhousepipedwater
2.Rural(MRD),Improvedwatersources:
a)Householdconnection;b)Public
standpipe;c)TubewellorBorehole;d)
Protecteddugwell;and,e)Improved
rainwatercollection
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Enqute/Etude
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
AdductionsdEauPotable,Forages,Puits
Amnags,SourcesAmnags,
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Lamthodeestfondesurlinventaire
desinfrastructuresdeaupotable
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Ilsagitde:Foragesquipsdepompes
motricithumaine,Puitsmodernes
(puitsbuss),sourcesamnages,
Bornesfontaines(BF)etBranchements
particuliers(BP).
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Chad
Accesstosanitation:
Leprocessusd'laborationdelaPNAatconduitparunComitdeSuivicomposde
reprsentantsdeplusieursinstitutionscldusecteurauTchad:Ministresdel'Eau,de
l'Environnement,desInfrastructures,delAmnagementduTerritoire,delAdministrationet
delaDcentralisation,desFinances,delaSantetdesReprsentantsdesmunicipalits
(MairiedeN'Ndjamena)lesONGetlasocitcivile
Pourl'tablissementdudocumentproprementdit,lecomitapucomptersurl'appui
techniqueetfinancierdelUNICEF,lequelafaitappeldesconsultantsspcialissdu
domaine.
LetravailcommunduComitdeSuivi,delUNICEFetdesconsultantsaaboutiundocument
detravailquiatlargementdiffusetdiscuttraversdesateliersdevalidation,avecune
largeparticipationdesacteursdusecteuretdelasocitcivile(encoursdevalidation)
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Fosseseptique:(Ouvragedestinassurerunedcantationetunprtraitement
anarobiquedeseauxuses.Ncessitedesmesuresprisesenavalpourassurerun
traitementfinaldeseauxuses,etleurrejetdanslemilieunaturel.
Latrine:(Ouvragedestinenprioritl'vacuationdesexcrta.Lalatrineestconstitue
d'unestructuresursol(abri,dalle)etd'unpuitsd'infiltration.)
Latrinesche:(Latrinesansutilisationd'eaupourl'vacuationdesexcrta.L'eaupeutpar
contretreutilisepourlatoiletteintime.)
LatrineVIP:(Latrinescherpondantauxexigencesdequalit,enparticulierquiped'un
tuyaud'arationprotg,etd'unedalleassurantunescuritd'utilisationpourtous.)
Latrinesiphon:(Latrinequiped'unsiphonhydrauliquepourl'vacuationdeseaux
vannes.)
Puitsdinfiltration:(Ouvragedestinl'infiltrationdeseaux.Cettedfinitionpeutainsi
s'appliquerdeseauxgrises,deseauxusestraites,oudeseauxpluviales.Maisellene
s'appliquepaslalatrine,quipardfinitioncomprenddjunpuitsd'infiltrationdanssa
dfinition.)
CanaldvacuationdesEauxpluviales
etdesbassinsdertention
Colombia
Accesstosanitation:
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
23
02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Lamthodeestfondesurlinventaire
desinfrastructuresdeaupotable
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Ilsagitde:Foragesquipsdepompes
motricithumaine,Puitsmodernes
(puitsbuss),sourcesamnages,
Bornesfontaines(BF)etBranchements
particuliers(BP).
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Congo
Accesstosanitation:
LamthodeutiliseestlenquteCongolaiseauprsdesmnages(ECOM)
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Lestoiletteschassesdeauquipesdefossesetpuisard,lestoilettesamliores(VIP,TCM,
Ecosan)
Cted'Ivoire
Accesstosanitation:
Lvaluationsefaitpartirdenqutesmnageetprospectionsurleterrain
LesecteurHAEPenCtedIvoireestexaminsurlabasedelamatricedvaluationCSO2.
Cettematriceexaminelesconditionspropicespermettantlamiseenplacedesservices,leur
dveloppementetleurdurabilit
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Laproportiondelapopulationayantaccsunmeilleursystmed'assainissementest
constitueparlafrangeutilisantlesWCavecchassedeau,leslatrinesfossesventiles.La
populationutilisantleslatrinesfossenonventilesnenfontpaspartie.
DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo
Accesstosanitation:
Excretamanagement
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Improvedsanitationfacilities
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
24
02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Populationdesservie
TAUXDEDESSERTE(enmilieuurbain)=
Ensemblepopulationduprimtre
dexploitation
InventairedesSAEPetdespompes
motricithumainesdanslesvillages
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Lesusinesetstationsdeproductionet
detraitementdeaupotable;lesforages
quipsdespompesmotricits
humaine,lessourcesamnagesetles
puitsconventionnels.
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
LesecteurHAEPenCtedIvoireest
examinsurlabasedelamatrice
dvaluationCSO2.Cettematrice
sattacheexaminerlesconditions
propicespermettantlamiseenplace
desservices,ledveloppementdes
servicesetladurabilitdecesservices
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Selonlesstandardsivoiriens,seulsles
branchementsparticuliers,lesbornes
fontainesetlesforagesquipsdune
pompesontconsidrscommeunaccs
amlior.Lespuits,lessourcesetleau
depluienelesontpas.
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Householdsurvey
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Improveddrinkingwatersourceasper
JMP
UNWaterGLAAS201112
DominicanRepublic
Accesstosanitation:
DOESNOTANSWERTHEQUESTION.Tresaspectossontomadosencuenta:Primero,
viviendasconaccesoalalcantarilladosanitarioyconconexionesalared.Segundo,Plantasde
tratamientodeaguasresidualesoperandoadecuadamenteyTercero,viviendas,
principalmenterurales,conletrinasanitaria.
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
PlantadetratamientodeAguasResidualesoperandoadecuadamente,Viviendasconletrinas
sanitarias,SistemasdeRecoleccin,Transporteydisposicinfinaldelosdesechosslidos.
ControldeVectores.
Egypt
Accesstosanitation:
No.Ofhouseconnectionsmultipliedbytheno.Ofresidentsineachbuilding(accordingeach
zone).
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Connectingsewagethroughsewernetworks&deliveringittoasecondarytreatmentplant
whereitistreatedaccordingtolaw48
ElSalvador
Accesstosanitation:
Encuestashogaresdepropsitosmltiples,EHPM.
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
ManejodeExcretasyDisposicindeAguaGrises.
EXCRETAS
mbitoRural:
LetrinasSecassinarrastredeagua:Abonera,SolarydeHoyoModificada
SistemadeFosaSpticaparatratamientodeaguasresiduales
mbitourbano:AlcantarilladoyPlantadeTratamientodetratamiento
AGUASGRISES:
Alcantarillado(Urbano)
PozodeabsorcinyTrampadeGrasa(rural)
ExcretaManagementandDisposalofgraywater.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
25
02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
NumeroDeHogaresconconexin
intradomiciliaria,conexincercanaala
casaoconexinadistancianomayorde
500metros,ndicedecalidaddeagua,
ndicedepotabilidaddelagua
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Aguatratada,almenosclorada,en
cantidadsuficienteyconintermitencia
baja.
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
No.Ofhouseconnectionsmultipliedby
theno.Ofresidentsineachbuilding
(accordingeachzone).
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
TreatedSurfaceorgroundor
desalinatedwaterwhichmeetsthe
international&Egyptianstandards&
fulfilstheWHOrequirements
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Poblacinconconexindomiciliary
Poblacinservidaconcantarerasypilas
pblicasporunfactordepoblacin
tantourbanocomorural
Populationwithhouseholdconnections
andPopulationservedwith
cisterns/localbarrelsforbothurbanand
ruralpopulations
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Conexindomiciliar;Piletapblicao
cantarera;Pozoperforado;Pozo
excavadoprotegido;Manantial
protegido;Agualluvia,perocon
tratamientodedesinfeccindelagua
Householdconnection,publicor
privatelydeliveredcistern/barrelservice,
borehole,protecteddugwell,protected
Spring,rainwater,butwithwater
disinfectiontreatment
UNWaterGLAAS201112
EquatorialGuinea
Accesstosanitation:
Elsistemaacantariado(Urbanas)
Letrinaenelmedio(Rural)
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Elacantariadosypozosnegros.Urbana
Letrinas(Rural)
Ethiopia
Accesstosanitation:
Differentmethodsusedtoassessaccesstosanitation:
HealthandhealthrelatedindicatorofficialreportofFMOHfromHMIS
DHS
WASHInventory
Surveyreportsofdonorsandleadsectoragencies
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
TheJMPdefinitionisusedinEthiopiainplanningprocesses,implementation,
M&E(DHS,WASHInventory).However,thecountryhasdefinedcurrentlythesanitation
facilitiesareconsideredasadequate(orhygienic)isnotbysingleparameterbutconsiders
thewholesystemwhichtakes5importantcriteriaintoaccount.Thisincludesthe
following:
1.Safetyorengineeringaspect
casing50cmsbelowtheslaband20cmsabovethepit;
drophole15by20cms;
firmfloortosupportusersbyavoidingcollapses
2.Isolatefecescompletelyfromtheimmediateenvironmenttobreakchainofdisease
transmission
tightsquattingholecovernochanceforflies
floorwithnocrack
surroundingareafreeofopendefecation
3.Privacy,comfort,dignity
modestSuperstructure
secureddoor
plasteredwall
Floorarea90cmdiameterand1.80height
Ensureprivacy
EnhanceDignity
4.CleanableSlab
Maybemadeofconcrete,stone,woodplasteredwithmudorcowdung,plasticsheet,etc.
Washableordrycleaned
WithprotractedUrineCanalusingoldplasticjerrycansorCIS
5.HandWashingisacomponentofCLTSH
Nexttothelatrine
Madeoflocallyavailablematerialsincludingclaypots,jerrycans,metal,etc.
Soaporsubstitute
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
26
02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Acueductos,mantantialessubteraneasy
pozos.
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Poracueductos,manantialesprotegidos,
pozos
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Ruralpopulationwithaccess
to15litersofpotablewaterpercapita
perdaywithin1.5kmradius.
Urbanpopulationwithaccess
to20litersofpotablewaterpercapita
perdaywithin0.5kmradius.
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
PotablewaterwhichfitWHOwater
qualityguideline
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Fiji
Accesstosanitation:
HouseholdsurveysduringNationalcensus.
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
FlushedandWaterSealtoilets.
Gabon
Accesstosanitation:
Donnesnondisponibles
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Donnesnondisponibles
Gambia
Accesstosanitation:
TheGambiauseshouseholdsurveyforexampleMICStoassessaccesstosanitation.In
additiontothis,theWHOandUNICEFJMPhasbecomethemainmethodofassessingaccess
tosanitation.
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Improved/adequatesanitationisconsideredtobe:flushtoiletsconnectedtosewage
systems,septictanksorpits,ventilatedimprovedpitlatrinesandpitlatrineswithslab
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
27
02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Assessmentisdoneduringandthrough
theNationalCensuswhichiscarriedout
periodically
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
TreatedwatertoFijiNationaldrinking
waterqualitystandards(WHO)
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Nombredabonnsenzoneurbaine
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Robinetsdeaupotable,foragesquips
depompesmanuellesouderobinet
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
HouseholdsurveysMultipleIndicators
ClusterSurveys(MICS)andPopulation
andHousingCensus
NumberofHouseholdconnections
Inventory
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Improvedwatersupplyincludeswater
fromcoveredconcretelinedwells,tube
wells,andreticulationpipewatersupply
systems
Improvedwatersupplyincludeswater
fromcoveredconcretelinedwells,tube
wells,andreticulationpipewatersupply
systems
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Ghana
Accesstosanitation:
HouseholdSurveysconductedbyGhanaStatisticalServices
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Flushorpourflushto:
Pipedsewersystem
Septictank
Pitlatrine
Ventilatedimprovedpit
VentilatedImprovedPit(VIP)Latrine
Compostingtoilet
KumasiVentilatedImprovedPit(KVIP)Latrine(Adoublepitalternatingimprovedpit)
Guinea
Accesstosanitation:
Lamthodeutiliseestdefaireltatdeslieuxetlenqutemnagesparrapportlagestion
desexcrtas.Lacouvertureenmatiredegestiondesexcrtasestde60%danslazone
urbaineet14,7%enzonerurale.(documentdepolitiqueNationaledelAssainissement).
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Lestypesdinfrastructuresdassainissementconsidrscommeapproprisethyginiques
sontdesouvragesenmilieuurbaindesystmeautonome(fosseseptiqueavecpuitsperdus
etlatrinesamlioresVIPdoublefossealterneouTCM)etenmilieururaldessystmes
autonomes(dgraisseuretfossedinfiltration)sourcedocumentdePolitiqueNationalede
lassainissement.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
28
02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
1.Householdsurveys(urbanandRural)
2.Numberofwaterfacilitiesprovided
againsttotalpopulationtobeserved+20
litrespercapita+Distancetowater
point+GSBquality+Reliability(Rural)
3.Estimatedvolumeofwaterproduced
versustotalwaterdemandforaperiod
(Urban,140litrespercapital)
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Householdconnection
Publicstandpipe
Borehole
Protecteddugwell
Protectedspring
RainwaterCollection(domestic)
Yes,theseareallincludedintheofficial
statisticsofthecountry,throughsurveys
conductedbytheGhanaStatistical
service
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Urbain:recueildesdonnessurle
nombredebranchements+nombresde
personnesparbranchementetnombre
debornesfontaines+nombrede
personnesparbornefontainepar
communeurbaine.
Rural:recueildesdonnessurles
populationsdisposantdepointsdeau
(forage,puitsamliorsquipsde
pompemotricithumaine,captage)
danslesPriphriesdeschefslieuxde
Prfectures,lessousprfectures,les
districtsetlesvillages.
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Approvisionnementparunsystmede
rseaudAdductiondEauPotable
(branchementssociaux,Bornes
Fontaines);
Approvisionnementparforageset
puitsamliorsquipsdepompe
motricithumaine;
Approvisionnementparamnagement
desources.
UNWaterGLAAS201112
GuineaBissau
Accesstosanitation:
MICS,ENQUETE
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
LATRINESTYPEVIP,ECOSAN,FOSSEVENTILEE,LATRINEAMELIORE
Haiti
Accesstosanitation:
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Honduras
Accesstosanitation:
CensoNacionaldePoblacindelInstitutoNacionaldeEstadsticas(INE).
EncuestaPermanentedeHogaresdePropsitosMltiples(EPHPM).
EncuestaNacionaldeDemografaySalud(ENDESA).
SistemadeInformacindeAcueductosRurales(SIAR),delServicioAutnomoNacionalde
AcueductosyAlcantarillados(SANAA)
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Unainstalacinqueseparademanerahiginicalasheceshumanasdelcontactohumano.
Descargasa:reddealcantarillado,Tanquesptico,letrinadepozoodediferentes
tecnologasincluyendolasdeecosaneamiento.
Enlosnuevosdesarrollosanivelurbanodelasciudadesdemayortamaoseexigequela
solucindeevacuacinseaacompaadaportratamientodelasaguasresiduales.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
29
02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
1.MICS,Enqutnational(danslazone
ruralcestunpointdeaupour150
habitant)
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
1.Puitsmodernesansquipement
2.PuitsmodernequipavecPMH;
3.ForagesquipavecPMH;
4.Forageavecsystmedadduction
(pompagegroupelectrogne,
panneausolaire,rservoir)
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
EncuestaPermanentedeHogaresde
PropsitosMltiples(EPHPM),adems
seutilizacomolneabaseelCenso
NacionaldePoblacindelInstituto
NacionaldeEstadstica(INE)publicado
enelao2001ylaEncuestaNacionalde
DemografaySalud(ENDESA).
SistemadeInformacindeAcueductos
Rurales(SIAR),delServicioAutnomo
NacionaldeAcueductosyAlcantarillados
(SANAA)
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Aquellaqueprotegeadecuadamentela
fuentedesuministrodela
contaminacinexterna,enparticularde
materiafecal,Conexinalavivienda,
jardnopatio;Pozoexcavadoprotegido;
ManantialprotegidoyCamincisterna
certificadoyregulado..
UNWaterGLAAS201112
India
Accesstosanitation:
ActualcoveragethroughonlinemonitoringsystemmaintainedbytheMinistryandhousehold
surveythroughindependentnationalagencies
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Thefollowingtypeofsanitationfacilitiesareconsideredasadequate
Flush/pourflushwithseptictank,pit,connectedtosewer
Pitlatrinewithslab
VentilatedImprovedPit
CompostingToilet
Indonesia
Accesstosanitation:
SurveyheldbyBPSStatisticsIndonesiainNationalSocioeconomicSurvey(SUSENAS)and
MinistryofHealthinBasicHealthResearch(Riskesdas).
Severalprojectsalsohavemethodinassessaccesstosanitation,forexampleEnvironmental
HealthRiskAssessment(EHRA)bysamplingsurvey.
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Improvedsanitationfacilitiesaredefinedtoincludeflushandpourflushtoiletswhichare
linkedtoapipedsewersystemoraseptictank.Improvedpitlatrineswithaslabsealand
ventilationarealsoclassifiedasimprovedsanitationfacilitiesasarecompostingtoilets.Both
privateandsharedsanitationfacilitiesofthesetypesareclassifiedasbasicsanitation(MDGs
Roadmap,2010).
Iran(IslamicRepublicof)
Accesstosanitation:
Census,numberofconnections,householdsurveys
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
ThefollowingtechnologieswereincludedadequatesanitationinIran:pit
latrine,connectiontoseptictank,connectiontopublicsewer(national
coverageis98.64%,urbancoverageis99%andruralcoverageis97.43%)but
improvedsanitationincludedonlyconnectiontopublicsewer
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
30
02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
a)Habitation&populationcoverage
throughreportsbyStatesononline
monitoringsystem.
b)Householdcoveragethroughsample
surveys.
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Atleast40lpcdofsafewaterfromtube
well,protectedwellfittedwithhand
pumporpowerpump,pipedwater
supplysch.withsafesources,springs
andrainwaterstoredfordrinkingIs
consideredascoveredwithadequate
water.BIS10500drinkingwater
standardsforchemicalphysical
bacteriologicalcontaminationare
consideredforsafetyofdrinkingwater.
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Basedonthesurveysthatareheldby
BPSStatisticsIndonesia
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Improveddrinkingwatersourcesinclude
pipedwaterandnonpipedprotected
waterfromqualitywatersourcesthat
arelocatedatadistanceof10metersor
morefromsewagedisposalandare
protectedfromotherformsof
contamination.Improvedwatersources
include:municipalsystemsthatprovide
pipedwaterenteringthehouseorhouse
plot;waterfrompublictapsor
standpipes;waterfromprotecteddug
wells;tubewellsorboreholes;water
fromprotectedsprings;orcollected
rainwater.
Forexample:tapwater,pumps,
protectedwellsandsprings,and
rainwater
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
census,numberofconnections,
householdsurveys
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Drinkingwaternetworksystems(piped)
areconsideredasadequate
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Jordan
Accesstosanitation:
householdsurveys,numberofconnections
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Adequatesanitationreferstopopulationconnectedtoseweragenetwork.
Kenya
Accesstosanitation:
Availabilityofasanitationfacility,distanceofthefacilityfromuserresisidence,securityof
thefacility,whetherprivateorsharedfacility,ifpayorfreefacility.
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Afacilitythatsafelydisposesofthehumanexcretaandisfreefromflies,freefromsmells,
easytoclean&maintainandprovidessecurity&privacyandissafetousewithoutpolluting
theenvironment.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
31
02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
householdsurveys,numberof
connections
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Adequatewatersuppliesrefertoaccess
towaternetworkwithwaterquality
accordingJordanianStandards
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Nationalcensusandhouseholdsurveys
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Pipedwaterintodwelling,public
standpipe,tubewell/borehole,
protecteddugwell,protectedspring,
rainwaterharvesting
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Kyrgyzstan
Accesstosanitation:
Connectiontothecentralsewagesystem(numberofuserstothetotalpopulation)
Useofcesspits(householdsurvey)
UndertheintegratedsamplehouseholdbudgetandmanpowersurveyheldbytheNational
StatisticsCommitteeoftheKR,thequestionnairesincludethefollowingquestions(oncea
year):
16.Onavailabilityofamenitiesinthehouse:
sewage
31.Whichtypeoftoiletismainlyusedinthehousehold?
Toiletwithcentralsewagesystem
Toiletwithindividualsewagesystem
Cesspits
other
notoilet
32.Whereisthetoiletorlavatorylocated?
Inthehouse(apartment)
Intheyard
Inthestreet
33.Isthistoiletorlavatoryusedbyyourhouseholdonlyorsharedwithothers?
Byonehouseholdonly
Sharedwithotherhouseholds.
Thereceivedanddistributeddataonthecountryandtheirratiotothepopulationlivingin
thatterritory,provideinformationonthepopulationsaccesstothesewagesystem.
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Shareofthepopulationiscalculatedbasedonthefollowingindicators:toiletsadaptedtothe
drainagesystem,toiletsconnectedtothesystemoftanks,andflushtypelavatories
(accordingtothequestionnaireoftheintegratedsamplehouseholdbudgetandmanpower
survey)
LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic
Accesstosanitation:
theJMPmethodbasedonthe2005censusdataandtheMultipleIndicator
ClusterSurvey(MICS)
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
JMPdefinitions.Howeverthereisgenerallyalowacceptanceofdrytoiletsatall
levels
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
32
02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Undertheintegratedsamplehousehold
budgetandmanpowersurveyheldby
theNationalStatisticsCommitteeofthe
KR,thequestionnairesincludethe
followingquestions(onceayear):
16.Onavailabilityofamenitiesinthe
house:watersupplysystem
25.Whatismainsourceofwatersupply
usedbyyourhousehold?
Watersupplysysteminthehouse
(apartment)
Well
Artesianwell
Ownwaterpipecolumn
Publicwatercolumn
Reservoir,river,lake,pond,ditch
Transportedwater(drums)
Spring
26.Whereisthewatersourcelocated?
Intheyard
Inthestreet
27.Whatisthedistancebetweenyour
houseandthewatersupplysource?
Lessthan100m;100200m;200500m;
5001000m;morethan1,000m.
Thereceivedanddistributeddataonthe
countryandtheirratiotothepopulation
livinginthatterritoryprovide
informationonthepopulationsaccess
tothewatersupplysystem.
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Waterpipeinthehouse(apartment),
Well,Artesianwell,Ownwatercolumn,
Publicwatercolumn.
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
JMPmethodologyusethe2005census
andMulitipleIndicatorClusterSurvey
(MICS)
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Protecteddugwells
Protectedtubewell
Protectedsprings
Protectedspring
Pipedwater
Bottledwaterandwhereitiscombined
withanotherimprovedsourceabove
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Lebanon
Accesstosanitation:
Numberofconnectionstotheseweragenetworkcomparedtothenumberofpopulation(the
restoftheresidencesareconnectedtoprivateseptictanks)
Retainedwhenahouseholdisservicedbyasewerwhichispartofanetworkfeedingornot
intoaSTPornot.
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
OnlyseweragenetworksandSTP's.
Privatetreatmentstationsandhermeticallysealedsceptictankscanbeconsideredaslegalin
somepopulatedareasintheabsenceofsewerbutarenotincludedintheaccessstats.
Specialformsofgravityabsorbingseptictankscanbeusedinlowpopulatedareasinvery
limitedconditions.(Decreelaw16/1932anddecree2761/1933)
Lesotho
Accesstosanitation:
Accesstosanitationisdefinedastheproportionofhouseholdsthathaveimprovedsanitation
facilities(asdefinedbelow)
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Flush/pourflushtopipedsewersystem,septictankorothersafedisposal
Ventilatedimprovedpitlatrine
Pitlatrinewithslab
(officialstatisticshaveuntilnowincludedfacilitiessharedbydifferenthouseholdsin
coveragehowever2009DemographicandHealthSurveyexcludessharedfacilitiesreducing
theurbansanitationcoverageconsiderably)
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
33
02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Householdsurveys.
Numberofconnections,billing.
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Publicnetworks.Thesourcesaremainly
groundwaterresources.
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Definitiondiscussedatameetingin
October2011betweenBureauof
Statisticsandthewatersector
institutions:
Accessdefinedaspersonsusinga
minimumof30litreperdayofsafe
waterfromimproveddrinkingwater
sourceswithamaximumcollectiontime
of15minutesandavailableatan
affordableprice
Safewater:waterfulfillingthewater
qualitystandardsasspecifiedinthe
LesothoWaterQualityGuidelines
Affordablepriceofwaterfromother
collectionpointsdefinedasLessthan
2.5%ofhouseholdincomeusedfor
waterservices
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
ImprovedDrinkingWaterSources:
Pipedwaterintodwelling,plotoryard,
Publictap/standpipe,
Tubewell/borehole,
Protectedspring
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Liberia
Accesstosanitation:
HHSurveys(LDHS)
Sanitationservicepointmapping(imminent)
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
1.sewers
2.septictank
3.VIPlatrine
4.Familywithaslab/squatholecover(coverlidisanecessity)simplepitlatrine
Madagascar
Accesstosanitation:
Inventairedesinfrastructurestraduitesennombredepopulationayantaccsdes
infrastructuresdassainissementparrapportlapopulationtotale(Source:BDEA)
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Latrineavecdallelavable:
toiletteavecsigelanglaise,
toilettelaturque,
latrineavecplateformesanplat,
latrineavecsanplatintgre,
latrineavecplateformeenbtonlisse,
latrineavecplateformecirculaireendme
(source:Livretdeslatrinesetpratiquedassainissement,categoriedeslatrinesdites
amliores)
Malawi
Accesstosanitation:
IntegratedHouseholdSurvey(IHS),
MalawiDemographicHouseholdSurvey(MDHS),
WelfareMonitoringSurvey(WMS),
HouseholdCensus,
Inspections,
Observations
HealthInformationManagementSystems
EducationManagementInformationSystem
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
VentilatedimprovedPitLatrines,
TraditionalImprovedPitLatrine,
EcosanToilets,PourFlashToilets,
WaterCloset
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
34
02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Lessthan10minindistancefrom
improvedwatersource
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Pipeborne(alsoattachedkiosk),shallow
wells,boreholesfittedwithhandpumps
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Inventairedesinfrastructurestraduites
ennombredepopulationdesserviepar
desinfrastructuresdalimentationen
eaupotableparrapportlapopulation
totale(Source:BDEA)
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Robinetdanslelogement,
Robinetdanslacour,
Robinetcommundanslacour,
Robinetpublic/fontainepublic,
Foragemunidepompemotricit
humaine,
puitsprotgsmunidepompe
motricithumaine,
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Accesstosafedrinkingwaterentails
peoplehaveaminimumof36litresper
capitaperdaywithinamaximum
distanceof500metresfromasafe
watersupplysourcethatis:aborehole,
standpipe,protectedspringor
protectedshallowwell.
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Officialstatisticsonaccesstoanduseof
safedrinkingwaterinclude:aborehole,
standpipe,protectedspringor
protectedshallowwell(fittedwithhand
pump).
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Maldives
Accesstosanitation:
NationalCensus2006
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
flushingtoiletsthatareconnectedtoaseweragesystem,toiletsconnectedbysewerpipes
toseaandtoiletsconnectedtoseptictankswithsoakpits.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
35
02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
NationalCensus2006
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
SafedrinkingwaterintheNational
Census2006isreferedtopurifiedwater
suchasboiledtreatedorchlorinated
waterdesalinatedwaterandtreated
rainwater
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Mali
Accesstosanitation:
Populationutilisantdeslatrinesamliores/
Populationtotale
`
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Toilette:
Toilettechassedeaumcaniqueavecsiphon
Toilettechassedeaumanuelleavecsiphon
Latrinesmodernes(cabinecomprenantunmur,uneporteetuntoit):
Latrineamlioredoublefosseventileavecusagealtern,muniedegrillageantimouches
Latrineamlioresimplefosseventileavecusagealtern,muniedegrillageantimouches
LatrineEcoSan
Latrinebiodigesteur
Latrinestraditionnelles(cabineousimplemuret)
Latrineavecdalleenbton(SanPlatouautre)etcouvercletanche
Latrineavecplateformeenbois/banco/revtementetcouvercletanche
02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions
Letauxd'accsl'eaupotablenational
estgalauratio:
popula ondesservieeneaupotable
duMali
_________________________________
_
popula ontotaleduMali
Lapopulationdesservieeneaupotable
pourchaquelocalitestgale:
MIN(Populationlocalit,400.EPEM
fonctionnels)
o:
EPEMfonctionnels=Nombre
d'quivalentspointsd'eaumodernes
fonctionnelsdanslalocalit
EPEMfonctionnels=PMHf+BFf+
PMf+SHVAf+SHPAf+1/40BPf
PMHf=nombredepompesmotricit
humainefonctionnellesdanslalocalit
BFf=nombredebornesfontaines
fonctionnellesdanslalocalit
PMf=nombredepuitsmodernes
fonctionnelsdanslalocalit
SHVAf=nombredesystmes
d'hydrauliquevillageoiseamliors
fonctionnelsdanslalocalit
SHVPf=nombredesystmes
d'hydrauliquepastoraleamliors
fonctionnelsdanslalocalit
BPf=nombredebranchements
particuliersfonctionnelsdanslalocalit
Lecalculdestauxd'accss'effectuepar
regroupementdeslocalitspar
commune,
cercle,rgionetpaysetparsommation
desservies
correspondantes
dtermines par la formule
ci-dessus pour chaque
localit.
despopulations
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
36
Lecalculdestauxd'accss'effectuepar
regroupementdeslocalitspar
commune,
cercle,rgionetpaysetparsommation
despopulationsdesservies
correspondantes
dterminesparlaformulecidessus
pourchaquelocalit.
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
lesforagesquipsdePompes
MotricitHumaine(PMH);
lesPuitsModernes(PM);
lesBornesFontaines(BF);
Mauritania
Accesstosanitation:
Enqutemnage
Croissementdesdonnesdediffrentesinstitutions
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Rseauxdgout,LatrineVIP,TCM,Latrinesfossesseptiquebaclaver,puisard,
Mongolia
Accesstosanitation:
Currently,thereisnoapprovedmethodologyforthatreason,ithasbeenproceeding
measuringmethodologyofMillenniumDevelopmentGoalswithintheproject"Watersupply
andimprovingsanitationfacilities"andit'sbeenimplementingbyUNDP.
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Sanitationfacilitiesareconsideredasadequatewhentreatedwastewaterfollowed
requirementsofdischargestandardleveltotheenvironment.Sanitationfacilitiesare
consideredasadequatefollowingtypes:
1.adrainpipescentralizedsystem
2.adrainpipesdecentralizedsystem
3.wastewaterpipe
4.standard,simplepitlatrines
5.biolatrines
Morocco
Accesstosanitation:
Laccslassainissementliquidecefaitparleraccordementdumnageaurseau
dassainissementounsystmedvacuationdeseauxuses.
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Rseauxdecollectedeseauxuses;
Systmesautonomes.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
37
02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Enqutes,tudes,rapports
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
puitsmodernes,Forages,Bornes
fontaines,branchementparticulier
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Drinkingwatersafetyisestimatedby
nationalstandardsofdrinkingwater
safetyandqualityMNS09002005
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Centralizeddrinkingwater,wellwater,
disinfectingstationsupplieswaterare
consideredasadequate(orhygienic)
drinkingwater.
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Laccsleaupotableestdfini
commetantlepourcentagedela
populationayantaccsuneeau
potabledomicileoupartirdunpoint
deaudedessertedansunrayonde
200mdanslesvillesetde500men
milieururalparrapportlapopulation
totale.
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Branchementindividuel.
Bornefontaineousourcedeau
amnage.
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Mozambique
Accesstosanitation:
NationalandLocalCensus,Surveys,BaselinestudiesandMonitoringMissions
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Adequatesanitationfacilitiesarethosewhichensurethehygienicseparationoftheexcreta
fromhumancontact.Additionally,safesanitationincludesdimensionsoninfrastructures,
servicesandbehaviours.
Myanmar
Accesstosanitation:
PopulationCoverage(6px100%xTotalflyprooflatrine/totalpopulation)RoutineReport
(HMIS)andHouseholdSurveyMethod(MICS)
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Improvedsanitationincludesfacilitiesthatensurehygienicseparationofhumanexcretafrom
humancontact.Theyinclude
1)flushorpourflushtoilet/latrinetopipedsewersystem,septictankorpitlatrine;2)
ventilatedimprovedpitlatrine;3)pitlatrinewithslab;or4)compostingtoilet.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
38
02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Themethodisbasedonthenumberof
waterpointsconstructed,numberof
peopleserved.Eachwatersource(pump
orwell)isestimatedtosupplyaround
500people.Domiciliarywater
connectionsareexpectedtosupplyin
average5people.Inruralareathe
methodisbasedonthenumberof
peoplethatusewatersources,500
personsforonesources(well,pump,
bore,etc.)
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Publicnetworkwaterconnections;
domiciliarywaterconnections;
protectedwells,boreholes,handor
motorizedpumps
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
DefinitionofWHO,Portionof
populationusingwithdifferenttypesof
drinkingwatersourcebased
assessment
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
>Pipedwatersuppliedintodwelling,
pilotoryard,>Publictap/standpipe,>
Tubewell/borehole,>Protecteddug
well
>Protectedspring>Rainwater
collection
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Nepal
Accesstosanitation:
Censusandsamplesurvey,officialreportingandverificationbyDWASHCC,DHS,
NLSS
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
improvedsanitationfacilitiesrefertoflush/pourflushto:pipedsewersystem,septic
tank,pit(latrine),ventilatedimprovedpitlatrine,pitlatrinewithslab,composting
toilet
Niger
Accesstosanitation:
EnqutedmographiqueetdesantindicateursmultiplesauNiger(EDSNMICS),ralise
en2006
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
LatrinesSanPlatamliores;LatrinesVIPdoublefosses;LatrinesEcoSandoublefosses;
ToilettesChasseManuelle(TCM)doublefosses;Fossesseptiques;Urinoirs;Dispositifde
lavagedesmains;Lavoirpuisard;Douchepuisard;Bassinverdure
Nigeria
Accesstosanitation:
Householdsurvey
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Upgradedtraditionalpitlatrine,Sanplat,VIPtoilet,Pourflushtoilet,Watercloset
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
39
02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Surveyofwatersupplyfacilitieswas
conductedandreportsfromwater
agencieswere
alsoanalysedandverified&validatedby
Districtwatersupplyandsanitation
Coordinationcommittee(DWDDCC/
DWASH)
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Improvedsourcesofdrinkingwater
referstopipedwater(intodwelling,
yard,or
plot)publictap/standpipe,tube
well/borehole,protectedspring,
protecteddugwell,
rainwatercollection
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Actualisationannuelledelinventaire
desressourceshydrauliques(IRH)
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
lerobinet;leForagequipdePMH;le
Puitsciment
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Availabilityofatleast20litresper
personperdayforimprovedwater
supplyfromasourcewithin250meters
ofusersdwelling
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Householdconnection,Publicstandpipe,
HandpumpBorehole,ProtectedHand
Dugwell,ProtectedSpring,Rainwater
Harvest
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Oman
Accesstosanitation:
Notprovided
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
1SanitaionNetwork
2Septictanks.
Pakistan
Accesstosanitation:
DeterminingAccess
Standarddefinitionsoflatrineuseareutilizedinthenationalsurveyse.g.PakistanSocialand
LivingStandardsMeasurementsurvey.However,thereisneedforusingonedefinition,as
nationalstatisticsarenotyetfullyalignedwithglobaldefinitions.
Accesstopropersanitationservicesisahumanright,asdeclaredbytheUnitedNations,in
ordertoimprovepublichealthandqualityoflife.Itiswidelyrecognizedanddocumented
thatlackofaccesstothisessentialbasicserviceisassociatedwithadverseimpactonpublic
healthandenvironmentalproblems.
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
ThedefinitionofimprovedsanitationbeingusedinPakistanincludes:
Flushtoilet
Drains,Pipedsewersystemandpavement
Septictank
Flush/pourflushtopitlatrine
Ventilatedimprovedpitlatrine(VIP)
Pitlatrinewithslab
Compostingtoilet
Specialcase
Panama
Accesstosanitation:
CensoNacionalesyencuestadenivelesdevidadehogares
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
1.Instalacionsanitariaporarrastrehidraulico,condescargaaalcantarillados
sanitariosoasistemasdefosassepticas
2.letrinasanitariaquepuedensersimple,abonerasosecas
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
40
02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Animproveddrinkingwatersourceis
definedaspipedwaterintodwelling,
plotoryard;publictap;standpie;
tubewell;borehole;protecteddugwell;
protectedspringandrainwater
collection
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
CensoNacionalesyLaEncuestade
NivelesdeVidadeHogares
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Aguaqueprovienedeunrio,quebradas
o,lagos,depozoperforadoo
escavado,manantialoagualluviayson
procesadasporfiltrooPlanta
Potabilizadorayrecibealgn
tratamientodedesinfeccin.
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Paraguay
Accesstosanitation:
LaEncuestadeAguaSaneamiento2010delaDGEEYCdeterminalasestimacionesoficiales
delacoberturadelsaneamiento.
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Lasfacilidadesconsideradasadecuadaseincluidasenlasestadsticasoficialesson:
A)Conarrastredeaguaconreddealcantarilladosanitario(redes)
B)Conarrastredeagua,concmaraspticaypozociego
C)Conarrastredeaguaconpozociego
D)Letrinaventiladadehoyoseco(Contubodeventilacin)
E)Letrinacomndehoyoseco(Conlosa,techo,paredesypuerta)
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
41
02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Esaquellaobtenidasdelasredesde
EssapoSenasa,redprivadao
comunitaria,pozoartesiano,aljibe
,pozoconbomba,pozosinbomba.
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Aguaobtenidaatravsdecaeras
dentrodelavivienda,fueradeellapero
dentrodelterreno,obtenidadelvecino
oatravsdeaguaembotellada.
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Philippines
Accesstosanitation:
RefertoNEDABoard12,1995
Accessavailabilityoftoiletfacilitywithinthehouseholdpremiseswhichcanbeused
anytimebyanymemberofthehousehold.
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
RefertoNEDAboard12,1995
APPROVEDTYPESofTOILETFACILITIES
TypeI
a.Facilitiesrequiringsmallamountofwatertowashexcretaintothereceivingspace/pit.
e.g.pourflushtoilets
b.Nonwatercarriagetoiletfacilityrequiringnowatertowashexcretaintothereceiving
space/pit.
e.g.ventilatedimprovedpitlatrine,sanitarypitprivy.
TypeII
Watercarriagetypehavingapourflushorflushtypetoiletfacilityandasepticvault/tankas
thedisposalfacility.
TypeIII
Watercarriagetypewithpourflushorflushtypetoiletfacilitiesconnectedtoseptictanks
and/ortoseweragesystemtotreatmentplants.
1.Flushtypeoftoiletfacilitywithawatersealedtoiletbowlorwaterclosetanda
mechanicaldeviceusedtowashexcretaintothereceivingpublicseweroranyprivate
sewagedisposalplants/unitsbytheuseofflushingwaterwithtrapstoprovidewaterseal.
2.PourFlushtypeoftoiletfacilitywithawatersealedtoiletbowlthatisflushedby
manuallypouringwatertowashexcretaintothereceivingspace/pit.
3.VentilatedImprovePitreferstoanonsitetoiletfacilitywhereinthepitreceivesexcreta
directlyfromtheuserandthereforedoesnotrequiredwaterforflushing;itcomprisesa
linedpit,ventpipewithaflyscreen,coverslabandasuperstructurewhichallowsentryof
freshairintothepit.
4.SanitaryPitPrivytypeoftoiletfacilitywithoutusinganyamountofwater,withapitofat
least12metersdepth,aholeofonesquaremeter,providedwithafloorcovering,ariser,
seatwithcoverwhichareallflyandrodentproofandabuildingforprivacy.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
42
02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
RefertoNEDABoardresolutionno.12,
1995.
AccesstoWaterSupplyFacilitiesaccess
towatersupplyiscategorizedasfollows:
LevelIthefarthestuserisnotmore
than250metersfromthepointsource
LevelIIthefarthesthouseisnotmore
than25metersfromthecommunal
faucetsystem.
LevelIIIthehousehasservice
connectionfromthesystem.
AdequatelyServedreferstothosewith
accesstosafewaterinaccordancewith
thefollowingrateofconsumption:
LevelI.atleast
20/liters/capita/day
LevelII.atleast60
liters/capita/day
LevelIIIatleast100
liters/capita/day
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Census,NSO
Hygienic
Ownuse,faucet,communitywater
systems
Shared,faucet,communitywater
system
Ownuse,tubed/pipeddeepwell
Sharedtubed/pipeddeepwell
Tubed/pipedshallowwell
Unhygienic
Dugwell
Spring,lake,river,rain,etc
Bottledwater
Peddler
NDHS,NSO
Hygienic
Pipedintodwelling,yard.Plot
Publictap
Tubewellorborehole
Protecteddugwell
Semiprotecteddugwell
Unprotecteddugwell
Protectedspring
Unhygienic UNWaterGLAAS201112
Unprotectedspring
Rainwater
Bottledwaterwithimprovedsource
forcooking,handwashing
Rwanda
Accesstosanitation:
DHS,HOUSEHOLDSSURVEY,MIS
Accesstobasicsanitation:Percentageofpeoplewithaccesstoaprivatesanitationfacility,
including:flushorpourflushtopipedsewersystem,septictankorpitlatrine,ventilated
improvedpitlatrine,pitlatrinewithslab,compostingtoilet,orotherecosantoilet.
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
VIP,ECOSAN,FLUSHTOILET,ImprovedTraditionalPitLatrine,SharedToilet;pg65inthe
NationalPolicyandStrategyforWaterSupplyandSanitationServices.
(http://mininfra.gov.rw/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=97&Itemid=31
9)
Samoa
Accesstosanitation:
Developmentconsentapplications.Publiccomplaintassessments,sanitation
surveys(egsurveysof2010)Aiga(family)andNuu(villages)Manuia(welfare)
programmebyMinistryofWomen,CommunityandSocialDevelopment(MWCSD)
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
SepticTnksmeetingrequirementsundertheNationalBuildingCode(under
review)
VIP(dry)areawithlimitedwater
Fluchtoilet,VIPlatrine,traditionalpitlatrinewithslab,compostingtoilet
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
43
02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
MIS,DHS,CENSUS
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Protectedsprings,boreholes,water
supplyschemeandpipedwater.
Accesstosafewatersupply:Percentage
ofpeoplewithaccesstoanimproved
sourceofdrinkingwaterwithin500
metres(rural)and200meters(urban).
Thisaccessshouldbereliable,
affordable,andprovideanadequate
quantity(minimum20litresperperson
perday)withinareasonabletime.
Improvedwatersourcesarepiped
water,protectedwellsandsprings,as
wellasrainwatercollection.Water
qualityisassumedtobeacceptablefor
improvedwatersourcesbutshallbe
testedforcompliancewithnationaland
WHOstandardsforpotablewater.
Handpump:300people.
Pipedwater:350people.
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
EUmethod=coveragefortheprovision
oftreatedwaterforurbanWS
percentageofpeopleinourthree
treatedwatersystems/totalpopulation
withinallSWAurbanserviceareas.We
donotconsideranyruralserviceareas
tobeprovidedwithsafewater
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Treated(chlorinated)watercomplying
withSomoaDrinkingWaterStandards
atendpointsofdistributionnetworkat
presentwearecomplyingwiththe
EUtargetsregulatedbyMOH.
PleasebeawarethatSWAprovidesa
watersupplyserviceandistryingat
presenttocontinuallyimprove
performancequantity,quality,
reliability,etc.
SWAdoesnotprovideadrinkingwater
service
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Senegal
Accesstosanitation:
En2005,lanotiondaccs"adquat"atpromueparlesecteur(traverslaLettrede
PolitiqueSectorielle)etrenvoieladisponibilitdanslemnagedun"paquettechnique"
permettantdassurerunevacuationcorrectedesexcrtasetdeseauxuses.Cepaquettel
quedfinisuggrelexistencelafoisdanslaLettredePolitiqueSectorielleproduiten2005.
Cependantdepuis2008unalignementatsuggrparrapportladfinitionduJMP
(assainissementdebaseouamliordsquelouvragepermetdisolerefficacementles
excrmentsetvitertoutcontactdelusageraveccesderniers).
Lamthodeutiliseestlenqutemnageetlinventairedesouvragesraliss
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Lestypesdinfrastructuresdassainissementconsidrscommetantappropriset
hyginiquesetalorsprisencomptedanslesstatistiquesofficiellessurlaccsetlutilisation
decesservicessont:latrinefosseventile(simpleoudouble),ToiletteChasseManuelle
(TCM),latrinetypeECOSAN,fossevidanger,fosseseptique,branchementaurseau
dgoutsemicollectifoucollectif,lavoirpuisard
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
44
02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Sontconsidrescommebnficiant
d'unaccs"raisonnable"les
populations:(i)detoutesleslocalits
disposantsurplaced'uneouplusieurs
bornesfontaines,d'unpuitsoud'un
foragemotricithumaine,ainsique(ii)
detoutesleslocalitssituesmoinsde
1kmdeslocalitsprcdentes.
Aussilamthodologiedestimationdu
tauxdaccsestellebasesur
linventaireexhaustifdespointsdeau
existantsdanstoutesleslocalitsrurales
situesdansleprimtreruralenfaisant
ladistinctionnetteentrecellesqui
fonctionnent,nefonctionnentpaset
cellesquinesontplusutiliss.Laccs
tantdtermindansunprimtre
donn,parleratioentrelenombrede
personnesquiontlapossibilitde
sapprovisionnerpartirdessources
deauamliorescitesplushaut,selon
lecritredaccsraisonnable,etle
nombretotaldepersonnestotaldes
localits.
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Laccsleaupotablerenvoie:en
milieururallaccsviarobinetpublic,
branchementdomiciliaire,puits
moderneprotg,foragequipde
pompemanuelle.Lesbranchementsau
rseaupeuventsefairepartirdun
forageruralmotorisouunestationde
traitement.
Enmilieuurbainlaccsamlior
correspondunapprovisionnementen
eaupotablevialerseauparlebiaisdes
robinetspublicsoudesbranchements
domiciliaires.DanslecadreduPEPAM,
lanotiondaccsrenvoieladfinition
delaccsraisonnabletablieparleJMP.
UNWaterGLAAS201112
SierraLeone
Accesstosanitation:
MultiIndicatorClusterSurvey(MICS)andDemographicHealthSurvey(DHS
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
PitLatrinewithSlab
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
45
02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
DHS,MICS,thenationalcensus
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Pipewater,tubewells,protectedwells,
protectedspringsandboreholes
UNWaterGLAAS201112
SouthAfrica
Accesstosanitation:
TheWaterServicesNationalInformationSystem(WSNIS)ispopulatedfromvariousdata
sources:theWaterServicesDevelopmentPlanswhichtrackbacklogsonservicedeliveryto
thepoor,theDWAPlanningReferenceFrameworkwhichbiannuallyundertakesplanning
needsassessmentswithinlocalauthorities(requiringmunicipalsignoff)andincludes
improvedaccesstosanitation,formalprojectreportingthroughtheMunicipalInfrastructure
Grant(MIG)whichisrunbytheDepartmentofCooperativeGovernanceandTraditional
Affairs,fromStatisticSouthAfricaviatheCensus,GeneralHouseholdSurveys,NonFinancial
andFinancialCensusofMunicipalitiesandfromfinancialreportsgeneratedfromthe
Treasury.AlldatasetsareusedtoinformtheDWAadministrativedatabasewhichDWAuses
toderivetheperformanceindicators.
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
AdequatebasicsanitationfacilitiesaredryonsitesystemssuchasVentilatedImprovedPit
Toilets,UrineDiversionSystemsinruralareasandwaterbornesystemsinurbanareas.
SouthSudan
Accesstosanitation:
Thisisthepercentageofpeopleusingimprovedsanitationfacilities
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Flushtopipedsewersystem,flushtoseptictank,flushtopitlatrine,ventilatedimproved
latrine,pitlatrinewithslab,compostinglatrine
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
46
02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
TheWaterServicesNationalInformation
System(WSNIS)ispopulatedfrom
variousdatasources:theWaterServices
DevelopmentPlanswhichtrackbacklogs
onservicedeliverytothepoor,theDWA
PlanningReferenceFrameworkwhich
biannuallyundertakesplanningneeds
assessmentswithinlocalauthorities(
requiringmunicipalsignoff)and
includesimprovedaccesstowater
supply,formalprojectreportingthrough
theMunicipalInfrastructureGrant(MIG)
whichisrunbytheDepartmentof
CooperativeGovernanceandTraditional
Affairs,fromStatisticSouthAfricavia
theCensus,GeneralHouseholdSurveys,
NonFinancialandFinancialCensusof
Municipalitiesandfromfinancialreports
generatedfromtheTreasury.Alldata
setsareusedtoinformtheDWA
administrativedatabasewhichDWA
usestoderivetheperformance
indicators.
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Abasiclevelofhouseholdwatersupply
isdefinedashavingaminimumquantity
ofpotablewatersuppliedat25litresper
personperday(oratleast6000litres
perhouseholdpermonth)andsupplied
accordingtothefollowingcriteria:
Minimumflowrateofnotlessthan10
litresperminute;
Astandpipewithin200metresofa
household;
Interruptionsoflessthan48hours(at
anyonetime)andacumulative
interruptiontimeduringtheyearofless
than15days;and
Atapotablestandard(SouthAfrican
NationalStandard241).
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Thisisthepercentageofpeopleusing
improvedsanitationfacilities
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
lushtopipedsewersystem,flushto
septictank,flushtopitlatrine,
ventilatedimprovedlatrine,pitlatrine
withslab,compostinglatrine
UNWaterGLAAS201112
SriLanka
Accesstosanitation:
NationalCensus/Samplehouseholdsurveys
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Connectiontoapublicsewer,connectiontoaseptictank,pourflushlatrine,Offsetlatrine,
ventilatedimprovedpitlatrine,ECOSANtoilet
atleastoneunitperindividualhousehold,excludingpubliclatrine,sharingoflatrineandall
formsofopenpitlatrines.
Sudan
Accesstosanitation:
HealthHouseholdsurveys
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
HealthHouseholdsurveys
Tajikistan
Accesstosanitation:
Percentageofpopulationwithaccesstocanalization
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Canalization.VIPandsepticarenotregardedasimprovedsanitaryfacilities
Thailand
Accesstosanitation:
Censushasbeencarriedoutevery10years.Samplinghasbeendonedepending
ontheoccasions
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Thetypesoftechnologythatarelikelytomeethygieniccriterionare:flushto
pipedsewersystem;flushtoseptictank;flush/pourflushtopit;composting
toilet
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
47
02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
NationalCensus/Samplehousehold
surveys,veritieswiththeinformation
availableinrelevantinstitutions
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Pipedwatersupplyintodwellingplotor
yardandpublictapstandpost,Tube
well/handpump,protecteddugwell,
protectedspring,protectedrainwater
collectionwithin200m.
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
HealthHouseholdSurvey.
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Pipedintodwelling,Pipedinto
compound,yardorplot,Publictap/
standpipe,Wateryard/handpump,
Protected/coveredwell,Protected
spring,Filtered(river,stream,dam,
hafir,lake,pond,canalorrainwater),
Bottledwater.
Yes.Theyareincludedintheofficial
statisticsonaccesstoanduseofsafe
drinkingwater
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Waterquality,whichcorrespondsto
microbiologicalstandardsintherural
areaswhichhaveacentralizedor
decentralizedsystemofwatersupply
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Centralizedordecentralizedsystemof
watersupply
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
householdstatisticalsurveybyNationals
StatisticsOffice
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Tapwater,rainwaterharvestingsustem,
undergroundwatersystem,private
groundwatersystem,bottling
UNWaterGLAAS201112
TimorLeste
Accesstosanitation:
(FromJMP).Method:Nationalsurveysi.e.DHS,TLSLS,Census,
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
(FromNationalSanitationPolicy&JMP).Criteriaofadequatesanitationfacilities:
Togo
Accesstosanitation:
Enqutessurchantillonnage
Inventairedesouvrages/infrastructures
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Assainissementdebase:VIP,TCM,Fossetanche,ECOSAN,Fosseseptique.
Assainissementcollectif:Caniveaux,canaux,bassinsdertentiondeseauxpluviales,gouts.
Uganda
Accesstosanitation:
TheHealthInspectorsAnnualSanitationSurvey(HIASS)involvesHealthInspectorsand
HealthAssistantsvisitinghouseholdsintheirareasofjurisdictionandestablishingthosewith
acceptablelatrinefacilitiesandthosewithout.Thenationalaveragelatrinecoverageasan
indicatoriscalculatedusingthetotalnumberofhouseholdsasdenominatorandthosewith
acceptablelatrinefacilitiesasnumerator.
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Alatrineperhousehold,whethersharedornot(withaclean,safefloor,roofandprivacywith
ahanwashingfacility).Cleaninthat,itisnotsoiledbothonthefloorandwalls.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
48
02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
DHS2010,TLSLS2007,Census2010.
(Methodwillsentonemailattachment
fromWHOcountryOfficeofTimor
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
RefertoDHSfordefinitionfrom2010
surveythatisavailableatCountryoffice
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Lesmthodesgnralementutilises
pourvaluerlaccsleaupotablesont
lesenqutesetlesinventaires.
Ellesreposentsur:
lesinfrastructures(pointsdeauou
postedeauautonomeenmilieuxrural
etsemiurbain;bornefontaineou,
kiosqueeau,branchementparticulier,
potencedeauenmilieuxsemiurbains
eturbain);
lesnormes(dotationpercapita);
donnesdmographiques(population,
tailledesmnages,nombredemnages)
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Puitsouforagequipdepompe
motricithumaine
Bornefontaineoukiosqueeau
Branchementparticulier
Potencedeau
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Cumulativepopulationservedbythe
differenttechnology,dividedbytotal
population
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Rural:Deepboreholes,shallowwells,
Protectedsprings,Gravityflowschemes,
RainWaterHarvesting
Urban:pipedwatersystems(public
standtaps,waterkiosksandhousehold
connections).
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Uzbekistan
Accesstosanitation:
Thenumberorpeoplehavingaccesstocentralisedsanitationinapopulatedareaisdivided
bythetotalnumberorresidentsinthisarea.
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Centralisedsanitationsystemscompletewithasetoftreatmentfacilities
VietNam
Accesstosanitation:
Surveys(questionnaires,interviews)andReportingchannel(verticaldirection)of
ministries,agenciesandpeoplecommitteesatalllevels
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
AccordingtostandardsofMinistryofHealth
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
49
02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Thenumberorpeoplehavingaccessto
centralisedwatersupplynetworksina
populatedareaisdividedbythetotal
numberorresidentsinthisarea.
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Centralisedwatersuppliescomplete
withfacilitiestotreatwaterandupgrade
itsqualitytothenationalstandard
"Drinkingwater",withthesubsequent
deliverytothedistributionnetwork.
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Surveysatnationalsectorlevelssuch
asgeneralpopulationsurveyin2009,
assessmentreportofwaterand
sanitationsector
Systemofreportingandmonitoring
(verticaldirectionofsector)suchas
systemofreportingonmonitoringand
surveillanceofMinistryofHealth
Independentstudy
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
5typesincludingcollective
management,publicmanagement,
management
bycommunepeoplecommittees,
managementbywatersuppliersand
managementbyenterprises/private
enterprisesinvestinginconstructionof
watertreatmentstations
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Yemen
Accesstosanitation:
ItwasdependedontheannualreportsofLocalCorporations(LC)forurbanwater&
Sanitation,Ministryofwater&Environment,LocalAuthority,theinventoriesandfieldvisits.
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Thereisnopropersanitationintheruralareas.Variouswastewaterdischargingmethodsare
used,e.g.coveredanduncoveredcesspitssystemsinvaryingproportionsinurbanandrural
areas.Also,40%(approx.)ofwastewaterisdischargedonthelands
Especiallyinruralareas.Onlyasmallpercentageofhouseholdshavesomeformoflatrine.
Latrinesareeither
Locatedinsidethepremisesorinaseparatebuildingoutsidethehouse.Theselatrineshave:
Pourflushsystem.
Ceramicsquattingpanconnectedtoanexternalsoakpit.
Inhillyareas,householdsusepipesfordischargingthewastewatertothevalleybelow.
Generallythelatrinesorcesspitsarenotemptiedwhenfull,thesearecoveredwithsand,and
thevillagersdiganewpit
Zimbabwe
Accesstosanitation:
Inventories,Householdsurveys,census
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
BlairVentilatedImprovedPitLatrines(Ruralonly)andWaterBorneSystemsflush(both
urbanandrural)
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
50
02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
itwasdependedontheannualreports
ofLocalCorporations(LC)forurban
water&Sanitation,Ministryofwater&
Environment,LocalAuthority,the
inventoriesandfieldvisits.
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Drinkingwaterfromgovernmentwell
whichmonitoringbythegovernment
(includedintheofficialstatisticson
accesstoanduseofsafedrinking
water).
Thereareothertypesofdrinkingwater
suppliesbutnotincludedintheofficial
statisticsonaccesstoanduseofsafe
drinkingwater).i.e
Bottledwaterwhichmonitoringbythe
government
Treatedwater(privetsector)
monitoredbygovernment
Welleswater(privetsector)not
monitored
Streamwaterwhichisnotmonitored
DifferentkindsofKarafan(not
monitoring)
Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Inventories,Surveys,projections,base
linestudiesetc
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Deepwells,protectedsprings,Piped
waterschemes,boreholes,protected
wells,individualhouseconnections
UNWaterGLAAS201112
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
03.Question3:PoliciesandInstitutions
Afghanistan
Sanitationachievements:
Policyformulation,Countrystrategicplan,
Sectorcoordinationbetweenline
ministries,UNagenciesandNationaland
NGOs.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Wehavemoreprogressinthispartthan
sanitation.
Wehavemorecomprehensivelawsand
policiesinthissectionincludingapproved
anddistributedruralnationalwatersupply
policy.
Fiveyearsactionplantoincreaseaccess
todrinkingwateralreadyexisted.
Wehavecoordinationbetween
stakeholdersinKabulandprovinces.
Angola
Sanitationachievements:
Achievements:
1.ElaboratedtheFirstdraftoftheNational
PolicyforEnvironmentalSanitation
2.ExpansionoftheCommunityLeading
TotalSanitation(CLTS),from5to11
provinces
3.Accomplishedthefirstnational
conferenceonenvironmentalsanitationin
2011
4.UpdatedtheSanitaryNational
RegulationbytheMinistryofHealth
(MINSA)
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Achievements:
1.GovernmentalapprovaloftheWater
SectorDevelopmentProgramin2004.By
then,watersectorhasbeenconsideredas
oneofthehighestprioritysector
2.Definedspecificgoalforthewater
sector,100%forUrbanand80%forRural
3.Decentralizationofwatersupplytothe
provincialgovernment
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
:PoorfundingintheSector,Insecurityin
differentpartofthecountry,lowcapacity
ofNGOsandprivatesector,
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
weakcoordinationamongstakeholders
anddonors
weakprogressandbadqualityofprojects
badsecurity
financialproblemsandlackofmoney
lowcapacity
Sanitationcomments:
Becauseofabovementionedreasons,
relatedministriescouldnotimplement
existedplansandpolicies.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
Obstacles:
1.Limitedfinancialresourcesforsanitation
2.Lackofsufficienthumanresourcesat
centralandlocallevel
3.Fragmentationandoverlap(greyareas)
onthemandatesforsanitationatcentral
andlocallevels(ex:MINAMBandMINEA)
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Obstacles:
1.Incompleteoperationalizationofthe
WaterSectorMotherLaw,asitrequires
operationalizationregulations
2.Lackofautarchiestofostertheeffective
implementationofdecentralization
3.
Sanitationcomments:
MINAMBisputtingefforttoincentivea
moreactiveparticipationofMinistryof
Financeonsanitation.
Financialdecentralizationinongoing.
ActualMINAMBisintheprocessof
elaborationthelegalframeworkfor
decentralizationinconjunctionwiththe
implementationofautarchies.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Thereisunderwayprocessofcreating
PublicEnterpriseforWaterSupply,under
theIntegratedProjectofWaterSector
(PEDISA)financedbyWorldBank.
Theconstantsectorreformshavebeen
influencedsometimesnegativelythe
continuityofwatersupplyprojects
51
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Azerbaijan
Sanitationachievements:
1.Localtreatmentfacilitieshavebeenbuilt
insomeofthedistrictsoftherepublicto
providedrinkingwatertreatment.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Bangladesh
Sanitationachievements:
1.SectorDevelopmentPlan,2011hasbeen
developedandapproved
2.NationalSanitationStrategy2005,Pro
PoorstrategyforWaterSupplyand
Sanitation,NationalCostSharingstrategy
forWaterSupplyandSanitation2011.
3.Sanitationcommitteesatdifferentlevels
areinplace.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Sectordevelopmentplanhasbeen
developed
2.Severalpolicyformulationshavebeen
done
3.FormationofNationalwaterforum
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
НЕТ
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Weakcoordinationamongdifferent
stakeholders
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lackofpotentialandcapablepersonnel
inwaterutilities.
2.Lackofautonomyinwaterutilities
52
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Thereisaneedtosetupasanitary
protectionzonefordrinkingwatersupplies.
Sanitationcomments:
NeedtostrengthenLocalGovernment
Institutions(LGIs)withcapacity
developmentandsufficientresource
Drinkingwatercomments:
TripartiteAgreementshouldbedeveloped
betweenLGD(LocalGovernmentDivision),
DPHE((DepartmentofPublicHealth
Engineering)andLGIs(LocalGovernment
Institutions)specifyingtheirrolesand
responsibilitiesregardingWSSservices.
DPHEtoinitiatetheprocessandLGDto
issueexecutiveorders.
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Benin
Sanitationachievements:
RalisationsouProduits
1..Lapprocheprogrammatiquepar
objectifadoptedepuis2007pourle
financementdusoussecteur
2.Lavulgarisationdoptionstechnologiques
adaptesmoindrecottelque
lalatrinedalleSanplat
3.lamiseenuvreprogressivedela
dcentralisationetlengagement
politiquedelEtatcesderniresannes
danslefinancementdesactivitsdela
DHAB
Drinkingwaterachievements:
RalisationsouProduits:
1.1715EPEonttralissen2010;
2.Letauxdepanneestpassde10,2%en
20099,6%en2010;
3.Au31dcembre2010,lenombrede
contratsdaffermagedesAEVsigns
estde157contre120en2009.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Lafaiblessedesinvestissements
ncessairesremetencauselatteinte,
lhorizon2015,desObjectifsduMillnaire
pourleDveloppement(OMD)
relatifsau7mevoletportantsurlaccs
leauetlassainissement
2.faiblecoordinationdesstructures
tatiquesentranantunemultitude
dapprochedinterventionutilisepar
diffrentspartenairessurleterrain
3.lanonpriorisationdelassainissement
parlescommunauts
4ProgrammeNationalede
lAssainissement(PNA)encoursde
relecture
DEPUISDEUXANS.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Lebalbutiementdelanouvellereforme
budgtaireopreparlEtat
bninois,setraduisantparle
regroupementdesprojetsensous
programmes
;
2.Leretarddanslanominationdu
rgisseurdes4sousprogrammesdelaDG
Eau
3.Lelongdlaidesignaturedecontratsde
travauxparleMinistredes
Finances
53
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationcomments:
Soussecteurpassuffisammentorganis
pourdrainerunemobilisationdes
ressourcesfinancireconsidrable
Faiblecontributiondubudgetnationalau
soussecteurdelHA
Procdureslourdespourlesdpenses
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Bhutan
Sanitationachievements:
1.RuralSanitation&HygienePromotion
Program(RSHP)initiatedbySNVin
collaborationwithPHEDin2008andis
currentlybeingpilotedanddeveloped
intoanationalprogramme.
2.PHEDistakingaleadrolein
reformulatingtheexistingRuralWater
Supply
&Sanitation(RWSS)sectorpolicy.The
existingpolicyfocuseslesson
sanitation,thereforethereformulation
exercisewillincreasethefocuson
sanitation.Sanitationcodeofpractisefor
septictanksinurbanareashasbeen
developed.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Safedrinkingwaterisoneofthehighest
prioritiesofthecurrentnational
fiveyearplan.
2.WaterAct2010hasbeenenactedbythe
parliamentofBhutan
3.Decentralisationofplanningand
budgetingatthelocallevelhasbeen
undertakedn.
4.Initiativetoexplorealternative
technologyoptionsforwaterscareceareas
areunderway
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lackofcoordinationamoungststake
holders.
2.Nonationalsanitationpolicyforurban
andlimitedreferencesforrural
sanitation.
3.Sanitationhasanationaltargetthatwas
setbyaroyaldecreebuthasnot
beenoperationalisedinthenationalfive
yearplans.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
54
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationcomments:
1.InsteadofMinistryofWater,National
EnvironmentCommission(NEC)isthe
apexbodyformanagementofwater
resourcesinBhutan
Drinkingwatercomments:
1.Lack/Inadequatehumanresources(one
engineerformanyRWS)schemes
2.Lackofcoordinationamoungthe
stakeholders
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Bolivia(PlurinationalStateof)
Sanitationachievements:
Logros:
1.FortalecimientodelMinisteriodeMedio
AmbienteyAgua
2.Ampliadifusindelderechoaaccesoal
saneamiento
3.EstablecimientodelaPolticaSectorial
4.SehaconformadoLaMesaSectorialque
permitetrabajarcoordinadamentecon
AgenciasdeCooperacinInternacional
5.Temadeaguaymedioambiente
incorporadocomoejearticuladorenla
currculaescolar
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.FortalecimientodelMinisteriode
MedioambienteyAgua
2.Ampliadifusindelderechoaaccesoal
aguapotable
3.EstablecimientodelaPolticaSectorial
4.SehaconformadoLaMesaSectorialque
permitetrabajarcoordinadamentecon
AgenciasdeCooperacinInternacional
5.SecumplirnlosODM
6.Temadeaguaymedioambiente
incorporadocomoejearticuladorenla
currculaescolar
7.Implementacindelnuevoenfoque
regulatorioconconsideracionessocialesy
ambientales.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Limitadosrecursosparapreinversiny
calidaddelamismadeficiente
2.Limitadacapacidadinstitucional
3.Recursoshumanosdelacontraparte
nacionalespequea(ViceMinisteriode
AguaySaneamientoBsico,VASB/MMAyA)
4.DebilidadInstitucionalydecoordinacin
InstitucionalenelSectorconnuevosretos
yescasascapacidadesparadesempear
susnuevascompetenciasyroles(MED)
5.Bajacapacidadsectorialparadesarrollo
deinversiones
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Limitadosrecursosparapreinversiny
calidaddelamismadeficiente
2.Limitadacapacidadinstitucional
3.Recursoshumanosdelacontraparte
nacionalespequea
4.Losmecanismosderecoleccinde
informacinsondbiles
5.Bajacapacidadsectorialparadesarrollo
deinversiones.
55
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Brazil
Sanitationachievements:
1.PlanejamentoPlurianualPPAdequatro
emquatroanos;2.ProgramadeAcelerao
doCrescimentoPACIemfasefinalde
execuoePACIIeminciode
implementao;3.PlanoNacionalde
SaneamentoBsicoPlansab,emfasefinal
deelaborao.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.PlanosPlurianuaisPPA,dequatroem
quatroanos;2.ProgramadeAceleraodo
CrescimentoPACIeII;3.PlanoNacional
deSaneamentoBsicoPlansabe
ProgramaNacionaldeSaneamentoRural,
emelaborao.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
Apartirde2008,sobcoordenaodo
MinistriodasCidadesecomoapoio
acadmicodetrsUniversidadesFederais,
estemprocessodeelaboraooPlano
NacionaldeSaneamentoBsicoPlansab.
EmsuaversopreliminaroPlansab
apresentaumPanoramaesituaoda
realidadedosaneamentobsiconoBrasil,
constritrscenrios,optandopelo
primeiro,propemacrodiretrizes,
estratgiasemetasparaumhorizontede
20anoseestimaasnecessidadesde
investimentos.Almdisso,sugeretrs
programas:saneamentobsicointegrado
(urbano),programanacionalde
saneamentoruraleprogramademedidas
estruturantes.OPlansab,emfasefinalde
elaborao,aguardaautorizaodaCasa
Civilparainiciaraconsultapblicapormeio
dainternetsobresuaversopreliminar.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Insuficientenvelestruturanteemtodos
osnveisdegoverno,sobretudoem
diversosMunicpioseUnidadesFederadas
(Estados/provncias);2.Dificuldadesnas
relaesentreasesferasdeGoverno,na
buscadeaoconjuntadeacordocomo
pactofederativo.
56
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
BurkinaFaso
Sanitationachievements:
Urbain
1.Existencedunepolitiquenationaleet
dunprogrammenational
2.Existencedestratgieprouveen
matiredepromotiondelassainissement
3.Implicationdusecteurpriv
Rural
1.transfertofficieldusecteureauet
assainissementauxcommunes,
2.llaborationetladiffusionde
loprationnalisationdelastratgie
nationaledassainissementdeseauxuses
etexcrtadanssacomposante
infrastructureenmilieurural
3.mobilisationduPrsidentduFaso
traverslacampagnenationalede
plaidoyeretdemobilisationpourlaccs
unassainissementadquat
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Rural
1.Miseenplacedelapprocheprogramme
2.Transfertdelamatrisedouvrageaux
communesettransfertannuelde
ressourcesdelEtatauxcommunes
3.tenuerguliredesinstancesdepilotage
etdescadresdeconcertation
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
Urbain:
1.Ressourceshumainesfaibles
2.Mobilitdupersonnel
3.Incapacitdecertainsprestatairesprivs
Rural
1.Coordinationaveclesautresacteursdu
secteur
2.Lourdeursadministrativesnotamment
aveclesprocduresdepassationsdes
marchspublics
3.Pauvretdesmnages
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Urbain
1.Procduresdepassationdemarchs
Rural
1.faiblecapacitdescommunes
2.faiblecapacitdesentreprisesetdes
bureauxdtudedanslexcutiondes
travaux
57
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Lemontageinstitutionnelduprogramme
nationaldapprovisionnementeneau
potableetdassainissementauBurkina
Fasofaitdeluiunprogrammeexemplaire
danslasousrgion.Lesresponsabilits
sontbiendfiniesdanstouslesniveaux,les
actionssontdfiniesetmisesenuvre
selonuneapprocheparticipatives.
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Burundi
Sanitationachievements:
RalisationsouProduits
1.Elaborationdesdocumentsdepolitique
dHygineetAssainissementde
baseetdecodedHygine(maispas
encorevalid)
2.Elaborationduneordonnance
ministrielleportantsurlagestiondes
dchetsbiomdicaux
3.CrationduneDirectionGnraledes
RessourcesenEauauMinistrede
lEauetEnvironnement
Drinkingwaterachievements:
RalisationsouProduits:
1.CrationdunMinistrechargedela
gestiondelEau
2.Existenceduncadredecoordinationdes
actionsdusecteurdelEau
3.Lefaitderendrelgalledroitleau
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Manquedevolontpolitiquepourle
secteur
2.Insuffisancedefinancementpourle
secteur
3.Insuffisancedevisibilitpourdes
structuresquiontlagestionde
lassainissementdansleurattribution
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Absencedelibralismedanslesecteur
delEau
2.Insuffisancedinformations/ducation
surlavaleur/raretdeladenreEau
3.Insuffisancedesfinancementsdansle
secteurEau
58
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationcomments:
Auniveaunationalilmanqueencoreun
planstratgique,unplanoprationnel,
ladfinitiondesnormesetstandards
dassainissement
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Cambodia
Sanitationachievements:
1.TechnicalWorkingGroupforRuralWater
Supply,SanitationandHygieneSector
establishedin2007
2.NationalSanitationForumin2007
presidedoverbythePrimeMinisterwhich
ledtotheestablishmentof13Novasthe
NationalSanitationDay
3.IssuanceofaAgreementbetweenMRD
andMOEYStopromoteschooland
communitysanitationandhygiene2009
4.RoyalDecreeonVillageDevelopment
Committee(VDC)andSubDecreeon
ProceduresfortheEstablishmentand
FunctioningoftheVDC,whichhasbeen
submittedtoCouncilofMinistersfor
endorsement(NSDP2010)
5.NationalStrategyforRuralWaterSupply,
SanitationandHygiene
6.Establishadepartmentinnationallevel
torespondwastewatermanagement.
(MPWT)
7.Constructedwastewatertreatmentplant
inSihanukandSiemReapProvinces.
(MPWT)
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.RuralWaterSupply
a.NationalconsensusontheNational
Policyvisiontoprovideuniversaldrinking
watersupplycoverageby2025.
b.TechnicalWorkingGroupforRuralWater
Supply,SanitationandHygieneSector
establishedin2007
c.Encouragingmultistakeholders
participation(fromNationallevelto
communitylevelauthorities,andprivate
sectoranddonorcommunities)intheRural
WaterSupplySectorinlinewiththe
NationalPolicyGuidelines;
d.NationalDrinkingWaterQuality
Standardwasdevelopedandapprovedby
Government.
e.NationalSanitationForumin2007
presidedoverbythePrimeMinisterwhich
ledtotheestablishmentof13Novasthe
NationalSanitationDay
f.IssuanceofaAgreementbetweenMRD
andMOEYStopromoteschooland
communitysanitationandhygiene2009
2.UrbanWaterSupply
a.Newtreatmentplantsconstructedin6
provinces(Pursat,Battambang,Kampong
Cham,KampongThom,Kampotand
SvayRieng).
b.Expansionofdistributionnetworkand
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
encouragedthepoortohaveaccessto
cleanwater.
c.Privatesectorparticipationincreasing
Sanitationobstacles:
3.Duetolackofeffectivemechanism,the
monitoringandevaluationsystemanddata
baseestablishmentsarestillnotrealized;
4.WhiletheRWSSSectorStrategyhasbeen
finalized,thishasnotyetbeenformally
endorsedbyGovernmentand
implementingguidelinescoveringconcrete
actionsforsectorinvestmentplans,human
resourcedevelopmentplan,andfinancial
strategies,amongothersarestilllacking.
InabilitytoformallyimplementtheRWSS
strategystillperpetuatesthedifferent
approaches,i.e.subsidiesandnon
subsidiesbeingadoptedinruralsanitation
improvement
5.Lackofapprovednationalstandardsand
implementationguidelinesforsanitation
improvement
6.Lackofconsensusapproachregarding
subsidyandnonsubsidyconceptin
promotinghouseholdsanitation
7.Lackofhygienepracticespolicy
8.Lackfunds/support
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.RuralWaterSupply
a.Privatesectorinvestmentisstilllowdue
tonarrowmarginofprofitsinsmall
communitywatersupplyinruralareas;
b.Duetolackofeffectivemechanism,the
monitoringandevaluationsystemanddata
baseestablishmentsarestillnotrealized;
c.DuetodelayedRWSSSectorStrategy,
thesectorwiseplanningforRWSSservices
includingsectorinvestmentplans,human
resourcedevelopmentplan,financial
strategiesarestilldelayed.Late
developmentofRWSSstrategyperpetuates
thedifferentapproaches,i.e.subsidiesand
nonsubsidiesbeingadoptedinrural
sanitationimprovement
d.Lackofapprovednationalstandardsand
implementationguidelinesforwatersupply
andsanitationimprovement
e.Lackofconsensusapproachregarding
subsidyandnonsubsidyconceptin
promotinghouseholdsanitation
f.Lackofhygienepracticespolicy
g.Lackfunds/support
2.UrbanWaterSupply
a.Budgetforexpansionofnetworkis
limitedandrequiresconsiderable
investments
b.Privatesectorparticipation
stilllimitedandproductionandservicesis
notyetuptostandards.
59
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationcomments:
SchoolHealthPolicy,FRESH(Focusing
ResourcesforEffectivenessSchoolHealth)
initiative,andWASHarethemainguidance
toolsforimplementinghygieneand
sanitation,buttherearelessresourcesto
translatethosedocumentsintoreal
actions.Inaddition,lackofcoordination
betweenallrelevantinstitutionstoabsorb
bothinternalandexternalresources.
Thesanitationlawneedtobepreparedas
soonaspossible(MPWT)
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Cameroon
Sanitationachievements:
RalisationsouProduits
1.Amliorationssensibledutaux
dassainissement
2.Changementdecomportement
Communautaireamorc
3.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
RalisationsouProduits:
1.Loiportantrgimedeleau
2.PlandActionNationaldeGestion
IntgredelaRessourcesenEau
3.
Sanitationobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Insuffisancedefinancement
2.FaibleTauxdescolarisation
3.Faiblecommunication(sensibilisation
despopulationsetvulgarisationdes
techniquesetinitiatives)
4.Faibleimplicationdespartiesprenantes
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Insuffisantecoordinationdesactions
duescesecteur
2.Insuffisancedesfinancementsdusce
secteur
3.Nonvulgarisationdelaloiportant
rgimedeleau
4.Absencedenormalisationet
standardisationdestechnologiesdu
secteur
Sanitationobstacles:
1.InsuffisancedeCadressuprieursetde
TechniciensdAssainissement
2.Faibleniveauderessourcesfinancires
etmatrielles
3.Trsfortedpendancedelaide
extrieure
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Labsencedudcretdapplicationdu
CodedelEau
2.Insuffisancedefinancementdusecteur
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Mconnaissancedeseffetsduprilfcal
surlasant
2.Qualitdessols(instabilit)/Manque
dalternativesdouvrages
3.Insuffisancedubudget
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Labsencedudcretdapplicationdu
CodedelEau
2.Insuffisancedefinancementdusecteur
CentralAfricanRepublic
Sanitationachievements:
1.PriseencomptedelAssainissement
danslePlanNationaldeDveloppement
Sanitaire,VersionII
2.LaPolitiqueNationaledAssainissement
encoursdlaboration
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.LaLoiportantcodedeleauadopten
2006
2.Documentdepolitique;DSRPIetII
Chad
Sanitationachievements:
1.Recensementdesmnagessanslatrines
pourpnalit
2.Sensibilisation(Ministres(HRU,
Urbanisme,Sant)UNICEF,ONG,
Municipalit,BAD,Associations
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.LaLoiportantcodedeleauadopten
2006
2.Documentdepolitique;DSRPIetII
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
60
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationcomments:
InsuffisanteCoordination
Absencedepolitiques,stratgieset
programmesnationaux
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Ladifficultdoprationnalisationdes
politiqueslabores
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Colombia
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Congo
Sanitationachievements:
1.Adoptiondelalettredepolitiqueetdela
stratgiedassainissement
2.CrationdelaDirectionGnralede
lAssainissementen2010
3.Crationdunestructurerurale
spcifique(eauetassainissement):ANHYR
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1Lamliorationdelagouvernancede
leau
2.Lerenforcementdescapacitsde
contrlequantitativesetqualitativesde
leau
3.Lamliorationdelaccsleaupotable
enmilieururaleturbain
Cted'Ivoire
Sanitationachievements:
1.Loin2003208du7juillet2003portant
transfertetrpartitiondecomptencesde
lEtatauxcollectivitsterritoriales
2.Existencedunmcanismede
financementdelassainissementenmilieu
urbainassissuruneredevance
assainissement
3.Renforcementducadreinstitutionnelpar
lacrationdunministrechargde
lassainissement
4.Elaborationdunepolitiquesectorielen
cours
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Existencedeprojetsdetextes
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Absencedetextesdapplication
2.Absencedunecoordinationdusous
secteur
2.Faiblessedesfinancements
3.Insuffisancederessourceshumaines
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lemanquededispositionssurlerledes
collectivitslocalesdanslesecteurdeleau
2.Lesorganismesncessairesausecteurne
sontpaspleinementoprationnels
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Lecodedeleaudfinitprincipalementla
politiquenationaledeleau.Ondevradonc
veilleraustrictrespectdesonapplication.
Sanitationobstacles:
.Cadreinstitutionnelinstable
2.Insuffisancedesmoyensfinanciers.
3.Loin2003208du7juillet2003portant
transfertetrpartitiondecomptencesde
lEtatauxcollectivitsterritoriales.
Transfertdescomptencessansmesures
daccompagnement(Moyenshumains,
matrielsetfinanciers)
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Textesnonfinalissetpartagedes
responsabilitsnonclarifi
2.Cadredeconcertationdusecteurencore
peudvelopp
3.Insuffisancedudialoguepolitique
Sanitationcomments:
Pasdepolitiquenationaledassainissement
Pasdepolitiquesdassainissementen
milieuscolaire.Leministredelducation
neprendpaspartauprocessusde
coordinationdelassainissementduMCAU.
Creruncadredeconcertation
Ilfautcrerlecadredelapplicationdes
rglementations,trelcoutedes
populationsetlessensibiliser
Drinkingwatercomments:
Lesattributionsdesacteursinstitutionnels
urbainsetrurauxncessitentencoredes
clarifications
61
UNWaterGLAAS201112
DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo
Sanitationachievements:
1.Nationalstrategydevelopment
underwayinruralarea.
2.Nationalandprovincialleading
institutionsinplace.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Weaknessofthesectorleadingagency.
DominicanRepublic
Sanitationachievements:
1.Elsectorestalapuertadetener
espaciosimportantesconlasgestiones
hechasparacrearoficialmentelamesa
sectorialdeAgua,SaneamientoeHigiene
2.Seveelsaneamientoconunavisinms
ampliaque,porejemplo,haceunosaos.
3.Lasinstitucionesylapoblacinasocia
marcadamenteelsaneamientoacalidadde
vida,prevencindeenfermedades.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.ElaboracindeunapropuestadeLeyde
Agua
2.Fortalecimientodelenteregulador
3.Cumplimientodelasnormasnacionalese
internacionales.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.lowandunusedfinancialresources
allocatedtothesanitationsubsector
2.lackofhumanresourcestopromotethe
sanitationsubsector
3.weaknessofnationalwater,sanitation
andhygieneleadagency
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.NoaprobacindelaLeydeagua
2.Faltaderecursosparaalcanzarlasmetas
delosODM
1.NoaprobacindelaLeydeagua
2.Faltaderecursosparaalcanzarlasmetas
delosODM
62
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationcomments:
UrgentlyassigntheWater,Hygieneand
sanitationroleandresponsibilitiesofthe
planningtotheprovincialandlocallevel.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Rolesofsectorleadingagencyneedtobe
revised.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Egypt
Sanitationachievements:
1.Sectorreform&establishmentofHCWW
andtheregulatoryagencytobe
responsibleforO&Mofallthesanitation
facilities.
2.setting&implementingaclearstrategy
toraisethewastewaterserviceinrural
areas
3.establishmentofsubsidiarycompanies
forwater&wastewatercompaniesineach
government
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.sectorreform&establishmentofHCWW
toberesponsibleforO&Mofallthe
potablewaterfacilities.
2.establishmentofsubsidiarycompanies
forwater&wastewatercompaniesineach
government
ElSalvador
Sanitationachievements:
1.LiderazgoporpartedelaSecretara
TcnicamejoralacoordinacinInstitucional
2.CompromisodelGobiernodecontarcon
PolticasdeSaneamiento
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Secuentaconunacomisintcnicapara
elrecursohdricobajoliderazgodeSTPy
funcionando
2.Secuentaconunborradordepoltica
parasectorAPS
3.LaleygeneraldeaguaylaleydeAPS
reconocenyespecificanclaramenteel
derechohumanoalaccesodeaguapotable
segura,ascomolaincorporacindel
cambioclimtico.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationobstacles:
1.lowtarifffortheserviceprovided
2.Theseparationofresponsibilitiesfor
investmentandoperationinprovincial
Egypthasnotbeenaddressed
3.Privatesectorparticipationinoperating
waterandsanitationsystemsisstilllimited.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.overlapbetweenresponsibilitiesof
stakeholders
2.Theseparationofresponsibilitiesfor
investmentandoperationinprovincial
Egypthasnotbeenaddressed
3.Privatesectorparticipationinoperating
waterandsanitationsystemsisstilllimited.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Nohayunplandelsubsector
saneamientourbanoyrural
2.Nohayunapolticadeinversinpblica
haciaelsubsectordesaneamientoenlo
urbanoyrural
3.Nohaylineamientosparalaregulacin
delossistemasadministradosporlasjuntas
deagua(bsicamenteenelsectorrural)
queadministranproyectodesaneamiento.
Faltadecompromisodealgunas
organizacionesdegobiernoentrabajar
coordinadamente.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lacarenciadeunentereguladoranivel
urbanoyrural
2.Lapocainvestigacinquesetienesobre
calidadycantidaddelaguaysusmultiples
usos.
Sanitationcomments:
Lafaltadeunmarcopolticoen
saneamientoyunenterectoracontribuido
adesordenydbilatencinporpartedel
gobierno.Sinembargoseesperaqueestos
resultadosfacilitenunamejorplanificacin
conlagestindelaSTPparaladefiniciny
prontaaprobacindelaLeydeagua
potableysaneamientoquelapropuesta
actualtieneincorporadolacreacindeuna
institucionalidadrectora.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Noexisteunplannacionaldemanejoo
proteccindelasfuentesdeaguapara
consumohumano,ascomounsistemade
informacinconfiablequegaranticeel
estadoactualdelrecursohdricoycon
accesoalpblico.
63
UNWaterGLAAS201112
EquatorialGuinea
Sanitationachievements:
1.Buenavoluntadpoltica
2.Variosproyectosenelsector
3.(Agenciasinternacionales,
OrganizacionesnoGubernamentaly
Empresascolaboran)
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Buenavoluntadpoltica
2.Variosproyectosenelsector
3.(Agenciasinternacionales,
OrganizacionesnoGubernamentaly
Empresascolaboran)
Ethiopia
Sanitationachievements:
1.HygieneandSanitationisthemajor
packageofHealthExtensionProgrammeof
MinistryofHealth
2.PreparationofWASHImplementation
Framework(WIF)andrevisionofMoUto
includeMoFEDandfitintothegovernment
restrucure
3.Preparationandendorsementof
NationalHygieneandSanitationStrategic
ActionPlan(SAP)andInstitutionalized
CommunityLedApproacheslikeCLTSH
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Decentralization
2.Empoweringwomen
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Insuficientepersonalcualificadoenel
Sectorsaneamiento
2.Elusoirracionaldelosrecursos
econmicos.
3.DeficientegestindelSector.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Insuficientepersonalcualificadoenel
Sectorsaneamiento
2.Elusoirracionaldelosrecursos
econmicos.
3.DeficientegestindelSector.
Sanitationobstacles:
1.WeakstructureofHygieneand
SanitationintheMinistryofHealth
2.WeakcoordinationamongWASHactors.
3.AbsenceofUrbanSanitationStrategy
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
64
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationcomments:
Formacinalosrecursoshumanospara
efectomultiplicadorenlaslocalidades
UrbanayruralsobrelaSaneamiento
Inclusinextritasdefondosparala
ejecucindelosprogramas(Planificacin,
MonitoreoyEvaluacin).
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
ThereisstandaloneSanitationPolicyin
EthiopiabutitispartoftheHealthPolicy
andWaterResourcePolicy
MDGandeThekwinideclarationare
officiallymonitoredandpubliclyreported
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Fiji
Sanitationachievements:
1.ImprovementandKnowledgetransfer
aboutSanitation
2.Endorsementforimplementationofnew
modelandconceptofSanitationfacilities
3.Developmentofwaterandsanitation
policiesforRuralandUrban
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.AdoptionbyCabinetoftheNational
DrinkingWaterPolicy
2.CorporatisationoftheWaterAuthority
ofFijitoenhanceproductivityandservice
delivery
3.MinisterialdecisiontoadoptaRural
WaterPolicythroughaWaterStakeholders
Forum
Gabon
Sanitationachievements:
RalisationsouProduits
1.Codedeleauetschmadirecteur
dassainissementencoursderalisation
2.Crationduneagencedergulationdu
secteurEauetElectricit
3.Rformeduconseilnationaldeleauet
dellectricit
Drinkingwaterachievements:
RalisationsouProduits:
1.Textesorganiquesmisenplace
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.AllocationfromNationalbudgetfor
sanitationprogrammes
2.Collectiveagreementbetweenstake
holdersonthewayforwardregarding
policyimplementation
3.Fragmenteddatamanagementsystems
(duplicationofdatagathered)
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Laxityinthepolicingoflawsthatrelate
towater,sewerageandtheenvironment
whichhasanimpactsonwatersources
2.Apparentreluctanceinincreasingtariffs
whichalsohasanimpactonourabilityto
collecttheneededfundstocarryoutmajor
overhaulsinourinfrastructure
Sanitationobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Absencedecadrejuridique,
rglementaireetinstitutionnel
2.Absencedecoordinationdes
dpartements
3.Faiblessedesressourceshumaineset
financires
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
65
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationcomments:
Overlappingofrolesofthestakeholders.
Noconsensusonjurisdiction.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Absencedecoordinationentreministres
impliqus
InvestissementlourddelEtatdansles
domainesdelaproduction,du
transport,dustockageetdeladistribution
deleau
Amliorationdelaccsleaupotableen
milieururalindispensable
Garantissementdel'entretiendes
quipements:Destudesontrvl
que50%desquipementshydrauliques
installsenmilieururalne
fonctionnentpasdefaonoptimaledeux
troisansprsleurmiseen
service,ilfautalorstrouverunsystmede
gestion,demaintenanceetdesuivi
techniqueappropri.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Donnesnonfiables
Absencedesynergie
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Gambia
Sanitationachievements:
1.FirstNationalSanitationPolicyand
Strategydeveloped
2Leadinstitutiondefined
3.Targetshavebeendefined
4.IntroductionofCommunityledTotal
Sanitation
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Ghana
Sanitationachievements:
1.Establishedandfunctioning
EnvironmentalHealthandSanitation
DirectoratewithintheMinistryforLocal
GovernmentandRuralDevelopment
2.Acomprehensiverevisedsanitation
policydevelopedwithhighownershipbyall
keystakeholders
3.ANationalCoordinationmechanismfor
sanitationisinplaceandproviding
harmonisingsanitationsectorstakeholders
inacoordinatedmanner.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.ASectorstrategicDevelopmentPlanhas
recentlybeendevelopedtotranslatethe
Waterpolicyintopractice
2.Asectorwideapproachisdeveloping
wellinthesector,andshouldbeinfull
implementationby2012
3.Thereiseffectivestakeholder
coordinationandlearningamongthe
sector
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1Weakcoordination/informationsharing
2.Policyisyettoapprovedbycabinet
3.Lackofbudgetlinesforsanitation
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Inadequatebudgetaryallocationfor
sanitation
2.Weakenforcementofsanitationrelated
lawsandbyelaws
3.LackofanationalMonitoringand
Evaluationsystem
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.TheHumanresourceandlogistical
capacityoftheWaterDirectorateisWeak
2.TheNationalwaterPolicyisnotwell
disseminatedtothegrassroots
3.Thereisweaksectormonitoring,
evaluationanddatamanagementand
informationsystem
66
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationcomments:
.Limitedhumanresourcecapacity
technicalandknowhows
Weakstandardsandenforcement
Inadequateprovisionofimproved
sanitationfacilitiesincommunities,public
placesandpublicinstitutions.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Ghanahasdevelopedadequatepolicies,
strategiesandplans,buttherearegapsin
implementationduetolimited
disseminationofpoliciesacrossalllevels
andlowpredictablefinancing.These
blockageshavecompromisedthe
realisationoffullbenefitsofthesepolicies.
Drinkingwatercomments:
None
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Guinea
Sanitationachievements:
1.LacrationduneDirectionNationalede
lAssainissementetduCadredeVie
2.Llaborationetlavalidationdu
documentdePolitiqueNationalede
lAssainissement
3.Ladoptionen2009parleGouvernement
Guinen,delapprocheATPC
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Ralisationdesprojetsderenforcement
delaproductiondeaupotablepour
Conakrytraverslaconstructiondela
stationdetraitementdeaudulacde
Sonfonia(10000m3/jour)etdesforages
industrielsdeKobayaetDemoudoula(6000
m3/jour)pourattnuerledficitprsent
depuis2001;
2.Suividcentralisdespointsdeau
modernes;
3.Miseenuvredunepolitiquedela
maintenancedesquipementsenmilieu
rural.
GuineaBissau
Sanitationachievements:
1.IntgrationdeCLTS(ATPC)dansla
politiquenationaldassainissement(en
laborations)
2.ExistenceCNLPII(DENARP)
3.Existencededoc.OMD/SMDD
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Existencedelapolitique
2.AppuiponctueldesPTF
Haiti
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Labsenceduncadredeconcertation
2.Conflitdecomptenceentreles
structuresEtatiques
3.Laralisationdecertainsouvrages
dassainissementsanslesnormesde
construction.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Faibleinvestissementdanslesecteur;
2.Vandalismedespompesmotricit
humaine,despanneauxsolaires,descbles
lectriques,
3.Linadquationentrelescharges
dexploitation(augmentationduprixdu
carburant,desproduitsdetraitement,des
quipements,)etletarifdum3deau
potable.
Sanitationcomments:
Absencedesactionsconcertesentreles
diffrentsacteurs
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.ManquesdemoyensFinancierset
Matriels
2.Insuffisancesderessourceshumaines
danslesecteurdAssainissement
3.PolitiquedAssainissementencour
dlaboration;pasdedcretpourl
application
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Manquedecadredeconcertationavec
PTFetsecteurprive
2.Participationnonactivedesoutres
ministrecommedelaSantetde
lEducation,Agriculture
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
Lesdirectionsrgionauxexistentmaisne
sontpasoprationnellesparmanquede
RH,demoyensmatrielsetquipements
Drinkingwatercomments:
Amlioreacoordinationdesecteuraux
toutesniveau
Renforcementdescapacits(RH,
quipement)
67
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Honduras
Sanitationachievements:
1.LeyMarcodeAguaPotabley
Saneamiento(APS)aprobadayen
implementacin.
2.ExisteunborradordePolticaAPSen
procesodeconcertacinypendientede
aprobacin,queincluyelineamientos
bsicosdesaneamiento.
3.SecuentaconunaPropuestadelPlan
NacionaldeSaneamiento.
1.FrameworkLawonWaterandSanitation
(APS)adoptedandimplemented.
2.AdraftAPSPolicyisinaconsultation
processandpendingaproval.ThePolicy
includesbasicsanitationguidelines.
3.IthasaProposedNationalSanitation
Plan.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Existenmetasparaincrementarlas
coberturasdelosserviciosde
AbastecimientodeAguaPotableenlas
reasruralesyurbanas.
2.Existeunborradoravanzandodela
PolticaNacionaldeAguaySaneamiento,
enprocesodeconcertacinypendientesu
aprobacin.
3.ExisteunMarcolegalaprobadaque
defineclaramentelosrolesycompetencias,
4.Seencuentraenprocesolaformulacin
delPlanNacionaldeAguaPotable.
5.ExisteunPlanEstratgicode
ModernizacindelSectorAguaPotabley
Saneamiento(PEMAPS).
6.Existenavancesenelprocesode
descentralizacindelossistemas.
1.Therearetargetstoincreasethe
coverageofservicesofWaterSupplyin
ruralandurbanareas.
2.Thereisanadvanceddraftofthe
NationalWaterandSanitationinthe
processofconsultationandpending
approval.
3.Approvedalegalframeworkthatclearly
definesrolesandresponsibilities,
4.Itisintheprocessofformulatingthe
NationalWaterPlan.
5.ThereisaStrategicPlanfor
ModernizationoftheWaterandSanitation
Sector(PEMAPS).
6.Therehavebeenadvancesinthe
processofdecentralizationofthesystems.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lasprincipalesinstitucionessectoriales
(CONASA,ERSAPSySANAA)annohan
logradoconsolidarseenelrolquelaLey
MarcodelSectorAPSlesdefine.
2.Elfinanciamientoparaellogrodelas
metasnacionalesenelsubsector
saneamientosoninsuficientes.La
tendenciahasidohacialabajayse
dependemsdeprstamosydonaciones
delacooperacininternacional.
3.Laprioridadnacionalsiemprehasidola
atencindelsubsectordeAguaPotable.
1.Themainsectorinstitutions(CONASA,
ERSAPSandSANAA)havenotbeen
consolidatedintherolethatAPSSector
FrameworkLawdefinesthem.
2.Fundingfortheachievementofnational
goalsinthesanitationsubsectorare
insufficient.Thetrendhasbeendownward
andaremoredependentongrantsand
loansfrominternationalcooperation.
3.Nationalpriorityhasalwaysbeenthe
focusofWatersubsector.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lasprincipalesinstitucionessectoriales
(CONASA,ERSAPSySANAA)annohan
logradoconsolidarseenelrolquelaLey
MarcodelSectorAPSlesdefine.
2.Elfinanciamientosparaellogrodelas
metasnacionalesenelsubsector
saneamientosoninsuficientes.La
tendenciahasidohacialabajayse
dependemsdeprstamosydonaciones
delacooperacininternacional.
3.Faltadevoluntadpolticaparala
descentralizacindelosservicios
municipalesamodelosdegestincon
mayorautonoma.
4.Faltadevoluntadyliderazgoinstitucional
delMinisteriodeSaludenlaplanificaciny
coordinacindelSector.
5.Noexisteunapolticasectorialaprobada.
1.Themainsectorinstitutions(CONASA,
ERSAPSandSANAA)havenotbeen
consolidatedintherolethatAPSSector
FrameworkLawdefinesthem.
2.Fundingfortheachievementofnational
goalsinthesanitationsubsectorare
insufficient.Thetrendhasbeendownward
andaremoredependentongrantsand
loansfrominternationalcooperation.
3.Lackofpoliticalwilltodecentralize
municipalservicesmanagementmodels
withmoreautonomy.
4.Lackofpoliticalwillandinstitutional
leadershipoftheMinistryofHealthin
68
planningandcoordinationoftheSector.
5.Thereisnosectoralpolicyapproved.
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationcomments:
Elpasestcomprometidoydestina
recursosparaelfortalecimientodelos
procesosdedescentralizacin.
Thecountryiscommittedandallocates
resourcestostrengthenthe
decentralizationprocess.
Drinkingwatercomments:
EnelpaselAguaPotableySaneamiento
siempresehavistocomounsubsectorde
Salud,locuallimitaeldesempeodelas
institucionesrectorasdelsector.
EnelpaselAguaPotableySaneamiento
siempresehavistocomounsubsectorde
Salud,locuallimitaeldesempeodelas
institucionesrectorasdelsector.
WaterandSanitationhasalwaysbeen
seenasasubsectorofHealth,whichlimits
theperformanceoftheinstitutions
governingthesector.
UNWaterGLAAS201112
India
Sanitationachievements:
1.Identifiedflagshipschemeforsanitation
withcommittedbudget
2Policiesinlinewithinternationalbest
practices
3DedicatedImplementationmachinery
rightfromthenationalleveltothe
communitylevel
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Nationalpolicyframeworkguidelines
havebeenissuedatnationalleveland
adoptedbyallthestates.
2.Byprovidingfullfinancialsupportto
states,institutionalstrengtheningisdone
byformationofstate/district/block/village
levelmissionsandcommitteesforbetter
partnershipsandconvergence.
3.Increasingoutlaysforawareness
generation,forwaterqualityandtestingof
sourcesandforcommunityparticipation.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Insufficientcapacitybuildingoffield
functionaries
2.Rapidpopulationgrowth
3Fundconstraints
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lackofwillingnesstoimposeandcollect
userchargesinpipedwatersupply
schemes,adverselyaffectingthe
performanceoftheschemes
69
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Policiesandinstitutionalframeworkis
creatingenablingenvironmentforbetter
servicesdeliveryinRuralWaterSupply
sector.
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Indonesia
Sanitationachievements:
1.Sanitationtargetisincludedinthe
nationalprioritytobeachievedin2014
(statedinthenationalmidterm
developmentplan/RPJMN20102014)and
annualworkplan/RKP)
2.DraftforPresidentialInstruction
regardingdrinkingwaterandsanitation
developmenthasbeendeveloped
3.MDGsreportsubmittedannualytothe
UNhasalreadydescribedtheachievement
ofsanitationdevelopment(Target7C)
4.Accelarationprograminsanitation
developmentthroughPPSP(20102014),
whichisdesignedtoestablishPresidential
InstructionofSanitation(Inpres)
5.ExistenceofWaterandSanitation
WorkingGroupatnationallevelthat
consistof8ministriesrelatedtosanitation
sectordevelopment.Similarworkinggroup
arealsoformedatlocallevel(asacross
sectorcoordinationinstitutioninthe
Developmentofwaterandsanitational
locallevel.
6.Nationalprogram:CommunityBased
TotalSanitation(STBM),comprehensive
sanitationapproacheson5pillars:
a.Eliminatingopendefecation
b.Handwashingwithsoap
c.Householdsafewatertreatmentand
storage
d.Solidwastemanagement
e.Wastewatermanagement
7.NationalpolicyonCommunityBased
DrinkingWaterandSanitation(AMPLBM)
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.InitiationofWaterSafetyPlan:
Comprehensivepolicytoensurewater
safety
2.WaterandSanitationWorkingGroupand
Networkasacrosssectorcoordination
institution(tasks:Advocacy,planning,
coordination,monev)
3.toincreasethecoverageofdrinking
watersupply,Presidentestablisheda
nationalpoliciesfordrinkingwatersupply,
espesiallyinscarcitywaterareathrough
Cluster4Program(target:2025
100%coverage)
4.Toincreasetheparticipationofprivate
sector,Bappenashasestablishedguidance
forprivatepartnership.
5.Draftforpresidentialinstruction
regardingdrinkingwaterhasbeen
developed
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
6.Drinkingwatertargetisincludedinthe
nationalprioritytobeachievedin2014
(statedinthenationalmidterm
developmentplan/RPJMN20102014)
andannualworkplan/RKP)
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Crosssectoralpolicycoordinationon
provisionofimprovedfacilitiesfor
sanitationislessthanadequate.
2.Thegrowthofurbanpopulationshas
beengreaterthanthedevelopmentof
improvedsanitationinfrastructure.
3.Communityawarenessoftheimportance
ofcleanwateruseandsanitationpractices
remainslow.
4.Governmentandprivateinvestmentsin
sanitationarestilllow.
5.Limitationinlocalgovernmentcapacity
intakingcareoftheirsanitationproblems.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Incompleterulesandcomprehensive
policiestosupporttheavailabilityof
drinkingwaterandcrosssector
coordination
2.Thedecreasingofquantityandqualityof
adequatedrinkingwatersource
3.Implementationofcrosssectoralpolicy
coordinationinwatersupplyisstillless
thanadequate.
4.Growthofurbanpopulationshasbeen
greaterthanthedevelopmentofimproved
watersupply.
5.Communityawarenessofthe
importanceofcleanwateruseand
sanitationpracticesremainslow.
70
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Severalinnovativeregulation:
1.Perpres67/2005(Regulationsof
President)aboutgovernmentandprivate
sectorspartnershipregardingtothe
provisionofinfrastructure.
2.PMK120/2008(RegulationsofFinancial
Ministres)aboutPDAMSdebt
restructurisation
3.PMK168/PMK.07/2008aboutlocal
governmentsloanmechanism
4.Perpres29/2009aboutguaranteeand
interestsubsidyfromnationalgovernment
regardingtoaccelerationofdrinkingwater
Severaldrinkingwaterinstitution:
1.AssociationofWaterEnterprises
(Perpamsi)inNationalandProvinceslevel
2.NationalDrinkingwaterdanSanitation
WorkingGroup(PokjaAMPLNasional):
Crosssectoralcoordinatingintitution
3OrganizationofSelfSupplyDrinking
WaterinCommunitylevel(BPS)
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Iran(IslamicRepublicof)
Sanitationachievements:
1.legislationoflawofwaterandwaste
watercomplanies
2.Iraniancabinetinthemeetingdated2
January2011hasapprovedthe
MonitoringofHealthEquityandits52
indicators(includingdrinkingwater
andsanitationindicators)
3.Approvingofbudgetlinestohospital
wastewater
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Implementationofwatersupplyprojects
inruralareasasaggregated
2.Moreuseofsurfacewaterinsteadof
groundwater
3.Reducingpovertyandincreasingin
accesstosafedrinkingwaterand
healthindicators
Jordan
Sanitationachievements:
1.100%ofpopulationareconnectedto
eitherseweragenetworkorseptictanks
2.Sixtytwopercentofthepopulationare
connectedtoseweragenetwork
3.Plansforwastewaterprojects
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Poorcoordinationbetweeninvolving
organizations
2.Poordevelopmentoftheprivatesector
3.Theparticipationofthoselessaffluent
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Restrictionsonwaterresourcesand
drought
2.Inadequatefinancialresources
3.Unsuitabledistributionofwater
resourcesandsocialstressesfor
conductingwater
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Highpopulationgrowthandurban
expansion,whichincreasesthedemandon
sanitationservices
2.LimitedCapacityofwastewater
treatmentsplantsandpumpingstations
transferringandtreatingwastewater
3.Increaseofcapitalcostsinfrastructure
andtheinabilitytosecurefinancefor
sanitationprojects
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Increaseofcapitalcostsinfrastructure
andtheinabilitytosecurefinanceforwater
projects
2.tariffandcostrecovery
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
71
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Kenya
Sanitationachievements:
1.Nationalenvironmentalandsanitation
andhygienepolicyinplaceandlaunched
2.Nationalstrategyonenvironmental
sanitationandhygieneinplace(draft)
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Waterrecognizedasabasichumanright
intheConstitutionofKenya2010.
2.Improveddataandinformationfrom
urban.
3.Developmentofawatersectorstrategic
planandpropoorimplementationplan.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Indequateresources
2.nodissemination
3.affordability
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lackofsectorwide,institutionalco
ordinationframework.
2.Manyplayers(mainlyNGOs)not
capturedintheplanningandcoordination
systems.
3.Verylowpercapitaavailabilityofwater
withpercapitastorage.
72
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationcomments:
Needtoreviewpolicyandstrategyto
conformtothenewconstitutional
dispensation
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sectorwidepolicyisnotavailableandthe
statusmaybeunderestimateddueto
investments/operationsthatareoutside
thenationalinformationsystem
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Kyrgyzstan
Sanitationachievements:
Tofurtherimprovetheruralpopulations
accesstodrinkingwater,theagreementfor
fundingtheSecondRuralWaterSupply
andSanitationprojectwassigned
betweentheGovernmentoftheKyrgyz
RepublicandtheInternational
DevelopmentAssociation.TheProjectgoal
istoassisttheborrowerinenhancing
accessoftheParticipatingCommunitiesto
drinkingwater,improvethesanitaryand
hygienicpracticeinruralareasatthe
individual,familyandinstitutionallevels.
UndertheRuralWaterSupplyDepartment
(RWSD)program,trainingwasdeliveredon
HygieneandSanitation,andtheinitiative
groupsRuralHealthCommittees(RHC)
wereestablished.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Achievements:Solutionofthewatersupply
problemislaidinanumberofprograms,
themostsignificantofwhichisthe
ComprehensiveDevelopmentFramework
ProgramoftheKyrgyzRepublic.Tochange
currentsituation,theAsianDevelopment
Bankissuedaloanof36mln.USDforthe
projectRenderinginfrastructureservices
atsettlementlevelfor20022007(co
financingoftheGovernmentoftheKyrgyz
Republicmade9mln.USD)forrecovery
andconstructionofwaterpipelinesin730
villagesand7citiesofChui,Osh,Jalalabat
andBatkenoblasts.
Themaingoaloftheimplementedproject
RuralWaterSupplyandSanitationofthe
totalcostof24.5mln.USDundertheWorld
Bankloanfor20022007wasalsoto
recoverandconstructruralwaterpipelines
in270villagesofIssykKul,Naryn,andTalas
oblasts.Bothprojectsaimedatimproving
healthandenhancingthesanitaryculture
ofthepopulation,particularly,amongthe
poorestvillagers.Intotal,includingtheco
financing,about70mln.USDischanneled
toimprovingthingsinprovidingthe
countrypopulationwithcleandrinking
water.Foranumberofeconomic
circumstances(riseofpricesforthe
constructionmaterialsandother),both
projectswerefulfilledby50percentofthe
plannedvolume.Thesevereclimateand
highseismicactivityalsorepresentrisksfor
sustainabilityofinfrastructure,whilethe
spreadstonysoil,topographyandremote
locationofmanysettlementsleadtohigh
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
constructioncosts.
Sanitationobstacles:
Lackoffundsforservicesandmaintenance
ofsanitation,lackofanationalstrategy.
Thereisnoteachingmethodforpreschool
children.
Thestaffhealthworkersincomprehensive
schoolshavebeencut.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Thereislackofcoordinationbetweenthe
sectorpolicyforwatersupplyandwater
disposal,andpolicyinothersectors,such
ashouseconstruction.Mostofthe
existingwatersupplysystemsexceededthe
periodofdepreciationofequipment,and
waterpurificationanddecontamination
facilitiesneedurgentoverhauland
renovation.Physicaldeteriorationof
municipalwatersupplynetworksmakes
morethan70%,upto40%ruralwater
supplysystemsareincriticalcondition.
AccordingtoterritorialSSEScenters,
currently226of1,073watersupply(21%)
donotmeetsanitarystandards:138water
supplysystemsdonothaveadequate
sanitaryprotectionzonesofwatersources,
14havenowatertreatmentandwater
preparationsystems,at178drinking
watersuppliedtothepopulationisnot
disinfected,morethan4thousand(13.3%)
standpipesmalfunction.Theruralwater
supplysystemscurrently
73
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic
Sanitationachievements:
1.setupjointWASHsectorassessment
processTATandIWG
2.WaterSupplyLawadoptedanddraft
decreeontheimplementationofthe
waterlawinprocess
3.Urbanwatersupplypolicyandroadmap
tofutureofwatersupplysector
completed
4.UrbanWaterSafetyPlansestablished
5.StrategyonRuralWASHdrafted.
6.Urbandevelopmentstrategydrafted
7.CLTSestablishedasmaindemandled
approach
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.DrinkingwatertargetsareinNational
SocioEconomicDevelopmentPlanof
Government
2.Clearlydefinedinstitutionalrolesofrural
andurbanplayersatdifferent
levels
3.Goodcoordinationandcooperation
betweenurbanandruralWASH
includingotherkeysectorssuchasMinistry
ofEducation
Lebanon
Sanitationachievements:
1.STPconstructioncontinues
2.WaterandWastewaterestablishments
arehearinguptooperatesystems
3.Fundingiscomingonstream
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.MEWhasdevelopedastrategywhichis
yettobeapprovedbytheGovernment.
2.Anumberofplansandprogrammeshave
beenadoptedbydifferentgovernment
institutionswhichhavealevelof
coherence.
3.Mostoftheurbannetworks,inaddition
tomanyruralnetworks,havebeen
rehabilitatedandextended.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Communityawrenessremainslowon
sanitation
2.Resourceshumanandfinancialare
limited
3.increasingfrequencyofnaturaldisaster
especiallyfloodsin2011
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.NoruralWASHpolicy(strategyonly)
2.Publicprivatepartnership(PPP)inrural
WASHstilllimited
Sanitationcomments:
RuralWASHpolicywillbefurther
developednextyear2012andruralWASH
institution'smandatewillbeendorsedby
MinisterofHealthsoon.Theexisting
urbanWaterSupplypolicywillbeupdated
alsonextyear
Drinkingwatercomments:
PPPinruralWASHshouldbegradually
enhancedatdifferentlevels
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lackofhumanresources
2.Nogovernmentpolicydrivetohelpthe
WaterandWastewaterestablishments
3.Waterestablishmentsareresponsibleby
lawtobeinchargeoftheWW
management,withouthavingtherequired
capabilities
4Interferencebetweendifferentpublic
institutionsintheWWissue
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lackofuniformityandcoherenceatthe
policyorinstitutionallevel.
2.Failuretodecentralisewatersupply
services.
3.FailuretoadoptIWRM
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Adrinkingwaterpolicywasapprovedina
decennialplanandinsomeMEWProjects
butitsexecutionanditsschedulehavenot
beingrespected.
74
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Lesotho
Sanitationachievements:
1.Decentralisationofhealthserviceswill
facilitateeffectivecooperationatdistrict/
locallevelforhygieneandsanitation
promotion
2.Comprehensivehumanresource
assessmentforthewatersectorisongoing
andwillidentifythecapacitygapsfor
promotionofhygieneandsanitation
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.TheLesothoWaterandSanitationPolicy
(2007)andtheWaterAct(2008)provide
thelegalframeworkforwaterservices
2.Theinstitutionalframeworkforwater
servicesisinplacewithWASCOproviding
waterservicesinurbanareas,regulatedby
LesothoElectricityandWaterAuthorityand
DRWSsupportingwaterservicesinrural
areas.Theresponsibilityforoperatingbulk
waterinfrastructurehasin2011been
assignedtoWASCOandtheresponsibility
formanagingthebulkwaterassetstoa
unitintheWaterCommission.
3.ThecapacityoftheOfficeofthe
CommissionerofWatertocoordinateand
planwatersectoractivitiesissteadily
increasing.Thewatersectorhasdeveloped
theinterimstrategyforwaterand
sanitationwhichisthebasisforEUsector
budgetsupportandhasforthefirsttime
hadtheannualsectorreviewinDecember
2011
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Acomprehensivesanitationstrategyyet
tobedevelopedandsanitationonly
coveredmarginallyinthewaterand
sanitationpoliciesandthewateract
2.Limitedcooperationandfragmentation
ofservicedeliverybetweenlocal
governmentauthorities,ministryofhealth,
ministryofeducationandthewatersector
institutionsintheprovisionofsanitation
servicesandhygienepromotion
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Effectiveservicedeliveryinruralareas
dependonimprovedcooperationbetween
theDRWSandthelocalgovernment
authoritiesandthecapacityofthelocal
governmentsneedstobeimprovedto
effectivelymanagethewaterservices.
75
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationcomments:
Rural:TheDepartmentofRuralWater
Supplycarryouthygieneeducationand
subsidiselatrineconstructioninthevillages
wherewatersystemsareimplemented
only.Allothercommunitiestargetedby
activitiesoftheMinistryofHealth
environmentalhealthprogrammeby
communityhealthworkersineach
communityandHealthAssistantsineach
healthcentre.
Urban:theresponsibilityoftheWaterand
SewerageCompany(WASCO)islimitedto
provisionofsewerageservicesandonly
addressesonsitesanitationandhygiene
whenimplementingsanitationprojects
(e.g.theongoingMaseruWastewater
ProjectwithEUfunding).Thereislimited
coordinationandcooperationwiththelocal
authoritiesandMinistryofHealthin
promotionofsanitationandhygiene.
MaseruCityCouncilandMinistryofHealth
iscarryingoutpromotionofsanitationand
healthinMaseru.Inothertowns,the
DistrictHealthInspectorsarecarryingout
promotionofhygieneandsanitation
Generallythereisalackofresources
availableforpromotionofsanitationinthe
healthsectorandinlocalgovernmentsso
althoughthestructures/staffingarein
placetopromotesanitationgenerallyinthe
country,theresultsareinadequateand
thereisalackofastrategicframeworkand
acoordinatedapproach
Drinkingwatercomments:
TheLocalGovernmentActandtheWater
Actdifferinthedescriptionoftherolesof
localgovernmentauthoritiesinthe
provisionofwaterservices:thelocal
governmentactspecifytheroleasO&M
andthewateractstates:provisionof
waterandsanitationservicesintherural
areasaswellasoperationsand
maintenanceofthesystemsshallbethe
responsibilityofalocalauthority.Thereisa
needtoclarifythisanddevelopaneffective
programmeforcapacitatingthelocal
authoritiestofulfiltheirrolesinservice
provision
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Liberia
Sanitationachievements:
1.Developmentofcompact(Apr2011)
2.NWSHPCbecameactive(May2011)
3.ExecutiveorderforNationaWater
ResourceandSanitationBoard(completed
butneedspresidentialsignoff)
4.New
5.WaterPointMapping/WASHLiberia
website(portalforallWASHinLiberia)
(June2011)
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.TheLiberiaWASHCompact
2.TheSectorStrategicPlan
3.TheWaterPointATLAS
Madagascar
Sanitationachievements:
1.MinistredelEau
2.Codedel'EauetPolitiqueetStratgie
Nationaledel'Assainissement(PSNA)
disponibles
3.ProgrammeNationald'Accsl'Eau
Potableetl'Assainissement(PNAEPA)
disponible
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.LeMinistredelEau,Manuelde
procdure
2.Codedel'Eaudisponible
3.ProgrammeNationald'Accsl'Eau
Potableetl'Assainissement(PNAEPA)
disponible
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Finance
2.Regulatoryentitynotoperational(WSSC)
3.DelaysingettingsigningoffonCompact
(todate)
4.DifficultiesingettingNGOstoadhereto
nationalregulations
5.Initiallydatagapsandtodateissueswith
mechanismsforupdatingdata
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Insufficientfunds
Sanitationcomments:
HavingtheLiberiaWASHCompacthasbeen
veryusefulasithasenabledthe
implementationofpolicybytakinglarger
policydocumentsandbreakingthemdown
intoaclearactionplan.TheCompact
RoadmapofActionshavebeenconverted
toagendaitemsfortheNWSHPCandthisis
howimplementationisbeingactively
driven.
Drinkingwatercomments:
TheMoFinLiberianeedstoactivelyengage
infundingthesector
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Insuffisancedefinancementdusecteur
AEPHAmaisaussiproblmedabsorption
defonddisponible
2.CoordinationdifficiledusecteurAEPHA
3.Difficultetfaibleapplicationdestextes
lgislatifs(codedel'eau,cadresectoriel,)
etdespolitiquesnationales
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.ReformeinstitutionnelledelaJIRAMA
2.Insuffisancedefinancementdusecteur
AEPHAmaisaussiproblmedabsorption
defonddisponible
3.CoordinationdifficiledusecteurAEPHA
4.Difficultetfaibleapplicationdestextes
lgislatifs(codedel'eau,cadresectoriel,)
etdespolitiquesnationales
Sanitationcomments:
Miseenplaceduneinstitutionfortepour
grerlassainissement,
Crationd'unOfficeNationalpour
l'Assainissementourenforcementdes
capacitsdel'ANDEA(redevance,
financires,matrielles,humaines,
comptences,etc.).
Drinkingwatercomments:
Misejouretvulgarisationdecodede
leauetdumanueldeprocdure
76
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Malawi
Sanitationachievements:
1.DevelopmentandAdoptionofNational
SanitationPolicy,2008
2.EstablishmentoftheDepartmentof
SanitationandHygiene;andtheNational
SanitationandHygieneCoordinationUnit
(NSHCU)
3.IntegrationofSanitationinthePrimary
Schoolcurriculum
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Limitedfinancialsupportto
rehabilitationofaginginfrastructure
2.Inadequatefinancialsupportlowerlevel
institutionslikeDistrictWaterDevelopment
Offices
3.Highstaffturnoverinthetechnical
positions
Maldives
Sanitationachievements:
1.Waterandsanitationisaconstitutional
rightintheMaldives(2008Maldives
constitution)
2.StrategicActionPlan20092013
(NationalPlan)fortheMaldiveshasbeen
developedin2009whichconsistsofgoals,
policiesandstrategiesforthewaterand
sanitationsector
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Waterisaconstitutionalrightinthe
Maldives(2008MaldivesConstitution)
2..StrategicActionPlan(NationalPlan)
20092013fortheMaldiveshasbeen
developedin2009consistsofgoals,policies
andstrategiesofthewaterandsanitation
sector
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationobstacles:
1.LimitedfundingforSanitation
Programmes
2.LimitedCapacitywithinthesubsector
3.Limitedpublicawarenessofthepolicy
documents,goodsanitationandsafe
hygienepractices.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
Sanitationandhygienenotrecognised
explicitlyasaRight.
Thereislackofbaselineandtargetsfor
SchoolsandHealthyCentres.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lackofinstitutional,technicaland
financialcapacityforoperationand
managementofwaterandsanitation
facilities
2.Lackofresearchandtechnology
developmentopportunities,whichare
necessarytoprovidebetter,costeffective
services
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lackofinstitutional,technicaland
financialcapacityforoperationand
managementofwaterandsanitation
facilities
2.Lackofresearchandtechnology
developmentopportunities,whichare
necessarytoprovidebetter,costeffective
services.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
77
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Mali
Sanitationachievements:
1.Constructionde2dchargesfinales
(contrlescompactes):celledeSikasso
estenexploitationetcelledeBamako
excute80%;
2.Constructionde3stationsdpuration(1
enZoneindustrielle,1lhpitalduPointG
etlautreMopti)
3.917latrinespubliquesVIPplusieurs
blocsralisesdansleslieuxpublics
(coles,marchs,gares),unelatrine
douchepubliqueavecboutiquesNionoet
6542latrinesindividuellesamliores
construites.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1ProjetdAlimentationenEauPotableet
dAssainissementde18Communesdela
RgiondeMopti;
2ApprovisionnementenEauPotableet
AssainissementdanslargiondeGao,
Koulikoro,Sgou(AEPA/GKS);
3Projetdemobilisationdesressourcesen
eauen1reRgion(Kayes)etlaralisation
dadductiondeaupotable.
Mauritania
Sanitationachievements:
1UNministreddieausecteur(Eauet
Assainissement)
2.Crationdesstructuresenchargedu
secteurdelAssainissement
3.crationdesservicesrgionauxde
lAssainissement(dbutde
dconcentration)
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.reformedusecteur
2.Dclarationdepolitiqueenmatire
deaupotable(CSLP,plandinvestissement
20112015.)
3.dcretsdapplicationducodedeleau
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Absencedesituationderfrenceen
matiredassainissement(inventaire
inexistant)
2.Insuffisancenotoiredesinfrastructures
dassainissementdebase(dcharges
finales,stationsdpuration,dptsde
transit)
3.Incivismedespopulationsenmatire
dassainissement
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1Lecotlevdesouvragesdalimentation
eneaupotable
2Lepouvoirdachatrelativementbasdes
populations
3Lefaiblefonctionnementdecertaines
structures(fondsdelEau,ConseilNational
delEau.)etlafaibleapplicationde
certainstextes(codedeleau)
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.multiplicitsdesintervenantset
chevauchement
2.manquedecoordination
3.faiblessedescollectivitslocalespour
assumerlesrlesquileursontassigns
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.insuffisancedecoordination,de
planificationsectorielleetdapplicationdes
textesetmesuresdaccompagnement
2.faiblessedescapacitsdesservicesen
chargedusecteur
3.dsquilibrefinancierdusecteur
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Nant
78
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Mongolia
Sanitationachievements:
1.Adaptedthelawofurbanwatersupply
andsewagesystemusage.
2.Formulatingcoordinatingcommitteeon
usageandserviceofwatersupplyand
sewagesystemfacility.
3.Increasedstateinvestmentofwater
supplyandseweragesystem.
4.Thenewsanitationfacilitiesfor6years
ordersweresetupinallpublicschools.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Developedlegalenvironmentofwater
sector.
2.AadaptedtheLawofwatersupplyand
sewerageincities.
3.Formulatedcoordinatingcommitteeon
usageandserviceofwatersupply,
seweragesystemfacility.
4.Increasedstateinvestmentofwater
supplyandseweragesystem.
5.AdoptedWaternationalprogramin
2010andverifiedbygreateststate
assembleofMongolia.
6.Explored,accomplishedwaterrecourses
inUlaanbaatarcityandcenteroftheaimag,
sum.
7.IncreasedWatermarkperheadin
Ulaanbaatarcity.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Intersectoralcollaborationislacking.
2.Lackingknowledgeonsanitation.
Informationsharinganditstransparencyis
lackingwithinmonitoringandreporting
schemes.
3.Underbudgeted.
4.Sanitationfacilityoftheschooland
kindergardensetoutsideofthebuildingin
sumarea.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Thepoliciesandprogramsaredeveloped
atthecentrallevelanddonotoftenreach
locallevels.
2.Policyimplicationmonitoringtoolsand
indicatorsareweak.Sincethereisnot
muchpublicinvolvementandownership
forpoliciesandprogramsdeveloped,the
publicispassiveinmonitoringtheprogress
ofnumerouspoliciesandprograms.
3.Noaccessibilitytoinformationand
transparencywithinmonitoringand
reportingschemes.Allthesechallengethe
researchanddatacollectionprocess.
4.Notadequatefuelwhensupplywaterby
transportation.
5.Watertariffpolicycoordinationis
extremelyunsatisfactorynationwide
79
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Itisnecessarytodevelopstructureofwater
supplyandsewagesystemfacilityserving
companies.
Therefore,thiskindofservingcompanies
arestartingtoestablishintheruralarea
andsoums.
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Morocco
Sanitationachievements:
1.Miseenplacedunepolitiquede
prservationdesressourceseneauetdela
protectiondelenvironnementcontrela
pollution,ProgrammeNational
dAssainissement(PNA)etleProgramme
NationaldeGestiondesDchetsMnagers
(PNDM).
2.Ralisationdeprojetsstructurantsde
dpollutionaveclamiseenplacedes
stationsdetraitementdeseauxusesdans
lecadreduPNA.
3.Loi1095surleau.
4.Loi7800surlachartecommunale.
5.Loi5405relativelagestiondlgue
desservicespublics.
6.Loi0699surlalibertdesprixetla
concurrence.
7.Loi1103relativelaprotectionde
lenvironnement.
8.Loi1203relativeauxtudesdimpact.
9.Ledcretdassainissementautonome.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Instaurationdunepolitiquedegestion
intgredesressourceseneau,
2.ProgrammedApprovisionnement
GroupenEauPotabledespopulations
Rurales(PAGER)
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Financementinsuffisantdanslesecteur.
2.Difficultdadoptiondenormes
spcifiquesrelativesauxrejetsindustriels.
3.Difficultdadoptiondenormerelative
larutilisationdeseauxpures.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Moyensfinancierslimitssurtoutqueles
variantesfaiblecotsontpuisesetne
restequelessolutionsonreuses
80
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationcomments:
Retarddtablissementdunplannational
derutilisation.
Etudedecasdanslarutilisationencours
delancement.
Enqutesurleraccordementet
lpurationdeseauxuses,enprparation.
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Mozambique
Sanitationachievements:
1.Theplanningprocessstartsatlocallevel
2.Localusersareengagedatleastat
consultationprocessfordecisionmaking
onwatersector
3.ApprovaloftheWaterSupplyand
SanitationPolicytotheCouncilofMinisters
forappreciationandapproval
4.Creationandestablishmentofthe
AdministrationforWaterandSanitation
Infrastructures(AIAs)
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Strategicinformationsharingamong
watersupplyactors(private,public,NGOs,
etc)
2.Inclusionofprivatesectoronwater
schememanagement(delegatedwater
supplymanagement)
3.Creationofautonomousinstitutionsfor
urbanwatersupply
4.Issuanceofanationalactwhich
determinetherainwaterharvestforall
publicfacilities(atleastforruralareas)
Myanmar
Sanitationachievements:
1.NationalSanitationWeeks
Movement(Communitybased)
2.FourCleansProject(Communitybased)
3.SchoolSanitationandHygieneEducation,
SSHE(Schoolbased)
4.45%insanitationcoveragein1997,83%
insanitationcoveragein2009dramatically
achieved.
5.SchoolandEnvironmentalcleaningday
celebratedonlastSaturdayofOctoberin
everyyear.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Highlevelperformanceand
implementationintheregion.
2.Upgradingthesocioeconomicsector.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Limitedhumanresourcestoimplement
decentralizedmanagement
2.Limitedfinancialresourcestoimplement
allplannedactivities(latebudget
disbursement)
3.Lackofclearlegaldefinitionofthe
leadinggovernmentinstitutiontocentrally
coordinatenationalsanitationprograms
jointlywithothergovernmentagencies.
Thisleadstoscatteredinterventionson
bothruralandurbansanitationand
hygienepromotioninterventions
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Highbureaucraticprocessforfinancial
resourcesaccess
2.Weakinterinstitutionalcoordination
withprivatesector
3.Limitedcapacityofprivatesectorto
respondthegrowingdemand
Sanitationcomments:
Mozambiqueisnotontrackto
meetitsMDGtargetsinsanitationand
requiresanacceleratedandcoordinated
effortonthepartofGovernment,
developmentpartners,NGOs,theprivate
sectorandotherstogetbackontrack.
Capacityinboththepublicand
privatesectorremainsacriticalconstraint
toimplementationofruralsanitation
programs.Overcomingthisconstraint
requiresaconcerted,programmatic
approachtocapacitydevelopmentatall
levels.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Sustainabilityissuebecauseofusinglow
costandappropriatetechnologyespecially
inhilly,floatingislandandremotearea.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Decreasingparticipationinrurallevel.
2.Weaknessinroutinesurveillanceand
monitoringincludingauthority.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
81
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Nepal
Sanitationachievements:
1.SanitationandHygieneMasterPlanhas
beenpreparedandintheprocessof
GoNapproval
2.WASHJointSectorReview(JSR)has
beenstarted
3.OpenDefecationFree(ODF)campaign
hasbeenwellrecognizedinthesector
andgettinggearedupdaybyday
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.UrbanandRuralWaterSupplyand
Sanitationpoliciesareinplace
2.SectorEfficiencyImprovementUnit
(SEIU)hasalreadybeenestablishedasa
coordinatinginstitution
Niger
Sanitationachievements:
1.Elaborationetadoptiondudocumentde
politiqueetstratgiepourleaupotableet
lassainissement
2.crationetmiseenplacedela
CommissionNationaledelEauetde
lAssainissement(CNEA)
3.crationdetroisDirectionschargesde
lassainissement(MH/E,MSP,MUL/A)
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1..CodedelEau
2.ProgrammeNationaldAlimentationen
lEauPotableetdAssainissement(PN
AEPA)
3.existencedesoutilsdeprogrammationet
deplaidoyer
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.ActivationofWASHcoordination
Committeesatalllevelisstillaserious
challenge
2.SustainingdeclaredODFforeverneeds
strongfollowupmechanismwith
regularactivities
3.Allocationofresourcesandits
consumptioncapacityofsectorinstitutions
are
notwellmatching
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Absenceofregulatoryinstitutionand
poormonitoringbytheministries
2.Absenceofpolicymonitoring
mechanism/practiceandpoorcompliance
of
policyprovisions
3.Fragmentedsectorprogrammesand
duplicationofinstitutionalroles
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Insuffisancedefinancementdusous
secteur
2.lapriseenchargedusoussecteurpar
plusieursdpartementsministriels
3.insuffisancedesressourceshumaines
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1..insuffisancedevulgarisationducodede
leau
2.faibleperformancedusecteurpriv
82
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationcomments:
Manyinstitutionsareinvolvedandpolicy
provisionsarenotcompliedasexpected
thuscreatingfragmentationofthesector.
Needstostreamlineallsanitation
activitiesandmakemandatorytofollow
thesameimplementationguidelineto
avoidconfusioninthebeneficiaries
Drinkingwatercomments:
Institutionsworkinginthesectorare
dividedintotwoministriesandcreating
difficultiesincoordination
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
NotonsgalementlaralisationdesPlans
locauxdelEauPotableetde
lAssainissement(PLEA)auniveaudes
communes,FinancspardesOrganismes
commelaBanqueMondiale.
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Nigeria
Sanitationachievements:
1.Policiesonsanitationinplace(National)/
Nationalsanitationcoalitioninplace
2.Somestatessteppeddownpolicieson
WASH
3.Allstateshaveestablishedsanitation
agenciesforurbanandrural
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Developmentofreformdocumentssuch
asPublicPrivatePartnershipframework,
WSSRI,RegulatoryHandbook,WIMAG
2.ReviewofNationalWatersupplyand
SanitationPolicy
3.StatedevelopingtheirWSSpolicyand
reviewofstatewaterlaws
Oman
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.IntroductionandestablishmentofWater
SafetyPlan(WSP)forsafedistributionof
drinkingwatertoalltheconsumers.
2.Treatedwatersupplycoveragetolarger
areasatdistantlocationsthrough
expansionofwaterdistributionnetwork.
3.Establishmentofadditionalnewwater
saewaterdesalinationtreatmentplantsto
increasetheproductionofdrinkingwater.
4.Asofnowthetotalproductionofwater
bywayofDesalinationoftheCountryisat
125MillionGallonsadayandislikelyto
reach165MillionGallonsadayinthenext
4years.
5.Therearearound4500kmsofwaterline
networkcrisscrossingtheCountry
supplyingsafepotablewatertomajorityof
theconsumers.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lackofclearlymandatedleadagencyin
sanitation
2.Nonfunctionalcoordinatinginstitutionat
stateandlocalgovernmentlevels
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Theneedforpoliticalwill
2.Inadequatefinancing
3.Theneedofcapacitybuilding
Sanitationcomments:
Harmonizationofallexistingsanitation
relatedpolicieswiththeagreedpolicyinto
onenationalpolicy
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.NowaterSupply,sosewageisless.
2.Someoperationalproblems,thatneeds
morecooperationwithspecificcompanies
3.Heavyrainsandflooding
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Asmostofthehabiataionsarefarspread
andscattered,planningforpipedwater
suppliesposesproblems.Apartfrom
plannedareasandUrbanareasalltheRural
areasofwidespreadandrequirelotsof
infrastructuretocatertotheneeds
resultinginhighinitialinvestments.
2.DistancesfromTreatmentplantsto
residentialareasarelongresultinginhigh
costofinstallation.Takestimetocomplete
theprojects.
3.Waterqualitydifferssometimesdueto
thelongtransmissionofsuchtreated
waters.
4.Extensionofelectricalpowerfacilitiesto
suchremotelylocatedtreatmentplants
addstotheinvestment.
5.Highinitialinvestmentinanyofthe
projectisthemajorhitch
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
83
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Pakistan
Sanitationachievements:
Accesstoimprovedsanitationincreased
(doubled)from33%to66%oftheoverall
populationintheperiod1990to2010
Newsanitationpolicyin2006
Examplesofcommunityledtotal
sanitation,componentsharingandschool
ledtotalsanitationinruralareas
PakistanApproachtoTotalSanitation
strategy2011
Drinkingwaterachievements:
NationalDrinkingWaterPolicy2009
NationalDrinkingWaterQuality
Standards2010
NationalBehaviourChangeand
CommunicationStrategy2010
ProvincialDrinkingWaterPoliciesand
Strategies
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
Inadequatefiscalallocationforsanitation
Financingforsanitationclumpedunder
overallfinancingforwaterandsanitation
withoutseparateallocations
Nowaterandsanitationregulatorybody
Overlappingofrolesandweak
coordinationmechanism
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Absenceofprovincialactionplansfor
drinkingwater
Absenceofajointmonitoringmechanism
atprovinciallevel
Highcontaminationlevelsofdrinking
water
Fallingpercapitaavailabilityofdrinking
water
84
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Panama
Sanitationachievements:
1.Seavanzconpropuestasdemejorasde
tecnologassanitariasparael
manejodelsaneamientorural.Elpasha
propuestoreemplazarlasletrinasde
hoyosecoporsistemasdearrastre
hidrulicocomosolucinsanitaria.
2.Enlaltimadcadacrecilainversinen
saneamientourbano,
particularmenteparaincrementarel
tratamientodelasaguasresiduales,
destacndoseelmegaproyectodel
SaneamientodelaCiudadylaBahade
Panam.
3.Seincorporelsistemadecobrodeuna
tarifaporserviciodealcantarillado
sanitarioapartirdel2010,conadherencia
favorabledelusuario,factor
importanteparalasostenibilidad.
1.Progresswasmadewithproposalsfor
improvementsofhealthtechnologies
forthemanagementofruralsanitation.
Thecountryhasproposedtoreplace
thedrypitlatrineshydraulicdrivesystems
andsanitarysolution.
2.Inthelastdecadeincreasedinvestment
inurbansanitation,particularlyto
increasewastewatertreatment,
highlightingthemegaprojectofSanitation
of
theCityandtheBayofPanama.
3.Hejoinedthesystemofchargingafee
forsanitarysewerservicefrom
2010,withfavorableuseradherence,an
importantfactorforsustainability.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Ladispersindelapoblacinrural
dificultaelaccesoeincrementalos
costosyhaymenordisponibilidadde
recursoshumanosparaelsector.
2.Enlaszonasperiurbanaloscostosde
solucionesdesaneamientose
incrementan.
1.Thedispersionoftheruralpopulation
makesaccessdificultandincreases
costsandthereislessavailabilityofhuman
resourcesforthesector.
2.Inperiurbanareascostsincrease
sanitationsolutions.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
85
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Paraguay
Sanitationachievements:
1.LacreacindelaDireccindeAgua
PotableySaneamiento(DAPSAN)
sustituyendoalaUSAPASalcanzandoun
statusdemayorjerarquayabarcamiento.
2.LaModificacindelDecreto18880del
ReglamentoOperativodelaLey1614
dondesedefineelroldelRectorylossita
enelMOPC,queeselasistentetcnicodel
titulardelServicio,queasuvezeselPoder
Ejecutivo.
3.Ladefinicindedondesealojala
pobreza,queyanoessoloruralsinose
encuentraenlaspropiasciudades,eslo
quesedaenllamarreasperiurbanas
3.Identificacindezonasdemayor
demandadeserviciosdesaneamientoque
sonlasreasperiurbanasocinturones
urbanasdepobreza
1.ThecreationoftheDirectorateofWater
SupplyandSanitation(EPDs)replacingthe
USAPreachingamoreseniorstatusand
span.
2.ModificationofDecree18880Operating
RegulationsAct1614whichdefinestherole
oftheRectorandplacesthemintheMOPC,
whichisthetechnicalassistanttothehead
ofservice,whichinturnistheexecutive
branch.
3.Thedefinitionofwherethepoorhouse
themselves,whichisnotonlyruralbutisin
thecitiesthemselves,iswhatoccursin
periurbanareas
3.Identifyingareasofgreatestdemandfor
sanitationservicesthatareperiurbanor
urbanpovertybelts
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Mayorinclusindepoblacinvulnerable
enprogramasexistentes
2.Existenvariosestudiosquepermitirn
definicionesdepolticasnacionalesenagua
potable
3.Existeunavanceimportanteencuantoa
laspolticasfinancieras
1.Greaterinclusionofvulnerable
populationsinexistingprograms
2.Thereareseveralstudiesthatwill
enablenationalpolicydefinitionsin
drinkingwater
3.Thereisasignificantadvanceintermsof
financialpolicies
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Aunnosehanfirmadoloscontratosde
concesinypermisoconlosprestadoresde
serviciodealcantarillado.
2.Sibientodoslosanlisisrealizados
hablandequelastarifasdebenser
reajustadas,ellonoseplasmadoen
polticasqueexpliquencomoreajustarlasa
tiempojustoeindependizarlasdeuna
decisindelpoderejecutivodemaneraa
quitarleriesgopoltico.Laley1614diceque
elcobrosereferiralcobrodehastael50%
delaprovisindeagua.
3.Faltaunadefinicindecomootorgarlos
subsidiosparalagentequenopuedepagar
elservicio.Faltatransparentarlosporque
existen.
3.Granpartedelosrecursospblicosson
destinadosalosserviciosdeaguapotable,
generndoseungrandesfasajeconel
serviciodesaneamientoqueesclaramente
deficitario.
1.Theconcessioncontractsandsewer
serviceprovidersandpermithavenotyet
beensigned.
2.Whiletheanalysiscarriedoutindicates
thattheratesshouldbereadjusted,this
hasnottranslatedintopolicieswhichhas
beenexplainedthatthesereadjustments
shouldbemadeattherighttimeand
shouldbeindependantfromtheexecutive
powersoastoremovepoliticalrisk.howto
adjustthesejustintimeandindependence
fromadecisionoftheexecutivebranchso
astotakepoliticalrisks.The1614lawsays
thatthechargeshouldcoverthecollection
ofupto50%ofthewatersupply.
3.Thereisaneedforadefinitionofhowto
providesubsidiesforpeoplewhocannot
affordtheservice.Lackoftransparencyof
existingsubsidies.
4.Muchofthepublicresourcesare
allocatedtodrinkingwaterservices,
generatingalargemismatchwiththe
sanitationservicewhichisclearlydeficient.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Aunfaltandefinicionesdepolticas
nacionalesdeAgua,ascomosu
instalacineimplementacin
1.Definitionsofnationalwaterpolicyare
stillmissing,aswellasdefinitionson
installationanddeployment.
86
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationcomments:
Enestosmomentosseestnrealizando
variosestudiosquepermitirnladefinicin
depolticasenlosaspectossealadosup
supra.
Currentlystudiesareunderwaythatwill
allowthedefinitionofpoliciesinthose
areasidentifiedupabove.
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Philippines
Sanitationachievements:
1.SanitationRoadmap,2010
2.Sectorassessment,20102011
3.NationalSustainableSanitationPlan,
2010
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.PhilippineWaterSupplyRoadmap
2.WSHSectorAssessment
3.WaterSafetyPlaninitiatives
Rwanda
Sanitationachievements:
1.SanitationmasterplanforKigalicityis
available
2.Solidwastemanagementbycommunity
basedorganisationandprivateoperators
3.Onsitesanitationtreatment(usewaste
assourceofenergyandfertiliser)
4.Mostofthepublichospitalsandfactories
haveincinerators
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Policyand5yearsstrategy
2.PromotionofPublicandPrivateSector
Partnership(PPP)
3.Lawputtinginplacetheuse,
conservation,protectionandmanagement
ofwaterresourcesregulations(Lawno
62/2008/10September2008)
Samoa
Sanitationachievements:
1.Implementationofsanitationpolicyto
hospitalsandschools
2.Increaseinpublicawareness
3.ConstructionofWasteWaterTreatment
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Coherentandcomprehensive
institutionalframeworkinplaceand
relavant
updatedlegislationandregulationWSCU
2.Effectiveframeworkforcoordinationof
sectordevelopment
3.Effectiveperformancemanagement
framework
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationobstacles:
1.LackofstaffatDOHCentralofficefor
sanitation
2.Changeofleadershipaffectscontinuity
andpriorityofsanitationinitiatives
3.LackofcapacityatLGUlevelsto
implementsanitationprojects
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Outdatedpoliciesondrinkingwater
2.Fragmentedfunctionsondrinkingwater
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Limitednumberofcollectivesanitation
facilities(seweragesysteminurbanand
villages)
2.Limitedfundingforsanitationnodirect
fundingforsanitation
3.Nosanitationmasterplanforother
townsotherthanKigalicity
4.LackofenvironmentallysoundLandfills
andpublicincineration
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.HighWatertariffforpumpingwater
supplysystems
Sanitationcomments:
Nosingleagencyatnationallevelis
responsibleforsanitation.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Otherdocumentswithwaterdatainclude
thePhilippineDevelopmentPlan(2011
2016).MoreovertheNEDAInfracom
CommitteeseparatedWaterWorking
GroupwithSanitationWorkingGroup.
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Availabilityoffunds
2.Limitedtechnicalcapacity
3.Limitedresources(human,vehicleetc)to
enforcelawandpolicy
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Stillneedsenforcementoflawonwater
conservation
2.Recognizetariffincrease
3.Stillneedmorecooperationfromother
IAs
4.Lackofhumanresourcesabilityto
providesustainableservices
Sanitationcomments:
Implementationofsanitarysurveys
Newgovernmentjobpositionsestablished
Improveincoordinationandcollaboration
betweenstakeholdersand
communities
Drinkingwatercomments:
87
Sanitationcomments:
Highlevelpoliticalwill
UmugandaMonthlymandatory
Communityworkforcleanuponpublic
infrastructureandneighbourhoods.
Strongenforcementofthepoliciesand
accountability
Drinkingwatercomments:
Rwandahashightargets.But,thereisno
sufficientfundingprovidedforwatersupply
infrastructuretomeettargets
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Senegal
Sanitationachievements:
Responsesgiventoquestionn)notclear.
seequestionnaire.
Lestypesdinfrastructures
dassainissementconsidrscommetant
approprisethyginiquesetalorsprisen
comptedanslesstatistiquesofficiellessur
laccsetlutilisationdecesservicessont:
latrinefosseventile(simpleoudouble),
ToiletteChasseManuelle(TCM),latrine
typeECOSAN,fossevidanger,fosse
septique,branchementaurseaudgout
semicollectifoucollectif,lavoirpuisard
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1)Elaborationdunprogramme
dinvestissementnational(lePEPAM)et
dunCDSMTpourlesoussecteurdeleau
potable;
2)Llaborationetlapromulgationdelaloi
surleServicePublicdelEauPotableetde
lAssainissement(SPEPA);
3)Existencedu(PAGIRE)etduncadrede
concertationnationalEtatPTFOSC;
SierraLeone
Sanitationachievements:
1.ImprovedWASHcoordinationatdistrict
level;Hygieneandsanitationactors
coordinatecloselyundertheguidanceof
MOHS
2.Demandaccesstosafewaterhas
increasedasaconsequenceofCLTS
implementation
3.IntheCLTSevaluation,thereisaclear
linkagesbetweenincidentsofdiarrhoea
andavailabilityoflatrine
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.NationalWASHPolicyand
implementationinplace
2.PublicsensitisationactivitiesonWASH
policyinthedistricts
3.Capacitybuildingforthebudget
preparationforthelocalcouncilstaff
nationwide
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationobstacles:
1)Nonrespectdesengagementsdu
ContratdePerformancesentrelEtatet
lONAS;
2)Faiblessedesallocationsbudgtairesau
soussecteurdelassainissement;
3)NonrespectduCadredeGestiondes
eauxpluviales.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1)Retarddansleprocessusdetransfertde
lamaintenanceausecteurprivenmilieu
rural;
2)Plandinvestissementglobalpour
lamliorationdelaqualitdeleaunon
encorelabor
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Establishasystemofoperationand
maintenanceamongcommunitymembers
andinstitutions;
2.Fundingfortransportationtoconduct
monitoringatdistrictlevel
3.SustainabilityofChlorinationofwells
duringrainyseason
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Policyimplementationstillatalowpace
2.Financialconstraintfortherecruitment
ofstafffortheimplementationofWASH
activities.
Sanitationcomments:
MOHSleadstheprocessinrevisingand
implementingthepublichealthordinance
andEnvironmentalHealthPolicyand
Strategy
Drinkingwatercomments:
Thebasehasbeensetforthedevelopment
ofDistrictCouncilWASHplanand
consultativetraining/workshopsofworking
grouponthenewNationalWaterResource
Actconducted.
88
UNWaterGLAAS201112
SouthAfrica
Sanitationachievements:
1.SouthAfricahasexcellentLegislationand
policies
2.Allhealthfacilitieshaveadequatewater
andsanitation.Waterandsanitation
backlogsinschoolshavebeensignificantly
reduced.
3.Sanitationininformalsettlementsis
receivingsignificantattention.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Thereishighlevelofpoliticalwilland
commitmenttoeradicatebacklogs.
2.ThereisaNationalActandformalpolicy
withclearsectornormsandstandards.
3.Thereisanextensiveknowledgebase,
referencesystems,monitoringand
reportingsystemssupportedbydedicated
programmesandfunding.
4.Therehasbeenanincreasingeffortin
theDWAregulatoryenvironmentthrough
thesuccessfulBlueDropincentivebased
regulatoryprogrammeinparallelwitha
RegulatoryPerformanceManagement
System.
SouthSudan
Sanitationachievements:
1.Sanitationisspecificallyaddressedinthe
WaterSanitationandHygieneStrategic
Framework
2.SouthSudanDevelopmentPlanclearly
stipulatetargetsforimplementation
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Waterpolicydeveloped
2.Creationofurbanwatercorporation
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Transferofpartofthesanitation
functionfromDWAtotheDepartmentof
HumanSettlements(DHS)hasledtoa
fragmentationofsanitationprogramme
duetoanunclearmandateoffunctions.
BulksanitationremainswithDWAwhile
ruralsanitationiswithDHSandthe
managementoftheMunicipal
InfrastructureGrantiswiththeDepartment
ofCooperativeGovernance.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.ThefragmentedmodelforWater
Servicesdelivery.
2.Poorimplementationmanagementof
programmesandassociatedreporting.
3.Remainingbacklogsarelocatedin
difficultareasrequiringappropriate
technicalsolutions.Municipalcapacityand
skillinlocationsarenormallypoorand
waterresourceissuesnormallyneed
carefulmanagementduringtimesofwater
scarcity.
Sanitationcomments:
Thetargetforeradicatinghousehold
sanitation(initially2010)is2014.
TheWhitePaperonBasicHousehold
Sanitationiscurrentlyunderreview.
Drinkingwatercomments:
AlthoughDWAremainswatersectorleader
andnotresponsibledirectlyforservice
deliveryitcontinuestobeheldresponsible
forservicedeliveryperformance.
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Fragmentedinstitutionalfunctionson
sanitation(MWRIRuralsanitation;MHPP
UrbanSanitation;MoHCommunity
health)
2.Funding
3.Humanresources
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.AvailabilityofFeasibilitystudies/reports
2.SkilledHumanResources
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
89
UNWaterGLAAS201112
SriLanka
Sanitationachievements:
1.Cleartargetssetforsanitation
2.Policyformulated
3.Coordinationinplace
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Drinkingwaterspolicy
2.Industrialsightingpolicy
3.Formulationofplanningstrategiesfor
urbanandruralWS.
4.EstablishmentofRWSUnitsinDistricts
Sanitationobstacles:
1.TheLocalAuthoritiesinmostpartsofthe
countryarenotgearedtoempty
overflowingseptictanksonrequestby
households.Thisisabig
obstaclefacedbypeople.
2.Mobilisation/resourcesinconflict
affectedareas.
3.Lackofinstitutionalcapacityinconflict
affectedareas
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Deplaning&pollutiongroundwater
2.Waterresourcemanagementissues.
3.Financialissues.
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Unavailabilityofclearresponsiblefocal
bodyformanagingandpromoting
sanitationatfederalandstatelevel.
2.Inadequatenationaleffectivesanitation
promotionapproachedandstrategies.
3.Inadequatefundingatnationalandstate
level.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Inadequateinstitutionalandstructural
frameworkforactivemanagementofwater
sourcesandresources
Sudan
Sanitationachievements:
1.Finaldraftnationalwaterandsanitation
policy
2.20122016NationalandstateWASH
StrategicPlans
3.2009KhartoumSanitationDeclaration
signedby6federalministers
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Finaldraftnationalwaterandsanitation
policy
2.20122016NationalandstateWASH
StrategicPlans
Tajikistan
Sanitationachievements:
1.Regulatoryframeworkstrengthened,
2.nationalstrategydeveloped
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Increasedconsumerculture.
Improvethecollectionofservicesthan
previousyears3.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lackofintersectoralcoordination,
2.lackofhumanresourcescapacity
3.lackofsustainablefinancingmechanism
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lackofadequatefunding.
Thedeteriorationofthe
statusofexistingsystems.
Lowleveloftariffsfor
servicesofwatersupply
90
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Insufficientfundingfromallsources,put
underdoubttheimplementationofany
programsandstrategies
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Thailand
Sanitationachievements:
SanitationcoverageofThailandisnow
98.7%sowemoveimplementation
fromsanitationcoveragetoupgradethe
qualityofpublictoiletsinstead.
Thetargetsare:
1.90%ofpublictoiletsthatmeethealth,
accessibilityandsafetystandards
2.90%ofThaipeoplehavecorrectpublic
toiletusebehavior
3.60%oflocaladministrativeauthorities
havethegoodmanagementof
nightsoil
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.centralinstituationhassupported
technicalassistanceandsystemoperator
training
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Thelackandlimitedbudgettodosocial
mobilizationandpunlic
communicationonpoorhygienicpublic
toiletmaintenance
2.Localadministrativeorganizationslackof
thebudgetandrecognitionof
theimportanceofnightsoilmanagement
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.duetodecentralizationpolicy,central
agencycantdirectlyproposebudget
exceptsubsectorrequestfortechnical
assistance
91
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
1.subsectorasMetropolitanWaterworks
Authorityhasselfpolicyincluding
qualityserviceimprovement
2.identifyingdrinkingwater5
litre/person/daynationalgoalisgood
UNWaterGLAAS201112
TimorLeste
Sanitationachievements:
1.Nationalsanitationpolicyisabouttosign
2.Activeworkinggroup(GSS)andWASH
team(timBeSI)establishedinalmostall
districts.
3.Increasedgovcommitmentasreflected
intheincreasedbudgetallocationfor
sanitation
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.TargetofNationalDrinkingWateris
includedinNDP(NationalDevelopment
Plan)
2.Waterisrecognizeasright
3.Thereiscoordinationplatformforpolicy
developmentandplanning
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Poorcoordinationandunclearroleof
stakeholdershaveresulteddelayed
responsetoimplementsanitation
2.Internalconflicthasblockedsanitation
progress
3.Therearegapsincommitmentamongst
highlevelofgovernmentdecisionmakers
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.TheNDPdoesnotclearlyspecifyany
particularservicelevel
2.InstitutionrolesforschoolandHealth
Centre(alevelafterhospital)including
HealthPost(UnderCHClevel)arenot
clearlydefined(Providetheofficial
documentonstructureofhealthservicein
thecountry)
3.WaterandSanitationinformation
managementisnotfullycentralized
92
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationcomments:
4.e)Noclearmaintenanceplanafter
construction
4.f)MoEhasjustestablishednewdept,
notyetsettargets
4.g)Seereasonf
4.h)Severalvillagesdeveloped
tarabanduonsanitation.
4.i)GovTLparticipatedinseveral
regional/intlconferencesbutfollowuphas
beenlimited
4.j)Basedonrecentassessmentfrom
UNICEFshowedsanitationMDGhasbeen
offtracked
4.k)MoEparticipatedbutlimitedto
staff/implementerlevel
4.l)MoHfullyparticipated
4.m)luarbiasa
4.n)Politicalwillisnotfollowedwith
propermanagementsystemthatvery
muchdependsonMoFpolicy
Drinkingwatercomments:
Waterresourceandwatersupplypolicy
havebeendevelopedwithconsultation.
Nationalstandardandmonitoringguideline
onwaterqualityarefinalizedandunder
approvalprocess.
CommentsonSection4:Policy&
Institutions
w.r.fto
4.a)(Targetisrequiredtobeattached)
4.b)(Thepolicyisagreedandunder
approvalprocess)
4.d)(Lawdocumentationonrightfor
waterneedtobeattached)
4.f)(AttachedthedocumentfromWASH
oncoordinationplatform
4.g)(thecoordinationisconductedon
regardstotoiletatschoollevel,Girls
Menstrualhygiene)
4.h)(Hygienepromotion,waterquality,
drinkingwater)
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Togo
Sanitationachievements:
1.Documentsstratgiquessurlesecteur
2.Plannationaldactionpourlesecteurde
leauetdelassainissement(PANSEA)
1.Documentsstratgiquessurlesecteur
2.Plannationaldactionpourlesecteurde
leauetdelassainissement(PANSEA)
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Plannationaldactionpourlesecteurde
leauetdelassainissement(PANSEA)
2.PolitiqueNationaledelEau
3.PolitiqueNationaleenmatire
dapprovisionnementenpotableet
assainissementenmilieururaletsemi
urbain
4.Codedeleau
5.Loiportantorganisationdesservices
publicsdEPetdassainissementcollectif
deseauxusesdomestiques
Uganda
Sanitationachievements:
Achievements:
1Creationofabudgetlineforsanitation
andhygienebyMoFPED
2.Improvedcoordinationmechanismin
placeevenatlocalgovernmentlevel
3.InclusionofSanitation&hygieneinthe
NationalDevelopmentPlan
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Uzbekistan
Sanitationachievements:
1.Thenationalstrategyofthedevelopment
andupgradingofthewatersupplyand
sanitationsystemsfor20102020hasbeen
developed
2.Workhasbeguntoimplementthe
strategyin3outof14regionsinthe
country.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lenteurdansleprocessusde
dcentralisation
2.Programmesnationauxdusoussecteur
souventnonassortisdeplansdu
financementexplicites
3.Insuffisancesinstitutionnelleetde
moyensfinanciersetlogistiques
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lenteurdansleprocessusde
dcentralisation
2.Programmesnationauxdusoussecteur
souventnonassortisdeplansdu
financementexplicites
3.Absencedunsystmesectoriel
dinformationetdesuivivaluation
Sanitationcomments:
Ncessitderenforcementdescapacits
desinstitutionsetdesressources
humaines.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
Obstacles:
1.Lackoffundsonthecreatedsanitation
andhygienebudgetline
2.Inadequateenforcementoftheexisting
laws
3.InadequateHumanresource&transport
forcommunityinspections
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
Needforpoliticalsupportoftheexisting
policiesandstreamliningoftheexisting
Institutionalframework.
Inadequatesanctionsorweaksanctions
whicharenotdeterrentenough.
Drinkingwatercomments:
93
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
VietNam
Sanitationachievements:
1.NationalTargetProgramonconstruction
ofnewruralareasintheperiodof
20102020
2.NationalTargetProgramonWaterand
SanitationContinuesbeing
implementedfor5years(20112015)
3.Legaldocumentsonfinancialsupport
andsocializationinwatersupplyand
sanitation
4.IssuingNaationalStandardsonDrinking
WaterQuality,DomesticWaterand
guidelinesonimplementation
5.NationalStandardsonlatrinessanitation
conditionsareappliedonJanuary
1,2012
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Circularanddecreeonwatersupplyand
drainageaswellassolidwaste
wereissued
2.TwoDecree88ondrainageand
wastewatertreatmentandDecree117
Productionsupplyandconsumptionof
drinkingwaterissuedin2007put
legalizationtoactivitiesinwatersupplyand
wastewatertreatmentsector.
3.StandardsonDrinkingandDomestic
WaterQualitywereissuedandCircular
onGuidanceofImplementation
4.Legaldocumentsonfinancialsupports
andsocializationinwatersupply
andsanitationservices
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Sanitationissuesarenotpaidattention
appropriatelyincomparisonto
watersupplyissues
2.Watersourceprotectionhasntbeen
paidattentionandcoordinatedamong
ministriesandagencies
3.Conflictbetweenregulationsofthestate
governmentandlocalgovernment
stillappears
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.SeveralarticlesintheaboveDecreesare
notappropriate;therefore,they
arereviewedforadjustment
2.Watersourceprotectionhasntbeen
paidsufficientattentionand
cooperatedamongministriesandagencies
3.Conflictsbetweenregulationsofthe
federalandlocalgovernmentsstill
happen
4.Lackoffundingsources
94
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Yemen
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
95
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationcomments:
Thecentralisationinsmallcitiesand
decentralisationinbigcitiesthecapitalsof
thebiggovernates(fourteengovernates)
TheMinistryofWaterandEnvironment
(MWE)isacentralsupervisory,planning
andcoordinationbodyanditsaffiliated
authoritiesandcorporationsarefully
independentagencies.
Thelegalframeworkoftheseaffiliated
authoritiesandcorporationsdependonlaw
no.35for1991
Concerningpublicauthorities,corporation
andcompanies.
Thedifferencebetweenauthoritiesand
corporationsareclearlylegallyidentifiedas
theLocal
Corporations(LC)forurbanwatersupply
consideredaspubliccorporationswhereas
NationalWaterandSanitationAuthority
(NWSA),NationalWaterResources
Authority(NWRA)andRuralWaterSupply
andSanitation(RWSS)areconsideredas
publicauthorities.
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Zimbabwe
Sanitationachievements:
1ReviewanddevelopmentoftheNational
WASHPolicy,(workingDraftPolicynowin
place).
2.Craftingofanationalsanitationand
hygienestrategyforZimbabwe.
3.SectorsuccessfullyheldtheJointSector
Reviewfor2011.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Activeinstitutionalstructuresforwater
existingvillageuptothehighestlevelof
politics(cabinetlevel)
2.Processofharmonizingthewaterpolicy
acrossthe3subsectorsofRuralWASH,
UrbanWASHandWRMinitiated
3.Agovernmentthatisconsciousofwater
issuesinitsnationalbudgetingprocess
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Variedstatisticsespeciallywhenitcomes
tosanitationcoverage
2.Morefundingbeingchannelledtowards
emergencyresponseratherthan
developmentalprojects
3.Sectorislargelysupplydrivenratherthan
demanddriven
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Supplydrivenapproachesthathavekilled
thespiritofcommunitycontribution
2.Braindrainthathasleftmanyinstitutions
withonlyincompetentskeletalstaff
96
03.PoliciesandInstitutions
Sanitationcomments:
Thenewcoordinationmechanismsin
Zimbabwehavebeenabletoestablishthe
3subsectorsofRuralWASH,UrbanWASH
andtheWaterResourcesManagement
underonesectorleadershipofMinistryof
WaterResourcesDevelopmentand
Management.Thisefforthaseasedsector
monitoringofvariouscomponentsand
activities.
Thenewcoordinationmechanismsalso
witnessedthebirthofaspecialised
Taskforce(SanitationandHygiene
Taskforce)tochampionissuesofsanitation
andhygiene.Achievementwiththis
Taskforcesofarhasbeenthedraftingof
theSanitationandHygieneStrategyto
guidethedirectionthesectorshouldtake
fromnowupto2015.Theother
achievementhasbeenintheareaofsector
reporting;ithaskickstartedtheprocessof
dataharmonizationforuniversalsector
reporting
Drinkingwatercomments:
Thegovernmentisintheprocessofcoming
upwithaWASHpolicythatharmonizethe
threesubsectorsandthethreepillarsof
WASHthatiswater,sanitationandhygiene.
Thispolicyalsostrivestoseparateissuesof
serviceprovisionfromregulationfor
improvedaccountabilityandefficiencyin
serviceprovision
UNWaterGLAAS201112
04.SelfSupplyElementofDrinkingWaterPolicy
04.SectionB:SelfSupplyElementofDrinkingWaterPolicy
Afghanistan
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
No,duetolowcapacitywithinthegovernmentandneedtodrinkingwaterbetweenpeopleinmanyareaprivatecompaniesprovide
drinkingwatertopeople(ministryofurbandevelopmentaffairs)
InAfghanistanatruralareadrinkingwaterisprovidedbyfamiliesandeachfamilyconsideredaround20to25members.(ministryofrural
rehabilitationanddevelopment)
Angola
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
No.ThepriorityistoexpandtheconventionalnetworkwatersupplytobothUrbanandPeriurbanareas.However,inthistransition
period,watervendoraresupplyingthevastmajorityofpopulation.Itistobenotedthatwatersuppliedbywatervendorsismore
expensivethanwaterfrompublicnetwork.
Azerbaijan
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Intheircountryhouses(dachas)peoplesometimesusegroundwatersources.
Bangladesh
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
NA
Benin
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Bhutan
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Selfsupplyisnotakeyelementofthedrinkingwaterpolicy,however,thereare
fewcasesofselfsupplybeingpractised.
Bolivia(PlurinationalStateof)
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Promoverpolticassobreelahorrodelagua
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
97
UNWaterGLAAS201112
04.SelfSupplyElementofDrinkingWaterPolicy
Brazil
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Emreasrurais,oIBGE,parafinsdepesquisasobreacessoaalgumtipodegua,consideraoutrasformasdeabastecimento,comopor
ex.poocomchafariz,poosrasos,fontes/nascentes,comousemrededomiciliarinterna.DeacordocomaPNAD/2009,huma
coberturapormeiodeoutrasformasde67,2%deumapopulaoruralqueatingeototalde30.679.000(PNAD/2009).ODecretoFederal
n7217/2010queregulamentaaLein11.445/2007sobreSaneamentoBsico,emseuArt.68,determinaqueaUnioapoiara
populaoruraldispersaeapopulaodepequenosncleosurbanosisoladosnaconteno,reservaoeutilizaodeguaspluviais
paraoconsumohumanoeparaaproduodealimentosdestinadosaoautoconsumo,medianteprogramaespecfico.
BurkinaFaso
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Non
Burundi
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Non
Donnesindisponibles
Cambodia
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Cameroon
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
OUI.
<5%
CentralAfricanRepublic
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Oui,leniveaudecouverturedecetteapprocheavoisine68%
EnRCA,laplupartdesgensutilisentdespuitstraditionnels
Malgrlexistencedequelquescasdautoapprovisionnement,lesniveauxdecouverturenesontpasestimsparmanquedvaluation.
Chad
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Oui,leniveaudecouverturedecetteapprocheavoisine68%
EnRCA,laplupartdesgensutilisentdespuitstraditionnels
Malgrlexistencedequelquescasdautoapprovisionnement,lesniveauxdecouverturenesontpasestimsparmanquedvaluation.
Colombia
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
98
UNWaterGLAAS201112
04.SelfSupplyElementofDrinkingWaterPolicy
Congo
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Oui,lautoapprovisionnementestunecomposantedelapolitiquedeaupotablequisetraduitparlinstallationdeforagesdeauquips
depompesdanslesquartiersetlesvillages.Cependant,leniveaudecouverturedecetteapprochenestpasvalu.
Cted'Ivoire
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Lautoapprovisionnementestparfoisacceptsouscontrledansdescasspcifiques,leplussouventindustriel,quelquesfoisaussi
domestiques.Ilconcernelaralisationdeforageindividuel.Cecidemeurequandmmedansuncadrenonformalis.
DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
1.Anationalpolicyofpublicutilitiesserviceprovisionisunderpreparation
DominicanRepublic
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Enlaparteruralelautoabastecimientoalcanzael80%delconsumohumano,porloquehacenecesariolaampliacindelasredesde
servicio.
Egypt
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
supplytakesisnotconsideredakeyelementinthecountry.
ElSalvador
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
SegnestudiodelPNUD(2006)citadoenlapropuestadepolticasenconsultasedefineporautoabastecimientoalasformasprivadasde
abastecimientodeaguaenzonasurbanizadasdondeseperforapozosysebrindaelserviciodeformadirecta,sincontroldelaANDA.
Estossistemasautoabastecidos,contabilizanlos100sistemasydancoberturaa4.4%delapoblacinaligualquelasmunicipalidades.
(PropuestadepolticanacionaldeaguaysaneamientodelaSTP20112015).Octubrede2011.
EquatorialGuinea
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Ethiopia
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Theextentofcoveragethroughselfsupplyis10%.
Fiji
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
TheRuralwaterSchemeoftheWaterAuthorityofFijiworkswiththecommunityandGovernmentinidentifyinglocalsources
fromwhichselfsupplysystemscanbebuilttosustaintheruralcommunities.Membersofthecommunitiesareidentifiedand
trainedduringtheconstructionperiodtobeabletomaintainthesystemonceitsupandrunning.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
99
UNWaterGLAAS201112
04.SelfSupplyElementofDrinkingWaterPolicy
Gabon
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
OUImaisdonnesnondisponibles
Gambia
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Thereexistselfsupplysystemsonlimitedscale.Somepeoplehavetheirprivatesupplysystemintheirproperties.
Ghana
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
No.,butSelfsupplyhasbeenrecentlyacknowledgedasanimportantaspectthatcouldcontributetoincreasedcoverage,eventhough
increasinglysomeprivateindividualshaveaccesstoselfsuppliedfacilitiesfortheirhouseholdwaterneeds.Nowhereinthenational
policiesandprogrammesisselfsupplymentionedprominently.Meanwhilegovernmentispromotingthereintroductionofrainwater
harvestingtechnologywhichcanbeaselfsupplyoption.ThishasbeenhighlightedintheNationalWaterPolicyandisoftenemphasized
byMinistryofWaterwhichhaddevelopedahandbook/manualtosupporttheapplicationoftechnology.
Guinea
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
GuineaBissau
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
LautoapprovisionnementenGuineBissauestaustadeembryonnaire.Elleestsurtoutfaitesparlesprivs(ambassades,missions
catholiquesetc.Ilnexistepasencorededonnessurcedomaine.
Haiti
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Honduras
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
No,elautoabastecimientonoesunelementoclaveenlapolticadeaguapotable.
India
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
No
Coverageisdefinedasaccesstopublicdrinkingwatersources.
Indonesia
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Yes,itis.Userinvestmentorselfsupplyisbecomeapartofdrinkingwatercoverageimprovement,howeverwehavetopaymore
attentionontheaccessforpoorhousehold.Therefore,manydrinkingwaterprogramsareaddressedtoimproveaccessofdrinkingwater
forthepoor.Theprograminvolvedactiveparticipationofthecommunityonplanning,implementation,monitoring,andoperation&
maintenanceastheprogramprovidedsubsidyfordrinkingwaterfacilitiesconstruction.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
100
UNWaterGLAAS201112
04.SelfSupplyElementofDrinkingWaterPolicy
Iran(IslamicRepublicof)
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Jordan
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Themajorityofpopulation(98%)aresuppliedbypublicnetwork.Privatesupplyofwaterisprovidedthroughwatersourcesownedand
treatedbytheGovernment
Kenya
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Anestimated3%isfundedfromthecommunitywithinthewaterschemes.
Kyrgyzstan
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
ForthepurposeofexecutionofResolutionoftheGovernmentoftheKyrgyzRepublic,ofDecember28,2001,#828OnTransferofthe
ruralwatersupply(exceptfortherayoncenters)toownershipofcommunityofdrinkingwaterusersassociation(CDWUA)andtheir
furtheroperation,574ruralwaterpipesweretransferredtotheCDWUAasrequiredbytheWBandADBloanstobeissuedtothe
communities.
LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
SelfsupplyisakeyfeatureofthenewdraftWASHstrategybutcoveragebyselfsupplyiscurrentlynotdisaggregatedincoveragestatistic
Lebanon
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
NO.
Lesotho
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Selfsupplyisnotakeyelementofthedrinkingwatersupplypolicyhoweveritiswidelypracticedinbothurbanareas(rainwater
harvesting,boreholeswithelectricalpump,additionalstorageetc)andruralareas(rainwaterharvestingandboreholeswithhandpumps)
asasupplementtothepipedwatersystemstoprovideadditionalwaterandtocompensateforlackofserviceorinterruptedsupplies.
The2006populationcensusdataindicatethat4%oftheruralhouseholdsand9%ofurbanhouseholdsuserainwaterharvestingand
privateboreholesasthemainsourcesofwatersupply.SurveysdoneaspartoftheStrategicFinancialPlanningprojectin2009indicate
that8%oftheWASCOcostumershavealternativewatersupplyfromboreholesand35%collectrainwatertosupplementtheWASCO
watersupply.Also64%ofthehouseholdsusewaterstoragetomitigateintermittentsupply(12%tanksand88%containers).
Liberia
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
no
Madagascar
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Sansobjet
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
101
UNWaterGLAAS201112
04.SelfSupplyElementofDrinkingWaterPolicy
Malawi
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
1.FormulationandapprovalbycabinetoftheNationalWaterPolicy
2.EstablishmentofWaterSWApwithitsoperationalThematicWorkingGroupsorTWG
3.PooledfundingintheNationalWaterDevelopmentProgrammeasaprecursortoSWAp
Maldives
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Mali
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Elaborentlesplansdedveloppementenmatiredapprovisionnementeneaupotable;
Assurentlaralisationdesinfrastructuresdeaupotable;
Fontgrerlesinstallations;
Veillentaubondroulementduservicepublicdel'eau.
LesUsagers
Participentlaconceptionetladfinitiondesmodalitsdegestion;
Paientleservicedel'eau;
Assurentunusagerationnelethyginiquedel'eau.
Mauritania
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Lautoalimentationesteffectiveauniveaudescommunauts.Beaucoupdepointsdeausontralissparlescommunautssurleur
propreressource.
Unerflexionsurlamiseenplacedunestratgienationaledelaconservationettraitementdeleaudomicileatinitie
(UNDAF20122016)
Mongolia
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
SelfsupplyisakeyelementofthedrinkingwaterpolicyinMongolia.
Morocco
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
NON
Mozambique
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
No.Closeto20%ofUrbanpopulationaresuppliedbyinformal(notyetlicensed,butregistered)watervendors
Myanmar
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Yes,lessthan5%(ThemostofthetubewellandProtecteddugwellareprivateowned)
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
102
UNWaterGLAAS201112
04.SelfSupplyElementofDrinkingWaterPolicy
Nepal
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Niger
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Ouimaisleniveaudecouvertureesttrsfaible(actiontrsponctuelle)
Nigeria
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
ND
Oman
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
GroundWaterprotectionplansimplemented/encouragedbyGovernmentarealreadyinplaceandabuseofGroundwateris
discouraged.MostoftheGroundwaterisnowmeantonlyforAgriculturalpurposesandmajorquantitiesarenotextractedforDrinking
wateruse.ItisaGovernmentPolicythattheGroundwaterisalegacyfromourancestorsanditisourboundendutytosafeguarditbut
nottodepleteitandhanditovertothecominggenerationintact..Thisbeingthepolicygroundwateriskeptmainlyasanalternate
reservefortimesofemergencies..Allthedrinkingwaterisactually'manufactured'bywayofseawaterdesalination...
Inthemountainousregionswherepipedortankerwatersareunreachablecollectionofrainwaterisencouragedandrunoffwateris
collectedincisternscalled'Birkat'andareusedforanimalsandminoragriculturalpurposes..Governmenthelpsthecitizenstoconstruct
such'Birkats'bywayofprovidingcement,sandandtimberatfreeofcostandthusbyencouragingthemtodeveloptheattitudeofsaving
waterotherwisewouldgowasteinstreamsunused.
Insomeplacessuchrainwatersandnaturalspringwaterflowprofuselyandsuchwatersarealsousedforanimalfeedandagricultural
purposes.Suchflowofwateriscalled'Falaj'meaningnaturalstream.Governmenthelpscitizensbyprovidingcement,sandetcatfree
ofcostforrepairingandmaintainingsuchFalajasandtodeveloptheattitudeofwaterpreservation.
Itistobenotedthatalltheaboveplansaretopreservethenaturalandgroundwaterandnottodevelopasadrinkingwatersource.
Thesearealternatetononpotablewatersuedforotherdomesticpurposes.
Pakistan
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
No
Panama
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Noesunelementoclaveenlapolticadeaguapotable.SegnelCENSO,solo
el1.1%(9,850viviendas)resuelvensuabastecimientodeaguadeforma
particular.
Paraguay
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Noloestodava,perosepiensaincluirenlaspolticasdeAgua.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
103
UNWaterGLAAS201112
04.SelfSupplyElementofDrinkingWaterPolicy
Philippines
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Selfsupplyisoccurringinareaswhereconventionalwatersystems(pipedwatersystems)arenotyetinoperation.Householdstendto
installtheirwatersystemswhichcouldbebyusingdeepwellswithpumpsandtanks.However,dataisnotavailableforselfsupply..
Rwanda
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
no
Samoa
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Rainwaterharvestingisencouragedforthoseuneconomicalviableareasorareas
whicharenotfeasibleforwaterreticulation
Senegal
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
SierraLeone
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Yes,butyettobefullyimplemented.
SouthAfrica
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Thelegalmandateoflocalauthoritiesistosupplywater.TheWaterServicesActallowsmunicipalitiestoappointwaterserviceproviders
iftheycannotprovidetheservicethemselves.Municipalitiescanalsosupplywaterthemselves.Supplycoverageislimitedmostlyindeep
ruralareasandfarms.
SouthSudan
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
No.Butitisacommonpracticeinurbanareaswherehousesareconstructedofironsheets
SriLanka
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Yes,Individualprotecteddugwells,32%
Sudan
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Selfsupplyisrecognizableintransportingwaterwhereabout25%ofthepopulationareusingtransportedwater(mainlybyprivate
animalcartsortankers)eitherfromimproved(20%)orunimprovedwatersources(5%).
Tajikistan
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
NO
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
104
UNWaterGLAAS201112
04.SelfSupplyElementofDrinkingWaterPolicy
Thailand
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Yes34.3%
TimorLeste
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Pleaseexplaintheprocessofdrinkingwaterpolicy.Whenwilltheapprovalexpected,whatarekeyelementsofthepolicy.Whatisthe
coverageexpected.Qualityofwaterexpected.
Togo
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Oui,maisleniveaudecouverturenespasmesur
Uganda
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
no
Uzbekistan
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
VietNam
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
right,100%
Yemen
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Selfsupplyisakeyelementofthedrinkingwaterpolicyonlyonoperationalresponsibilities,thecoverageisnotofthedrinkingwater
policy,butinsomeareasitsexistandthereisnoofficialinformationaboutthis.
Zimbabwe
Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Selfsupplyisakeyelementofthedrinkingwaterpolicyasmuchemphasisisnowbeingputondemanddrivenapproachessupportedby
communitybasedmanagementastheonlystrategytodeliverwatertocommunities.However,theshiftisstillstrugglingtotakeshape
afteryearsofsupplydrivenapproacheswherecommunitieshavebeentaughtthatitsgovernmentresponsibilitytosupplyservices.
Coveragewisewecansaythatonaverage,thisisstillwaybelow20%forbothurbanandruralareas
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
105
UNWaterGLAAS201112
05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation
05.Question5:Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation
Afghanistan
Sanitationachievements:
Sanitationtargetsidentifiedtill2014;
SanitationladderandseveralHousehold
optionsforincreasingsanitationcoverage
endorsedbysectormembers;
CLTSapproachesinitiatedatthenational
level;
traininginSanitationmartsandinitiatives
launchedatthenationallevel;
cleanvillagesinitiativesunderprogress;
Becauseoflowcapacitywithinthe
governmentinmanyareaslocalpeopledo
thesanitationtasksbythemselves.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Thereisplanforurbanwatersector
Donorshavemoreattentiontothesector.
Watersupplytargetsidentifiedtill2014;
cleanvillagesinitiativesunderprogress
Azerbaijan
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Theuseofgroundaquifersintheareaof
thewesternzonethecityofGabala.
Increasingthecapacityofthetreatment
plantattheJeiranbatanreservoir.
MonitoringwatersupplyofBaku1and
Baku2fromtheKhachmazKhudatzone.
Bangladesh
Sanitationachievements:
1.SectorDevelopmentPlan20112025(a
planningframeworkfor20112025)has
beenprepared
2.NationalMIShasbeenestablished
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.SectorDevelopmentPlanhasbeen
prepared
2.NationalMIShasbeenestablishedfor
drinkingwater
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
Poordemandfrombeneficiariesside(Rural
area)
Poorpublicawarenes(Ruralarea)
PoorPoliticalcommitments(Ruralarea)
Lackofcoordinationamongdifferent
stakeholdersinurbansectorisabig
problem.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Implementationsofprojectsarestillweak.
Lowcapacitywithinthesector.
Poordemandfrombeneficiariesside(Rural
area)
Poorpublicawareness(Ruralarea)
PoorPoliticalcommitments
Sanitationcomments:
Thereisnotenoughsupportbyhigh
authoritiesandinternationaldonorsat
sanitationsectorinrecentyears.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Illegaldevelopmentinthesanitary
protectivezonesofwatersupplies.The
servicelifeofthepipelineshasexpired.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Shortageoffunds.Lackofstateoftheart
watertreatmenttechnologies.
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Dataqualityistobeimproved.
2.monitoringisnotbeingdoneregularly
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Dataqualityistobeimproved.
2.Regularmonitoringisnotbeingdone
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
106
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Benin
Sanitationachievements:
RalisationsouProduits
1.uneprogressionencourageantedansla
ralisationdeslatrines
institutionnellespourlatteintedesOMD
2.touteslesactivitsdeplanification,de
suivietdvaluationde
lassainissementsontsparesdecellesde
leau
3.letransfertdelintermdiationsocialeet
delaralisationdestravauxaux
communes
Drinkingwaterachievements:
RalisationsouProduits:
1.Renforcementdumcanismede
recouvrement;
2.Renforcementdescapacitsdu
personneltraversdessminaireset
ateliersinternesetexternesdeformation
portantsurplusieursthmes;
3.Elaborationpriodiquedutableaude
bordetlesuividesindicateursdu
ContratPlan
Bhutan
Sanitationachievements:
1.RuralSanitationandHygienePromotion
Program(RSHP)intitiatedbySNVin
collaborationwithPHED.
2.Constructionofsewernetworksand
sewertreatmentplantsinmakorurban
towns.
3.Improvementofdefinitionofsanitation
toenablemonitoringofimproved
sanitation.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Jointmonitoringformattomonitorthe
infrastructurequalityofruralwater
Supplyschemesatvillagelevel
2.WaterSafetyPlanningapproaches
implementedbothinurbanandruralto
assurequalityofdrinkingwater
3.Theaccesstoimproveddrinkingwateris
now96.1%
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation
Sanitationobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Lesystmedesuivi(systmede
rapportageetgestiondebasededonnes)
aconnudesdysfonctionnements
2.Lestechnologiesnonappropries
certainssolsetlecottroplevpour
lapopulation
3.danslapratiquelesAHABnesontpas
prochesdespopulations
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Garantirlaprennitetlacontinuitdu
servicedAEPdanslescentres
urbainsetsecondaires;
2.Renforcerlescapacitsdeproduction
dessystmesdAEP;
3.Amliorerletauxderaccordementdes
populationsauxrseauxdeau
potable.
Sanitationcomments:
LeprocessusdlaborationdesPlans
dHygineetdAssainissementCommunal
(PHAC)encours
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lackofcoordinationamoungst
stakeholders
2.Sanitationhasanationaltargetbutnot
prioritisedinnationalfiveyearplans
3.Monitoringislimitedtoacessto
sanitationanddoesnotreflecthygiene
usage
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Allocationoffundformonitoringworks
areinadequate
2.Insufficientdataonthefuntionalityof
thewaterinfrastructure
3.Limitedoperationandmaintenance
capacityatthecommunity/schemelevel
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
107
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Bolivia
Sanitationachievements:
1.Enlos2ltimosaossehapriorizadola
planificacin
2.Sehaplanificadotrabajarenunmarco
deevaluacindedesempeodelsector
3.ExisteunSistemadeInformacinen
desarrollo
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Enlos2ltimosaossehapriorizadola
planificacin
2.Sehaplanificadotrabajarenunmarco
deevaluacindedesempeodelsector
3.Existeunsistemadeinformacinen
desarrollo
1.Enlos2ltimosaossehapriorizadola
planificacin
2.Sehaplanificadotrabajarenunmarco
deevaluacindedesempeodelsector
3.Existeunsistemadeinformacinen
desarrollo
Brazil
Sanitationachievements:
1.CriaodoSistemaGerencialde
SaneamentoSIGESAN;2.Elaboraodo
PlanoNacionaldeSaneamentoBsico
Plansab;3.PlanosPlurianuaisPPA;4.
ProgramadeAceleraodoCrescimento
PACIeII.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.PlanosPlurianuaisdequatroemquatro
anos;2.ProgramadeAceleraodo
CrescimentoIeII;3.PlanoNacionalde
SaneamentoBsicoPlansabePrograma
NacionaldeSaneamentoRural,em
elaborao.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Noexisteevaluacinexpost
2.informacindispersaydbil
3.Nosepriorizaexpresamenteel
saneamiento
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Noexisteevaluacinexpost
2.Informacindispersaydbil
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Considerarlosefectosdelcambioclimtico
ylasmedidasdeadaptacinenla
planificacin,monitoreoyevaluacin.
Incluireltemadecontroldecalidaddel
aguadeconsumohumanoenla
planificacin,monitoreoyevaluacin.
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Morosidadedoprocessodealimentao
dossistemas;
2.Poucaregularidadenoprocessode
planejamentoeavaliaoouplanejamento
decurtoemdioprazo;
3.Carnciadeprogramadeavaliaoe
monitoramento.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Nvelestruturanteinsuficienteemtodos
osnveisdegoverno,sobretudoem
diversosMunicpioseUnidadesFederadas;
2.Dificuldadese,svezes,conflitosnas
relaesdasesferasdeGoverno,na
tentativadeaoconjunta.
Sanitationcomments:
DevidocarnciadeumProgramade
MonitoramentoeAvaliao,emnvel
federal,estamosconsiderandoos
levantamentoeestudosdoIBGE(Censo
Demogrfico,PNADePNSB)como
subsdios/indicadoresparaavaliaoe
definiodemetaseprogramas.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Quantoletraf),selevarmosemcontaa
PNADqueanual,bemcomoosrelatrios
anuaisdeGesto,emnvelcentral,decerta
formahumarevisocomperspetivade
definodemetas.Quantoletrag),
bomlembrarqueoInstitutodePesquisa
EconmicaAplicadaIPEA,namaioriadas
vezes,fazanliseseestudosapartirdas
PNADedosCensos.Damesmaforma
acontececomaFundaoGetlioVargase
oInstitutoTrataBrasil,almdeoutros
comoaEmpresaBrasileiradePesquisa
AgropecuriaEmbrapa,quefezuma
pesquisasobreaqualidadedaaguapotvel
nascisternas(reservaodeguasde
chuvas)noSemiridobrasileiro.
108
UNWaterGLAAS201112
BurkinaFaso
Sanitationachievements:
Urbain
1.RevueconjointeduPNAEPA
2.Appuibudgtairesectoriel
3.MiseenplaceduSIGpourunemeilleure
capitalisationdesralisations
Rural
1.Enqutenationalesurlaccsdes
mnagesauxouvragesdassainissement
familial2010
2.harmonisationdesmthodesetoutilsde
collectedubudgetprogrammeetdusuivi
valuation
3.Miseenplacedusystmedecollectedes
nouvellesralisations
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Urbain
1.PlanstratgiquedelONEA
2.Plandedveloppement
3.Modlefinancier
Rural
1.miseenplacedunsystmedesuivi
valuation
2.utilisationduBudgetProgrammepar
Objectifetdesplanscommunauxde
dveloppementspcifiquesleaupotable
etlassainissementcommeoutilsde
planificationenmilieurural
3.plandecommunication
4.plandedveloppementdesressources
humaines
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation
Sanitationobstacles:
Urbain
1.manquedvaluationdesperformances
desacteurs
2.Collectedesdonnesauniveaudetous
lesacteurs
Rural
1.collectedesdonnesauniveaudes
diffrentsacteurs
2.insuffisancedesfinancements
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
109
Sanitationcomments:
Laccentdevratremissurlvaluationdes
performancespouramliorerles
ralisations.
Renforcementdescapacitsdesdiffrents
intervenantsdusecteur.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Urbain
1.miseenplacedunsystmedesuivi
valuation
2.utilisationduBudgetProgrammepar
Objectifetdesplanscommunauxde
dveloppementspcifiquesleaupotable
etlassainissementcommeoutilsde
planificationenmilieurural
3.plandecommunication
4.plandedveloppementdesressources
humaines
Rural
1.faiblequalitdesinformationssurles
investissementsdesprojets,programmes,
ONGetAssociations.
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Burundi
Sanitationachievements:
RalisationsouProduits
1.Ralisationduninventairenationalsur
lesinfrastructuredeaupotableet
dassainissement
2.
3.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
RalisationsouProduits:
1.Miseenplacedunsystmenational
dinformationsurlEau
2.Inventairenationaldesinfrastructures
dEauetdAssainissement
3.
Sanitationobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Absencedepolitiqueclaireenmatire
dHygineetAssainissement
2.Absenceduneentitministrielle
chargeduSuivietvaluationpourles
donnesdusecteur
3.Absencedunplandinvestissent
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Insuffisancedeplanificationdansle
secteurEau
2.Insuffisancedescapacitstechniques
3.Absencedorientationsclairedansle
secteur
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Inexistencedeprogramme
dinvestissementenassainissement
2.Pasdapprochesdeplanification
3.Pasdemcanismesdesplaintes,
efficaces,rapidesquepeuventutiliserles
populations
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Absencedesplansdirecteursdesvilles
2.Programmenationaldinvestissement
dAEPAnondisponible
Cameroon
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
CentralAfricanRepublic
Sanitationachievements:
RalisationsAGTIPCAF(TravauxHaute
IntensitdeMaindOeuvre1,2,3,4)
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Schmadirecteurlaboren2001
2.ExistencedunPlandActionsectorielen
matiredEauetdAssainissement(PASEA)
en2009
3.Existencedunprogrammedactions
prioritairesdanslecadreduDSRP2pourla
priode20112015
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation
110
Sanitationcomments:
Ilestimportantquelespouvoirspublics
puissentsepencheraurenforcement
descapacitsenmatiredeplanification
suivietvaluationdunemanire
gnralepourlesecteur
Insuffisancedevolontpolitiquepourle
secteur
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Chad
Sanitationachievements:
1.Revuemiparcours(annuelle/MHUR)
2.Suivirapprochmensuel(Financement
BAD)
3.RevueannuelleUNICEF
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Schmadirecteurlaboren2001
2.ExistencedunPlandActionsectorielen
matiredEauetdAssainissement(PASEA)
en2009
3.Existencedunprogrammedactions
prioritairesdanslecadreduDSRP2pourla
priode20112015
Colombia
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Cted'Ivoire
Sanitationachievements:
1.LeprojetassainissementAutonomedu
quartierYimbayacoleencoursde
ralisation.
2.Leprojetdemiseenuvrede
lapprocheATPCdansquatrePrfecturedu
pays(lepassagelchellenationale).
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.AchvementdesProjets:
12foragesindustrielsaupieddumont
Kakoulima(12000m3/jour);
AEPdesvillesdeBoketTliml;
2.RenforcementdelAEPdeConakryentre
2004et2009surfinancementdelaJICA(37
000m3/jour)
3.Ralisationde14240PointsdEauetde
86MinirseauxdAEP
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Absencedesplansdirecteursdesvilles
2.Programmenationaldinvestissement
dAEPAnondisponible
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Manquedelignebudgtairespcifique
lassainissementautonomepourassurerla
couverturenationale.
2.Manquederapportpriodiquesurle
tauxdecouvertureenmatire
dassainissementautonome.
3.Absenceduncadredeconcertation
entrelespartiesprenantes.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Mobilisationdesfinancementsrequis
pourlaralisationdesProjets
2.Conditionnalitsdemiseenvigueurdes
crditsdifficilementremplissables
3.PayementdesfondsdeContrepartie
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Ilexisteunetudedextensiondurseau
dgoutdekaloumverslescommunesde
DixinnetMatam.Actuelementle
Gouvernementestlarecherchede
financementpourlamiseenuvrede
cettetude.Pourlesmesures
daccompagnement,laformationdansle
domainedelassainissement(eauxuseset
excrta)estfortementsollicite.
Drinkingwatercomments:
LaSEG(quitravailleenmilieuurbain)
disposedeplandinvestissementsetle
SNAPE(milieurural)disposedun
programmenationaldapprovisionnement
eneaupotableetassainissement(PNAEPA)
maisparmanquedefinancementdansle
secteurleschancesprojetesne
pourraienttrerespectesnotammentles
OMD.
111
UNWaterGLAAS201112
05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation
DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo
Sanitationachievements:
1.Healthyschoolandvillage,anational
WASHprogrammehasbuiltamonitoring
andevaluationrealtimedatabase
2.Goodprogressofnationalprogramof
healthyschoolandvillageledbythe
MinistryofHealthandsecondary
education.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Absenceofharmonizedapproachinthe
sanitationsubsector
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.WeaknessoftheStateownedenterprise
inurbanwatersupplyinplanning,
monitoringandevaluation.
2.lackofestablishedperformance
indicatorsrelatedtowaterutility
management.
DominicanRepublic
Sanitationachievements:
1.Poblacionconserviciomejorado
2.Mayorinversinenelsector
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Creaciondeunsistemainformticode
evaluacinymonitoreo
2.Realizacindeencuestaparamedirlos
nivelesdesatisfaccin
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Limitadosrecursosdepersonal
especializado
2.Limitadosrecursosparaelmonitoreo
tantodepersonalcomoeconmico
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Limitadorecursohumanopara
planificacinyprogramacin
2.Limitadopresupuestoparael
seguimientoalaspolticas
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
112
Sanitationcomments:
Prioritizetheharmonizationofdifferent
approachesusedinthepromotionof
sanitationandHygienesubsectorinthe
Country.
Drawlessonsfromtheprocessandsetup
anationalcomplementaryactionplantofill
thegapintermsofsanitationandhygiene
coveragenationwide.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Thesectorialplanningworkisnot
transferredefficientlytotheprovincialand
locallevel.
Monitoringandevaluationshouldbedone
attheprovincialandlocallevel.
Sanitationcomments:
Lametarelacionadacon%poblacincon
serviciodesaneamientotomocomobaseel
ao1997yfueronlogradasysobrepasadas
parael2007segnlosdatosdelPlan
EstratgicoNacional.
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Egypt
Sanitationachievements:
1.settingmasterplanfor29governorateto
Determinetheoverallneedstill2037&
Determinetheavailablewaysand
alternativesoffunding,&Setting
investmentplansbasedonthemaster.
2.Implementinghotlinesystemtoreceive
thecitizenscomplaints&respondthem
immediately.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.settingmasterplanfor29governorateto
Determinetheoverallneedstill2037&
Determinetheavailablewaysand
alternativesoffunding,&Setting
investmentplansbasedonthemaster.
2.Implementinghotlinesystemtoreceive
thecitizenscomplaints&respondthem
immediately.
3.developingbillingsystem&developing
flowmeterstoincreasetheaccuracy.
4.launchingbenchmarkingforallthe
subsidiarycompanies
5.establishmentofaregulatoryagency
EWRAwhichreviewstheproposalsfor
tariffadjustments,monitorstheapplication
oftechnicalstandardsandreviews
customercomplaints.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Insufficientbudgetstocoverallthe
investmentplans.
2.Theroleoftheregulatoryagencyisnot
fullyactivatedyet.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
113
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
ElSalvador
Sanitationachievements:
1.CoordinacinInterinstitucionalenel
marcopoltico.Existeunacomisin
interinstitucionalparaeltemadeaguay
saneamientobajoelliderazgodeSTP
2.SeestplanificandoentreANDAyFISDL
unmodelodegestinsostenibledelas
juntasruralesdeaguaysaneamiento
3.Seestdiseandounsistemade
informacinentreANDAyFISDLparadar
lasestadsticasoficialesdeavanceenelsub
sectordesaneamientourbanoyrural.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.ConvenioentreANDAyFISDLparala
construccindeunsistemadeinformacin
urbanoyrural
2.Ladefinicindeunsistemade
planificacin,monitoreoyevaluacin
permanenteenlapropuestasdepolticade
APS
05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation
Ethiopia
Sanitationachievements:
1.Decentralizedplanningprocess(combined
approachesToptodownandDowntoTop)
2.WASHInventoryconductedandWASH
MISisbeingestablishedinthecountry
3.HarmonizationandalignmentofWASH
(oneplan,onebudgetandoneReport)
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.NationalWASHinventory
2.PlanforReductionofNonFunctional
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Nosecuentaconunaplanificacin
conjuntadelsubsector
2.Noexisteunmontoexplicitoenel
presupuestonacionalparasaneamiento
(estincluidoenlosproyectosdeagua
potable)
3.Notieneunplandeinversinque
permitamonitorearyevaluarelsubsector
tantoanivelurbanocomorural
4.Notenemosunsistemadeinformacin
nacionalquepermitaelseguimientoy
avancesdelsubsector
5.Noexisteuncompromiso
interinstitucionaldeinformarycompartir
informacininclusoenlasmisma
institucioneshayduplicidaddeesfuerzos.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lapocaseriedadenlautilizacindelos
resultadosdeestudiosdecaso,en2010
ANDArealizundiagnostodelasjuntas
ruralesyenel2011Avilarealizounstudio
sobrelasinversionesenDWSypocoseusa
lainformacinocasinadielaconoce.
2.Pocainversionenelarearural
Sanitationobstacles:
1.ExistingReportingsystemsdonotcatch
allSanitationandHygieneindicatorsto
trackinternationalcommitments
2.WeakCoordinationeffortsin
harmonization,alignmentandmonitoring
3.Lackofresearchestoevaluatethe
hygieneandsanitationimpacts
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.CapacityBuildingintermsoftrainingand
availingresources.
Fiji
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
114
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Esmuyimportantecontarconuna
planificacinnacionalyunsistemade
monitoreoquegaranticeconfiabilidadde
losresultados
Loscompromisosdelestadoestan
vinculadosaampliarlacoberturadeAP
segura,peroesimportanteconcentrarseen
ampliarelaccesoalazonaruralsin
descuidarlacalidaddelaguaylalas
medidasdeproteccindelasfuentesde
aguaparaconsumehumano.
Sanitationcomments:
DemandLedApproachessuchasCLTSare
introducedin2006howevertherewasno
separatemonitoringforthese
achievements.Inaddition,Sanitation
Marketingisunderpreparationto
implementinthecountry.
Theharmonizationandalignmentefforts
arelimitedtospecificprograms
Drinkingwatercomments:
Needmorecapacitybuildingintermsof
humanresources
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Gabon
Sanitationachievements:
RalisationsouProduits
1.Codedeleauetschmadirecteur
dassainissementencoursderalisation
2.Crationduneagencedergulationdu
secteurEauetElectricit
3.Rformeduconseilnationaldeleauet
dellectricit
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Sanitationobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Absencedecadrejuridique,
rglementaireetinstitutionnel
2.Absencedecoordinationdes
dpartements
3.Faiblessedesressourceshumaineset
financires
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Absenceduncadrerglementaire
2.
3.
Sanitationobstacles:
1.LackofanM&Esystemforthesector
2.Lackofregulardataoncoverage
especiallyatdecentralisedlevel
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Gambia
Sanitationachievements:
1.inventoryofwaterandsanitationpoints
conducted
2.Establishmentofmultisectoralworking
groupforWASH
3.IntroductionofM&EintheCLTS
framework.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation
115
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Renforcementdescapacits
institutionnelles,rglementaireset
oprationnelles
Sanitationcomments:
Lackofaplanningandmonitoringunitwith
thekeysectorsforsanitation
NoM&Eframeworkwithclearindicators
andtargets
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Ghana
Sanitationachievements:
1.NationalEnvironmentalSanitation
StrategyandActionPlan(NESSAP)have
beenprepared,aswellasDistrict
EnvironmentalSanitationStrategiesand
ActionPlans(DESSAPs).Theseareserving
asthemainreferenceforallkey
stakeholdersanddecisionmakersatboth
nationalanddecentralizedlevelsespecially
inpromotingcoherentplanningand
implementation.
2.AStrategicEnvironmentalSanitation
InvestmentPlaniscurrentlybeforecabinet,
pendingapproval.Thiswillcontribute
significantlytoimprovedsanitation
financingincreasedandpredictable
fundingaswellasbettertargetingofthe
funds.
3.TheGhanaCompact,developedaspart
oftheSanitationandWaterforAllinitiative
hassignificantlyincreasedgovernments
commitmenttothesectorthroughcore
financingandleadershipdemonstratedby
improvedharmonisationbetween
governmentinstitutionsanddevelopment
partners.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1..SuccessfullycompiledtheWASHAnnual
Sectorreportsince2009
2.ADistrictMonitoringandEvaluation
System(DiMES)hasbeendevelopedand
beingimplemented
3.Initiationprocesstowardsthe
developmentofanationalsectorwide
monitoringandevaluationandinformation
managementsystemongoing
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation
Sanitationobstacles:
1.AbsenceofasectorM&Esystemto
streamlinedatamanagementbaseline,
progressandharmonisation.
2.PlanningandM&EonSanitationatthe
Decentralisedlevelisweak
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1..Inadequateresourcesandlsupportto
fullyrollouttheDiMESatscale
2.Lackoffinancialandmaterialresources
toimplementthesectorwidenational
monitoringandevaluationsystem
116
Sanitationcomments:
TheprocessofdevelopingaNationalM&E
systemforSanitationisfaradvanced.
Drinkingwatercomments:
None
UNWaterGLAAS201112
05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation
Guinea
Sanitationachievements:
1.LeprojetassainissementAutonomedu
quartierYimbayacoleencoursde
ralisation.
2.Leprojetdemiseenuvrede
lapprocheATPCdansquatrePrfecturedu
pays(lepassagelchellenationale).
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.AchvementdesProjets:
12foragesindustrielsaupieddumont
Kakoulima(12000m3/jour);
AEPdesvillesdeBoketTliml;
2.RenforcementdelAEPdeConakryentre
2004et2009surfinancementdelaJICA(37
000m3/jour)
3.Ralisationde14240PointsdEauetde
86MinirseauxdAEP
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Manquedelignebudgtairespcifique
lassainissementautonomepourassurerla
couverturenationale.
2.Manquederapportpriodiquesurle
tauxdecouvertureenmatire
dassainissementautonome.
3.Absenceduncadredeconcertation
entrelespartiesprenantes.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Mobilisationdesfinancementsrequis
pourlaralisationdesProjets
2.Conditionnalitsdemiseenvigueurdes
crditsdifficilementremplissables
3.PayementdesfondsdeContrepartie
GuineaBissau
Sanitationachievements:
1.Existencedunebasedesdonnes(2009
enqutenational)
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Manquedesmoyenspouractualiserdes
donnesdelabasedesdonnes
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.ManquedesRHetEquipmentpourune
coordinationreldusecteur,Dlgations
rgionalesinexistantoufaiblecapacit
2.Manquedeapplicationdepolitiqueet
codedeleaux
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
117
Sanitationcomments:
Ilexisteunetudedextensiondurseau
dgoutdekaloumverslescommunesde
DixinnetMatam.Actuelementle
Gouvernementestlarecherchede
financementpourlamiseenuvrede
cettetude.Pourlesmesures
daccompagnement,laformationdansle
domainedelassainissement(eauxuseset
excrta)estfortementsollicite.
Drinkingwatercomments:
LaSEG(quitravailleenmilieuurbain)
disposedeplandinvestissementsetle
SNAPE(milieurural)disposedun
programmenationaldapprovisionnement
eneaupotableetassainissement(PNAEPA)
maisparmanquedefinancementdansle
secteurleschancesprojetesne
pourraienttrerespectesnotammentles
OMD.
Sanitationcomments:
1.Existencedunebasedesdonnesnon
actualisedepuis2009
2.RedynamisationdesDirections
Rgionauxenprojet
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Honduras
Sanitationachievements:
1.Porprimeravezparaelinformede
evaluacindepasdeJMPfuealtamente
participativo.
2.Sehaadoptadoaniveldepasla
metodologaMAPAS(Monitoreode
AvancesdePasenAguaySaneamiento)
conocidomundialmentecomoCSO(
CountryStatusOverview).
3.Separticipaporsegundavezenel
ejercicioGLAASpromovidoanivelmundial
porlaNacionesUnidas.
4.ElEnteReguladorhacomenzadoa
implementarunsistemadeinformacin
conelregistroeindicadoresdedesempeo
delosprestadores.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Porprimeravezparaelinformede
evaluacindepasdeJMPfuealtamente
participativo.
2.Sehaadoptadoaniveldepasla
metodologaMAPAS(Monitoreode
AvancesdePasenAguaySaneamiento)
conocidomundialmentecomoCSO(
CountryStatusOverview).
3.Separticipaporsegundavezenel
ejercicioGLAASpromovidoanivelmundial
porlaNacionesUnidas.
4.ElEnteReguladorhacomenzadoa
implementarunsistemadeinformacin
conelregistroeindicadoresdedesempeo
delosprestadores.
5.LacreacindelaSecretariade
Planificacin(SEPLAN)queordenala
planificacinycoordinacinsectoriala
travsdeunPlandeNacinyVisinde
Pas.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation
Sanitationobstacles:
1.ElCONASAnohalogradoconcretarel
sistemadeinformacinqueconsolidela
informacindetodoslosactoresdelsector.
2.Anivelnacionalnoseproduceun
informequereflejelatotalidadde
inversionesenelsector,tampocoque
desgloselossubsectoresagua,
saneamientoehigiene,nilosmbitos
urbanoyrural.
3.Existendiferentesiniciativasnacionales
conmetaseindicadoresdiferentes,porlo
cualsehacenecesariollegaraunconsenso
yhomologacindelosmismos.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.ElCONASAnohalogradoconcretarel
sistemadeinformacinqueconsolidela
informacindetodoslosactoresdelsector.
2.Ningunainstitucingubernamental
produceuninformequereflejela
totalidaddeinversionesdetodoelsectorni
desglosalossubsectoresAgua,
saneamientoehigiene,nilosmbitos
urbanosyrurales.
3.Existendiferentesiniciativasconmetase
indicadoresdiferentes,porlocualsehace
necesariollegaraunconsensoy
homologacindelosmismos.
4.Nohaydatossuficientesparaestablecer
labrechafinanciera/cobertura.
118
Sanitationcomments:
Enelao2010sehacreadolaSecretarade
Planificacin,quefortalecerlosprocesos
deplanificacinylaevaluacinnacionaly
sectorial.
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Indonesia
Sanitationachievements:
1.Nationalsurveyforsocialandeconomic
(Susenas)heldannuallyalreadyprovided
dataforthesanitationachievement
2.Definitionforimprovedsanitationaccess
hasalreadybeenagreedatnationallevel
andusedformonitoringconductedbyline
ministries
3.Datarelatedcurrentsituationof
sanitationaccesshasbeenusedinsetting
thetargetofsanitationdevelopment
4.Awarenessandwillingnesstodevelop
monitoringandevaluationframework
involvingnationalandlocalthrough
Developmentofmonitoringandevaluation
frameworkofDrinkingWaterand
Sanitationsector(WASAPeprogram)
5.Developmentoflocalstrategicplan
(districtandcitylevel)ontheirsanitation
development,formulatedunderthe
accelarationprogramforsanitation
development(PPSP).Todate,therehas
beenmorethan100citysanitation
strategiesformulated.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.BussinessPlanasoneoftherequirement
ofPDAMrestructurisation.
2.Developmentofnationalmonitoringand
evaluationframeworkinvolvingnational
andlocalgovernmentthroughthe
frameworkofDrinkingWaterand
Sanitationsectormonevsystem(WASAPe
program)
3.Improvementinqualityofplanning
throughtheDevelopmentofstrategic
planningonwatersanitation(Renstra
AMPL)inlocalgovernmentlevel,Regular
monitoringandevaluationandImproving
coordinationamongstakeholders
4.Nationalsurveyforsocialandeconomic
(Susenas)heldannuallyalreadyprovided
dataforthedrinkingwaterdevelopment
achievement
5.Definitionforimproveddrinkingwater
accesshasalreadybeenagreedatnational
levelandusedformonitoringconductedby
lineministries
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation
Sanitationobstacles:
Coordinationamonglineministriesin
conductingmonitoringofsanitationaccess
isstillweak
2.Datacollectingrelatedtosanitation
qualityisstilllimited
3.Limitedcapacityofhumanresources
whounderstandaboutsanitation
informationandcommunicationsystem.
4.Lowpriorityofwaterandsanitation
MonitoringandEvaluationframeworkin
localgovernmentlevel.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Limitedcapacityofhumanresources
whounderstandaboutwaterand
sanitationinformastionandcommunication
system.
2.Coordinationamonglineministriesin
conductingmonitoringofdrinkingwater
accessisstillweak
3.Monitoringandevaluationofdrinking
water(datacollecting)inlocalgovernment
levelisstilllimited.
119
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Iran(IslamicRepublicof)
Sanitationachievements:
1.Allocationresourcesandfacilitiesby
governmentarenotenoughandusing
fromtheprivatesector(participation
bonds,foreignanddomesticloans)is
inevitable
2.Developmentofprioritization
3.Encouragementofinvestingandloanfor
theoperationofsanitation
facilitiesinhomes
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Inculdingmonitoringofwaterqualityand
developingofwaterinstallationsin
thenationdevelopmentplan'sindicators
Jordan
Sanitationachievements:
1.ThedevelopmentofNationalExecutive
Programfor(20072009)and(20112013)
whichincludesallplanedSanitation
Projects
2.TheNationalExecutiveProgramhas
indicatorsmonitoredannually
3.MasterPlansforWastewaterare
developedformostpartsofJordan
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.ThedevelopmentofNationalExecutive
Programfor(20072009)and(20112013)
whichincludesallplanedSanitation
Projects
2.TheNationalExecutiveProgramhas
indicatorsmonitoredannually
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Poorpeople'sparticipationinthe
operationanddevelopmentofsanitation
systems
2.Inadequategovernmentfunding
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Limitedfinancialsourcesforprojects.
2.Evaluationforprojectsisnotalways
conducted
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Limitedfinancialsourcesforprojects.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
120
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Kenya
Sanitationachievements:
1.Annualoperationplansaredoneyearly,
2.Performancecontracting,
3.AnnualperformancereviewofAOP
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Mappingofinformalsettlementsofthe
urbanpoorcomplete(Majidata)
2.Improveddatafromurbanutilities
mainly.
3.Developmentofawatersectorstrategic
plan.
4.AnnualwaterReviewandpropoor
implementationplan.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation
Sanitationobstacles:
1.inadequateresources
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Insufficientdataforruralareas.
2.Manyplayers(mainlyNGOs)not
capturedintheplanningandcoordination
systems.
3.Insufficientknowledgeandunderstanding
ofsectorconditionsandreformprocess
121
Sanitationcomments:
NeedforannualEvaluations
Drinkingwatercomments:
AnnualWaterConferencereflectsonthe
sectorachievementsandevaluatesthe
achievements.Itausefulmonitoringtool.
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Kyrgyzstan
Sanitationachievements:
Toimprovetheruralpopulationsaccessto
drinkingwater,theagreementforfunding
theSecondRuralWaterSupplyand
Sanitationwassignedbetweenthe
GovernmentoftheKyrgyzRepublicandthe
InternationalDevelopmentAssociation.
TheProjectgoalistoassisttheborrowerin
enhancingaccessoftheParticipating
Communitiestodrinkingwater,improve
thesanitaryandhygienicpracticeinrural
areasattheindividual,familyand
institutionallevels.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Theprogramforcomputermonitoringof
thedrinkingwaterqualityinruralwater
supplysystemsin3of7oblastshasbeen
developedandimplemented,withsupport
ofDFID.However,thereareregular
failuresinprovidingreportstotheDSSES.
In2011,WHOsupportedtrainingof
specialistsofthestatesanitaryand
epidemiologicsurveillancecenters(SSESC)
fromallregionalcenters,for
implementationoftheaboveprogramin
thecountry.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation
Sanitationobstacles:
Multipleinstitutionalreformsinproject
management
Poorinterdepartmentalinteraction
Therearenoclearlystatednationalcriteria
foradequatesanitationservices(meeting
thehygienerequirements).
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Theconstraintinimplementationofthe
programforcomputermonitoringof
drinkingwaterqualityinruralwatersupply
systemsinotheroblastsisinadequate
computerprovisionoftheSSESC,andthe
needtoimprovetheprogramforrural
areasandcreationofaprogramforcities.
122
Sanitationcomments:
Accesstodrinkingwateriscriticalinthe
country,butithasnotbeenadequately
addressedyet.In2008,theshareof
populationhavingreceivedaccessto
drinkingwatermade90.4percent.Thisis
higherthanthetargetlevelof90percent
in2015.Ingeneral,thedynamicsis
positive:fortheperiodof20032008,on
averageabout2.8percentofthe
populationadditionallyreceivedaccessto
drinkingwater.Butthesituationinthe
regionsisnotsooptimistic.Theworst
situationisnotedintwoSouthoblasts:in
Batkenoblast(76.7percent)andinOsh
oblast(77.3percent)withthehighest
densityofpopulation.
Theinterimresultsoftheprogramof
providingaccesstocleandrinkingwater
Supplyofdrinkingwatertothepopulation
isthemainobjectiveofTazaSuu(Clean
Water)programfundedbyanumberof
internationalorganizationsandthe
GovernmentoftheKyrgyzRepublic.The
AsianDevelopmentBankhasissuedloanof
36mln.USDtotheprojectRendering
infrastructureservicesatsettlementlevel
forrecoveryandconstructionofwater
pipesin730villagesand7citiesofChui,
Osh,JalalabatandBatkenoblasts.Theco
financingbytheGovernmentoftheKyrgyz
Republicmakes9mln.USD.
ThemaingoalofsimilarprojectRural
WaterSupplyandSanitationwiththetotal
costof24.5USDundertheWorldBank
(WB)loanisalsotorecoverandconstruct
ruralwaterpipelinesin270villagesof
IssykKul,NarynandTalasoblasts.Intotal,
includinginputofKyrgyzstan,about70mln.
USDischanneledtoprovidingclean
drinkingwatertothepopulation.
Generally,itwasplannedtoperform
maintenanceandrepairworksand
constructionofnewwatersupplyfacilities
in1,000villagesofthecountryand7cities.
Thegeneralgoaloftheabovementioned
projectsalsoimpliesimproving
managementoftheruralwatersupply
infrastructuretoensurestablesupplyof
goodwatertothepopulationreliably,with
minimumcostandaimsatreducing
prevalenceofacuteentericdiseasesamong
villagers.
TheADBprojectRenderinginfrastructure
servicesatsettlementlevelandtheWB
RuralWaterSupplyandSanitation
projectappliedthepublicoriented
UNWaterGLAAS201112
approach,i.e.primarilyworkingwithrural
communitiesdirectlyinvolvedinandtaking
theresponsibilityandmakingdecisionsat
allstagesoftheprojectimplementation.
However,theintendedplanswerenotfully
LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic
Sanitationachievements:
1.FirstHealthStatisticReportPublishedin
2010
2.Strategyandmasterplandeveloped
3.Jointmonitoringsystemestablished
4.PreparationofLaoSocialIndicator
Survey(LSIS)2012supportedbyUNICEF,
WHO,JICAUNFPAwhichwillprovidedata
disaggregatedtoprovinciallevel
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Waterandsanitationsectorassessment
hasbeeninitiallydevelopedand
implemented
2.AruralWASHstrategywidelyaccepted
andwillbeendorsedbyMinisterof
Healthsoon
Lebanon
Sanitationachievements:
1.Planningcovered30%ofthepopulation
representingtherestofthepopulationand
willbeexecutedinthenext8years
2.EightSTPswereimplementedsofar
covering35%ofthepopulationalready
connectedtoseweragenetwork
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Clarityonobtaininganationalcoverage
figuresurveys(JMP)vsNamSaat
communitydatacollection.NamSaatdata
overestimatescoveragebecauseit
hasnotbeentakingintoaccountsupplies
thatarenolongerfunctioning.
2.Monitoringtoolsandsystemsstillweak
includingawarenessandcapacityof
staff
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Nocomplaintmechanisms
2.Nocasestudyonthehealthand
economicbenefitsofdrinkingwater
investment
Sanitationcomments:
M&EinbothurbanandruralWASHstill
limitedintermsofmechanism,number
andcapacityofstaffsincludingequipments.
So,M&Eneedstobefurther
improved.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Accessible,affordable,timelyandeffective
complaintmechanismsshouldbein
placeandimplemented.Casestudyonthe
healthandeconomicbenefitsshould
bealsocarriedout
Sanitationobstacles:
1.LimitedcapabilitiesofWaterand
wastewaterauthorities.
2.Institutionalturfwars
3.Absenceofpretreatmentofindustrial
effluentsbeforeitsreleaseinWWTP
4.Institutionalweaknessinmonitoring
5.Lackofcooperationandcoordination
betweenagencies
6.Lackofeffluentqualitymonitoring
programme
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Dedicatedbudgets
2.Institutionalfragmentation
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Itispossibletopresentacomplaintincourt
ofjusticeincaseofnonbenefitfrom
drinkingwaterandaspecialcommission
canexemptcitizensfromthefeeswhen
theyarenotreceivingwaterfromsuppliers.
123
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Liberia
Sanitationachievements:
1.Thereisanplanning,M&Eframework
beingdevelopedfortherolloutbythe
NWSHPC
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.TheLiberiaWASHCompact,theSSPand
thePRSIIallhaveM&Easastand
aloneobjective
2.RecentlycompletedWPM(waterpoint
mapping)hasprovidedbaselinedata
forthefirsttimeever
3.WASHwebsiteestablishedandupdated
regularlywithcurrentdata
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Thereisnoseparateinvestmentprogram
forsanitation
2.Thereisnonationalinformationsystem
whichcanbeusedtoplanning
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Nationalbudgetisnotdisaggregated
makesitdifficulttodeterminewhat
activitiesaretakingplaceandwhatneeds
tohappen
2.Decentralizedhumanresourcecapacity
atnationallevelneedstobe
improvedtoensuresustainability
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Difficultdecollecterlesdonnes
temps(promptitudeetcompltudedes
donnesenmatired'EA)
2.Retarddelaplanificationbasesurla
PSNA
3.Nonapplicationdesplanslaborsdans
lesecteurAEPHA
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Difficultdecollecterlesdonnes
temps(promptitudeetcompltudedes
donnesenmatired'EA)
2.Nonapplicationdesplanslaborsdans
lesecteurAEPHA
Madagascar
Sanitationachievements:
1.BPOR
2.BasededonnesdusecteurEauet
Assainissement(BDEA)oprationnelleet
misejourrgulirement
3.Larconciliationdesdonnesentrele
secteur,INSTATetJMP
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.ExistencedeManueldeprocduredu
SNISE(systmenationalintgrdesuivi
valuation)
2.BasededonnesdusecteurEauet
Assainissement(BDEA)oprationnelleet
misejourrgulirement
3.Larconciliationdesdonnesentrele
secteur,INSTATetJMP
Maldives
Sanitationachievements:
1.ANationalGeographicalInformation
Systemincorporatingwaterandsanitation
dataisplannedtobeestablishedby2012
Drinkingwaterachievements:
ANationalGeographicalInformation
Systemincorporatingwaterandsanitation
dataisplannedtobeestablishedby2011.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation
Sanitationobstacles:
1.TheMaldivesgeographically
characterisedofsmallandscattered
islandsmakeitdifficultandcostlyto,
monitorandevaluateeffectively.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
124
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Thelogisticsofgettingdatafromthefield
andkeepingATLAScurrent.
Sanitationcomments:
Insuffisancedanslamiseenuvredes
planslabors
Lutilisationbonescientdesservices
dconcentrsenchargedelassainissement
etdelaPlateformeDioranoWashau
niveaulocal
Lesystmesuivivaluationintgrdu
secteurmettreenplace
Drinkingwatercomments:
Insuffisancedanslamiseenuvredes
planslabors
Lutilisationbonescientdesservices
dconcentrsenchargedelassainissement
etdelaPlateformeDioranoWashau
niveaulocal
Lesystmesuivivaluationintgrdu
secteurmettreenplace
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Mali
Sanitationachievements:
1.Runionannuelledusoussecteur
assainissement(niveauxnational,rgional,
localetPTF)olepointderalisationdes
activitsdelannenestfaitetlesactivits
delannen+1sontprogrammes;
2.MiseenuvredesPlansde
DveloppementSocial,Economiqueet
Culturel(PDSEC)desCollectivits
Territoriales;
3.Tenuedelarevueannuelledusecteur
eauetassainissement
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Projetdalimentationeneaupotablede
lavilledeBamakopartirdelalocalitde
Kabala
2.ProgrammeSaoudiendeforagesetde
puitsetdedveloppementruralenAfrique
:phaseIV
Mauritania
Sanitationachievements:
1.AdoptiondudocumentdePolitiqueet
stratgienationaledassainissement
1.LacrationduneDirectionde
planificationetdesuivi
2.LacrationdesDirectionsrgionalesde
lHydrauliqueetdelAssainissement
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.LacrationduneDirectionde
planificationetdesuivi
2.LacrationdesDirectionsrgionalesde
lHydrauliqueetdelAssainissement
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Insuffisancedenormesetdelabelsdes
ouvrages
2.Basededonnesnonrenseigne
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.linsuffisancedesmoyensdesuivi;
2.lanonappropriationdelamaitrise
douvragecommunaleparlesCollectivits
3lalourdeurdesprocduresdepassation
desmarchs
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.absencederevuespriodiquesdu
secteur
2.absencedesoutilspourlamiseenplace
debasesdedonnes
3.Absencederseaudecollecte,
dexploitation,dharmonisationet
dactualisationdesdonnes
4.Insuffisancederessourceshumaines,
matriellespourlacollectedelinformation
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.absencederevuespriodiquesdu
secteur
2.absencedesoutilspourlamiseenplace
debasesdedonnes
3.Absencederseaudecollecte,
dexploitation,dharmonisationet
dactualisationdesdonnes
4.Insuffisancederessourceshumaines,
matriellespourlacollectedelinformation
Sanitationcomments:
Laccompagnement(outills,dotsen
moyensncessaires)desstructures
impliquestantauniveaucentralque
rgionalpourmettreenuvreleurmission
Drinkingwatercomments:
Laccompagnement(outills,dotsen
moyensncessaires)desstructures
impliquestantauniveaucentralque
rgionalpourmettreenuvreleurmission
125
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Morocco
Sanitationachievements:
1.Actualisationdeltudeduschma
directeurdassainissementliquide.
2.Miseenuvredunprogrammede
rutilisationdeseauxusespurespour
lirrigationdesespacesverts.
3.Miseenplacedunsystmedecontrle
degestionetuniformisationdesrapports.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Actualisationdeltudeduschma
directeurdeaupotable;
2.Miseenplacedunsystmedecontrle
degestionetuniformisationdesrapports
Myanmar
Sanitationachievements:
1.Bottomupreportingsystemisexisting
(NSW/HMIS)
2.Periodicsurvey(MICS)
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Strengtheningintheconsiderationofthe
effectivemeasuresforsustainabilityand
conservationofwatersupply.
2.Promotionofpublichealthactivitieswith
multigovernmentalprogramme.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lesplansdamnagementexistantssont
dpasssdanscertainesvilles.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lesplansdamnagementexistantssont
dpasssdanscertainesvilles.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Weakinroutinemonitoringand
evaluationsystem
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Weaknessincoordinationand
cooperationamonggovernmental
departmentandagencies.
2.Lackoftrainingprogramondrinking
watermanagement.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
126
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Nepal
Sanitationachievements:
1.Separatehygieneandsanitationmaster
planandconsideredsanitationasa
majorthemeinfirstWASHJSR2011
2.Sanitationisgettingfocusduring
budgetingandsectorreview
3.ODFisgettingmajorfocusinthesector
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Initiatedjointreviewofthesector
WASHJSR
2.Recognizedtheneedtostrengthening
districtplanningprocess
3.Monitoringandevaluationdirectivesare
alreadyinplace,butneedstomakeit
fullyfunctionalatalllevels
Niger
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.existencedunprogramme
dinvestissement
2.crationdunestructuredergulationdu
soussecteureau
3.implicationdesacteursdusecteur(revue
annuelle,cadredeconcertation,
CommissionNationaledelEauetde
lAssainissement
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Inadequatenumberofqualifiedstaffin
theimplementationlevel
2.Softwareandtrainingprogrammesare
stillinlowpriorityactionformany
organizations
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Policyprovisionsandplanningconcepts
areverygood,butcomplianceisnot
satisfactory
2.Manyorganizationsareworkinginthe
sectorandallareplanning,
implementingandmonitoringbytheirown,
butthereisnoanyjoingplanning
andmonitoringmechanisminthesectorto
avoidduplicationandoverreporting
3.Insteadofmaintenance,repairand
rehabilitation,usersaredemandingnew
systemthroughanewwateragencyand
newagencyneverassessestheexisting
system.Theyconsiderasanewsystemand
startsimplementation
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.absencedunetudedvaluationde
limpactsanitairedusoussecteureau
potable
2.insuffisancedinformationsurlesdroits
leauetlesobligationsdesusagers
127
Sanitationcomments:
presentpracticeofprojectbased
programmeimplementationandself
reportingseemsnotrealisticinthesector.
Thus,theneedofjointplanning,joint
monitoringandjointevaluationisrealized
tomovetowardsSWAPand
programmaticapproachinthesector
Drinkingwatercomments:
Jointplanning,jointmonitoringand
developmentofsingleWASHplanineach
district;Municipality/VillageDevelopment
Committeeseemsurgentinterventionin
thesector
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Oman
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Strategyhasbeenwellplannedtoassure
thatdrinkingwatersupplyfacilitieswillbe
continuedinproportiontotheincreased
population.
2.Establishmentofnewwatertreatment
plantsandexpansionoftheexisting
facilitiesaregoodindicationsofproper
planningaccordingtotheresultsevaluated
fromcontinuousmonitoringofthesystem.
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Veryfastincreaseofthepopulationin
theurbanareas,duetomigrationofpeople
fromruralareasforjobs,tradingandother
facilities.
2.Expansionofurbanareas,bydeveloping
surroundinglandsforoccupationby
migrants,reachingtonewheights
3.Suddenindevelopmentsinrealestates,
buildings,Industrialareas,newhousing
coloniesetc.,poseproblemsincopingup
withtheincreasedwaterdemands.
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lasinstitucionesdelsectornocuentan
conunsistemadeinformacin.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Panama
Sanitationachievements:
1.Loscensosnacionalessiguensiendola
fuentemsconfiableparala
planificacin,elmonitoreoylaevaluacin.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Paraguay
Sanitationachievements:
1.Planificacionfsicayfinancieraasicomo
coordinacinsectorial
2.Sehanincorporadoprogramasy
proyectosdesaneamientoltimamente
3.Programasyproyectosde
fortalecimientoinstitucional
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Conocimientoadecuadodelacalidadde
aguadelosprestadoresdelaguaque
beben
2.Seestarealizandoatravsdeuna
consultoraunplannacionaldeagua.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation
Sanitationobstacles:
1.faltadepromocinalusodelosservicios
sanitariosdelacomunidad
2.Faltadeincorporacindetecnologa
aplicadaenelsaneamiento
3.Capacidadlimitadadeaplicacindelos
recursosobtenidos
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Noexisteunseguimientoadecuadodela
calidaddeaguaencuantoalos
parmetros,comoalafrecuenciade
muestreo,hastahoyimpracticable,
tomandoencuentalaLey1614
2.Nohayunconsensoadecuadodeque
parmetrosefectivamenteserncumplidos
portodoslosprestadoresdeagua.LaLey
1614tieneparmetrosdiferentesdela
NormadeAguaPotabledelInstituto
NacionaldeTecnologay
Normalizacin(faltahomologarlas).
128
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
N/A
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Enestemomentoseestarealizandouna
planificacinnacionaltantodeaguacomo
desaneamientoyquefinalizaraelao
prximo
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Philippines
Sanitationachievements:
1.WSHSectorAssessment
2.PhilippineDevelopmentPlan
3.SanitationRoadmap
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.WSHSectorassessmentandmonitoring
systembeingdeveloped
2.Philippinewatersupplyroadmap
updatedin2010
Samoa
Sanitationachievements:
1.Datacollectioninitiated
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Developmentofperformanceindicators
byEUforassessmentofperformance
2.Improvedperformancemanagement
frameworkwatersector
3.Developmentofassetregister/
Informationdatabase
Tajikistan
Sanitationachievements:
Investments
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Developandimplementnationalpolicies
andstrategiesformonitoringand
evaluationofwatersupplysystems
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Limitedhumanresourcecapacity
2.Inadequatefunding
3.IneffectiveM/Esystem
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.AbsenceofeffectiveM/Esystem
2.Inadequatestrategiesfor
operationalizingtheM/Eofthewater
supplyroadmap.
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Differentsetofdatasetobtainedby3
ministries(PUMA/MOH/SBS/MWSCD)
2.Someoverlapintheinstitutionaland
regulatoryroles
3.NationalSanitationPolicy(2009)newly
introduce,transitiontoadjustto
policychanges
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.ProblemswithSWAinfrastructure(aging)
orcapitalcripplesthecollection
ofdata(e.g.waterlossdata)
2.humanresourcecapacitytoplan,
monitorandevaluate
3.Reliabilityandvalidityofdata
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Coordinationbody
2.Financing
3.Lackofintegratedapproach
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Lackoffundsdoesnotgiveanopportunity
toreachoutcomesoftheprogramsand
policies,particularlyinruralareas
129
Sanitationcomments:
1.Definitionoftermshavetobe
harmonizedwithallagenciescollecting
data(e.g.NSO,DOH,DepEd)
2.Systemsfordatagatheringand
consolidationhavetobeharmonized.
3.ResponsibilitiesforM/Eatnationaland
subnationallevelshavetobedefined.
Drinkingwatercomments:
NosingleagencyisresponsibleforM/E.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Assessmentofthedrinkingwateratthe
countrylevelwasnotcarriedoutatwhole.
Itwascarriedoutinacertainareaswitha
curtainclastermethods.Thereare
currentlyplanstoconductaninventoryof
watersupplyfacilitiesinthecountryto
assessandcreatedevelopmentplansin
urbanandruralwatersupplysystem
sectors
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Thailand
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Somesubsectorisabletoquicklyafford
consumerrequirement
2.Regulations,lawsareefficienttoolsfor
management
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Somesubsectorshavenotbeengiven
evaluationbudget
2.Lackofprofessionals
130
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
TimorLeste
Sanitationachievements:
1.Informationonsanitationhasbeen
includedinHMIS,SIBS,EMIS
2.Jointsanitationplanningandmonitoring
(Gov,partners)
3.Demandledapproachsuccessfully
increasedsanitationcoverageinTL
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.SISBS(Waterandsanitationinformation
system)isestablished.
2.planningsystemiswellcoordinated
3.Waterisnationalpriorityone.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Updateonsanitationinformationhas
beenirregularduetovariousreason
includingbudgetandverymuchdepends
ondonor
2.Althoughdemandledapproach
successfullypiloted,howeverresources
wasnotsufficienttoscaleupacrossthe
country
3.Notanintegratedinformationsystemon
sanitation
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.LackofHumanResourcesforM&E
2.M&Estructuresisestablishedbutnot
clearlydefined
3.lackoffundingformonitoringand
evaluationservice
131
Sanitationcomments:
5.a)MoHhasincludedsanitationinHMIS
butnotusedfordecisionmakingpurpose
5.b)Yes,asreflectedinthedonor
coordinationmeeting,DeptofPartner
ManagementexistatMoH,JointPlanning
Donor&Ministries
5.c)Commitmentfromgovernmenthas
beenfocusedintheruralarea
5.d)Earlyyearreviewmeetinghasonly
setfortheMoH,itwasnotimplemented
forcrossMinistryandotherrelevant
partners.
5.e)Thereisnosystemavailableto
access
5.f)Therewasnoclaimsystemfor
sanitationoccurinthecountry.
5.g)BaseonNationalstrategic
DevelopmentPlan.
5.h)Independentsanitationdrinking
waterplanningisbeingdeveloped.These
twoareasarebeingextendedinto2
differentdirectorates
5.i)Census2010,DHS2009
5.j)Thisyear,unservedpopulationwas
57%(DHS,2010),70%ofrural(Census
2010).Gainaccessbynextyear5%
Gainaccessminimum5%plus3%
populationgrowth.5%,2011+8%,2012+
11%2013
201414%,201517%
5.k)20072011,TLthroughCLTS,21suco
achievedODFwithtotalpopulationapprox
50,000
Drinkingwatercomments:
MoIandMoHneedtofillthissection
CommentsonSection5:Planning,
Monitoring&Evaluation
w.r.fto
5.a)(Nationalinformationsystemfor
ruralisunderdevelopment)
5.f)(SIBSarecarriedoutineachearly
year)Minutesofthelast2meetingsare
requiredtobeattachedtotheassessment
report)
5.g)(Countrylevelcasestudydeveloped
byUnicefandnotused)
5.h)WaterQualityassessmentbyMoH
washeldin2009NovFeb2010,andthe
Waterdistributionandquantityisheldby
MoIin..
5.i)(Informationshouldbeavailableat
MoI(DNSAS)
UNWaterGLAAS201112
05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation
Togo
Sanitationachievements:
1.Documentdoprationnalisationdu
PNAHT
2.Plandactonsnationalpourlesecteur
eauetassainissement(PANSEA)
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Documentsstratgiquessurlesous
secteurHygineetAssainissement(PNAHT)
2.Plannationaldactionpourlesecteurde
leauetdelassainissement(PANSEA)
3.Loiportantorganisationdesservices
publicsdEPetdassainissementcollectif
deseauxusesdomestiques
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Dfautdunsystmesectoriel
dinformationsetdesuivivaluation
2.Multiplicitdeconcertationentreles
diffrentsacteurs
3.Dfautdeleadershippourlesous
secteur
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lenteurdansleprocessusde
dcentralisation
2.Programmesnationauxdusoussecteur
souventnonassortisdeplansdu
financementexplicites
3.Dfautdunsystmesectoriel
dinformationetdesuivivaluation
4.Multiplicitdacteursetmultiplicitde
cadresdeconcertation
5.Manquedeleadershipdusoussecteur
6.Faiblessedudispositifdeplanification,
deprogrammationetdesuivivaluation
7.Valeursderfrencedesprincipaux
indicateursdeffetsetdimpactsdusecteur
nondisponibles
Uzbekistan
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Thereisanurgentneedtoreplacethe
existingwornoutwatersupplynetworks.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
132
Sanitationcomments:
Leleadershipdusoussecteuramorcpar
leMEAHVdoittrerenforcetconfirm.
Laplanificationdoitprendreencompte
lesbesoinspourlatteintedesOMD,
identifisetvalidsauboutdunprocessus
delargeparticipationdelensembledes
acteursdusecteurafindviterles
doublonsoudesomissions.
Lesystmesectorieldinformationsetde
suivivaluation,bienquepilotparle
leaderdusoussecteurdoitsappuyersur
unrseaudacteursetusagersincluantles
OSCetlesONGintervenantdanslesous
secteur.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Leleadershipdusoussecteuramorcpar
leMEAHVdoittrerenforcetconfirm.
Laplanificationdoitprendreencompte
lesbesoinspourlatteintedesOMD,
identifisetvalidsauboutdunprocessus
delargeparticipationdelensembledes
acteursdusecteurafindviterles
doublonsoudesomissions.
Lesystmesectorieldinformationsetde
suivivaluation,bienquepilotparle
leaderdusoussecteurdoitsappuyersur
unrseaudacteursetusagersincluantles
OSCetlesONGintervenantdanslesous
secteur.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
VietNam
Sanitationachievements:
1.MinistryofHealthhasissuedstandards
ondrinkinganddomesticwater
qualityandonlatrinesanitationconditions.
Circularsonmonitoringand
supervisionofwaterqualityandsanitary
latrineswerealsoissued
2.DatabaseonWaterandSanitationSector
Assessmenthasbeensetupin
2011.ThefirstWaterandSanitationSector
AssessmentReportisplannedto
beissuedinDecember2011
3.Allinvestmentprojectsinwatersupply
andsanitation,wastewater
treatmenthavecurrentstatusassessment
report.EIAreportandindependent
monitoringofenvironmentalmanagement
basedoncriteriafromdonorsand
regulationsofthegovernment
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Allinvestmentprojectsinwatersupply
andsanitation,wastewater
treatmenthaveCurrentstatusAssessment
report,EIAreportandindependent
monitoringandenvironmental
managementbasedoncriteriafromdonors
andregulationsfromthegovernment.
2.Mechanismsandregulationsontheright
ofusersinusingdrainage
serviceswerestipulatedintheDecree
88/2007/NDCP
3.Adatabaseonwatersupplyanddrainage
hasbeensetup
Yemen
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Someinvestorsinlocalitiesoversee
planningformonitoringand
supervisingenvironmentalmanagement
plans.
2.Insomelocalities,informationand
reportingsystemsrelatedtosanitation
arenotsynchronized,withoutcoordination
withrelatedagencies
3.Therearetoomanystatemanagement
unitsinthesanitationbutthereis
nofocalandcompetentauthorityto
coordinatewaterandsanitationactivities.
4.Capacityoflocalstaffislimited
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Therehasntbeenafocalagencythatis
competenttocoordinate
monitoringandevaluatingwatersupply
sector
2.Someinvestorsinlocalitiesoversee
planningwork,monitoringand
supervisingenvironmentalmanagement
plans
3.Insomelocalities,informationand
reportingsystemsrelatedtodrinking
watersupplyarenotsynchronizedor
withoutunifiedcooperationwithrelated
stakeholders
4.Responsibilitiesamongministriesand
agenciesarenotclearlydefined.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Planninghasntbeenintegratedwith
climatechangeissuesandnotupdated
withrealityornotbasedonthedemands
frompeople
Inplanningandimplementation,theway
ofthinkingisstillpassiveortoo
muchrelyingonsubsidies
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
Ministryofwaterandenvironmenthas
establishedanMonitoringandevaluation
UnitreportingdirectlytotheDeputy
Minister(Water).TheUnitiscurrently
staffedwithaseniorCoordinatoranda
juniorspecialist.
ThemonitoringandevaluationofNISSIPis
donebyJointAnnualReview(JAR)reports
whichdiscussedwithallrelatedagencies
yearly.
Drinkingwatercomments:
133
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Zimbabwe
Sanitationachievements:
1.Demanddrivenplans
2.Strongcommunityparticipationatboth
planningandmonitoringandevaluation
stages
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Settingupofaharmonizeddatabase
(coveringallthe3subsectors)hostedby
MinistryofWaterResourcesDevelopment
andManagement.
2.EvidenencebasedWASHbudgetfor2012
followingaseriesofmonitoringand
evaluationreportsliketheMultiple
IndicatorMonitoringSurvey(MIMS)
Report,ZimbabweCountryStatusOverview
(CSO)Report,theZimbabweNutrition
SurveyReport,ZimbabweJointMonitoring
Plan(JMP)Report,theZimbabwe
DemographicandHealthSurveys(DHS)etc,
3.
05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Shrinkingbudgetstosupportplans
2.Weakenedmanagementstructuresatall
levels
3Shortageofkeypersonnel..
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Keysectortermslikeaccessand
calculationofcoveragenotclearlydefined
2.Monitoringandevaluationtoolshavenot
beenstandardisedacrossallthe3sub
sectorsresultinginconflictingreports
Sanitationcomments:
CommunityBasedPlanning(CBP)has
helpedalotinredirectingareasof
investmentprioritytakinginto
considerationrequirementsbycommunity
ofbeneficiaries.
Drinkingwatercomments:
GovernmentthroughtheNationalAction
Committeeisstilltrailingbehindpartners
whenitcomestoissuesofinformation
managementandreporting.Whenit
comestosectorplanningusingNAC
administrativedata,thereportthatforms
thebasisofallthefiguresisthe2004
VillageBasedConsultativeInventorywhich
isnowoutdatedconsideringadwindlein
thesectorthatoccurredbetween2004and
2009
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
134
UNWaterGLAAS201112
06.BudgetingandExpenditure
06.Question6:BudgetingandExpenditure
Afghanistan
Sanitationachievements:
Differentdesignsandfordifferentparts
ofpeopleandareahavebeenplannedand
approved.
Donorshavemoreattentiononsanitation
issuesandsomesanitationprojectshave
beenimplemented.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Donorsspendmoremoneyonthese
activities
Thereisagoodprogressatcapacity
developmentprograms
Sharingfiveyearsactionplanwithdonors
andstakeholders
Thereisagoodcoordinationbetween
stakeholders
Guidelines,policiesanddesignsare
alreadyapproved.
Angola
Sanitationachievements:
1.Inclusionofsanitationbudgetarylinesin
theintegratedmunicipalitiesprogramsfor
povertyreduction
2.Inclusionofsanitationbudgetarylinesat
provincialgovernmentsexpenses
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Thebudgetingplanningbeginsatlocal
level(municipalityandprovince)
2.Promptnesstoaccedetothedonor
creditlines
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
Thereisnotaclearfundingsystemby
donors.
Mostoftheprojectshavebeen
implementedbetweenwelfarepeopleand
richarea.
InAfghanistanandespeciallyinKabulcity
morethan70percentofareaisunplanned.
Thereisnotanycomprehensive
sanitationmasterplan.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Lackofcoordinationbetweendonorsand
stakeholders
Planshavenotbeenimplemented
correctly.
Complicatedlogisticandfinancialsystem
Nosubmissionofauthoritytoothers
Lowcapacityforconsumptionofbudget
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Limitedbudgetforsanitationprograms
atrurallevel
2.weakinstitutionalalignmentbetween
theMinistryofEnvironmentandProvincial
Governmenttoassumetheirco
participationcostswithdonorsfor
sanitationprograms
3.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Budgetcutsatcentralgovernment,
takingintoaccountthestatesrevenuesand
othernationalpriorities
2.Relativecentralizationoffundallocation
byprovincialgovernmentstomunicipal
WASHprojects
3.TheSISASdoesnotcaptureyetfinancial
fluxesinformation,toshowthe
consolidatedinvestmentsbythe
governments,partnersandNGOs
135
Sanitationcomments:
Insanitationissueshighauthoritiesmust
havemoreattentionandsupport.
Drinkingwatercomments:
InAfghanistanaccesstosafedrinkingwater
islow,sointernationalcommitmentfor
increasingofaccesstodrinkingwateris
necessary.
Fiveyearsactionplanhavebeen
implementedpartially,incaseofdonating
byothers,theplanwouldbeimplemented
completely.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UnderthePEDISA,SISASisexpectedto
developafinancialmoduletocapture
investmentinformationand
budgets/expenditures
Notwithstandingthecompromiseassumed
bythecountriestoallocate5%atleastof
theirGDPtoWASH,Angolagovernmentis
allocationupto2%ofitsGDP.
UNWaterGLAAS201112
06.BudgetingandExpenditure
Azerbaijan
Sanitationachievements:
В1.Constructionoftreatment
facilitieshasbeenstartedinsomeofthe
smallercities.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Bangladesh
Sanitationachievements:
1.SectorInvestmentPlanhasbeen
preparedfor20112015
2.APartof(20%)Upazilabudgetis
earmarkedforwaterandsanitationheadto
bespentthroughUnionparishad.
3.Partialallocationisinpipeline
4.Revisedtargethasbeenagreed
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.SectorInvestmentPlanhasbeen
preparedfor20112015
2.APartof(20%)Upazilabudgetis
earmarkedforwaterandsanitationheadto
bespentthroughUnionparishad
Benin
Sanitationachievements:
1.1.EffortsprogressifsdelEtatdansle
financementdelassainissement
2.DisponibilitdesBailleursfinancerle
domaine
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Ralisationsousuccs:
1..Tauxdexcutionfinancire35,83%en
2010
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
нетNone
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Hardtoreachareaarenotgetting
servicesasperthesectoralpolicyandplan
2.Financialflowstosanitationsubsector
insufficient
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Provisionforoperationalbudgetis
inadequate
2.Hardtoreachareaarenotgetting
servicesasperthesectoralpolicyandplan
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Soussecteurpassuffisammentorganis
pourdraineruneforte
mobilisationdesressourcesfinancires
considrables
2.Faiblecontributiondubudgetnationalau
soussecteurdelHA
3.Procdureslourdespourfaciliterles
dpenses
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Lourdeuretlongdlaisdepassationdes
marchs
2.lesdifficultsconomiquesdelEtat
bninoiscesdeuxderniresannes
3.Baissenotablesdesfinancementssurles
deuxderniresannes
Sanitationcomments:
Refusdeplusenpluscatgoriquedes
bailleursdesubventionner
lassainissementdomestique
Drinkingwatercomments:
136
UNWaterGLAAS201112
06.BudgetingandExpenditure
Bhutan
Sanitationachievements:
1.Efficientutilizationofdonorand
domesticfundedsanitationprojectsfor
bothurbannandrural
2.Strongpoliticalcommitment
3Planningunderwaytoscaleuptherural
programmewillincludedetailed
costingstoenableittobeappropriately
budgetedandplannedforin
commingfiveyearplans.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Duetothestrongpoliticalcommitment,
thebudgetallocationineachyear
isontheincreasingtrend
2.Allowanceforconsiderationofadhoc
plansforwatersupplyschemes
beyondbudgetallocationisalsomade
Bolivia(PlurinationalStateof)
Sanitationachievements:
1.Inversionesensaneamientodirigidasa
lossectoresmsdeprimidos
2.Todoproyectoseplanificayejecuta
considerandoenformasimultneaagua
potable,saneamientoytratamientode
aguaresidual
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Existenrecursosparacumplimientode
losODM
2.Secuentaconmayorfinanciamiento
paraproyectodeaguaenelrearural(Mi
Agua)
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Ruralprogrammeiscurrentlydependent
onexternalfundingsupportwhich
isinadequatetomeetMDGs
2.Sanitationhaslesspoliticalcommitment
andinvestmentcomparativelyto
watersector.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Underutilizationofbudget
Sanitationcomments:
Asthetargetforsanitationcoverageis
100%.thisisinclusiveofthepoor
householdsandthereforebudgetisnot
specificallytargetedandmonitoredto
addressthesanitationsituationofthe
poor.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Asthetargetforwatersupplycoverageis
100%,thisisinclusiveofthepoor
householdsandthereforeitisnot
specificallytargetedtothepoor
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Recursosfinancierostodavalimitados
2.Dbilcapacidaddeejecucin
Saisissezdutexte,l'adressed'unsiteWeb
ouimportezundocumenttraduire.
Annuler
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Noexisteevaluacinfinancieraexpost.
Sanitationcomments:
AltarotacindeAutoridadesdenivelde
decisindebilitalacapacidaddegestinde
recursos
Drinkingwatercomments:
Lainformacinsobrepresupuestoygasto
estmuydispersa.
137
UNWaterGLAAS201112
06.BudgetingandExpenditure
Brazil
Sanitationachievements:
1.PlanosPlurianuaisparaperodosde
quatroanos;2.ProgramadeAceleraodo
CrescimentoPACIeII;3.PlanoNacional
deSaneamentoBsicoPlansabem
elaborao.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.PlanosPlurianuaisPPA,dequatroem
quatroanos;2.ProgramadeAceleraodo
CrescimentoPACIeII;3.PlanoNacional
deSaneamentoBsicoPlansab,em
elaborao,aindanoaprovado
oficialmente.
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Contingenciamentoderecursos
financeirosquealgumasvezesj
aconteceu;2.Emdiversoscasos,precria
gestonaaplicaodosrecursos
oramentrios,emespecial,emalguns
estadosemunicpios.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
.Dificuldadestpicasdasrelaesdopacto
federativoUnio,UnidadesFederais,
Municpios;2.Emendasparlamentaresque,
svezesficammargemdoplanejamento
nacional,regional,municipalelocal.
BurkinaFaso
Sanitationachievements:
Urbain
1.Signaturedaccordstechniqueetde
financementaveclesPTFetlesbailleursde
fonds
Rural
1.inscriptiondunelignebudgtairedansle
budgetdeltatpourlassainissement
2.amliorationdubudgetprogrammedu
secteur
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Urbain
1.Budgetannuel
2.Financementpresqueentirement
acquis
Rural
1.accroissementprogressifdubudgetde
lEtatallouleaupotable
2.miseenplacedelappuibudgtaire
sectoriel
Sanitationobstacles:
Urbain
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Faibletauxdedcaissementannuelpar
rapportauxdlaisderalisation
2.Procduresdepassationdesmarchs
Rural
1.manquedinformationsouinformations
tardivessurlesprogrammationsfinancire
decertainsacteurs
2.Procduresnationales(passationdes
marchs)
3.Autresprocdures(avisdenon
objection)
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Urbain
1.Longueprocduredepassationdes
marchs
2.Incapacitdesentreprises
Rural
1.insuffisancederessourcesfinancires
pourcomblerlesbesoinsenmilieurural
2.Longueprocduredepassationdes
marchs.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
138
Sanitationcomments:
Namaioriadasvezes,osrecursosaplicados
emsaneamentoruralsonoonerosos.
Existempouqussimasexperinciasem
nvelmunicipalcujosinvestimentospodem
tercomofonteastarifasourecursos
prpriosdosmunicpios.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Emtermosdeplanejamentonacional,no
humaprevisoouinclusodedoaes
nacionaisouexternas,oriundasde
organismosoficiaisounogovernamentais.
Namaioriadasvezes,estasdoaes
acontecemmediantenegociaesemnivel
regional,municipaledeAssociaes
comunitrias.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
06.BudgetingandExpenditure
Burundi
Sanitationachievements:
RalisationsouProduits:
1.Financementdelaconstructiondes
latrinesamlioresdanslesmilieux
scolaires
2.MiseenplacedunShowRoomdes
latrinesdediffrentstypespout
dmonstration
3.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Ralisationsousuccs:
1.Inaugurationdequelquesstationsde
pompageauniveaunational
2.Rceptionde35adductionsdeau
potable
3.Rhabilitationetextensiondes
infrastructureshydrauliquesdans4
provincesdupays
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.InsuffisanceduBudgetpourlesecteur
2.Manquededocumentsdeplaidoyer
3.Insuffisancedevolontpolitique
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Lanonconsolidationdesdonnesdu
secteurdansunformatnational
2.Indisponibilitdunestructurecharge
duSuivietEvaluationdansle
secteur
3.Insuffisancedesfinancements
139
Sanitationcomments:
Nousconstatonsquilyaundsquilibre
entrelesfinancementsaccordau
secteurEauceuxaccordausecteur
Assainissement.Cedernierresteest
placaudernierrangdespriorit.Les
dcideursnontpasencorepris
consciencedelimportancede
lassainissement.
Drinkingwatercomments:
SANSOBJET
UNWaterGLAAS201112
06.BudgetingandExpenditure
Cambodia
Sanitationachievements:
1.RWSSsectorinvestmentplanwas
updatedin2005(for20052015)andin
2009(20102025)includingthedrinking
watersupplyandsanitationinruralareas;
2.KeyGovernmentinstitutionsandmain
DevelopmentPartners(donor
communities)participateintheTWG
RWSSH,throughwhich,theRWSSsector
promotesandcoordinatesthefinancial
planningandresourcemobilizations,policy,
andstrategicguidanceforRWSSprograms;
3.Manyorganizations(ADB,USAID,
UNHABITAT,WB)areinterestedin
improvingsanitationandhygienepractices
throughtheformulationoftherural
sanitationworkinggroup(SWG).
4.TheGovernmenthasissuedtheSub
DecreeforNationalSanitationDayon13
Novembereveryyear.
5.Manyorganizations(ADB,USAID,
UNHABITAT,WB)areinterestedin
improvingsanitationinurban(MPWT)
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.RuralWaterSupplyandSanitation
a.RWSSsectorinvestmentplanwas
updatedin2005(for20052015)andin
2009(20102025)includingthedrinking
watersupplyandsanitationinruralareas;
b.KeyGovernmentinstitutionsandmain
DevelopmentPartners(donor
communities)participateintheTWG
RWSSH,throughwhich,theRWSSsector
promotesandcoordinatesthefinancial
planningandresourcemobilizationsfor
RWSSprograms;
c.RuralWaterSupply:ThroughCMDGand
NSDPplanningprocess,theRWSsubsector
promotesgovernmentfundsforregular
drinkingwatersupplyimprovementsin
ruralareas
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lackofinvestmentfundsinthe
sanitationandhygienesubsectoristhe
majorconstraintinthesubsectors
sustainabledevelopment.Sanitationand
hygieneinvestmentisbundledwithwater
supplyinvestmentsamongmajor
developmentpartnerssuchasADBandthe
WB
2.Inruralcommunities,sanitationand
hygieneislowpriorityandhouseholds
cannotaccessimprovedsanitationfacilities
duetopovertyandarelargelydependent/
waitingforgovernmentandNGOssubsidies
3.Lowprivatesectorinvolvementin
increasingdemandforimprovedsanitation
facilities
4.Sanitationseemstobeignoredfor
improvementandmostdonorsarenot
interested.
5.Lackoffinancialsupportfrom
government(MPWT)
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.RuralWaterSupply
a.AspertheoutlinesintheNationalPolicy
frameworks,beneficiarycommunities
wouldmobilizefinancialresourcesfor
operationandmaintenanceoftheirown
watersupplyfacilities.However,the
communitiesarestillslowinfinancial
resourcemobilization(duetopoverty,and
weakinownershipsense).
b.Althoughthedonorfundsareincreasing
forruralwatersupplyimprovements,there
arestillonlyforprojectbasefinancing
approaches(projectbyproject);duetolack
ofmasterplanforlongtermruralwater
supplyimprovements,thefinancial
mobilizationstrategycouldnoteffectively
appliedforprogramwisedevelopments,
andthereforethereisstilllackofsecured
fundsforlongtermdevelopment.
c.Privatesectorinvestmentsinruralwater
supplyimprovementsarestillweakdueto
(i)narrowprofitmarginfromsmallsizeof
works,(ii)lackoflegalreinforcementsfor
securityoftheirlongterminvestments,
and(iii)disperselocationsspreadingin
remoteareas.
2.UrbanWaterSupply
a.Thereislimitedbudgetforbothprivate
andpubliconinvestmentfordrinking
water.
140
Sanitationcomments:
Evenifthenationalbudgetsisgradually
increasingeveryyeartosupportthe
coverageplanonruralsanitation,butthe
fundmanagementshouldbeusedmore
effectiveinchangingthepeoplemindsetin
waitingforsubsidy.Also,thebudget
supportforthepoorhouseholdstohave
accesstheruralsanitationshouldbehighly
consideredandconsensustoreachthe
totalsanitationinthecommuneand
villages.
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
06.BudgetingandExpenditure
Cameroon
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Ralisationsousuccs:
1.Crationdenouveauxpointsdeau
potable
2.
3.
CentralAfricanRepublic
Sanitationachievements:
1.ralisationsdanslecadreduDSRP1
(Documentstratgiquederductiondela
pauvret)
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Elaborationdunprogrammenational
dinvestissementdanslecadreduprojet
appuiinstitutionnelencourspourgarantir
ledveloppementdurabledusecteur
Chad
Sanitationachievements:
1.ralisationde502latrinesdanslecadre
duprojetPNEAR(Etat/BAD)
2.100villagesontatteintlestatutFDAL
dansleChariBaguirmi(Unicef)
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Elaborationdunprogrammenational
dinvestissementdanslecadreduprojet
appuiinstitutionnelencourspourgarantir
ledveloppementdurabledusecteur
Colombia
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Sousconsommationdubudgetallou
leaupotable
2.
3.
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Manquedemotivationdecertains
partenaires
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Dpendancevisvisdelextrieur
2.Inexistencedunmcanismede
financementstabledusecteur.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.lestechniciensdudomainenesontpas
toujoursassocisladiscussionbudgtaire
2.lacontributiondelEtatestfaible
3.ladifficultdemobiliserlesfondsau
niveaudutrsorpublic
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
Leservicedubudgetdevramieuxprendre
encomptelaprogrammationfaiteparles
servicestechniquesdelEtat
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
141
UNWaterGLAAS201112
06.BudgetingandExpenditure
Congo
Sanitationachievements:
1.Adoptiondunelignebudgtaire
dinvestissement
2.PriseencompteparleCDMTdubudget
etdpensesdassainissement
3.Existencedecontrepartiescongolaises
pourlecofinancementdesprojets
dassainissement(PEEDU,PABPe
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Adoptiondelignesbudgtaires
spcifiquespourlesecteurdeleau
potable;
2.ConstructiondelusinedeDJIRIet
rhabilitationdelusinedetraitement
deaupotableduDjou
3.Rhabilitationdesouvragesde
traitementdeaupotableetbiendautres
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Insuffisancedesfinancementsallous
lassainissement
2.Difficultsdedcaissementdesfondsde
contrepartiedelEtat
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Transportdeaudanslesancienset
nouveauxquartiers
2.Vtustdelatuyauterie
3.Ladistributiondeaunesuitpasla
politiquedamnagementetdurbanisation
aveclagrandissementdesvillesdansles
dpartements
Sanitationcomments:
Labudgtisationdesdpensesliesdes
projetsdassainissementdoitsintresser
lasensibilisationetlinformationdes
bnficiairesainsiquleurformation,tout
cecidoittrecoupllaralisationdans
chaquedpartementdactionsspcifiques
deconstructiondelatrines.
Drinkingwatercomments:
LeseffortsduGouvernementsontnon
ngligeablesdanscetteactivitpour
assurerdeleaupotableuneplusgrande
partiedelapopulationCongolaise,carle
Congoestentourdescoursdeau,des
riviresetfleuves.Cependantbeaucoup
resteencorefairecomptetenudes
enjeuxdeleaupotableetdeson
importance.Desvraiesstratgiesdoivent
trebtiesaveccertainsorganismesqui
nousaccompagnentdanscedomaine,car
toutnestpasfaitsurfondsproprescestle
casdelOMS;PNUDetc.
Sanitationobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
1.LefinancementdelEtatpourlesecteur
Crerunestructurechargede
delassainissementestfaible
lassainissementenmilieurural
2.Lassainissementnestpastraitdefaon
Drinkingwatercomments:
prioritaireparlEtatetlescollectivits
Ralisationsousuccs:
territoriales
3.LesdettesdelEtatenverslaSODECI
1.Reprisedelacooprationavecles
bailleurs
constituentunfreinauxinvestissements
2.PPU(PlanPrsidentieldUrgence)ole
dansledomainedelassainissement
secteurdeleauestunedespriorits
3.Existencedunfondsdanslesecteurde
leaupourcouvrirlentretiendes
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
infrastructuresexistantesetle
1.Faiblessedufinancement
dveloppementdesnouvelles
2.ArrirsdelEtatlendroitdusecteur
infrastructuresenmilieuurbain
3.Imprvisibilitdesappuisextrieurs
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Faiblessedufinancement
2.ArrirsdelEtatlendroitdusecteur
3.Imprvisibilitdesappuisextrieurs
4.Lemcanismedegestiondufondsnest
pasefficaceennepermettantpasles
nouveauxinvestissements
Cted'Ivoire
Sanitationachievements:
1.ConventionEtat_SODECI(Contrat
daffermagepourlagestiondurseau
collectifpourlavilledAbidjan)
2.LeDSRP20092015planifieune
volutionprogressiveverslappui
budgtairesectoriel
3.EngagementdelEtatpourlacration
dunfondsnationaldefinancementde
lassainissementetdudrainage
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Ralisationdouvragestelsleschteaux
deau
Reprisedelacooprationaveclesbailleurs
2.PPU(PlanPrsidentieldUrgence)
3.Existencedunmcanismefinancier
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
142
UNWaterGLAAS201112
06.BudgetingandExpenditure
DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo
Sanitationachievements:
1.Budgetallocated
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Bottleneckatthedisbursementlevel.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.lackofaclearoperationand
maintenancepoliciesofdrinkingwater
supplybothurbanandrural
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Noasignacinderecursopara
saneamiento.Secontempladentrodel
componenteagua
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Inversininsuficienteporpartedel
gobiernonacional
2.Faltadecumplimientodelosplanesde
desarrollodeAPS
Sanitationobstacles:
1.lowcostrecoveryduetowatertariffs
thatareamongthelowestintheworld,
requiringgovernmentsubsidies
2.insufficientbudgetstocoverallthe
investmentplans.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.lowcostrecoveryduetowatertariffs
thatareamongthelowestintheworld,
requiringgovernmentsubsidies
2.insufficientbudgetstocoverallthe
investmentplans.
DominicanRepublic
Sanitationachievements:
1.Ampliaciondelacobertura
2.Reducciondelacontaminacin
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.ElaumentodelgastoenAPSpermite
aumentarlacobertura
2.Ampliaciondelasredesanivelnacional
Egypt
Sanitationachievements:
1.abudgetof20BillionL.Ehasbeen
allocatedforthecurrent5yearplanto
raisethewastewatercoveragepercentage
inruralfrom11%to40%
2.settinganannualbudgetfor
rehabilitation
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.settinganannualbudgetfor
rehabilitation
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
143
Sanitationcomments:
Budgetandexpendituresshouldbe
implementedattheprovincialandlocal
level.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Settingupaccountabilityinthesector
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
06.BudgetingandExpenditure
ElSalvador
Sanitationachievements:
1.Anivelnacionalsehaincrementadolas
inversionestantoensaneamientocomoen
aguaanivelruralyurbana
2.Losgobiernosmunicipalespreveensus
presupuestosfondosdestinadospara
proyectosdeaguaysaneamientocon
juntasruralesygobiernocentral.
3.Compromisodelgobiernoeninvertiren
saneamientoenlos100municipiosms
pobresdelpas.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.cuentasybalancesauditadosque
reflejantransparencia
2.presupuestobienorientadoparael
cumplimientodelasmetasdelmileniolas
cualesyaselograronylaampliacindela
cobertura.
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Elpresupuestodeinversinenlaszonas
rurales(aguacomosaneamiento)esbajo
enlamayoradelasinstituciones
1.Thebudgetforinvestmentinruralareas
(waterandsanitation)islowinmost
institutions
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
presupuestonodefinelainversinenagua
ysaneamientoporseparado
EquatorialGuinea
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Ethiopia
Sanitationachievements:
1.InterestofdonorstosupportWASH
programs
2.Householdexpenditureisincreasingdue
toeconomicgrowth
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Communitycontribution
2.Governmentcommitment
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Noseparatepubliclinebudgetfor
HygieneandSanitation
2.DifficulttotrackSanitationandHygiene
specificbudgetsfromtheWASHsectorand
actors(Bilateralandmultilateral)
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Timelysetting
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
144
Sanitationcomments:
Considerandoquenoestdefinidoun
montoespecificoparasaneamientoenlos
presupuestosoficiales,porloquese
muestraunainversinmenoralossistemas
abastecimientodeagua,sinembargose
observaqueseestnhaciendoesfuerzos
paralograrunamayorcoberturaenel
mbitoruralyperiurbanoprincipalmente.
Esnecesarioyurgentetenercomopasun
PlandeSaneamientoqueinvolucreatodos
losactoresanivellocalynacional,
separandolazonaurbanayrural
acompaadodeunPlandeinversin.
SegnInformacinnosecuentacon
Instrumentosoficialesparaevaluary
proyectarelsaneamiento.Algunoslogrosy
obstculosencontrados
Drinkingwatercomments:
ApesardequelasmetasdelODMqueya
selograron,deberaderevisarsesien
cuantoacalidadycantidadsehan
cumplidoparaaguadeconsumohumano.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Lackofcommittedbudgettoimplement
thecurrentlyendorsedSAP
Drinkingwatercomments:
Harmonizationundertaken
UNWaterGLAAS201112
06.BudgetingandExpenditure
Fiji
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Gabon
Sanitationachievements:
RalisationsouProduits
1.Codedeleauetschmadirecteur
dassainissementencoursderalisation
2.Crationduneagencedergulationdu
secteurEauetElectricit
3.Rformeduconseilnationaldeleauet
dellectricit
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Ralisationsousuccs:
1.Loidefinance
2.Projetdeconstructiondunbarrage
hydrolectrique
Gambia
Sanitationachievements:
1.Thecouncilshavesomebudgetlinesfor
overallenvironmentsanitationsolid
wastemanagement
2.AnationalbudgettrackingwithNAMS
wasdoneasbasisforadvocacy
3.InceasedGovernmentcommitmentat
policylevel
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Absencedecadrejuridique,
rglementaireetinstitutionnel
2.Absencedecoordinationdes
dpartements
3.Faiblessedesressourceshumaineset
financires
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Faibletauxdedcaissement(Lourdeurs
administratives)
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Renforcementducadrerglementaireet
augmentationdesressources
financires
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lackofbudgetaryallocationfor
sanitation
2.Sanitationbudgetissubsumedinto
healthandenvironmentalbudget
3.Sanitationnotseenasastandalone
developmentissue
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
145
UNWaterGLAAS201112
06.BudgetingandExpenditure
Ghana
Sanitationachievements:
1.Aclearbudgetlineforsanitationhas
beenincludedinthebudgetsince2010
2.Budgetaryallocationforsanitationhas
increasedin2011
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Thereispoliticalcommitmenttoincrease
budgetarysupportfordrinkingwater
throughtheGhanaCompact
2.Actualallocationtothewatersectorhas
increasedoverthepasttwoyears.
Guinea
Sanitationachievements:
1.LavolontduGouvernementdinvestir
danscesecteur
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.BouclagedufinancementparleBudget
NationaldeDveloppement(BND)des
Projetderalisationdesforagesindustriels
deKobayaetDemoudoula(6000
m3/jour),des178foragesdeproximitet
laconstructiondelastationdetraitement
deaudulacdeSonfonia(10000m3/jour)
pourattnuerlemanquedeauConakry
2.Bouclagedufinancementparla
CooprationFranaisedelarhabilitation
ducaptagedeKitma(1700m3/jour)pour
attnuerlemanquedeauConakry
3.BouclagedufinancementparleCICRet
laSEGdesProjetsderenforcementdela
productiondeaupotabledanslesvillesde
Mali(3puitsamliorsquipsdegroupes
lectropompes+fourniturede3pompesde
reprisesetdungroupelectrogne),de
Mamou(3foragesindustrielsquipsde
groupeslectropompes+fourniturede3
pompesdereprisesetdungroupe
lectrogne)
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Untimelyreleaseofbudgetallocatedfor
sanitation
2.Failuretodisbursethefullamountof
fundsallocatedforsanitation
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Inabilitytoaccessanduseallthe
allocatedyearlybudgetforwater(just
between3040%of2009and2010were
actuallyutilised)
2.Financialinflowsfromdonorsis
dwindlingduetoimpressionthattheMDG
targetforwaterhasalreadybeenachieved.
Thisnotwithstanding,whilealarge
proportionofthepopulationisstillun
servedduetotheunavailablefacilitiesin
somecommunities,somefacilitiesarenon
functionalandworsenedbyincreasing
populationgrowth.
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Manquedelignebudgtairepour
lassainissementautonome
2.Absencedesynergiedanslecadrede
concertationaveclesacteursimpliqus.
3.conflitdecomptenceentrelesparties
prenantes
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.RetarddedcaissementdesProjets
financssurleBudgetNationalde
Dveloppement
2.Inflationimportante
146
Sanitationcomments:
Theassociatedbureaucracywithinthecivil
serviceisthemajorcauseofuntimely
disbursementandfailuretoaccessbeyond
50%ofthenationalbudgetallocatedfor
sanitation.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Lesecteurdelassainissementautonome
nebnficiepasdebudgetspcifiquepour
laralisationdesouvrages.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Lasituationpolitiqueinstableetdifficile
quelepaysconnatdepuis2000sest
traduiteparuntarissementprogressifet
longdesfinancementsextrieursdansle
secteur.Lesfinancementssurressources
propresdelEtatetdelaSEGnontpu
couvrireuxseulslebesoinimportantdu
secteureninvestissementsnouveaux.Cest
lundesfacteursngatifsquiacontribu
diminuerl'accscontinul'eaupotablede
lagrandemajoritdelapopulation.
UNWaterGLAAS201112
06.BudgetingandExpenditure
GuineaBissau
Sanitationachievements:
1Ladclaration.eThekwineatsign
avecleMinistrechargedeassainissement
maispasencoredallocationsbudgtaires
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Haiti
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Manquedereconnaissancede
limportancedusecteurdeassainissement
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
147
UNWaterGLAAS201112
06.BudgetingandExpenditure
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Anivelnacionalnoseproduceun
informequereflejelatotalidadde
inversionesenelsector,tampocoque
desgloselossubsectoresagua,
saneamientoehigiene,nilosmbitos
urbanoyrural(losinformessonparciales
yaquetampocoregistranlasdonacionesde
ONG,iglesias,Clubes,etc.).
2.Elpresupuestoanualparaelsubsector
deSaneamientoesmenosdel50%delo
necesarioparaalcanzarlasMetas
Nacionalesdeincrementodecoberturas
definidasporelGobierno
3.Bajoporcentajedeejecucindelos
fondosasignadosalsector.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Ningunainstitucingubernamental
produceuninformequenoreflejala
totalidaddeinversionesdetodoelsectorni
desglosalossubsectoresAgua,
saneamientoehigiene,nilosmbitos
urbanosyrurales,porlotantolosinformes
quesepresentansonparcialesyaque
tampocoregistranlasdonacionesdeONG,
iglesias,Clubes,etc.
2.Elpresupuestoanualparaelsubsector
deAguaPotableUrbanaesmenosdel50%
delonecesarioparaalcanzarlasMetas
Nacionalesdeincrementodecoberturas
definidasporelGobierno
3.Bajoporcentajedeejecucindelos
fondosasignadosalsector.
4.NoexisteunFondoparaelsubsector
AguaPotable.
Honduras
Sanitationachievements:
1.Enlossistemasruralesyperiurbanos
existeunacontribucincomunitariaentre
un2530%delcostodelproyecto.
2.Seimplementanmodelosdegestin
desconcentrados/descentralizadosparala
prestacindelosserviciosloquehavenido
amejorarlascoberturasycalidaddel
servicio.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Msdel75%delosfondosdelsubsector
aguaestnenelpresupuesto
2.Enlossistemasruralesyperiurbanos
existeunacontribucincomunitaria
alrededordel25%delcostodelproyecto.
3.Sehanestadoimplementandomodelos
degestin
desconcentrados/descentralizadosdelos
serviciosloquehavenidoamejorarla
prestacinylascoberturas.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
148
Sanitationcomments:
EnelmarcodelPlandeNacinyatravs
delaSecretarasdePlanificacin(SEPLAN)
yFinanzas(SEFIN)seimplementarel
seguimientoalaejecucinfinanciera
nacional.
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
06.BudgetingandExpenditure
India
Sanitationachievements:
1.Dedicatedfundingformarginalised
groups
2.Consistentriseintheallocatedbudget
overthedecade
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Theentirebudgetisallocatedtostates
basedonthenorms,publishedinthe
Nationalpolicyguidelines.
2.Thereleasesarepublishedonlineand
arebasedontheauditedaccountsof
expenditurebystates.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Insufficientbudgettoaccelerate
coverageatdesiredpace
2.Absorptioncapacityofimplementing
machinery
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Duetolimitationofworkingseason(no
workinrains),sometimestheexpenditure
levelsarelow,resultinginhighopening
balanceswithstates
149
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Theprocessofreleaseshasbeenmadefully
transparentandlinkedtothenormsfixed
underthepolicy.
UNWaterGLAAS201112
06.BudgetingandExpenditure
Indonesia
Sanitationachievements:
1.Since2010thegovernmenthasalso
appropriatedspecialallocationfunds(DAK)
forsanitationseparatefromdrinkingwater
budget
2.Improvementinsanitationbudgeting,
whichispotentiallyequaltodrinkwater
budget.Atthenational,theallocationfor
sanitationdevelopmentinthenational
budgethasincreased10timesin2009
since2005,orequalto4timesincreasein
percentageoftotalbudgetfrom0.3%in
2005to1.2%in2009.Theplannedmid
termexpenditureforsanitation
developmentof20102014increases
around4timescomparedtosanitation
budgetintheperiodeof20052009.
3.Donorcommitmentsforsanitation
utilizedinIndonesiaishigh.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Effectivespendingandbudgetinwater
andsanitationtendtobeincreasedover
theyears(APBN,DAK,APBD)
2.Appreciation(Incentive)mechanismfor
LocalGovernmentwithhighbudgetin
drinkingwatersupplyprogram
3.Developmentofalternativefunding
resources:Developmentpublicfunding
(obligation,etc);Commercialloan;credit
guaranteeandinterestsubsidy;
Developmentprivatepartnership,as
fundinginvestor,operator,strategicand
equityinvestor,orevenCSR.
Herearetheexampleofseveralpublic
privatepartnershipprogram:
UmbulanWaterspringProject,EastJava
JatiluhurWatersupplySystem
KlungkungRegency(TukadUnda)Water
Supply,Bali
SolidWasteFinalDisposalandTreatment
FacilityGreaterBandung
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationcomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
Thereisadependenceoncentral
governmentbudgetallocationstosupport
Drinkingwatercomments:
initiativesrelatedtodrinkingwaterand
sanitationfacilities.Theresultsofastudyon GovernmentBudget(APBN)hasbeenable
tocontributes10%oftotalinvestment
waterandsanitationcompletedin2003
2005revealedthatonly0.01percentto
needsforwaterdevelopment,whilefor
sanitation,thegovernmentbudgethas
1.37percentofdistrictdevelopment
beenabletofulfills20%ofthetotal
budgets(APBD)wereallocatedtosupport
requiredinvestments.
waterandsanitationprograms.
2.Schemetoimprovetheinvestment
climatetostimulatetheactiveparticipation
oftheprivatesectorandthecommunity
throughPublicPrivatePartnerships,aswell
asCorporateSocialResponsibility(CSR)has
notbeenwelldevelopedyet.
3.Localgovernmentsbudgetinsanitation
isstilllow(Provincialanddistrictlevel)
4.Sanitationstrategydocument,asabasic
indecidingdistrict/citysanitationbudget,is
stillnotwidelyimplemented
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Thereisadependenceoncentral
governmentbudgetallocationstosupport
initiativesrelatedtodrinkingwaterand
sanitationfacilities.Theresultsofastudy
onwaterandsanitationcompletedin2003
2005revealedthatonly0.01percentto
1.37percentofdistrictdevelopment
budgets(APBD)wereallocatedtosupport
waterandsanitationprograms.
2.Schemetoimprovetheinvestment
climatetostimulatetheactiveparticipation
oftheprivatesectorandthecommunity
throughPublicPrivatePartnerships,aswell
asCorporateSocialResponsibility(CSR)has
notbeenwelldevelopedyet.
3.Theprovisionofimproveddrinkingwater
byurbanwaterutilitiesownedbythelocal
governments(PDAM)andnonpublically
ownedwatersupplycompanies(non
PDAM)islimited.
4.Budgetsandexpenditures(Nationaland
locallevel)forDrinkingWatersupplyisstill
limited(lesspriority)
150
UNWaterGLAAS201112
06.BudgetingandExpenditure
Iran(IslamicRepublicof)
Sanitationachievements:
1.Identificationoffinancialresources
requiredforinvestingandachievingof
goals(specifyothermethodsofsecuring
credit)
2.Encouragementpolicymakesfor
improvingandinvestinginsanitation
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Increasingofgovernmentfinancial
support
Jordan
Sanitationachievements:
1.Performanceindicatorsarenowincluded
inthenationalbudget
2.Thebudgetfor2011andtheprojectsfor
20122013showincreasedspendingon
sanitationasapercentageofthetotal
waterandsanitationbudget
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Performanceindicatorsarenowincluded
inthenationalbudget
2.Thebudgetfor2011andtheprojectsfor
20122013showincreasedspendingon
sanitationasapercentageofthetotal
waterandsanitationbudget
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Tariffsdon'tdetermine
2.DiscountedTariffsandlackofreceiptof
wholeprice
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Allocatingofbudgetisnotaccordingto
programmeneeds
2.financialconstraints
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Theprocessforselectingcapitalprojects
inthebudgetdoesnotincludeaformal
evaluationofthequantitativebenefitsof
eachprojectwithrespecttoperformance
indicators
2.Thereisnoassetmanagementplan
3.Thereisnocostbenefitanalysisfor
decidingwhenandwheretoextendthe
servernetwork
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Theprocessforselectingcapitalprojects
inthebudgetdoesntincludeaformal
evaluationofthequantitativebenefitsof
eachprojectwithrespecttoperformance
indicators
2.Theresnoassetmanagementplan
3.Theresnocostbenefitanalysisfor
decidingwhenandwheretoextendthe
servernetwork
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
151
UNWaterGLAAS201112
06.BudgetingandExpenditure
Kenya
Sanitationachievements:
1.anincreaseinfinancialresource
allocation10%
2.increasedabsorptioncapacity
3.communityparticipationandownership
hasincreased
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Expenditure(thusabsorption)hasbeen
over75%.
2.Capturingoffdonorcommitmentsand
reportinghasimproved.
3.Annualincrementsofbudgetsoverthe
last10years.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.disburbsedfundarelessthanthat
budgetedfor
2.inadequatefunds
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Conditionsofdevelopmentsupportstill
continuetoslowdownimplementation.
2.Useofdifferentinvestmenttoolsby
variouspartnersespeciallyinruralareas.
3.limitedornoreportingatallof
expendituresbyNGOs,FBOs,etcinthe
watersector
152
Sanitationcomments:
Needfordecentralisationinthefunding
processfordifferentlevelstoenhance
betteroutcomes
Drinkingwatercomments:
Theprocessofbudgetingandexpenditure
reportinggraduallyimproving.
UNWaterGLAAS201112
06.BudgetingandExpenditure
Kyrgyzstan
Sanitationachievements:
Thewatersupplyandsewageprojectshad
thefollowingpositiveimpacts:
improvingaccessforthevillagerstosafe
drinkingwater;
decreasingprevalenceofthe
communicableandparasiticdiseases;
improvingqualityofdrinkingwaterby
microbiologicalindicators;
changingthehygieneandsanitationskills;
improvingpartnersinteractionin
addressingthewatersupplyissues;
improvingtheinfrastructureofsanitary
entities,etc.
However,achievingthetargetindicatorin
improvingthesewagesystemseems
problematic.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
TheMinistryofFinanceoftheKRhas
informationonlywherethegovernmentis
aguarantorunderthestateinvestment
programs.
Ingeneral,therearethefollowing
characteristics:
forlackoffunds,andtherefore,
inadequatevolumeofthemaintenanceand
recoveryworks,theexistinginfrastructure
oftenfails;
valuesforshareofthepopulationhaving
accesstothesewagesystemindifferent
oblastssignificantlyvary:thedifference
betweenthelowestindicatorof3.2per
cent(Batkenoblast)andthehighestoneof
37.2percent(Chuioblast)makes34
percentagepoints;
improvingaccesstothesewagesystemis
aproblemnotonlyinrural,butalsothe
urbanareas.Theurbanpopulationinmost
oblastsexceedsthepopulationhaving
accesstothesewagesystem.Exceptfor
ChuiandOshoblasts,theareasdirectly
surroundingthecapitalBishkekcityandthe
SouthcapitalOshcity.However,the
situationisalsodifficulthere,duetothe
internalmigrationprocessesresultingin
highconcentrationofpeopleinBishkekcity
andotherbigcitiesofthecountry.Asa
result,ringsofsquatterareaswithout
waterdisposalsystemsappearedaround
thecapital.Thus,thereasonsfor
constraintsinprogressonaccesstothe
sewagesystem,aremainlyeconomicby
nature.However,inthisaspect,thereare
alsoculturalandeducationalproblems.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
153
Sanitationcomments:
Accesstothesewagesystemdefinesnot
justthesanitaryandhygienicconditionsof
peopleslife,butitindirectlyreflectsthe
housingquality.Unlikeaccesstoclean
drinkingwater,improvingthepopulation
accesstothesewagesystemappearedto
beamorecomplicatedtask.Modest
successhasbeenachievedinthisarea:in
theperiod20032008,separatestretchof
themaintrunksewerhasdecreasedby12
km,thestreetsewagenetworkincreased
by70kmonly.In2008,only23.5percent
ofthepopulationwasconnectedtothe
sewagenetworks.Whilein20032008,the
shareofpopulationusingthisutilitywas
decreasingby0.9percentperyear.
Inruralareas,therearevirtuallyno
municipalsewageanddrainagesystems.
Constructionofcesspitslavatories(toilets)
usedeverywhere,istheresponsibilityofan
individualfamilyororganization,suchas
governmentagenciesandschools.
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
06.BudgetingandExpenditure
LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic
Sanitationachievements:
1.Coordinationbetweengovernmentand
donorsstillcontinued
2.Gettingsomemonitoringfundsfrom
government
3.communitycontributionandmore
privateparticipation
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Percentageofthedrinkingwaterbudget
isestimatedandtargetedtothe
poorfamiliesinruralandremoteareas
espectiallyethnicminoritygroups
2.Identificationofbudgets,investmentand
subsidiesfordrinkingwater
systemsandservicesinbothurbanand
ruralWASH
Lebanon
Sanitationachievements:
1.Donorcommunityremainscommittedto
sanitationsectorinLebanon
2.STPscontinuetocomeonstream
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Governmentbudgetsstilllimited
2.Generalbudgetsfromdevelopment
partnersforwaterandsanitationhas
reduced
3.Naturaldisasterparticularlyfloodsin
2011
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Insufficiencyoffinancialflawsatboth
nationalandlocalgovernmentlevels
tomeetMDGtargets.DraftruralWASH
strategyestimatesthattheaverage
annualinvestmentoverthelast10years
2.
Sanitationcomments:
Publicandprivatepartnershipshouldbe
moreenhanced.Thepoorfamilies
shouldbealsoconsideredintermsof
subsidies.Thecapitalgainedfromthe
developmentprojectslikedamprojects,
miningandothertaxesshouldbe
consideredtosupporttobothurbanand
ruralWASH
Drinkingwatercomments:
Improvementoffinancialflowshouldbe
furthertakingintoconsiderationin
ordertomeetandMDGandNSEDP
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Politicalwranglingoverprioritisationof
budgets
2.Developingbudgetstoserveother
considerations
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
Lebanonhasachievedahighlevelof
improvedsanitationcoverageaccordingto
theWHO/UNICEFJointMonitoring
Programme(JMP),butitstillisat50%less
ofitsneedstoattainthenationalsanitation
target(i.e.100%connectiontosewerage
networksby2020)
Theexpendituredidnotexceed26%ofthe
budgetallocatedforsanitation.
TheNIMBYsyndromes,thepoliticalconflict
onthepriorities,inadditiontosome
technicalobstaclesblockstheexecution
andtheexpenditureinconsequence.
Ontheotherhand,sometimesthe
executionofsomeprojectsstopbecause
thebudgetallocatedbecomeinsufficient
duetofinancialinflationorunexpected
expensivetechnicalities.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Inthedrinkingwatersectoralso,
expectationsandbudgetingdon'talways
meetrealityandexecutionofalotof
projectsstopafterallocatingbudgetsfor
them.
154
UNWaterGLAAS201112
06.BudgetingandExpenditure
Lesotho
Sanitationachievements:
1.TheEUfundedMaseruWastewater
Projectisamajorachievementintheurban
sanitationactivitiesandwillsignificantly
improvesanitationservicesinMaseru
2.TheGovernmentofLesothohasprovided
significantfundingtotheruralsanitation
activitiesandthedonorfundedruralwater
andsanitationprojectswillcontribute
significantlytotheruralsanitationprogress
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Thewatersectoriscurrentlyreceivinga
majorshareoftheGovernmentscapital
budgetandtheGovernmentis
implementingtheMetolongbulkwater
supplyprogrammeforthecapitalMaseru
andsurroundingtownsandvillageswith
supportfromanumberofDevelopment
Partners.
2.Thewatersectorhasdevelopedthe
InterimWaterandSanitationStrategyas
thebasisforEUSectorBudgetSupportthat
willimprovethelevelandpredictabilityof
fundingforthesector
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.TheGovernmentsfinancialmanagement
systemdoesnotmonitortheexpenditures
forsanitationseparatelyfromwaterand
thereforenocomprehensivedataare
availablecoveringthesanitationactivities
ofthewatersectorcombinedwiththelocal
government,healthandeducationsectors
expenditures.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Costrecoveryinruralareas:The
contributiontoO&Mcostsinruralwater
systemsfromthewaterusersislowand
Governmentcontinuetousepartofthe
ruralwaterbudgettosubsidisemajor
repairsinruralwatersystems.Clarityof
rolesoflocalgovernmentauthoritiesand
thewatersectorneeded
2.Contractmanagementaswellastimely
paymentofsuppliersandcontractors
remainstobeachallengeforeffective
implementationinthesector.
3.DetailedinvolvementofDevelopment
Partnersinadministrationandapprovalof
sectoractivitiesleadstodelaysin
implementation.
4.Thecapitalbudgetforthewatersectoris
dominatedfortheMetolongProjectand
delaysintheimplementationofoneortwo
majorcontractsaffecttheutilisationrateof
thecapitalbudgetsignificantly
155
Sanitationcomments:
Providingspecificbudgetsandexpenditure
reportsonsanitationisachallengesince
thereareseveralgovernment,local
governmentandnongovernmentalactors
insanitationaswellasprivateinvestments
andthegovernmentsfinancial
managementsystemdoesnotdifferentiate
sanitationandwaterexpendituresatan
aggregatedlevel.Thedevelopmentofthe
M&Esysteminthewatersectorcouldover
timeprovidedataonsanitationandin
cooperationwiththeBureauofStatisticsit
shouldbepossiblealsotogetdataon
householdinvestmentsinsanitationaspart
oftheCMSsurveys
Drinkingwatercomments:
TheGovernmentsfinancialmanagement
systemisimprovingwiththe
implementationoftheIFMIShoweverthe
objectivebasedbudgetingandlinkingthe
recurrentbudgetstothecapitalbudgetsis
notyeteffective.
Problemswiththeimplementationanduse
oftheIFMIShasresultedinlongdelaysin
paymenttotheprivatesectorforsupplies
andworksaffectingtheutilisationof
budgetsaswellastheprofitability/survival
oftheprivatesectorinLesotho
UNWaterGLAAS201112
06.BudgetingandExpenditure
Liberia
Sanitationachievements:
Thereisabudgetandexpenditure
frameworkbeingdevelopedfortherollout
bytheNWSHPC
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.TheLiberiaWASHCompacthas
improvingfinancemechanismsasastand
alonecommitment
2.TheMinistryofPlanningandEconomic
Affairsdrovethedevelopmentof
theLiberiaWASHCompact
3.WSPhasagreedtodeveloparobust
sectorinvestmentplaninearly2012
Madagascar
Sanitationachievements:
1.AEPHAintgrdanslesloisdefinances
(ProgrammedInvestissementPublicet
ressourcesexternes)
2.BPORpourles05des22rgions
disponibles
3.LeFondsMondialdelAssainissement
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1AEPHAintgrdanslesloisdefinances
(ProgrammedInvestissementPublicet
ressourcesexternes)
2.BPORpourles05des22rgions
disponibles
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.LackofdialoguebetweentheWASH
sectorandMoFin
2.Thereisnorealsectorperformance
monitoringwithregardstoinputs(i.e.
finance)andoutputsinthesanitationsub
sector
3.Thereisnoclearbudgetlinefor
sanitationwhichnationalagenciescanuse
toplantheirintervention
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Perceivedlackofpoliticalwilltogive
WASHastandalonebudgetlineinthe
nationalbudget
2.LackofdialoguebetweentheWASH
sectorandMoFin
3.Thereisnorealsectorperformance
monitoringwithregardstoinputs(i.e.
finance)andoutputsinthesanitationsub
sector
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Fortedpendanceparrapportaux
bailleursdefonds
2.Manquedesystmefiablepourmesurer
lallocationdesfondspourlespauvres
3.Dsquilibreentreapproche
subventionneetnonsubventionne
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Fortedpendanceparrapportaux
bailleursdefonds
2.Manquedesystmefiablepourmesurer
lallocationdesfondspourlespauvres
3.Dsquilibreentreapproche
subventionneetnonsubventionne
156
Sanitationcomments:
n/a
Drinkingwatercomments:
Criticaltothesuccessofimplementationof
theimmediateLiberiaWASH
Compactdeliverablesandthesector
strategicplanisfinancialresourcingfor
thesector.Forthenextannualbudget,the
LiberiaMoFinneedstoinsert
WASHasastandalonebudgetline.
Sanitationcomments:
LebudgetallouparlEtatpourlesecteur
AEPHAestloindtresuffisantparrapport
auxobjectifsatteindre(besoinde
financementestim200Millionsde
DollarsparanpourlachvementdelOMD,
alorsquelesecteurfonctionneavecmoins
50MillionsdeDollars).
Drinkingwatercomments:
LebudgetallouparlEtatpourlesecteur
AEPHAestloindtresuffisantparrapport
auxobjectifsatteindre(besoinde
financementestim200Millionsde
DollarparanpourlachvementdelOMD,
alorsquelesecteurfonctionneavecmoins
50MillionsdeDollar).
UNWaterGLAAS201112
06.BudgetingandExpenditure
Malawi
Sanitationachievements:
1.Creationofaseparatebudgetlineinthe
GovernmentsNationalBudget
2.IncreasedrecognitionofSanitationby
donors
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Maldives
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Mali
Sanitationachievements:
1.Miseenuvreduprojet
dassainissementdanslesrgionsdeGao,
SgouetKoulikorosurfinancementBAD
2.MiseenuvreduProjetdAppuiDano
SudoisdanslesrgionsdeSikasso,Mopti
etKoulikoro
3.MiseenuvredelAssainissementTotal
PilotparlaCommunaut(ATPC)dansles
rgionsdeMopti,Sgou,Sikasso,Koulikoro
etKayes
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.ExistencedeBudgetProgrammepar
Objectifs(BPO)
2.ExistencedeCadredeDpenses
MoyenTerme(CDMT)
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lowrecognition(atGovernmentlevel)of
thesanitationasapriorityarea
2.Limitedknowledgeoftheroleof
sanitationindevelopmentamongpolicy
makers
3.SlowfiscaldevolutiontotheDistrict
Councils
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationobstacles:
*Thereisnoseparate%forthepoorasthe
sanitationbudgetcoverswhole
communities
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Insuffisancedesressourcesfinancires
2.Diffrencedapprochesdintervention
desprojets/programmes
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lanonapplicationdeladclarationde
Paris(alignementdesprocduresdes
bailleurssurcellesnationale)
2.Lourdeurdanslesprocduresde
passationdesmarchs
157
Sanitationcomments:
Trackingofsanitationexpenditure,
Proposeprovisionofadditionalresources
intheInfrastructureDevelopmentFund
(IDF){oftheCity/DistrictCouncils}to
targetSanitationinfrastructureforurban
Centres.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
06.BudgetingandExpenditure
Mauritania
Sanitationachievements:
1.Lescontrepartiesdeprojetssont
mobilises
2.Nomenclaturedebudgetunelignepour
lassainissement
3.Plandinvestissement20112015
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Plandinvestissement20112015
Mongolia
Sanitationachievements:
1.Increasedstateinvestmentonthe
sanitationsubsectorinthelastyear.
2.Thoroughnewtehnologies
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Improvedbudgetexpenditure.
Morocco
Sanitationachievements:
1.Accroissementimportantdes
investissementsallousausecteur.
2.Conventionsdepartenariatpourle
financementdesprojetsdassainissement
liquide.
3.CrationdefondsdelEtatpermettantle
cofinancementdesprojetscaractre
environnemental.
4.FonddAssainissementLiquideet
dEpurationdesEauxUses(FALEEU).
5.FondNationalpourlEnvironnement
(FNE).
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Prennisationetscurisationdes
infrastructuresdeaupotable;
2.Accroissementdesinvestissements
allousausecteur;
3.Amliorationdutauxdaccsleau
potableenmilieurural91%en2010.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Budgetsectorielendedelobjectif
africain(AMCOW)
2.Difficultdedcaissement
1.centralisationdelagestiondes
ressourcesfinancires
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Pasdebudgetprogrammepourleau
2.centralisationdelagestiondes
ressourcesfinancires
Sanitationobstacles:
1.lowmonitoringandregulationsystemof
thebudget.
2.Underbudgeted.
3.Resultisnotsatisfied.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Underbudget.
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Entravesinstitutionnelleset
administrativespourlaconcrtisationdes
projetsderutilisationdeseauxuses
2.Recouvrementdescots.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.difficultpourlarvisiontarifaire
rgulire.
2.Lesressourceseneaumobilisersontde
plusenpluscoteuses.
158
Sanitationcomments:
Ilestvraimentncessairedaugmenterla
lignespcifiquepourlassainissementrural
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
LesdotationsbudgtairesdelEtat
allouesausecteurnesuiventpasle
rythmederalisationdesprojets.
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
06.BudgetingandExpenditure
Mozambique
Sanitationachievements:
1.InclusionofWASHbudgetlineinstate
governmentbudget
2.Establishmentofcommonfundforrural
waterandsanitationinterventions(half
yearmonitoringandevaluationmeetings
assemblinggovernmentinstitutionsand
NGOsworkingonwatersupplyand
sanitationPRONASAR)
3.Underwaydecentralizationofbudget
planningforWASH
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Creationofthecommonbasketfundfor
ruralwatersupplyandsanitation
(PRONASAR)
2.ExistenceoftheInvestmentFundfor
WaterSupplyInfrastructures(FIPAG)and
AIASwithaclearresponsibilitytoinveston
urbanwatersupplyandsanitation
3.
Myanmar
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Nepal
Sanitationachievements:
1.Earliertherewasnoseparatebudgetline
forsanitation,butnowseparate
sanitationbudgetlineisallocatedin
GoN/DWSSbudget
2.Expenditureandreportingsystemhas
beendeveloped
3.Offbudgetallocationsarealso
contributioninsector
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Budgetandexpenditurearetransparent,
auditingismanditory,noonecan
escapeit
2.Budgetandexpenditurearecontinuously
increasing
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Intimebudgetallocationtofulfilthe
yearlywaterandsanitationprograms
2.Discrepancybetweenresponsibilities
decentralizedtothelocalgovernmentsand
resourcesallocatedtoimplementthese
decentralizeroles
3.Existingbudgetisstillfarwaytomeet
theMDGs
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Latefinancialdisbursement
2.Difficultiestogatherfinancial
informationfromnotinstitutionalpartners
(theonesthatdonotsitGAS)
Sanitationcomments:
TheAfricanWaterMinistershave
expressedtheirjointcommitmentto
allocateatleast0.5%oftheirGDPto
sanitationandhygienepromotion
programsinthemeetingoftheAfrican
MinisterialCommissionforWater
(AMCOW)heldin2008inDurban.Upto
date,thisjointlytargetagreedhasnot
comethrough,asfinancialresourcesarefar
awayfromtheminimaldesiredtoachieve
theMDGs.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Needtoimproveintersectorial
coordination
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Itisdifficulttoexpandinallprogrammes
andorganizationsinvolvedinthe
sector
2.Sanitationisalowpriorityactivityfor
someorganizations
3.Poorlocalgovernanceandweak
institutionalarrangementtolookafterthe
WASHinlocalbodiesresultinglow
performanceinWASHsector
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Budgetandlongtermtargetsarenot
matching,allocationisalwaysaround
50%ofactuallyrequired
2.Offbudgetfinancingarenotwelllinked
withnationaltargetsandreflectedin
thebudgetaryprocess
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Currentlyinterestofactorsisincreasingin
thesanitationandmainstreamingof
theSANprogrammesisessential.For
which,allsectoractorsshouldfocus
sanitationasaprioritycomponentwithset
individualtargetsaccordingtotheir
capacity.Itwillhelptomeetthenational
targetandpeople'sexpectations
Drinkingwatercomments:
Establishmentofstronglinkagebetween
longtermnationaltargetandbudget
allocationisanurgentneed.Budget
allocationfortheimprovementof
functionality
andwaterqualityisessential
159
UNWaterGLAAS201112
06.BudgetingandExpenditure
Niger
Sanitationachievements:
1.gnralisationdesschmasdirecteurs
dassainissement
2.laborationdesplanslocauxdeauet
dassainissement(PLEA)
3.budgtisationpourlesoussecteur
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Nigeria
Sanitationachievements:
1.Increasesanitationbudgetprovisionin
lineministries,departmentsandagencies
2.Thewaterlamiscurrentlybeing
reviewedtoenforcebudget
implementation
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Statewateragenciesaredeveloping
reformstoattractprivatesectorandenable
investments
Oman
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Privatesectorparticipationis
encouragedinwayofIWPPSandIWPsin
constructionandoperationofDesalination
plants.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Insuffisancesdesressourceslocalespour
lefinancementdusoussecteur
2.insuffisancedefinancementpour
lassainissement
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Inadequatebudgetprovisionandrelease
forsanitationatnationalandstatelevel
2.Inadequateconsultationwithalllevelof
stakeholdersinbudgetingprocess
3.Lowinvestmentlevelinoperationand
maintenance
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Inadequatebudgetprovision
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.RecentGlobalrecessionthoughnot
hadanimpactdirectlyindirectlyslowed
downtheprivatesectorparticipation.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
160
UNWaterGLAAS201112
06.BudgetingandExpenditure
Pakistan
Sanitationachievements:
ExpenditureonWatsanincreased250%
fromRs.10.3billionin20045toRs.25
billionin201112
Expenditureonwatersanitationand
hygieneinearlyrecoveryinfloodaffected
areasin20102011estimatedatRs21.4
billion
Budgetforwaterandsanitationallocated
towardssanitationincreasedfrom10%to
33%
Drinkingwaterachievements:
WASHrecognizedasavitalareafor
interventionintheearlyrecovery
programmesinfloodaffecteddistricts
Decentralizationprocesswithdevolution
ofresourcestotheprovinces
Increaseinnumberofwaterschemesand
utilization
Proportionincreaseinhousehold
connections
Panama
Sanitationachievements:
1.Hasidoimportantecontarconrecursos
especficosparaeltratamientode
lasaguasresidualesenlaciudadyBahade
Panamyconlaexigenciade
plantasdetratamientodeaguasresiduales
entodoslosproyectos
urbansticos.
.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Hasidoimportantecontarconlosrecursos
requeridospararealizarmejorase
incrementarlossistemasde
abastecimientodeaguapotable.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
Inadequateallocationtosubsectorasa
proportionofGDP
HighshareofNonRevenueWater(30%
ormore)
LowTariffs
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Nosectorwideapproach
Nodisaggregationofexpendituresby
waterandsanitation
Inadequatewatermeasurement
processes(watermeter)
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
161
UNWaterGLAAS201112
06.BudgetingandExpenditure
Paraguay
Sanitationachievements:
1.Hayenelpresupuestogeneraldegastos
,recursosdelestado,queestaendistintos
ministeriosyenvariosgobiernoslocales,
ademsdelospresupuestosdeEssapy
Senasa,contribuyenalsaneamiento
2.Acuerdogeneralizadodequeelgran
dficitenParaguayseencuentraenel
saneamientoprincipalmente
3.Mayoresrecursospresupuestariosenlas
institucionespblicasdestinadosal
subsectorsaneamiento
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.MayorcantidaddeproyectosenAgua
comoelacueductodelchacoque
permitirnalcanzarlasmetasdelmilenio
enaguayatencinalapoblacin
vulnerable
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Faltaintegrartodosesosesfuerzos
aisladospordistintosentesparaconocerlo
queseestainvirtiendoenelsaneamiento
2.Ausenciadeunaconcienciacinsobre
todoaniveldelospolticosdela
importanciadelsaneamiento
3.Tambienfaltalaintegracindela
relacinestrechaentreaguapotabley
saneamiento.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Faltadecapacitacion,previsionde
presupuestosparaadecuadauna
operacinymantenimientodelos
sistemasdeaguapotable
2.Faltadeapropiacinypertinenciadelos
sistemasdeaguadelChacoporpartedela
poblacinindgena
3.Faltadeasistenciatcnicaalossistemas
deaguaruralesqueesunatareaa
recuperarporelSenasa,inclusoconlos
smasprivados.
4.Faltadeunaadecuadavaloracinalagua
162
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
06.BudgetingandExpenditure
Philippines
Sanitationachievements:
1.Limitedgrantsonsanitation
2.DOHAdministrativeOrderonSustainable
SanitationPlanallocatingP600Million/
year
3.Privatesectorparticipationmodel
(Maynilad/ManilaWater)inMetroManila.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Budgetforwaterlessmunicipalities(P1.5
B/year)forruralareas
2.Alternativeloanwindows(Government
financinginstitutions)
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Pooroperationalizationoftheplansdue
tolackofbudgetatnationalandsub
nationallevels.
2.Lackoftechnologypackageswithcost
estimatesthatLGUscanselect.
3.Lackoffinancialschemesforthe
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Limitedfundsofutilitiestoexpandand
maintainfacilities(GovernmentandODA)
2.Tediousgovernmentprocessesforthe
procurementofgoodsandservices
163
Sanitationcomments:
Publicinvestmentinwatersupplyand
sanitationinfrastructurewentmostlytothe
watersector(97%)andonlyaminiscule3
percentwenttosanitation.Mostofthe
investmentsinsanitationcomefrom
privateinvestmentsinhouseholdtoilets,
housingestatewastewatertreatmentand
onsitewastewatertreatmentsamong
commercial,industrialandinstitutional
establishments.ThePhilippine
EnvironmentMonitorestimatesthatovera
10yearperiod,thecountrywillneedto
investPhp250billion(nearlyUS$5billion)
inphysicalinfrastructure.(Source:
PhilippineWaterandSanitationSector
Assessment,2011)
Drinkingwatercomments:
Publicinfrastructureexpendituresfrom
2001to2007amountedtoPhp869billion
ofwhichPhp645billionwasfromnational
governmentandGOCCswhilePhp224
billionwasfromLGUs.OfthePhp645
billionnationalinfrastructurespending,
waterprojects(watersupply,irrigationand
floodcontrol)accountedforPhp110billion
whileotherinfrastructureprojectsspent
Php535billionrepresenting12.2%and
87.4%respectively.However,mostofthe
waterprojectsexpenditurewentto
irrigationandfloodcontrolwithonly14.6%
ofthewaterprojects(Php16billion)going
towatersupply.Nationalgovernment
spentPhp3.7billionwhileLWUAand
MWSSspentPhp12.3billionduringthe
period.(Source:PhilippineWaterand
SanitationSectorAssessment,2011)
Watersupplyinvestmentshavebeen
significantlylowrelativetooverallpublic
infrastructurespending.Itisalso
characterizedbybiasinfavorofMetro
Manilaandotherurbanareas.This
phenomenonisattributedtothe
orientationofthepublicinfrastructure
prioritiesofthenationalgovernment(NG)
andtheabsenceofacoherentfinancing
frameworkforthewatersupplysector.
(Source:PhilippineWaterSupplyRoadmap,
2008)
UNWaterGLAAS201112
06.BudgetingandExpenditure
Rwanda
Sanitationachievements:
1.ImprovementofSanitationinUrbanand
ruralAreaasabudgetline
2.CommonEvaluationperformance
frameworkisinplaceandoperational
coordinatedbytheMinistryofFinance
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.IncreaseofNationalBudget
commitmentsinwatersupply
2.Fullabsorptionofnationalwatersupply
budget
Sanitationcomments:
Governmentbudgethasspecificbudgetfor
sanitationthoughverylow.The
governmentresourcesnotenoughtofund
alltheneedsinallthesectors.
Drinkingwatercomments:
QuestionF:Somewaterandsanitation
projectsareimplementingwatersupplyin
remotepoorruralareasandbudgetfor
ruralprojectsis>25%
Decreaseofdonorparticipationinwater
supplyduetolowrankingingovernment
priorities
Sanitationobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
1.Useoffundsislimitedundergovernment
provisions
Drinkingwatercomments:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Stillneedmoredonorfundingforrural
watersupply/untreatedschemes,
needmoregovernmentsupportthrough
CSO
2.Increasedefficiencyinrevenuetarrif
collection
3.Needeffectiveplanningonutilisationof
funds
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lowbudgetforsanitationcomparedto
water
2.Unreliabilityofdataonsanitation
3.Lowlevelinvestmentbytheprivate
sector
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Limitedfundingduetootherconflicting
needs
Samoa
Sanitationachievements:
1.Thecollaborationofgovernmentand
donorinsanitationprojecte.g.subsidy
scheme
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Substantialdonorfunding(EU,ADB,JICA
etc)hasledtomuch
improvementsinwatersupply
2.EffectiveMediumTermExpenditure
Framework(MTEF)inwatersector
3.Transparencyreportinginconsistent
meetingsopendiscussionsand
communications
Senegal
Sanitationachievements:
1)ElaborationavecleMinistredes
Financesdunestratgiedeplaidoyerpour
lerelvementdesallocationsbudgtaires
ausoussecteurdelassainissement(DPES)
2)ElaborationdunCDSMTpourlesous
secteurdelassainissement
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.letauxdaccsnettementamlior
2.lapolitiquedesbranchementssociaux
pourlespauvres
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1)Nonmiseenuvredunestratgiede
ciblagedespauvresenmilieurural
2)Nondfinitiondunestratgienationale
definancementdurableetinnovantedu
soussecteurdelassainissement
3)Absencedepolitiquededcentralisation
danslagestionetlexcutionfinanciredes
crditsausoussecteur
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
164
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
06.BudgetingandExpenditure
SierraLeone
Sanitationachievements:
Thelowcostintheimplementationof
CommunityLedTotalSanitation(CLTS)
2.LowincidenceofdiarrheainCLTS
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Thelowcostfortheimplementationof
CommunityLedTotalSanitationhas
increasedthedemandforaccesstosafe
drinkingwater
2.LowincidenceofdiarrheainCLTS
communitieshenceincreasedsavingon
medicaltotakecareofotherexpenditures
3.fiscaldecentralisationtothelocal
authorities
SouthAfrica
Sanitationachievements:
1.TheGovernmenthasallocatedfundsto
dealwithspecificpriorityneeds,e.g.
eradicationofbuckettoilets,eradicationof
schoolsandclinicswaterandsanitation
backlogstheruralhouseholdinfrastructure
programme.
2.Bucketsystemsinformalsettlements
havebeensignificantlyreduced;waterand
sanitationbacklogsinhealthfacilitieshave
beeneradicatedandthewaterand
sanitationbackloginschoolshavebeen
significantlyreduced.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.NationalTreasuryhasimplementeda
standardaccountingprocedureinlarge
localauthoritieswithsmallerlocal
authoritiestofollowwithinthenext35
years.
2.NationalTreasurypublisheslocal
governmentaccountstatementsonthe
Webandinstitutescorrectiveactionif
necessary.
3.Privatesectorandthebankingsectorof
SAusesofficialTreasuryaccountingdatato
developinvestmentriskprofilesfor
Municipalities
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
.Donorfatigue
2.TheEurozonecrisis
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Donorfatigue
2.TheEurocrisis
Sanitationcomments:
Thereisahighlevelofcompetitionfor
donorfundingascrisisincreasesinother
partsoftheworld;famineintheHornof
Africa,naturaldisastersandpoliticaland
socialconflicts.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Operationandmaintenancebudgets
remaininadequate.
2.Manyruralschools/clinicsstill
experiencewaterandsanitationproblems.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lackofand/orpoorfinancial
managementskillswithinlocalauthorities.
Waterisnotringfencedinmunicipalities.
2.WeakHumanResourcescapacityinlocal
authoritieshamperstheappointmentof
appropriatelyqualifiedfinancialstaff.
3.Inadequatefinancialplanningandlackof
fundingmodelsforwaterservices.
Sanitationcomments:
TheMunicipalInfrastructureGrant
allocationtoMunicipalitiescatersforboth
basicwatersupplyandsanitation.
Municipalitiesinmanyinstancesallocate
inappropriatelevelsoffundingto
sanitation.TheGovernmenthashowever
introducedspecificshorttermgrantsto
addressruralsanitationbacklogs.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Manysmallerlocalauthoritieshavepoor
financialcreditratingsordisclaimersdueto
theassociatedpoorsocioeconomicprofile
ofcustomers
165
UNWaterGLAAS201112
06.BudgetingandExpenditure
SouthSudan
Sanitationachievements:
1.Managedtoreflectdonorfundingas
budgetsupportinprovisionofsanitation
waterthroughAidManagement
InformationSystem(AIMS)
2.Developedunitforthemanagementof
sanitation
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Managedtoreflectdonorfundingas
budgetsupportinprovisionofsafedrinking
waterthroughAidManagement
InformationSystem(AIMS)
SriLanka
Sanitationachievements:
1.TheSriLankangovernmentidentifiedthe
importanceandcreatedaseparateministry
forwatersupplyandsewerage.
2.Aseparatebudgetheadwascreatedfor
sewerage/sanitationinthecapitalbudget
provisionsofthecountry.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Substantialincreaseinbudgetallocation
yearbyyear.
2.FinancialRegulationsareavailablefor
annualbudgetingandtheyarebeing
compliedwithbyeverygovernmententity;
drinkingwater
supplyservicesareincludedinit.
3.Welldocumentedchecksandcontrols
areavailable;Auditstakeplace.Hence
expendituresareverifiedindependently.
Thisincludes
drinkingwatersupplyservices.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lackofspecificbudgetlineforsanitation
2.Lackoffunds
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.NospecificbudgetlineitemforSafe
drinkingwaterintheapprovedbudgetto
helpinthemonitoring
2.Inadequatebudgetprovision(lackof
funds)
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.CapitalBudgetfortheimplementationof
sewerageprojectshasbeenverylowinthe
past.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lackoffunds
2.Freewatersupplytotenementgardens,
publictoiletsandpublicbathingplacesin
Colomboisaburdentotheutility
organization.
3.Extremeweatherconditions,disasters
necessitatefreewatersupplyto
beneficiaries.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
166
UNWaterGLAAS201112
06.BudgetingandExpenditure
Sudan
Sanitationachievements:
1.Availabilityofdetailedbudgeted2012
2016Strategicplansforscalingupaccessto
sanitation.
2.Increaseddonorsinterestinfinancing
sanitationprojects
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Increaseaccesstoimprovedwaterisone
ofthegovernmentmainbudgetarythrusts
comparedwithotherbasicservices.
2.Availabilityofdetailedbudgeted2012
2016Strategicplansforscalingupaccessto
improvedwater.
Tajikistan
Sanitationachievements:
.Begananinventoryofexistingfacilitiesto
createadatabaseandevaluatethe
exixtingstructure,planningandbudgeting.
Donorsappearedtheinterestinthissector
Drinkingwaterachievements:
MainBudgetaryfundsarenotforeseenfor
maintenanceofexistingfacilities
Thailand
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Sufficientbudgetprovidingfor
management
2.Balance/oversheetexpenditure
planninginsomesubsectorhasbeen
provided
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Noseparatebudgetlineforsanitationat
federalandstatelevel.
2.Inadeqautenationalandstatelevel
fundingforsanitationcomparedwiththe
requirements
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Inadequatenationalandstatelevel
fundingforwatercomparedwiththe
requirements.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Extremlyinadequatefundingofthe
sector.
2.Lockofthenecessarydatabase.
3.Noclearrulesandmechanismforsetting
tariffsthatwouldincreaseefficiencyand
ensurethetransparencyandpredictability
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Duetothedifficultyoffinancialresources,
adequatefundingisnotprovided,which
bringstonotreasonableexpensesin
emergencies
Sanitationcomments:
NoClearrulesandmechanismforsettings
tariffs.Theissueoffinancialsustainability
ofthesystemisveryacute.Needto
increasefundingforthesectorofthestate
budget.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Whenbudgetingtakesintoaccountthe
involvementofinvestmentrequired,but
sometimesthedemandoftheinternational
financialinstitutions,mandatoryshareof
governmentandcommunitiesinlarge
amountsdonotgivetheopportunityto
participate,(financialdifficultiesofthe
governmentandlowincomecommunities
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Somesubsectorespeciallyforlocal
administrationorganizationdoesnthave
adequatebudget
167
UNWaterGLAAS201112
06.BudgetingandExpenditure
TimorLeste
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.increaseofinvestmentforwaterin2010
and2011(ChiefofFinancetoprovidethe
datainnumberincreasinginDollars
Percentage)
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Togo
Sanitationachievements:
1Institutiondesallocationsbudgtaires
parlEtat
2.Appuisfinanciersdespartenaires
techniquesetfinanciers
Drinkingwaterachievements:
.ElaborationdunCadredeDpenses
MoyenTerme(CDMT)
Sanitationobstacles:
1.AllocationsbudgtairesdelEtatencore
trsfaibleparrapportauxbesoinspour
latteintedesOMD
2.Dfautdtudesderalisationdes
infrastructuresdanslamajeurepartiedu
pays
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Faiblemobilisationdesressources
2.Insuffisancederessourceshumaines
qualifiespourlamatrisedouvrage
Sanitationobstacles:
Obstacles:
1.Lackoffinancingforthesanitation
budgetlineisstillabigchallenge
2.planningandbudgetingforsanitationand
hygienenotapriorityforgovernmentand
lowerlocalgovernmentcouncils
3.Percentageofbudgetaryallocationsfor
sanitationandhygienestillminimal
comparedtootheractivitybudgets.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Uganda
Sanitationachievements:
Achievements:
1.Profileofsanitationhasbeenraised
globally,nationallyandlocally.
2.Specificbudgetlineforsanitation
createdunderMinistryofFinancePlanning
andEconomicDevelopment(MoFPED)
3.Policiesandstrategiesinplace
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Uzbekistan
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
168
Sanitationcomments:
6.a)MoH:2011budgetis5000,00itsfor
monitoringandadvocacymeeting
6.b)MostlyfromDonorscontribution
6.c)(thesubsidyisonlyforvulnerable
groups)
6.h)Persijakoaliasr,Alex(sanitation
adviser)
Drinkingwatercomments:
6.h)(hastobeconfirmfromMoIchiefof
FinanceDepartment)
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
06.BudgetingandExpenditure
VietNam
Sanitationachievements:
1.IntheNationalTargetProgram3,
sanitationwillbeleadbytheMinistryof
Healthandbudgetforsanitationwillbe
distributedclearlyforeachsub
project
2.VietnameseGovernmenthashadseveral
policiestosupportsocializationin
environmentalprotectioningeneralandin
sanitationparticularlyasDecree
No04/2009/NDCPongivingpriority,
supporttoactivitiesinenvironmental
servicesupto2020inDecision
QD249/2009/QDTTgbyPrimeMinisteron
approvalofdevelopmentprojectsof
environmentalservicesupto2020in
whichthereisalistofsanitationactivities
inthepriorityofproviding
supportsbythegovernment
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Modeoffundingallocationstepbystep
isinstitutionalized
2.Mobilizationoffundsisdiversified
Yemen
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Toomanyministriesandagenciestake
partinplanningforbudgetand
expenditureforsanitation
2.Managementandallocationofbudgets
forsanitationactivitiesatlocalities
haventbeencarriedoutproperlyas
stipulated
3.Sustainability
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Fundingallocationisstillunreasonable,
focusingmoreoninvestmentand
lessonadministration
2.Socializationoffundingisstilllimited
whilenationalbudgetislimitedor
evenlackoffunexpenditure
3.Manyprojectsandprogramshavethe
sameobjectivesbutintegration
especiallyinternationalfundswithdifferent
methodsofmanagement
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
169
UNWaterGLAAS201112
06.BudgetingandExpenditure
Zimbabwe
Sanitationachievements:
1.FormationoftheSanitationandHygiene
Taskforcehashelpedlayoutsanitationand
hygienerelatedlineitemsrequiring
prioritizationduringthebudgetingprocess
2.Budgetingandexpenditureisnow
demanddrivenandstronglyreflectinga
componentofcommunityinvolvementand
contribution
3.Moreresourcesnowtowardshygiene
promotion
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.AMultiDonorTrustFund(MDTF)wasset
upatnationalleveltomanageallthefunds
comingintothesectorfromvarious
fundinginstitutions
2.UrbanLocalAuthoritiesnowhavean
obligationtosetupindependentWASH
accountsandringfenceallWASHfundsas
asustainabilitymeasure
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1Sanitationandhygieneissueshavebeen
overshadowedbywaterandnotreceiving
enoughattentiontoattractinvestment
2.Thebudgetingandexpenditurehasnot
beenabletoreflectcommunity
contributionforlongtermsustainabilityof
investment
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Failurebycooperatingpartnerstodeclare
fundstheyhaveforspecificprojectswhich
makesconsolidationofavailablesector
fundsdifficult
2.Limitedfundingfromgovernment.
170
Sanitationcomments:
Budgetforsanitationfromthenational
Fiscusisnowmovingawayfromfunding
thehardwarecomponentinfavourof
demandcreation.Thisisbelievedtobe
sustainableascommunitiesbecomemore
responsibleafterbehaviourchange
Drinkingwatercomments:
UtilitiesespeciallytheRuralDistrict
Councilshaveforlongbeenfindingit
difficulttoringfenceWASHfundsandin
otherscenariosbudgetforWASHinthe
annualbudgetpresentations.Thisonits
ownhasleftWASHissuestobe
championedbydonorswithoutmeaningful
contributionfromtheconcernedLocal
Authoritieswhicharerelegatedtothe
positionspectators.
UNWaterGLAAS201112
07.ParticipationandEquity
07.Question7:ParticipationandEquity
Afghanistan
Sanitationachievements:
EquityispartofSanitationstrategyinthe
country
Sanitationforallincludingtheinformal
settlementsandslumareaareconsidered
Policesareincludedforvulnerableother
marginalizedgroups
Inlawandpoliciesregardingequalityand
supportingpoorpeoplewehavestrong
points.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Therearesomeprojectsforpoorpeople.
Angola
Sanitationachievements:
Achievements:
1.TheSurveyonWellBeing(IBEP)assesses
thelevelofequityonsanitationprograms
2.TheexpansionoftheCLTSprogramsto
theotherfiveprovincesencompassesa
participatoryandequityapproach
3.ThedraftproposaloftheNationalPolicy
ofEnvironmentalSanitationisbasedonthe
principleofequity
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Achievements:
1.Introductionofsubsidiesonwatersupply
andsanitationprovisionbythegovernment
2.Promotionoftheparticipationand
leadershipofwomeninthecommunity
committeesofwaterandsanitation
management
3.GenderinclusioninthePEDISA
Azerbaijan
Sanitationachievements:
1.Publicopinionistakenintoconsideration
inmakingdecisionsonsanitationprojects.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
Poorimplementationthroughprivate
sectorPoorprivatesectorcapacity
Insecurity
Thereisaweakmonitoringregarding
increasingaccessofpoorpeopleto
sanitationfacilities.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Abovementionedprojectsarenotenough
forpoorpeople.
Thereisnotafairsystemtomeetpoor
peoplesneed.
Thereisaweakmonitoringregarding
increasingaccessofpoorpeopleto
sanitationfacilities.
Sanitationobstacles:
Obstacles:
1.Lackofcapacitybuildingtonationaland
localprofessionals/staffonequityand
genderissues
2.FewNGOsworkingonWASHwith
specializedskillsonequityandgender
issues
3.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Obstacles:
1.Thevastmajorityofpopulationdonot
taketheirfinancialresponsibilityonpaying
forwatersupply(morethan60%donot
paytheirwater).Still,onlyfewusershave
contractsofwatersupply
2.Thesubsidiesdotnotdiscriminatebythe
waterusersincomeinstead,bythe
consumedquantities
Sanitationobstacles:
нет1.NONE
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
171
Sanitationcomments:
InsomeareaBecauseofsecurityproblems
sanitationprojectshavenotbeen
implementedcompletely.
Weshouldhavenationalsanitationcriteria
andwefocusmoreondatacollection.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UnderthePDISA,itispredictedthe
creationoftheRegulatoryCouncilofWater
SupplyandSanitation,whichamongmany
functionswillcareabouttheusersrights
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
07.ParticipationandEquity
Bangladesh
Sanitationachievements:
1.Participationatalllevelofdevelopment
isincreasing
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Communityparticipationistakingplace
atdifferentlevels.
Benin
Sanitationachievements:
RalisationsouProduits:
1.Letauxderalisationglobalpourlanne
2010selonleBudgetProgramme
parObjectif(BPO)estde77%pourles
latrinesinstitutionnellesetde44,4%
pourleslatrinesfamilialescontre
respectivement70,9%et39,4%en2009.
2.Parrapportauxprvisionsbudgtaires
duBPO,28,3%ontputre
mobilisesetletauxderalisation
financireestde80,3%contre69%en
2009.
3.5195latrinessontutilisesdont3407
sontbienentretenuessuruntotal
de5611
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Bhutan
Sanitationachievements:
1.Manualdevelopedforruralsanitation
optionsincludesconsiderationfor
accessforpeoplewithdisabilities.
2.RuralSanitationprogrammeemphasises
andmonitorscommunity
participationanddecisionmaking.
3.Decentralisedgovernmentprocesses.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.watermanagementcommitteesinplace
tomanageoperationand
maintenanceofwatersupplyschemesat
theschemelevel.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Equityrelatedissuesespeciallyfor
marginalisedanddisadvantagespeople
werenotaddressed.
Sanitationobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Moinsduquartdeslocalitsciblessont
couvertesparlaPHAmoinsde5
ansdelchancede2015
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Nonationalsanitationpolicyforurban
andlimitedreferencesforrural
sanitation.
2.Nospecifictargetingorstrategiesfor
poorerhouseholds,vulnerableor
marginalised.
3.LimitedcivilsocietypresentinBhutan
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Publicconsultationwithserviceusersnot
uniformlyimplemented
172
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
RAS
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Asthetargetforwatersupplycoverageis
100%,thisisinclusiveofthepoor
householdsandthereforeisnotspecifically
targetedtothepoor
UNWaterGLAAS201112
07.ParticipationandEquity
Bolivia(PlurinationalStateof)
Sanitationachievements:
1.Vigenciaplenayobligatoriadel
DesarrolloComunitario(DESCOM)
2.GuadeEquidaddeGnero
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.VigenciadelDESCOM
2.Implementacindeprogramasde
provisindeaguaenreasperiurbanas
Brazil
Sanitationachievements:
1.Lein11.445/2007quecolocaa
participao,controlesocialeequidade
comoprincpiosdosaneamentobsico.2.
PlanoNacionaldeSaneamentoBsico
Plansabqueexplicitaestesprincpiosda
Lei,emtermosdediretrizes,estratgiase
programas.3.Participaosocialem
instnciascolegiadasnosdiversosnveisde
Governo;ConfernciasNacionaisdeSade,
dasCidades,doMeioAmbienteeSade
Ambiental
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Lei11.445/2007,suasdiretrizeseseus
princpiosdeequidade,integralidade,
universalizaodoacessoadequado,
participaoecontrolesocial,
intersetorialidade,sustentabilidadee
matriztecnolgica2.Oramento
participativoemalgunspoucosestadose
municpios;3.PlanosPlurianuaisdequatro
emquatroanos;4.PlanosMunicipaisde
SaneamentoBsico;5.PlanoNacionalde
SaneamentoBsicoPlansab,em
elaborao.6.Instnciascolegiadas
(Conselhos)emvriosnveisdeGovernoe
porreastemticas;7.Conferncias
Nacionais,emdiversosnveiseporreas
temticas.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Recursosfinancieroslimitados
2.Grandispersindecentrospoblados(
msde27.000pequeaspoblaciones
ruralesdispersas,demenosde500
habitantes)
3.LimitacionesenRRHHyfinancierospara
laaplicacindelDESCOM
4.Nosetomanencuentalasnecesidades
delaspersonascondiscapacidad
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Nosetomanencuentalasnecesidades
delaspersonascondiscapacidad
2.Distorsionesenlaparticipacinque
vulneranelderechouniversaldeaccesoal
agua
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Informaesecomunicaoinsuficientes
sobreaspolticaspblicas,programase
projetos;2.Aparticipaodosusurios
aindanoumaculturapredominantena
conscinciaeprticadegrandepartedos
gestoresedasociedadecivil.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Dificuldadesprpriasdasrelaesentre
Unio,UnidadesFederativaseMunicpios;
2.Aindanoumaculturapredominantea
importnciaenecessidadedaparticipao
dosusurios,dasociedadecomoumtodo
nasaeseserviosdesaneamentobsico
rural.Muitasvezes,osgestorese
profissionaisnosoadeptosdestanova
concepodeeducaoemsade,
mobilizaosocialeparticipao
comunitria;3.Aindaexistemdificuldades
operacionaisnosentidodeconciliaro
processoeducativocomaexecuofsico
financeiraeoramentria.
173
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Difundirelderechoalaccesouniversaldel
aguaparaevitardistorsionesrespectoal
usodelafuentedeagua,yelretrasoenla
ejecucindeproyectos
Sanitationcomments:
EmtermosderesultadosapartirdosPPAe
PAC,aindaincipiente,masutiliza
indicadoressociaisparaadistribuioe
aplicaoderecursosfinanceirose
oramentrios.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Oprocesoeducativo,numaperspectiva
compartilhadaeconstrutiva,eno
somenteinformativa,defundamental
importanciaparaasustentabilidadee
eficaciadasaes,dosserviosde
saneamentorural,deformaquea
aplicaoderecursospblicostenhaseu
sentidosocial.
UNWaterGLAAS201112
07.ParticipationandEquity
BurkinaFaso
Sanitationachievements:
Rural
RalisationsouProduits:
1.Promotiondelassainissement
autonomepourrpondreauxbesoinsde
toutelapopulation
2.Subventiondesouvrages
3.Existencedeplusieurscadresofficielsde
concertation
4.Prsentationdelastratgienationale
auxdiffrentsacteurslocaux
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Urbain
1.ProjetAEPQuartierspriphriques
(Zongo,Bissighin,Bogodogo,Zongoet
Toukin)
2.Branchementspromotionnelsjusquen
2015.
3.TranchestarifairesdelONEA
Rural
1.Laprogrammationdesouvragestient
comptedeladisparitdestauxdaccs
leaupotabledanslescommunes.
Burundi
Sanitationachievements:
RalisationsouProduits:
1.Documentdepolitiquedhygineet
Assainissementencoursdefinalisation
quiprendraencomptelquitetla
participationcommunautaire
2.Elaborationetvalidationdelastratgie
desantcommunautaireetmanuel
deprocdure
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Ralisationsousuccs:
1.Priseencomptedelapprochegenre
danslesactivitscommunautaires
autoursdespointsdeau
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Urbain
1.Branchementsinactifs
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Enmilieurural,unaccentestmissur
l'quitdel'accsl'eaupotable.Des
dispositionssontprisespourrduireles
cartsentrecommunes:toutesles
communesruralesdevrontdsormais
atteindreleseuilminimumde65%en
termesdaccsleaupotabledici2015.
Sanitationobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Manquededfinitiondepolitiqueclaire
lielaparticipationetquit
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Insuffisancedimplication
communautairedanslaplanificationdes
actions
danslesecteur
Sanitationcomments:
Pasdorientationclairesurlaparticipation
etlquit
Drinkingwatercomments:
Lacommunautabesoindtresensibilise
surlimportancedela
participationdanslaplanificationdes
actions
174
UNWaterGLAAS201112
07.ParticipationandEquity
Cambodia
Sanitationachievements:
1.CLTStriggeringhasbeenfacilitatedby
nationalandprovincialteaminlinewith
thenationalguidelineonparticipatory
actionsbylocalcommunity
2.Developmenttheparticipatoryapproach
forincreasingtheruralsanitationand
hygienepracticesthroughtheupdated
guidelineforCLTSandNationalGuideline
forHygienePromotion
3.Capacitybuildingtokeystaffatnational
andsubnationalonfacilitationtheprocess
ofcommunityparticipationforrural
sanitationsubsector
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Cameroon
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
CentralAfricanRepublic
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Chad
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.MiseenlacedelaCCGAetdlocalisation
2.CrationdelaDirectiondusuivi
dexploitationdesouvrageshydrauliques
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lackofstaffatdistrictoffice
2.Commitmentoflocalauthority
(communechiefandvillagechief)islimited
insupportingtheincreasedplanfor
sanitation
3.Lackoffundforprojectimplementation
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
RuralSanitationandhygiene
implementationguidelineshavebeen
developed,suchasCommunity
participationinCLTStriggering,School
childrenparticipationinSchoolWASH
Program,Handwashingwithsoapprogram
inruralcommunity,butthepractical
implementationthoseguidelineshavebeen
limitedtogetfeedbackforupdatedand
improvedguideline.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.tarificationdeleaulevene
permettantpasunebonnequit
2.
3.
Sanitationobstacles:
Manquedesensibilisationenmatire
dassainissementparlesacteurs
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
.Tauxdalphabtisationfaiblepourlesfilles
2.Tauxdedperditionlev
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.TauxdecouvertureCCAGfaible
2.Faiblessedesressourcesde
fonctionnementdelaDSEOH
175
Sanitationcomments:
Promouvoirlesoprationsde
sensibilisationdanslemilieuurbainetrural
(entenantcomptedesgroupes
vulnrables).
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Faibletauxdeprsencedesfemmesdans
lesinstancesdcisionnelles
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
07.ParticipationandEquity
Colombia
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Congo
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Existencedesespacesdchangeetde
communicationentreleministre,
loprateuretlapopulation
2.Miseenuvredeprogrammesdeau
aussibienenmilieuurbainquerural
Cted'Ivoire
Sanitationachievements:
1.Implicationdesusagersdans
lassainissementindividuel.
2.Constructiondestoilettespubliquespar
lesmunicipalitsoudesparticuliers
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Priseencomptedescouches
dfavorisesdansleschmatarifaire
DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo
Sanitationachievements:
1.anongoingdemandledNational
programisunderimplementationmainly
bytwoMinistriesHealthandprimaryand
secondaryeducation.
2.Vulnerablepopulationsparticipationin
thedecisionmakingprocesshasbeen
admittedandexecutedbythelocal
communitythroughouttheprojectscycle.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Irrgularitdelespacepartage
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Unedesconditionsdemiseenuvredela
participationetdelquitrestelieau
dynamismedesorganisationsdelasocit
civiledoncleregroupementauseinde
plateformesrestetitmide.
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Pasdepolitiquedquit
2.Pasdemcanismesdesuividans
ralisationsautresquecelledelEtat
(municipalits,particuliers,etc.)
3.Manquedemoyensfinancierspour
satisfairelesbesoinsdetouteslescouches
socialesdansleslieuxpublics.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.InexistenceduncadredePlanification
spcifiquepropauvres
2.Inexistenceduncadredvaluationdes
actionsrelativeslquit
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Theequityhasnotbeenincorporatedin
anyoftheprojectcomponent.
2.Thegovernmentatcentral,provincial
andevenatthelocalleveldoesnotany
policyonhumanrights.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.lackofparticipationandequitypolicyin
bothurbanandruralareas.
2.Civilsocietynotawareofhishuman
rightstowater
Sanitationcomments:
Lefinancementdelassainissementnon
collectifrelveuniquementdesmnages.
CelaprvautaussibienAbidjancomme
lintrieur.
Ilfaudraassocierlespopulationsurbaines
etruralestouslestravauxpouravoirleur
adhsionetleuravisfavorable
Drinkingwatercomments:
176
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
07.ParticipationandEquity
DominicanRepublic
Sanitationachievements:
1.AmpliaciondelosserviciosdeAPS
contribuyeareducirlabrechadeexclusin
social
2.MayorparticipacinatravsdelasJuntas
devecinos
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Ampliaciondelacobertura
2.Disminucindelasenfermedades
hdricas
3.Ahorrodeingresosdelasfamiliasporla
nocompradeaguapurificada
Egypt
Sanitationachievements:
1.Implementingplanstoraisethe
sanitationcoveragepercentageinrural&
poorareas.
2.ImplementingLowCostwastewater
treatmenttechniquestoensureaffordable
sanitation
3.Establishmentofaregulatoryagency
EWRAwhichreviewstheproposalsfor
tariffadjustments,monitorstheapplication
oftechnicalstandardsandreviews
customercomplaints.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.establishmentofaregulatoryagency
EWRAwhichreviewstheproposalsfor
tariffadjustments,monitorstheapplication
oftechnicalstandardsandreviews
customercomplaints
2.providinggovernmentsubsidies
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Faltaderecursosparaelseguimiento
2.Dificultadenelaccesoalosservicios
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.largenumberofslumsinEgyptasabout
25%ofthepopulationlivesinslums
2.lackoforganizedgovernmentaleffortsto
curbthespreadofslums
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.largenumberofslumsinEgyptasabout
25%ofthepopulationlivesinslums
2.lackoforganizedgovernmentaleffortsto
curbthespreadofslums
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
177
UNWaterGLAAS201112
07.ParticipationandEquity
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Elfinanciamiento,
2.Asistenciatcnicalocal.
1.Thefunding,
2.Localtechnicalassistance.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Pocaparticipacindemujeresen
puestosestrategicos.
2.Pocainversineneldesarrollode
capacidadesaniveltcnicos.
3.Nosecuentaunaparticipacinactivade
lascomunidades.
ElSalvador
Sanitationachievements:
1.Anivelrural,haymayor
aprovechamientodeltiempo(doshoras
acarreodeagua)lasmujeresinviertenese
tiempoparalaejecucindeproyectos
productivosyaseodelhogar.
2.Sehamejoradolacalidaddevidaconla
adopcindetcnicassanitariascomo
lavadodemanosyusodeletrinas
mejoradas
3.Disponibilidadycapacidaddelas
mujeres,niosyniasparaelaprendizaje
delconocimientoensaneamiento.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Existeunamayorparticipacinenla
tomadedecisionesporpartedelamujer
enrearural
2.Existeparticipacincomunitariaparalos
planesoprogramasadesarrollarenelrea
rural.
3.Secuentaconunainstitucin
gubernamental(CD)queatiendelas
denunciasydemandasdelosusuariosde
APhacialosoperadoresdelservice.
EquatorialGuinea
Sanitationachievements:
1.Losdiscapacitadostienecasasmodernas
1.Thedisabledhavemodernhouses
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Subsistelainsuficientepracticade
equidad
1.Thereremainsinsufficientequitypractice
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Ethiopia
Sanitationachievements:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Considerationofdisabilityissuesinsome 1.Lackofawarenessonequityand
inclusionissues
projectsofINGOsandCivilSocieties
2.Lackofsupporttoaddressequityissues
2.PreparationofSchoolWASHDesign
whichaddressedgirlsanddisabledstudents
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Nationalcriteriaforequityset.
2.Genderbalanceisaddressed
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
178
Sanitationcomments:
Queapesarquenosetieneuncontrolde
medicinespecficoparalamujerylas
niasanivelnacional,lasInstitucionesenla
ejecucindesusprogramastienen
controleseimpactos,quefacilitanla
incidenciaengestincomunitaria.
Enlamayoradelosproyectosdelasjuntas
administradorasdeaguapotabley
saneamientoanivelruralsonlideradospor
mujeres.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
HEPisdesignedtoaddressequityissues
athouseholdlevelshoweverlacks
addressinginurbansettings
Drinkingwatercomments:
Amongthe7WASHCOmembersabove
50%arewomen
Thosewhocannotaffordtopayforwater
theyhavetheopportunitygetwater
UNWaterGLAAS201112
07.ParticipationandEquity
Fiji
Sanitationachievements:
1.Provisionbygovernment1/3
contributionbycommunitiesand2/3by
governmentundertheSelfHelpproject
Initiative
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.CustomerSatisfactionsurveyiscurrently
ongoingfortheUrbancentres
2.EstablishmentofWaterandSanitation
Improvementcommittee(WAFandMoH
Sanitationobstacles:
1.SelfHelpProjectinitiativeneedtobe
followedup
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Gabon
Sanitationachievements:
RalisationsouProduits
1.Codedeleauetschmadirecteur
dassainissementencoursderalisation
2.Crationduneagencedergulationdu
secteurEauetElectricit
3.Rformeduconseilnationaldeleauet
dellectricit
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Sanitationobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Absencedecadrejuridique,
rglementaireetinstitutionnel
2.Absencedecoordinationdes
dpartements
3.Faiblessedesressourceshumaineset
financires
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Absencedemcanismedeconcertation
2.
3.
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Nonexistenceofnationwideconsultative
planningmechanismtoenable
communitieseflectonsanitationproblems
2.Weakprivatesectorparticipation
unorganised
3.Lowawarenessofsanitationresultingin
lowpriority.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Gambia
Sanitationachievements:
1.CLTShasnowbeenrolledoutinthe
countryandcommunitydriven
2.Selectionofcommunitiesisbasedon
mostmarginalised
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
179
Sanitationcomments:
TheWaterAuthorityofFijithroughtheFiji
NationalUniversityiscurrentlyconducting
aCustomerServiceSatisfactionsurveyin
theurbanareaswherehomesare
connectedtotheirconnectionsystems.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Renforcementdelacommunicationentre
servicespublics,coordinationetsuivi
valuation.SIG
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
07.ParticipationandEquity
Ghana
Sanitationachievements:
1.TheadoptionofCLTShasshiftedfrom
individualhouseholdstothe
communityasaunit.Thebenefitsof
OpenDefecationFreestatusareshared
equallybyallmembersofthecommunity
2.Increasedconsciousnessamongst
stakeholderstoadaptandpromotemore
inclusivedesignsofsanitation
infrastructurethataremoregender,child
anddisabilityfriendly
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.ThePublicUtilitiesRegulatory
CommissionhasaclearPropoorpolicy
whichguidesthetargetingofurbanpoor
forimproveddrinkingwaterservices
2.Aspartofthepropoorcomponentof
theongoingUrbanWaterproject,a
numberofpoorcommunitieshavebeen
providedwithpublicstandpoststoobtain
waterdirectlyfromtheutility,insteadof
thirdpartyproviders
3.TheNationalCommunityWaterand
SanitationProgramhasainbuiltpropoor
mechanismsthatallowcommunitiesto
exemptthepoorfrompayingforwater
Guinea
Sanitationachievements:
1.Lapriseencomptedelaquestiongenre
dansledocumentdepolitiquenationale
2.LanominationlattedelaDirection
NationaledelAssainissementetduCadre
deViedunefemmecommeDirectrice.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.LeProgrammeNationaldAlimentation
enEauPotableetdAssainissementprvoit
Lapriseencomptedespauvresetla
systmatisationdelapriseencomptedes
enfants
Lapriseencomptedeshandicaps
physiques
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Weakenforcementofbuilding
regulationsinurbanareashaveledto
completeabsenceofsanitationfacilitiesin
housesoccupiedbylowincomepeople
2.Absenceofdataonthevarious
dimensionsofequityandinclusionwith
regardtoaccessanduseofsanitation
services
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lackofadequatedataonthevarious
dimensionsofequity
2.Difficultyintargetingthepoorfor
subsidies
Sanitationcomments:
Themajorityoftheurbanpoorwillremain
withoutaccesstosanitationfacilitiesin
theirhomesunlessstrictermeasuresare
adoptedtocompellandlordstoprovide
suchfacilitiesinhomestargetinglow
incometenants.Thiscanbeachievedby
ensuringcompliancewithnationalbuilding
codes.
Drinkingwatercomments:
None.
Sanitationobstacles:
1..lanonvulgarisationdudocumentde
politiquenationaledelassainissement
2.lefaibletauxdesfemmesorientesdans
cettefiliredegestiondesexcrtas.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
Ledocumentdepolitiquetraitelquitet
samiseenuvrepermettradersoudrele
problmedegenre
Drinkingwatercomments:
Pourpermettreauxcouchessociales
dmuniesdescentresurbainsdavoir
laccsleaupotable,unetarificationpar
trancheestapplique
180
UNWaterGLAAS201112
07.ParticipationandEquity
GuineaBissau
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Haiti
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Honduras
Sanitationachievements:
1.Elmodelodegestinruralesuncienpor
cientovoluntariadosdelasociedadcivil.
2.Aniveldelasorganizacionessectoriales
delmunicipioexisteunaaltaparticipacin
ciudadanasenlasasociacionesdelasjuntas
deaguamunicipales(AJAM),Comitsde
SaneamientoComunitarios,Comisiones
MunicipalesdeAguaySaneamiento
(COMAS),UnidadesdeSupervisiny
ControlLocal(USCL)yenlasJuntas
Directivasdelosprestadores
desconcentrados/descentralizados
existentes.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Elmodelodegestinruralesuncienpor
cientovoluntariadosdelasociedadcivil.
2.Aniveldelasorganizacionessectoriales
delmunicipioexisteunaaltaparticipacin
ciudadanasenlasasociacionesdelasjuntas
deaguamunicipales(AJAM),Comitsde
SaneamientoComunitarios,Comisiones
MunicipalesdeAguaySaneamiento
(COMAS),UnidadesdeSupervisiny
ControlLocal(USCL)yenlasJuntas
Directivasdelosprestadores
desconcentrados/descentralizados
existentes.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Absencedepolitiquesurlegenredansle
secteurdelassainissement
2.Faibleengagementdelasocitcivile
dansledomainedelassainissement
3.ManquedIECsurlassainissement
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Elprocesoparticipativosedificultaa
nivelurbano.
2.Existepocacomunicacindelprestador
urbanoconlapoblacin.
3.Noexistenlineamientosespecficospara
laasignacinpresupuestariaasociadaalas
necesidadesinsatisfechas.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Elprocesoparticipativosedificultaa
nivelurbano.
2.Existepocacomunicacindelprestador
urbanoconlapoblacin.
3.Noexistenlineamientoespecficospara
laasignacinpresupuestariaasociadaalas
necesidadesinsatisfechas.
4.Laparticipacindelamujeranesbaja
enlasdiferentesinstanciassectoriales.
181
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Anivelurbanolaparticipacincomunitaria
sedificultapormotivosdeseguridad
personaldeperteneceraorganizaciones
lderes
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
07.ParticipationandEquity
India
Sanitationachievements:
1.Commensurateresultsyettobe
witnessed
2.Geographicallocationshindranceto
effectivedemandcreation
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.TheNationalpolicyguidelinesearmark
specificproportionofbudgetoutlaysfor
watersupplyinSC/ST(weakersections)
concentratedhabitations.
2.Provisionismadeforreducedtarifffor
weakersectionsofsocietythroughcross
subsidy.
3.IncentivetoStatesforhandingover
managementofdrinkingwaterfacilitiesto
localPRIs(ruralbodies).
Indonesia
Sanitationachievements:
1.TheCommunityLedTotalSanitation
Approach(CLTS)adoptedbyMinistryof
Healthhasbeenimplementedsince2010
andwillbecontinueduntil2014.This
demandresponsiveapproachemphasizes
behavioralchangeandbroadcommunity
participationincreatingaclean
environmentimprovingaccessand
behavior,whileatthesametimebuilding
upthenecessaryinfrastructure(improved
sanitationfacilities)
2.Particularlyforcommunalsystem,
communityparticipationisoneofthe
prerequisiteforconstruction
3.Lackofaccesstosanitationisoneofthe
criteriaforallocationspecialbudgetfor
sanitation.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.TwinningProgramsbyPerpamsi:to
conducthorizontallearningbetweenwell
maintainPDAMandlessmaintainPDAM
2.Nationalpoliciesfordrinkingwater
supplyestablishedbyPresident,with
prioritytoscarcitywaterareasthrough
Cluster4Program
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Thereisneedforcapacitybuildingof
PRIsandVWSCmembersfortheiractive
participation.
2.ActiveCivilSocietyOrganizationsarenot
presentinmostofthevillages.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Institutionalmechanismsarebeing
developedatblockandvillagelevelsfor
activecommunityparticipationinthe
sectorbutcapacitybuildingwilltakesome
time.
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Thereisnopolicyorstrategywith
specificprovisionfordisabilities.
2.Communityawarenessoftheimportance
ofcleanwateruse,andsanitationand
hygienepracticesremainslow
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
1.significantdisparityinprovidingwater
supplypipingsystembetweenoneprovince
toanother.
2.Differentgeographicconditions
182
UNWaterGLAAS201112
07.ParticipationandEquity
Iran(IslamicRepublicof)
Sanitationachievements:
1.Indicatorsformonitoringhealthquality
havebeenapproved
2.Developmentofagreementsbetween
organizations
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Lawoftragetedsubsidy
Jordan
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Themajorityofhouseholds(98%)in
urban,ruralareasandrefugeecampsare
connectedtotapwater
Kenya
Sanitationachievements:
1.newconstitution
2.grassrootparticipation
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Developmentofpropoor
implementationplan
2.DevelopmentofUPCandCPCfunding
models
3.ImprovedresourcesmobilisationbyWSTF
Kyrgyzstan
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
Poorinformationinsomeareas
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lackofcompleteimplementationoflaw
oftargetedsubsidy
2.Lackofinformationtostratifiedpeople
basedontheirsocioeconomic
situation
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.inadequateresource
2.inadequatecapacity
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Nospecifictargetssetforthevulnerable
innationalpolicies
2.Participationandequitystillhinderedby
traditionalgenderrelationsandinadequate
communication,
3.Noclearsubsidypolicies
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
Needforspecificprovisionstocaterfor
specialneedsandgroups
Drinkingwatercomments:
Participationwillbeenhancedas
awarenessimprovesandthrougheffective
communication.
183
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
07.ParticipationandEquity
LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic
Sanitationachievements:
1.Urbanpeoplecontributeandparticipate
well
2.Gradualincreaseincontributionand
participationfromcommunityand
privatesectorinruralWASH
3.Cleargovernmentpolicyintermsof
participationandequalityparticularlyin
ruralandremoteareas.Allpartner
involvementsparticipatedandassistedin
thenaturaldisasteraswellasoutbreak
diseases.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Clearlydefinedproceduresinlaws,
strategyforinforming,consultingwith
andsupportingparticipationof
communitiesinplanning,budgetingand
implementingfordrinkingwaterat
nationalandlocallevel
2.Nationaldrinkingwaterstrategyrefers
toequitycriteriaandproposes
differentiatedstrategictargetstoensure
vulnerableandmarginalizedgroups
tohaveadequateaccess
Lebanon
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Geographicareasweredifficulttoaccess
particularlyinthenorthernareas
2.Povertyratestillhighincomparisonwith
Asiancountries
3.Manyethnicgroupsleadingtothehard
communicationofdifferentcultures
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Notperiodicallyassessandanalysethe
equitycriteriaset
2.Noprocesstoensurethattheneedsof
thepooraretakenintoaccountin
pricingpoliciesandinthedesignofnew
waterinfrastructure
3.Nonationaldrinkingwater
policy/strategiesincludespecificprovisions
for
slums,informalsettlements,forpeople
withdisabilities,publicareas,health
emergenciesinlargepopulations,etc.
Sanitationcomments:
IECmaterialsshouldbeintroducedmore
specificallytargetedintheethnic
groups.Improvementofnationalsocio
economicplantoincreasethehousehold
income
Drinkingwatercomments:
Anationaldrinkingwaterpolicyshouldbe
furtherdevelopedtoinclude
slums,informalsettlements,forpeople
withdisabilities,publicareas,health
emergenciesinlargepopetc
Aperiodicassessmentconcerningthe
equitycriteriasetshouldbefurther
carriedoutwithallstakeholderparticipants
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Consultingwiththecommunityisnot
partofgovernmentalinstitutions
corporateculture.
2.Approachtosanitationgovernanceis
basedontopdownapproach
3.Nogovernmentorpolicysupport.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Corporateculturedoesnotexistfor
communityconsultation.
2.Topdownapproachtowardspolicyand
institutionalmanagement.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
184
UNWaterGLAAS201112
07.ParticipationandEquity
Lesotho
Sanitationachievements:
1.theregulatorforpipedurbanwaterand
sanitationservicesisbeingestablishedand
isintheprocessofdevelopingthe
regulatoryframeworkthatwillinclude
equityandparticipationaspectsand
developmechanismsformonitoringaccess
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Theregulatorforpipedurbanwaterand
sanitationserviceshasbeenestablished
andisintheprocessofdevelopingthe
regulatoryframeworkthatwillinclude
equityandparticipationaspects
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Communityparticipationonavoluntary
basishinderedbythepracticesof
communitydevelopmentprojectsproviding
financialincentivesandthereforevolunteer
participationinsanitationpromotionis
limited.Financialresourcesforpayingfor
effectivecommunityprogrammesisa
limitingfactor
2.MCAProjectimplementationprocedures
withfullresponsibilitytocontractorsfor
implementationoflatrineslimitsthe
community/householdparticipation
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Servicestothepoorinurbanareas:
WASCOhastestedprepaidtechnologies
forprovidinglowcostwaterservicesfor
thepoorinurbanareasfrompublic
standpipeshoweverthesearenotwidely
installedandthepoorhouseholdscontinue
topaymuchhighercostforwaterservices
bybuyingwaterfromneighbours.Partof
thereasonisthatWASCOasaprivate
companyisexpectedtobefinanciallyself
sustainingwhilethepresenttariffstructure
impliesthatthewaterfrompublic
standpipesisdeliveredforacostbelowthe
productioncost.Theregulatoryframework
beingdevelopedbytheLesothoElectricity
andWaterAuthorityisexpectedtoaddress
this
Sanitationobstacles:
1.GeneralComment:Noplanning,
monitoringandevaluationsystemsinplace
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.AttitudetocustomerserviceinLiberiais
stillinitsembryonicstages
2.Limitedamountofprivatesector
involvementintheWASHsector
3.Lackoffinancialresourcing
Liberia
Sanitationachievements:
1.ThereisaddressedintheSSP
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Equityintermsofserviceprovisionisa
standalonecommitmentinthe
LiberiaWASHCompact,SSPandPRSII
2.TheCompacthascrosscuttingissuesfor
genderequity
3.TheNWSHPCisdrivingandmonitoring
theoutworkingoftheCOMpact
roadmapthroughbiannual(6monthly)
reviews
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
185
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
h)Waterandsanitationpolicycontains
statementsongender.Thereisnospecific
genderstrategyforthesectorhoweverin
ruralwatergenderbalanceinmanagement
committeesetcisappliedconsistently
j)Specificplansareavailableusinglowcost
prepaidtechnologyforpublicstandpipes
howeverthishasnotyetbeen
implementedtoscale
k)UrbanWaterutilityreportinpublic
availableannualreportsincludingresultsof
customersatisfactionsurveys
Sanitationcomments:
n/a
Drinkingwatercomments:
n/a
UNWaterGLAAS201112
07.ParticipationandEquity
Madagascar
Sanitationachievements:
1.Engagementdepriseenconsidrationde
ladimensiondelquitinclusiondansle
cadredeconventioninternationale,
2.Adoptiondesnormesdeconstruction
pourlespersonneshandicapes,
marginalises
3.Disponibilitduplantypedes
infrastructurespourlespersonnes
motricitrduiteetvulnrables
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Engagementdepriseenconsidrationde
ladimensiondelquitinclusiondansle
cadredeconventioninternationale,
2.programmeetplanificationeneau
potablepourlemilieurural
3.diversateliersurleaupotable
Malawi
Sanitationachievements:
1.Thereisbottomupapproachinplanning
andimplementationofprojects
2.Therehasbeentargetedinterventionin
needyDistricts
3.FormationofSanitationclubsin
communitiesandschools
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Constructionofcommunitymanaged
watersupplyfacilities
2.Establishmentofwateruserassociations
Maldives
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Problmedeprennisationdelagestion
communautaire
2.Insuffisancedusuivietdel'valuationau
niveaulocal
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Problmedeprennisationdelagestion
communautaire
2.Vulgarisationdecodedeleauetdes
textesrglementaires
3.Eau,sourcedepropagandepolitique
Sanitationcomments:
Rvisionouladquationdelapolitiqueet
stratgienationalpourlapriseencompte
delaspectquitetinclusion
Drinkingwatercomments:
Elaborationdunepolitiqueetstratgiede
leaupotable
Sanitationobstacles:
.Politicalinterferenceintargetingthe
vulnerableandmarginalised
2.Limitedunderstandingofissuesof
menstrualHygiene
3.Dwindlingspiritofselfhelpwith
misunderstandingofdemocracy
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Limitedfinancialresources
2.Unsatisfactoryperformancebysome
contractors
3.Fuelshortageslowingdownwork
progress
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
Personalinterestintargetingofthe
vulnerableandmarginalisedgroups
Drinkingwatercomments:
186
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
07.ParticipationandEquity
Mali
Sanitationachievements:
1.Existencedecadresdeconcertation
2.Capitalisationdesdonnessurles
ralisationsetlesfinancementsdesautres
intervenantsdanslesoussecteur
3.Transmissiondesfichesdecollectede
donnescertainspartenaires
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Leplannationaldaccsleau
2.larevueannuelleeauetassainissement
3.leProgrammeSectorielEauet
Assainissement(PROSEA)
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Tenueirrguliredesrunionsdecadres
deconcertation
2.Nonobtentiondesdonnesdecertains
acteurs
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1faiblessedanslaprogrammationdes
besoinseneaupotableauniveaudesPlans
deDveloppementSocialEconomiqueet
culturel(PDSEC)
2lafaiblefonctionnalitdesorganes
consultatifsdanslagestiondesressources
eneau.
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.lavtustdesrseaux
2.insuffisancedesressourceshumainset
financiers
3.faiblissedimplicationsdesoperateurs
privsdanslaDSP
4.coutlevdeleaupourlespauvrespar
rapportauxriches
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Noimmunityforvulnerablepartofa
society.
2.Poorknowledgeandinformation.
3.Lowcitizensparticipation.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
lowcitizensparticipationondrinking
watersystemandservice.
Mauritania
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.lamiseenplacedeladlgationdu
ServicePublicdelEau
2.lacrationdelOfficeNationaldelEau
enmilieuRural
Mongolia
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
187
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Nant
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
07.ParticipationandEquity
Morocco
Sanitationachievements:
1.InitiativeNationalepourle
DveloppementHumain(INDH):
programmenationalvisantamliorerles
conditionsdeviedespopulations
dfavorises.
2.Nouvelleconstitutioninstauren2011
richeenplusieursdispositionsquitouchent
auxfondementsdelasocitmarocaine
3.Organisationdeplusieurssancesde
formationauprsdelapopulationrurale
pourvulgariserlaconstructiondesfosses
septiques.
4.Tarificationsurleservice
dassainissementsymbolique.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Approcheparticipativedanslesprojets
dalimentationeneaupotablerurale;
2.InitiativeNationalepourle
DveloppementHumain(INDH):
programmenationalvisantamliorerles
conditionsdeviedespopulations
dfavorises.
3.Miseenplacedunenouvelle
constitution
Mozambique
Sanitationachievements:
1.Waterpolicyprovidesagroundto
motivatehygienepromotionforwomen
2.Waterpolicydefinethatsanitation
provisionforsociallymarginalizedgroupis
primarilyundertheStatesresponsibility.
Thus,WASHprogramsincludespecific
componentsandbudgetlinetoaddress
thosemarginalizedgroups
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Implementationofparticipationand
communityeducation
2.Disseminationofthepoliciesand
strategiesofthesubsector
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lapopulationdanslaplupartdescas
nestpasorganisedansdesassociations.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Malgrleseffortsentreprisenmatire
dducation,letauxdanalphabtisme
resterelativementlevdansles
populationsgesfmininesdanslemilieu
rural.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Notmuchhasbeendonetopromote
womenhygieneontheground,althoughit
islegallydefinedthatwomenarecentralon
WASHprograms
2.Limitedresourcesunderminean
effectivepromotionofhygienetothe
sociallymarginalizedgroup
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Governancesystemisnotyet
strengthenedasdesirable
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Engagementoftheprivatesector,NGOs,
OCBsandlocalactivistsshouldbehighly
seenassinequanonconditionto
sustainablyexpandruralwatersupplyand
sanitationcoverage(PESAASR2007,29)
188
UNWaterGLAAS201112
07.ParticipationandEquity
Myanmar
Sanitationachievements:
1.Actualsituationofsanitationhavebeen
realizedandpersuadethecommunity.
(Informationawaited)
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Nepal
Sanitationachievements:
1.GoNispilotingoutputbasedaid
approaches,revolvingfund,andsubsidy
and
crosssubsidyapproachtoaddresstheneed
ofvulnerablesectionofthesociety
2.Applyingthereachingnotservedpeople
concepts
3.ODFdeclarationisoneofthe
approachestoaddressallsectionsofsociety
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Mandatoryprovisionofonethird
numberofwomeninwaterusersand
sanitationcommittees(WUSC)withatleast
oneimportantposition
2.Crosssubsidyprovisionandpractices
withinthecommunity
3.Relaxationofcontributionupto50%for
sociallydeprived,poorandexcluded
people
Niger
Sanitationachievements:
1..Priseencomptedesaspectsgenredans
lesralisationsdelassainissement
Drinkingwaterachievements:
existencedesprogrammes
dinvestissementpourlespauvresen
urbain
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Thewholecommunitycantparticipate
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Elitedominationinthesocietyissuper
shadinggenuinedemandof
deprived/vulnerablesectionofthesociety
2.Poorgovernanceresultingweak
monitoringoftheservicedelivery
3.Communityawareness,demand
generationandrationaldistributionof
resourcesaredifficultinthecommunity
andresultingpoorhygienepracticein
thecommunity
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Absenceofmonitoringmechanismand
poorcomplianceofequityand
participatoryprovisions
2.Awarenesswithinthedeprivedpeoples
isverylow
3.
Sanitationcomments:
Servicedeliveryassurancetothe
marginatedgroupofthesocietyneeds
serious
attentionandmultidimensional
intervention,monitoringandsurveillance,
whichis
beyondthecapacityofexistingGoNsystem
Drinkingwatercomments:
Needstoestablishstructurepolicy
monitoringtoensureservicedeliveryin
deprived
sectioofthecommunityandensureequity
Sanitationobstacles:
1.absencedecritredquit
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
absencedestudespourvaluerles
impacts
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
189
UNWaterGLAAS201112
07.ParticipationandEquity
Nigeria
Sanitationachievements:
1.Communitybasedorganisationengaged
insanitationprogrammeincluding
vulnerableandmarginalizedgroups.
2.Decentralizedmanagementsystem
whichencouragesparticipationofall
stakeholders.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Developmentofnationallowincome
householdstrategy
2.Policybeingdevelopedbystateshaving
theinvolvementofallstakeholders
3.Developmentofwaterconsumers
association,waterandsanitation
committeeandvolunteershygiene
promotersinlocalgovernmentsand
communities
Oman
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
N/A
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Inadequatecapacitytoimplementequity
basedprogram
2.Poorbudgetallocation
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Somereligiousbelievesdoesnotallow
directinteractionbetweenmaleand
femaleinthenorthernparttomeet
togetherandmakedecisionatcommunity
level.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
N/A
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
190
UNWaterGLAAS201112
07.ParticipationandEquity
Pakistan
Sanitationachievements:
About15,000villagesparticipatingin
communityledtotalsanitation,component
sharingandschoolledtotalsanitation
OrangiPilotProjectinslumareasof
Karachiandotherareaswithcomponent
sharing
Ensuring100%safemanagementof
excreta,attainingandsustainingtheopen
defecationfreestatus.Promotingtheuse
ofsafe,hygieniclatrinesandother
sanitationfacilitiesformen,womenand
childrenlivingindistrictfourdistricts.
Managingliquidwasteanditstreatmentin
numberofvillagesasrewardstoODFstatus
toattaintotalsanitationstatusthrough
communitymobilizationusingPATS
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Inadequateparticipationofcivilsociety
andconsumersindistrictdevelopment
committees
Organizingandsustainingconsumer
rightsgroupsforoperationand
maintenance
Panama
Sanitationachievements:
1.ElProgramaConjuntodeGobernanzaen
AguaySaneamiento,seha
constituidoenunmodelodegestincon
participacinyequidadparael
sectorrural.
2.Laspolticasdefinanciamiento
incorporanlaparticipaciny
empoderamientodelacomunidadcomoun
requisito.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.ElProgramaConjuntodeGobernanzaen
AguaySaneamiento,seha
constituidoenunmodelodegestinpara
elsectorrural.
2.Laspolticasdefinanciamiento
incorporanlaparticipaciny
empoderamientodelacomunidadcomoun
requisito.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
Lowlevelofparticipationofcivilsociety
organizationsindistrictplanningfor
sanitationservices(districtdevelopment
committees)
Resourceconstraints
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lascomunidadesnoestanpreparadas
paraparticiparyempoderarsedelos
problemasynolodemandacomoun
derechohumano
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lascomunidadesnoestnpreparadas
paraparticiparyempoderarsedelos
problemas,ynolodemandacomoun
derechohumano.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
191
UNWaterGLAAS201112
07.ParticipationandEquity
Paraguay
Sanitationachievements:
1.Seobservaunamayorparticipacin
sobretododelasmujeres,aunqueaunno
ocupandolospuestosdelideresasenlaJS,
comisionesvecinales,etc.
2.Mayorconcienciadelaimportanciadela
participacinciudadanaenlatemticadel
Saneamiento
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Mayorparticipacindeloshombresylas
mujeresenlasactividadesdelossistemasy
elserviciodeaguapotable
Philippines
Sanitationachievements:
1.OrganizationofthePhilippineEcological
SanitationNetworkwithgovernmentand
nongovernmentmembers.
2.IntroductionofCommunityledTotal
Sanitationinselectedprovincesand
municipalities
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.InvolvementofNGOsinthe
developmentofRoadmapdevelopment
andwaterforums.
2.ParticipationofprivatesectorinMetro
Manilawatersupplyservices
3.Localgovernmentprovidesequityfor
nationallyfundedprojects.Proportionof
equitydependsontheincome
classificationoflocalgovernment
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Aunfaltaunavaloracinadecuadaen
todoslosniveles,delaincorporacindelas
mujeresencargosdedecisindelas
empresasdeagua
2.Faltadeparticipacinaunmayordela
poblacin,parareclamarsusderechosasi
comocumplirsusobligaciones
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Faltademayorpromocindela
participacinylaequidad
2.Seprecisadeunamayorincorporacin
demujeresenlospuestosdedecisinde
lasempresasdeagua,esdecirfaltasu
empoderamiento.
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Absenceofspecificpolicyonequity
2.Limitedparticipationofstakeholders
3.Doleoutmentality
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1..WeakcoordinationofNGOefforts
2.Weakmonitoringofequityprovidedby
localgovernment
3.Privatesectorparticipationislimitedin
MetroManila
192
Sanitationcomments:
Losproyectosyprogramasdelsaneamiento
debenincorporaraspectosderefuerzo
sobrelaparticipacinylaequidaddelas
poblacionesinvolucradas.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
07.ParticipationandEquity
Rwanda
Sanitationachievements:
1.ConstructionofsemiEcosantoiletsto
servethevulnerable
2.Nationalcriteriaforselectionofthe
vulnerablegroupsisdonebythelocal
governmentthroughcommunity
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Equityishighlightedinthenational
policy;
2.Watersupplyprojectsaredesignedfor
remotepoorareas
3.Vulnerablegroupsgetwaterforfreein
Rwanda(Rural)
4.Availabilityofdrinkingwaterquality
surveillancestrategicactionplan
Samoa
Sanitationachievements:
1.Effortsinitiativewithschoolsand
hospitalsviasubsidyschemeincreasing
awarenessandparticipation
2.TVcommercialsonWashHands(MoH),
buildingseptictank(MWTI)
DevelopmentConsentRequirements
(PUMA/MNRE)
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Genderequityhasbeenencouragedin
effectivewatermanagement
especiallyrecognizingthevitalrolesof
womenplayedinthisarea.
2.Watersupplyservicesextendedtoall
communities(urbanandrural)
regardlessoffinancialstatus
3.Communityoutreachprogrammes
encouragethecollaborationand
participationofpeopleinwater
conservationandmanagement
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Limitedparticipationfromthevulnerable
group
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Poorruralwatertariffishigherthan
urban
2.Unconnectedpeoplearepayinghigher
thanbackyardconnectionowners
Sanitationcomments:
Theinvolvementofthewholecommunity
andneighboursinsupportingthe
vulnerable.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Strengthencollaborationwithall
relevantstakeholderstoincrease
community
participation
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Mentalityofpeoplethatwaterisafree
giftofnaturethus,discourageto
paywaterbills
2.Lackofparticipationinwater
conservationinsomeareasandrainwater
harvestingthusneedmoreconsolidated
andcoordinatedcampaignsand
awarenessinvolvingotherresources/
organisations/ministries
3.PeopletamperingwithSWAassets
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
193
UNWaterGLAAS201112
07.ParticipationandEquity
Senegal
Sanitationachievements:
1.Lesouvragesdansleslieuxpublics
intgrentleprincipedesparation
HommesFemmesetprvoientdesfacilits
daccspourlespersonneshandicapes;
2.Leciblagedeszonesdinterventionest
bassurlesniveauxdaccsauxservices;
3.Desprogrammesspcifiquessont
dveloppspourleszonespriurbaines.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Leciblagedeszonesdinterventionest
bassurlesniveauxdaccsauxservices
pourviterlesdisparitscriardes;
2.Unepolitiquetarifaireavecunetranche
socialesubventionneetnontaxeest
applique;
3.Lesfemmesparticipentdeplusenplus
danslesASUFORpourlagestionduservice
deauenmilieurural.
Sanitationobstacles:
1.LabsencedunManuelderfrencequi
dfinitdesorientationsetprocdurespour
lapriseenchargedesprincipesdquit
danslesoussecteurdelassainissement
2.LapprochedePlanificationetde
BudgtisationsensibleauGenrenestpas
encoreuneralitdanslesoussecteurde
lassainissement;
3.LepartenariatEtatOSCnestpaseffectif
pourfaciliterunevaluationconjointede
limpactdespolitiquessurlesaspects
Equit.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.LabsencedunManuelderfrencequi
dfinitdesorientationsetprocdurespour
lapriseenchargedesprincipesdquit
danslesoussecteurdeleaupotable;
2.LapprochedePlanificationetde
BudgtisationsensibleauGenrenestpas
encoreuneralitdanslesoussecteurde
leaupotable;
3.LepartenariatEtatOSCnestpasencore
trsdynamiquepourfaciliterune
valuationconjointedelimpactdes
politiquessurlesaspectsEquit.
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Misuseandmisappropriationofproject
inputs
2.Slowimplementationduetoseasonal
variation
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Misuseandmisappropriationofproject
inputs
2.Slowimplementationduetoseasonal
variation
SierraLeone
Sanitationachievements:
1.CLTShascreatedthebottomtop
approachtosanitationincommunities,
hencepeoplehavingownershipintheir
sanitationfacilities.
2.O&Misapriorityinthesustainabilityof
sanitationfacilities.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.CLTShascreatedbottomtopapproach
tosanitationincommunities,hencepeople
havingownershipintheirWASHfacilities
2.O&Misapriorityinthesustainabilityof
WASHfacilities
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
194
Sanitationcomments:
Lesouvragesdanslescolesneprvoient
paslesaspectslislhyginemenstruelle.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Localcouncilstoestablishmechanismsto
meetthecostsofO&Mwiththewillingness
andabilityofthecommunitytooperate
maintainandmanagethechosenoption.
Drinkingwatercomments:
LocalCouncilstoestablishmechanismsto
meetthecostofO&Mwiththewillingness
andabilityofthecommunitytooperate
maintainandmanagethechosenoption
UNWaterGLAAS201112
07.ParticipationandEquity
SouthAfrica
Sanitationachievements:
1.Coordinatingforumsforcitizenssuchas
ProvincialandDistrictsanitationtaskteams
wereestablishedtocoordinatestrategic
sanitationissues.
2.Projectsteeringcommitteesinclude
communityrepresentatives.
3.Healthofficials,onanongoingbasis,
educatethecommunityonhealthissues.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.TheIntegratedDevelopmentPlan(IDP)
implementedbymunicipalitieshas
prescribedprotocolsonparticipationof
stakeholderswithrespecttomunicipal
services.
2.TheDepartmentsapproachtofocuson
givingwaterandsanitationaccesstoall
householdshasbydefaultensuredwomen
andchildrenarepositivelyimpactedupon.
3.Focusoftheservicedeliveryisonlocal
jobcreation.
SouthSudan
Sanitationachievements:
1.Gendersegregatedlatrinefacilities
230%ofcommunitywateruser
committeesarewomen.
3.18%ofthedifferenttraining
programmes/activitiesconstituteof
women
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.WaterInformationManagementSystem
(WIMS)hasbeensetuptohelpidentify
waterpointsforequitydistribution
SriLanka
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Governmentdeclarationtoincludebasic
facilitiesforaccessbydifferentlyabled
persons
2.Establishmentof17RWSDistrictoffices
bytheNWSDBtoservetherural
community
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Acceptanceofappropriatetechnology
andlevelsofserviceremainsachallenge.
Somecommunitiesdemandwaterborne
systems
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Unrealisticcommunityexpectationswith
respecttoservicelevelsandjobcreation.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Tariffsettingbylocalauthoritiesneedsto
bebasedontheprincipalofcostreflective
tariffsandcostrecovery.
Sanitationobstacles:
1.LackofGenderdisaggregatedtargets
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Insecurityinsomeplaces
2.SkilledHumanResource
3.Lackoffunds
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Someoftheinfluential,richpeople
obtainSamurdhiregistrationthereby
entitlingthemselvestobenefitsgrantedto
thepoor.Asaresult
theneedycommunitycannotbe
identified.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
195
UNWaterGLAAS201112
07.ParticipationandEquity
Sudan
Sanitationachievements:
1.WASH20122016StrategicPlanswere
preparedusingparticipatoryapproach
startingfromtheLocalitylevel.
2.Thecurrentlyutilizedsanitation
promotionalapproach(CATS)isoneofthe
bestexampleforcommunityfull
participationinbothplanningand
implementation.
3.TheoutputoftheaboveStrategic
planningexerciseand2010SudanHealth
Householdsurveywereusedasguidelineto
addresstheequitybytargetingtheareas
withlessaccess
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Themajorityofthesmallscalewater
sourcessuchashandpumpsandsmall
motorizedsystemsaremanagedby
communities.
2.WASH20122016StrategicPlanswere
preparedusingparticipatoryapproach
startingfromtheLocalitylevel
3.Availabilityofnationalsurveysupto
Localityleveltoidentifythedifferencein
accesslevelwhichisthemaininputsto
realizetheequitypolicy.
Tajikistan
Sanitationachievements:
Therearepositivedevelopmentintermsof
awarenessandactiontakenonwater,
sanitationandsewagesystem
Drinkingwaterachievements:
inspectorsidentifiedamongthecustomers
fordealingwithsubscribers,tocollect
funds/paymentforservicesand
simultaneouslyimprovethecultureof
users
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Unavailabilityofthedetailedaccessto
sanitationinformation.
2.Participatoryapproachisatime
consumingapproach
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Inadequatefundingandstructuresto
effectivelyaddressequity.
2.Participatoryapproachisatime
consumingapproach.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
.Populationarenotwellinformed,thereis
notransparencyinthefinancing?The
populationisnotactiveinmattersof
sanitationandwatersupply
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Establishprivileges/incentivesforcertain
categoriesofgroups
Sanitationcomments:
USAIDTajikistandrinkingwaterproject,
Healthylifestylecenteretc
Drinkingwatercomments:
Ensuringtheavailabilityofsocialprotection
topoorpopulationforwatersupply
servicespayments
196
UNWaterGLAAS201112
07.ParticipationandEquity
Thailand
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.WaterUsernetworkhasparticipatedin
criteria,regulationdevelopmentfor
villagewatermanagement
2.Communityvolunteerfordrinkingwater
surveillancehasbeenparticipating
inwaterqualitymonitoring
TimorLeste
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Advocacymeeting,socialization,built
newsystemwithinthecommunityof
drinkingwater
2.Governmentcelebrate2010worldwater
dayswithconductedtalkshowonTVTL
3.Governmenthavethinkingtosetup
nationalwaterdayandtheproposalhas
beensubmittedtoMinistryof
Infrastructurein2004butdidntapproved
Togo
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Uganda
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Uzbekistan
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Capacitybuildingforpublicinsomearea
isnecessary
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
1.Thereispublicforumprovisionfor
feedbackservice
2.Publicparticipationinmanagement
awarenessshouldberaised
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Stillhavecommunitylegalconnectionin
urbanareaandalsosomeofruralareas
2.Theconsumerarestillnotabletocontrol
forthemaintenancesystemthattheyare
used
3.Thedrinkingwatersystemwerenot
coveragecommunityatall
Sanitationcomments:
7.a)(thepolicyaregoingtoapprovalby
councilofministryofTimorLeste)
7.d)(UnderPrimeMinistrycabinetthere
wascivilsociety/NGOssupportfunding)
7.f)(see#a)
7.h)(see#a)
7.i)(see#aandJMPreport)
Drinkingwatercomments:
Stillneedexternalandinternal
supportintermsoffundingandhuman
resource.
Lawenforcement
Lackofcommunicationamong
theinstitutionisnotinadequateflow
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
197
UNWaterGLAAS201112
07.ParticipationandEquity
VietNam
Sanitationachievements:
1.Accordingtoregulations,allprojects
havetoconsultcommunitybefore
preparingfeasibilitystudyandproject
implementation.Allprojectsinwater
supplyandsanitationhavefollowedwith
thisregulation.
2.Householdsintheprojectareastakepart
inpreparation,implementation
andoperationoftheprojectvia
consultationorsupervision
3.LocalWomenUnionandothersocial
organizationsareabletotakepartin
managementofbudgetoftheprojectsfor
poorhouseholds
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Lawondisablesin2010
2.LawonGenderEqualityin2006
3.PovertyReductionProgram
Yemen
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Zimbabwe
Sanitationachievements:
EquityispartofSanitationstrategyinthe
country
Sanitationforallincludingtheinformal
settlementsandslumareaareconsidered
Policesareincludedforvulnerableother
marginalizedgroups
Inlawandpoliciesregardingequalityand
supportingpoorpeoplewehavestrong
points.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Therearesomeprojectsforpoorpeople.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Insomelocalities,investorsandlocal
governmenthaventpaidsufficient
attentiontothoseissues
2.Thereisstilldiscriminationbetweenmen
andwomeninsomelocalareas
3.Knowledgeandawarenessofgeneral
populationisabigobstacle
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Implementationofpolicytosupport
vulnerablegroupsisstilllimited
2.Limitedresources
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationobstacles:
Poorimplementationthroughprivate
sectorPoorprivatesectorcapacity
Insecurity
Thereisaweakmonitoringregarding
increasingaccessofpoorpeopleto
sanitationfacilities.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Abovementionedprojectsarenotenough
forpoorpeople.
Thereisnotafairsystemtomeetpoor
peoplesneed.
Thereisaweakmonitoringregarding
increasingaccessofpoorpeopleto
sanitationfacilities.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
InsomeareaBecauseofsecurityproblems
sanitationprojectshavenotbeen
implementedcompletely.
Weshouldhavenationalsanitationcriteria
andwefocusmoreondatacollection.
Drinkingwatercomments:
198
UNWaterGLAAS201112
08.ExamplesofCollaborationwithUsers
08.Question7kand7l:ExamplesofCollaborationwithUsers
Afghanistan
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Angola
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Azerbaijan
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Communitymeetingsinsomeareas.
Bangladesh
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Benin
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
larevueannuelledusecteurAEPHApourlanne2010attenue
avec
lensembledesacteursintervenantsdanslesecteuretlesrsultats
enregistrs
onttprsents
Bhutan
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
NA
Bolivia(PlurinationalStateof)
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Asambleasdesociosensistemascooperativosycomunitarios
rurales.
Brazil
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Confernciasmunicipais,estaduaiseNacional;conselhos
municipais,estaduaiseNacional.AelaboraodoPlanoNacional
deSaneamentoBsicodeformaparticipativapormeiodos
seminriosregionaiseaudienciaspblicas.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
OrganizingofSACOSANIVin2011.
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Meetingsconductedbythemunicipalauthoritywiththepublicfor
installation
ofwatermeter.
Watermanagementcommitteeinplacetolookintooperationand
maintenanceofwatersupplyschemes.
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Asambleasanualesdesociosencooperativasdeserviciosy
comitsdeagua
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
IstoacontecenasreuniesdosConselhos(instanciascolegiadas)
Nacionais,EstaduaiseMunicipais,bemcomonasdiversas
ConfernciasMunicipais,EstaduaiseNacionaldeacordocomas
diversaspolticaspblicasdeSade,MeioAmbienteedasCidades.
199
UNWaterGLAAS201112
08.ExamplesofCollaborationwithUsers
BurkinaFaso
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
ComitsrgionauxetnationauxdepilotageduPNAEPA,Revue
conjointe,diffrentesrencontres,
Burundi
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Cesrencontresnontpasencoreeulieu
Cambodia
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Cameroon
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
CentralAfricanRepublic
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Ilnyapaseuderencontreaveclesutilisateursdeservices
Chad
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Comittechniquedesuivi(interministriel)
AG(OSC)
Colombia
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Existienelanteriorgobiernoelmecanismodeaudiencias
pblicas,atravsdelcualsediscutanlosproyectosdeinversin
socialprioritariosenlosmunicipios.Tambinlasentidadesdel
sectortienenelmecanismodeparticipacinciudadanadondese
exponenlosproyectosdeLey.
Congo
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Jusquel,lesutilisateursetbnficiairessontpeuimpliqusdans
laralisationdesprojets.Cependant,denouvellesapproches
participativesintroduiteslafaveurdecertainsprojetsvisent
corrigercesinsuffisances.
Cted'Ivoire
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Runionaveclaliguedesconsommateurstenuele28/09/2011
Revueconjointeannuelle(regroupanttouslesacteursetles
bnficiaires)
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
SANSOBJET
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Rencontreannuelledesacteursdusecteurdeleau
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Rencontresdesensibilisation,misesenplacedescomitsde
gestion,suivirapprochparleCCAG,
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Enmatiredeaupotable,desrencontresontlieuentreles
diffrentsacteurs.Cestlecasdesespacespartagessontorganiss
parleMEHaveclaSNDEetlesbnficiaires
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
200
UNWaterGLAAS201112
08.ExamplesofCollaborationwithUsers
DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
DominicanRepublic
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Egypt
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
ElSalvador
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Lacomisintcnicainterinstitucionalderecursoshdricosyla
participacindelasociedadcivilenlaconsultadepropuestade
anteproyectodelapolticadeaguapotableysaneamiento.
EquatorialGuinea
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Losdiscapacitadosyadisponenviviendasmodernasycoches
(BuenaEsperanza)
Thedisablednowhavemodernhomesandcars(GoodHope)
Ethiopia
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Therewasphoneonlinedeviationsanddiscussionsamongservice
providers(utilities)andusers.
Fiji
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Gabon
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Gambia
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Paginawebdewww.anda.gob.sv,Visitadomiciliarparareclamo
detarifasdelosusuarios,Atencinalcliente
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
WASHCOMorganizemeetingwithusers(community)
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
PeriodicmeetingswiththeConsumerCouncilandECREA
(EcumenicalCenterforResearch,EducationandAdvocacy)which
bothadvocateforserviceusers
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
201
UNWaterGLAAS201112
08.ExamplesofCollaborationwithUsers
Ghana
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
ANationalEnvironmentalSanitationConferencewasheldin
December2010,andthisbroughttogethersectorprofessionals
andserviceuserstodiscussissuesofcommoninterest
Guinea
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Inexistencedecadredeconcertationetdchangeavecles
bnficiaires.
GuineaBissau
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Haiti
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Honduras
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
ElSANAApublicaensusitioweblamemoriaanualderesultados.
LasJuntasdeAguaruralesrealizanasambleasanuales.
India
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
1.Provisionfor32%ofTotalBudgetformarginalisedcommunities
(SCs/STs).
2.Activeinvolvementofwomeninimplementation
Indonesia
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Iran(IslamicRepublicof)
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Jordan
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
1)TheGhanaWaterForumorganisedinSeptember2011brought
togethersectorstakeholdersandusergroupstodeliberateon
criticalissues
2)ThePublicUtilitiesRegulatoryCommissionhasbeenorganising
sessionswithusergroupstosolicittheiropinionsonpricingand
qualityofservices
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Atelierdesensibilisationaveclesreprsentantsdes
consommateurssurlimpactdesbranchementsclandestins;
AtelierdeformationdesServicesPublicsdelEau
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
LasJuntasdeAguaconvocanasambleasparainformaralusuario
sobrelasituacindelosservicios.
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
VillageWaterandSanitationCommitteesarebeingformedin
villagesforactivecommunity/usersparticipationinwatersupply
activities.
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
202
UNWaterGLAAS201112
08.ExamplesofCollaborationwithUsers
Kenya
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Nairobiwatercompany
Kyrgyzstan
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Thereweretherepresentativesofserviceusersincludedinthe
Committeein
urbansubsector.InruralWASH,7stepapproacheswere
introducedtodiscuss
andsharewithusersinordertoplanandagreetogetherfor
implementation
Lebanon
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Lesotho
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Allactivitiesinruralareasincludeaparticipatoryplanningand
capacitybuildingprocesswiththecommunitiesthatalsoinclude
genderandequityissues.
Inurbanareastherearesomelimitedcommunityparticipationin
theimplementationoftheonsitesanitationactivities
ParticipationisalsoensuredthroughtheESIAprocesses
Liberia
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
MCCmetwithrepresentativesofurbanpoorcommunitiesselected
forFISHproject(proposalsubmitted).
Madagascar
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Danslecasdecomitdegestiondesinfrastructures
d'assainissementauniveaulocal
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
EachWSPhasanopendayandhastohaveaconsultative
meeting(welldocumented)beforeapplyingfortariffreviewto
WASREB.
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Allactivitiesinruralareasincludeaparticipatoryplanningand
capacitybuildingprocesswiththecommunitiesthatalsoinclude
genderandequityissues
TheurbanwaterutilityWASCOundertakecustomersatisfaction
surveysonannualbasisasamechanismforfeedbackfromour
customersasfarasservicedeliveryisconcerned.
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
NWSHPChascollaboratedwithMCCforthedevelopmentofthe
conceptnotefor
FISHMonroviawhichisanurbanslumsanitationproject.
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Atelier(BPOR),enqute,comitdegestiondespointsdeau,
affermage
203
UNWaterGLAAS201112
08.ExamplesofCollaborationwithUsers
Malawi
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
TheEU/EIBPeriUrbanProject
Maldives
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Mali
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Lesrunionsdeconcertationaveclesacteursdelassainissement;
lesrunionsannuellesdelarevuedusecteureauet
assainissement.
l)Desrponsescidessus,donnersuccinctement2ou3ralisations
significativeset23obstacleslislaparticipationetlquitdans
lesoussecteurdelassainissement?
RalisationsouProduits:
1.Existencedecadresdeconcertation
2.Capitalisationdesdonnessurlesralisationsetles
financementsdesautresintervenantsdanslesoussecteur
3.Transmissiondesfichesdecollectededonnescertains
partenaires
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Tenueirrguliredesrunionsdecadresdeconcertation
2.Nonobtentiondesdonnesdecertainsacteurs
Mauritania
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Nant
Mongolia
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Morocco
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
DepartmentofWaterSupplyServicesinconjunctionwithwater
utilitieshasbeenorganisingmeetingswithusersonestablishment
ofWaterUserAssociationsinregionalwaterboards
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
RevuesectorielleEauetAssainissement;RencontreentrelesOSC
etlesdeuxdpartementsenchargedelEauetdelAssainissement
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
DlgatairesduServicePubliquedeleau
OfficeNationalduservicedEauenmilieuRural
SocitNationaledelEau
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Reportingresultsofservicesandtakearequest.
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
ConseilsdadministrationetannuelsdelONEPetdesrgies
auxquelssontreprsentsdeslusquireprsententlescitoyens.
204
UNWaterGLAAS201112
08.ExamplesofCollaborationwithUsers
Mozambique
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Myanmar
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Atleast,quarterlymeetingconductedbetweenlocalsanitation
committeeandserviceusers
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
1.DevelopmentofProposedDrinkingwaterQualityStandardsin
1990.1998,2006and2011
2.MyanmarDrinkingwaterQualityStandards(Draft)are
recommendedrecently.
Nepal
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Allgovernmentprogrammesarebeingdesignedandimplemented Asamandatoryprovisionalmostallwaterusers'associationare
throughuser
conductingannual
committeesorwiththeconsultationwithusercommitteesthrough generalmeeting(AGM)withtheparticipationofallconcerned
agencies
districts
Niger
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Nigeria
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Stakeholders(users)meetingindevelopmentofstatepolicyand
waterlaws
FrameworkforregulatorywatersupplyinNigeria.Seriesof
meetingswithstakeholdersatstatelevelincludingserviceusers
Oman
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
PeriodicalmeetingsandinteractionsareheldwiththeIWP
Privatesectorwaterproducersandarisingissuesdiscussed.
ConsumerscanaccessanytimetheConsumersectionstoputin
theirviewsandorcanreachtheDepartmentsthroughcallcentres.
InteractionwithconsumersalsobeingheldinCommunity
ExhibitionsandSchoolsandsimilargatherings.
Pakistan
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
PunjabRuralWaterSupplyoperationandmaintenancedoneby
communitygroups
ChangaPaniprojectofPlanningandDevelopmentDepartment,
Punjabgoodexampleofcomponentsharing
RehabilitationofKarez(deepwells)byIUCNinBalochistan
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
205
UNWaterGLAAS201112
08.ExamplesofCollaborationwithUsers
Panama
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Sefortalecen,consolidanysehanvueltosostenibleslosConsejos
ConsultivosProvincialesInterinstitucionalesdondeseescuchanlas
demandasdelacomunidadyseplanificanlasinversiones
correspondientes.
Paraguay
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Larealizacindelprimercongresodelasjuntasdesaneamiento
constituyounejemplodereunionesconlosusuariosdelservicio
(500personasdetodoelParaguay).
Philippines
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
None.
Rwanda
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
OnemonthCleanandGreenEnvironmentCampaignsinMay
June2011.
EWSAaccountability/opendaycarriedoutacrossthecountry
andannually
Samoa
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Senegal
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
SierraLeone
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
MinistryofHealthandSanitationtakingtheleadinensuringthat
thepublicordinanceactisimplemented
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Sefortalecen,seconsolidanysehanvueltosostenibleslos
ConsejosConsultivosInterinstitucionalesProvincialesdondese
escuchanlasdemandasdelacomunidadyseplanificanlas
inversionescorrespondientes.
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Realizacindereunionesfocalesenlasciudadesmuestrassobre
disposicinalpagodelservicioyaceptacindelatecnologa
aplicar
DentrodelapreparacindelProgramadeSaneamientoyAgua
PotableparaelchacoyCiudadesIntermediasdelaRegin
Oriental..
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Publichearingsonwatertariffincrease;projectidentification
forum;
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
AnnualAccountabilitydayorganizedbyEWSA
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Systematiccomplaintmechanismthroughcustomerservicesunit,
community
awarenessandoutreachprogrammesdonebypublicrelationsunit
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
MEWRtogetherwithWaterSectorDepartmenttakingtheleadin
ensuringthatthewaterpolicyandstrategyisimplemented.
206
UNWaterGLAAS201112
08.ExamplesofCollaborationwithUsers
SouthAfrica
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
BeforeprojectimplementationMunicipalitiesengagewith
communities.
TheMinisterofHumanSettlementshasappointedaMinisterial
SanitationTaskTeamtoassessthequalityofsanitationprovisionin
thecountry.DuringNovember2011,theTaskTeammetwith
Municipalities,Stakeholdersaswellascommunities.
SouthSudan
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Communityparticipationinidentificationofsitesandduring
handingover
SriLanka
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
4thSouthAsianConferenceonSanitation(SACOSANIV)
Sudan
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Tajikistan
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Thailand
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
TimorLeste
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
ThecountryofTimorLestehassanitationworkingmeetingas
regularlywhichisleadbyMinistryofHealth.
Togo
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
WaterUtilitiessubmitannualBusinessPlanstoDWAforapproval
andalsoactasimplementingagentsforDWA.
UtilityperformancetargetssetbybothDWAandUtilitiesannually.
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
1.Governmentdeclarationtoincludebasicfacilitiesforaccessby
differentlyabledpersons
2.Establishmentof17RWSDistrictofficesbytheNWSDBtoserve
theruralcommunity
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Thereareregularmeetingswithserviceusersatthecommunityor
government/communitymanagedfacilities.
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Regularmeetingswithcustomers,advisingthemonrationaluse
andthetimelypaymentofservicesfordrinkingwater
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
1.Mobilemunicipalityservice
2.Meetingbetweenbottlingwatermanufacturerandgovernment
officer
3.Waterusernetworkmeeting
4.Villagewaterutilitycommitteemeeting
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
GMFtosupportcommunitylevelformonitoringandcontrolling
thewatersupplysystem.
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
207
UNWaterGLAAS201112
08.ExamplesofCollaborationwithUsers
Uganda
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
NA
Uzbekistan
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
VietNam
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
1.Forallprojects,duringprojectpreparation,itisnecessaryto
consult
communityintheproposedprojectarea.Thecontentof
consultationconsists
ofaffordability,commitmentonconnection,ect
2.Communicationactivitiesencouragetheuseofwatersupplyand
sanitation
servicesareorganizedbeforeduringandafterproject
implementation
processinordertoincreaseknowledgeandawarenessof
communityand
encouragethemtouseservices
3.Allprojectsextractapartoftheirbudgetstosupportpoor
householdsto
haveaccesstowater
Yemen
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
inthediscussionoftheEIAstudiesfortheprojectswiththerelated
groups.
CoordinationwithWater&environmentalNGOsduringthe
preparationthestudiesandexecutedtheproject
itisclearintheirrigationwater
Zimbabwe
Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
none
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
None
208
UNWaterGLAAS201112
09.Outputs
09.Question8:Outputs
Afghanistan
Sanitationcomments:
Angola
Sanitationcomments:
InUrbanareas,thecentralgovernmentensuresfinancialresources
throughtheGovernmentExpenditureFund.Atruralareas,a
proportiononresourcesisguaranteedbyinternationalpartners
andNGOs.Recently,therewasinitiatedtheIntegratedMunicipal
ProgramforPovertyReduction,whichincludedclearlydefined
budgetarylinesforsanitationinterventions.
Azerbaijan
Sanitationcomments:
Bangladesh
Sanitationcomments:
Benin
Sanitationcomments:
LastructuretatiquechargedelHygineetdelassainissement
debaseresteconfrontelaproblmatiquedelamotivationdes
RC(hyginistes).
Ceuxcitravaillantsurlabasedubnvolat,ilarrivefrquemment
quilsabandonnentletravailpourdiverseraisonsfortementlies
lamotivation.
LafaiblecollaborationentreenlesAgentsdhygine(niveauDHAB)
etlesanimateursdesstructureschargesdelintermdiation
sociale
Bhutan
Sanitationcomments:
Currentlysanitationprogrammesforbothruralandurban
communitiesthatemphasisdemanddrivenapproachesandbuild
ontheexistinggovernmentsystemarebeingpilotedandfurther
developedwiththeexpectationthatthesewillbeappliedatscale
inthefuture
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Drinkingwatercomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
#ThesenormsarecurrentlyonlyappliedtoLuandaCityanditis
notconsistently.Waterqualitymonitoringisbasedonthe
EuropeanUniondirectiveguides.Itunderwayaconstruction
projectoffiveprovinciallaboratoriesforwaterquality.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
209
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Bolivia(PlurinationalStateof)
Sanitationcomments:
Serecomiendagenerarpolticasnacionalesvalorizandoelusode
lassolucionesalternativasdesaneamientocomoelbao
ecolgico,letrinasmejoradas,cmarasspticas,artefactos
sanitariosahorradores,comopartedelosprogramasoficialesenel
desarrolloylapromocindelastecnologasapropiadas,tantoen
reasurbanascomorurales,buscandoromperlasresistenciasasu
uso.
Itisrecommendedtocreatenationalpoliciesvaluingtheuseof
alternativessuchasecologicalimprovedlatrines,septictanks,
sanitarysavers,aspartofgovernmentprogramsinthe
developmentandpromotionofappropriatetechnologies,bothin
urbanareasandruralareas,seekingtobreaktheresistancetoits
use.
Brazil
Sanitationcomments:
EestemelaboraoapropostadeumProgramaNacionalde
SaneamentoRural,coordenadopeloMinistriodaSade
FundaoNacionaldeSade,emconsonnciacomaproposta
preliminardoPlanoNacionaldeSaneamentoBsicoPlansab,sob
coordenaodoMinistriodasCidades.
TheproposalisinpreparationofaNationalRuralSanitation
Programme,coordinatedbytheMinistryofHealthNational
HealthFoundation,inlinewiththepreliminaryproposalofthe
NationalSanitationPlansab,coordinatedbytheMinistryofCities.
BurkinaFaso
Sanitationcomments:
Lesuivietlvaluationdevrontfairelobjetdeservicesspcialiss
indpendants.
Burundi
Sanitationcomments:
Introductiondansquelquesprovincesdupayslapproche
Assainissement
TotalPilotparlaCommunautATPC/CLTS
MiseenuvredelapprocheECOSANdans4provincesfinances
parlaBAD
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
09.Outputs
Drinkingwatercomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
OsresultadosaparecemnosCensosacada10anos,massobretudo
nasPesquisasNacionaisporAmostradeDomicliosIBGE/PNAD,
anualmenteetambmnaPesquisaNacionaldeSaneamento
BsicoPNSB,acadadezanos.Almdestaspesquisasnohum
programademonitoramentoeavaliaosobreasaesde
saneamentorural.AFunasafazanualmenterelatriodegesto
sobreaexecuodosinvestimentosemsaneamentoruralnoPas.
TheresultsappearintheCensusevery10years,butespeciallyin
theNationalSurveysHouseholdSurveyIBGE/PNAD,andalso
annuallyintheNationalSanitationPNSB,everytenyears.In
additiontothesestudiesthereisaprogrammonitoringand
evaluationoftheactionsofruralsanitation.Funasamakesan
annualmanagementreportontheimplementationofinvestment
inruralsanitationinthecountry
Drinkingwatercomments:
Lesralisationsdinfrastructuresdeaupotablenesont
communiquesselonlesrglestabliesenlamatire.Enprincipe,
touteralisationdoittredclaremaislesformulairesIOTA
(Infrastructures,Ouvrages,Travauxetamnagement)labors
ceteffetnesontpasrenseignsparlesentreprisesetlesbureaux
dtudes.
Drinkingwatercomments:
ManquedquipementspourfairelanalysedelaqualitdelEau
deboisson
ManquedagencedergulationdusecteurEau
210
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Cambodia
Sanitationcomments:
1.Currently,increaseinsanitationisnotmeasureannuallybut
thereareplanstoconductgovernmentlednationwidesample
basedKAPsurveysat2yearintervals.ThefirstKAPsurveywas
implementedin2010.
2.ThefinaldraftoftheRWSSHStrategyidentifiessanitation
solutionsthatarerecommendedforfurtherstudyand
implementationsuchashygienepromotion,CLTS,andsanitation
marketing.WiththeformalendorsementbyGovernmentofthe
Strategysoonandsubsequentdevelopmentofimplementing
guidelines,sanitationsolutionswillbeimplementedby
governmentatscale.
3.Monitoringandevaluationofsanitationsolutionsaremostly
projectbased,donebyprojectimplementersoutsideof
government
Cameroon
Sanitationcomments:
CentralAfricanRepublic
Sanitationcomments:
Vulgariserlestechnologiesappropriesdanslepays(enmilieu
ruraleturbain)
Chad
Sanitationcomments:
Lesapprochessontdfiniesetconnues,maislesmoyensdeleurs
misenoprationssontquasiinexistants
Colombia
Sanitationcomments:
Congo
Sanitationcomments:
Cted'Ivoire
Sanitationcomments:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
09.Outputs
Drinkingwatercomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
LEtatcongolaisaveccesstructuresappropries(ADGH,ANHYR,
ORSE)sattleassurerlaccsleaupotabletousaussibien
enmilieuurbainqueruraltraversdessystmesadaptsetla
crationduFondsSpcialpourEau
Drinkingwatercomments:
211
UNWaterGLAAS201112
DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo
Sanitationcomments:
Onlythenationalprogramledbythegovernmenthasanactive
monitoringandevaluationcomponent.
DominicanRepublic
Sanitationcomments:
Egypt
Sanitationcomments:
ElSalvador
Sanitationcomments:
ElSaneamientoeselservicionacionalquemenosatencinleha
proporcionadoelgobiernocentral.
Sanitationisthemostneglectednationalserviceprovidedbythe
centralgovernment.
EquatorialGuinea
Sanitationcomments:
Ethiopia
Sanitationcomments:
Eventhoughnationallatrinetechnologyoptionsareinplace,itis
notfullyimplementedatscale
Fiji
Sanitationcomments:
Gabon
Sanitationcomments:
Mettreenuvrelesuividelaccessibilit
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
09.Outputs
Drinkingwatercomments:
Definitionofnationalframeworkrelatedtodrinkingwatersystem
andservicesneedtobeprepared
Drinkingwatercomments:
Enelitema)esbuenodejarconstanciadequeseselecciono
Incrementoanualesmsdel75%deloquesenecesitapara
alcanzarlameta,peroenrealidadlametayafuesuperada.
Initema)isgoodtorecordthatanannualincrementwasselected
over75%ofwhatittakestoreachthegoal,butinfactthegoalhas
alreadybeensurpassed
Drinkingwatercomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Debidoalafaltadeunaleynohayunenteregulador,existen
normativasqueregulanlacalidaddelaguadeconsumohumano
delMINSALyANDA
Duetothelackofalawsthereisnoregulator,thereare
regulationsgoverningthequalityofdrinkingwaterbyANDAand
MINSAL
Drinkingwatercomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Annualservicecoverageincreasedduetoincreasedresources
allocationthroughUniversalAccessPlan
Drinkingwatercomments:
Atpresent,theFijiGovernmenthasdraftedaRuralWaterPolicyas
wellastheDrinkingWaterQualityStandardwherebyRuralwater
suppliesshouldbefluoridated.Thisisbeingdoneincollaboration
withtheMineralResourcesDepartment,WaterandSewerage
Department,MinistryofHealthandtheWaterAuthorityofFiji.
Drinkingwatercomments:
212
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Gambia
Sanitationcomments:
Ghana
Sanitationcomments:
Sanitationvaluechainanalysisprocessiscurrentlybeingassessed.
Thiswillseektoidentifynewsolutionsforsustainableurban
sanitationchallenges.
Guinea
Sanitationcomments:
LadoptionparlaGuineen2009lapprocheATPCetsamiseen
uvreenbasseGuine,moyenneguineetenGuineforestire.
Lamiseenuvreduprojetassainissementautonomeduquartier
YimbayacolefinancparlAFD.
GuineaBissau
Sanitationcomments:
LapprocheCLTS(ATPC)estdveloppeseulementenmilieurural
Haiti
Sanitationcomments:
Honduras
Sanitationcomments:
Ladefinicindelapolticanacionaldesaneamiento,enprocesode
formulacin,incluirlineamientostcnicosconsiderando
tecnologasapropiadasalmedio.
Thedefinitionofthenationalsanitationpolicy,intheprocessof
formulation,technicalguidelineswillincludeappropriate
technologyconsideringtheenvironment.
India
Sanitationcomments:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
09.Outputs
Drinkingwatercomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Communitiesabilitytomaintainadequateservicelevelsderived
fromfacilitiesprovidedovertimeisamajorchallenge.Thiscanbe
attributedtolowfinancialcapacityofcommunitiescoupledwith
increaseinpopulationofusersoffacilitiesandlackofpost
constructionexternalsupporttocommunity
Drinkingwatercomments:
Pourassurerlacouvertureglobaledelademandeeneaupotable
del'ensembledupays,danslesconditionsoptimales,lesactions
suivantessontenvisages:
l'actualisationdestudesduPlanDirecteurdeproduction,de
transportetdedistributionenvuedelarvisionduprogramme
nationald'investissementdanscesecteur;
l'amliorationdelagestiontechnique,commercialeetfinancire
dusecteur;
l'amliorationducadreinstitutionnelactuelenintgrantles
conditionsjuridiquesetfinanciresncessairespourl'implantation
desdiffrentesformesdusecteurpriv.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
ThroughtheNationalRuralDrinkingWaterQualityMonitoring&
SurveillanceProgramme,extensivewaterqualitytestingisbeing
donebycommunityparticipation.
213
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Indonesia
Sanitationcomments:
Thepercentageofhouseholdswithaccesstoimprovedsanitation
facilitieshasdoubledsince1993,butin2009only51.19percentof
thenationalpopulationhadaccesstoimprovedsanitation,while
theMDGtargetforaccesstobasicsanitationis62.41percentof
thepopulationby2015.Althoughthecentralgovernment
allocatedbudgetincreasedsignificantly,thecommitmentoflocal
governmenttoallocatesufficientbudgetfordrinkingwaterand
sanitationisstilllow.
Iran(IslamicRepublicof)
Sanitationcomments:
Jordan
Sanitationcomments:
Kenya
Sanitationcomments:
Advocacyforincreasedfundinginsanitation,especialtothelocal
level
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
09.Outputs
Drinkingwatercomments:
Manyinstitutionsandagenciesareinvolvedinthedevelopmentof
waterandsanitationfacilities,butmoreintensivecoordinationis
required,especiallyatthestageofplanningforimplementationof
programs.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Legalframeworkforthedrinkingwaterregulatorisunder
development.UtilitiesarecurrentlymonitoredbyWaterAuthority
ofJordanWaterSectorAuditUnit(WASU).
Drinkingwatercomments:
WaterServicesRegulatoryBoard(WASREB)monitorsservice
provision.
214
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Kyrgyzstan
Sanitationcomments:
Itisnecessarytodevelopandimplementthesocialsanitationand
hygienicprogramsandstrengthentheintersectoralinteraction.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
09.Outputs
Drinkingwatercomments:
Accesstocleandrinkingwateriscriticalinthecountry,butithas
notbeenadequatelyaddressedyet.In2008,theshareof
populationhavingreceivedaccesstodrinkingwatermade90.4per
cent.Thisishigherthanthetargetlevelof90percentin2015.In
general,thedynamicsispositive:fortheperiodof20032008,on
averageabout2.8percentofthepopulationadditionallyreceived
accesstodrinkingwater.Butthesituationintheregionsisnotso
optimistic.TheworstsituationisnotedintwoSouthoblasts:in
Batkenoblast(76.7percent)andinOshoblast(77.3percent)with
thehighestdensityofpopulation.
Theinterimresultsoftheprogramofprovidingaccesstoclean
drinkingwater
Supplyofdrinkingwatertothepopulationisthemainobjectiveof
TazaSuuprogramfundedbyanumberofinternational
organizationsandtheGovernmentoftheKyrgyzRepublic.The
AsianDevelopmentBankhasissuedloanof36mln.USDtoproject
Renderinginfrastructureservicesatsettlementlevelforrecovery
andconstructionofwaterpipelinesin730villagesand7citiesof
Chui,Osh,JalalabatandBatkenoblasts.Thecofinancingbythe
GovernmentoftheKyrgyzRepublicmakes9mln.USD.
ThemaingoalofsimilarprojectRuralWaterSupplyand
Sanitationwiththetotalcostof24.5USDundertheWorldBank
(WB)loanisalsotorecoverandconstructruralwaterpipelinesin
270villagesofIssykKul,NarynandTalasoblasts.Intotal,including
inputofKyrgyzstan,about70mln.USDischanneledtoproviding
cleandrinkingwatertothepopulation.
Generally,itwasplannedtoperformmaintenanceandrepair
worksandconstructionofnewwatersupplyfacilitiesin1,000
villagesofthecountryand7cities.Thegeneralgoaloftheabove
mentionedprojectsalsoimpliesimprovingmanagementofthe
ruralwatersupplyinfrastructuretoensurestablesupplyofgood
watertothepopulationreliably,withminimumcostandaimsat
reducingprevalenceofacuteentericdiseasesamongvillagers.
TheADBprojectRenderinginfrastructureservicesatsettlement
levelandtheWBRuralWaterSupplyandSanitationproject
appliedthepublicorientedapproach,i.e.primarilyworkingwith
ruralcommunitiesdirectlyinvolvedinandtakingtheresponsibility
andmakingdecisionsatallstagesoftheprojectimplementation.
However,theintendedplanswerenotfullyperformeddueto
increaseofcostoftheruralwatersupplycomponentpercapita
from20to80USD.
215
UNWaterGLAAS201112
LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic
Sanitationcomments:
HygieneimprovementshouldbefurtherfocusedparallelwithM&
Einboth
urbanandruralWASH.Publicawarenessonhygieneandsanitation
should
beqidelyincreasedforbehaviorchanges.
Lebanon
Sanitationcomments:
Lesotho
Sanitationcomments:
Theonlyperiodicalmonitoringofdevelopmentsinsanitationand
theuseofdifferenttechnologiesaretheBureauofstatisticsCMS
thatonlyoncehaveincludedthewaterandsanitationmodule,
howeverinthefuturethismodulewillbeappliedregularlyandwill
providedataontheuseoffacilitiesaswellasaffordability
Liberia
Sanitationcomments:
n/a
Madagascar
Sanitationcomments:
Malawi
Sanitationcomments:
Weneedtoimproveonintegratedmonitoringandevaluationto
enableaccurateandtimelytrackingofoutputs.
Maldives
Sanitationcomments:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
09.Outputs
Drinkingwatercomments:
Adrinkingwaterqualityshouldberegularlymonitoredatboth
urbanand
ruralwatersuppliesbytheDepartmentofHygieneandPrevention,
Ministryof
Health,toensurethesafetyofdrinkingwatertoconsumers,Water
safetyplan
shouldbealsoinitiatedandpilotedforruralwatersuppliesaspart
ofan
integratedWASHapproachinthecommunity
Drinkingwatercomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
AffordabilityispartoftheaspectscoveredintheBureauof
StatisticsCMSSurveysandtheurbanwaterutilityisplanningto
implementaprogrammeofpublicstandpipestoimprove
affordability
Drinkingwatercomments:
WSSC(WaterSupplySanitationCommission)currentlybeing
established.
Furtherpoliticalwillisrequiredwiththeestablishmentofthe
WSSCCin
particulartheexecutiveorderstillneedstobesignedbythe
president.
Drinkingwatercomments:
MiseenplaceetOprationnalisationdelaSOREA(organisme
rgulateur)
Miseenplacedelapolitiqueetstratgiedeleaupotable
RedynamisationdelANDEA
Drinkingwatercomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
216
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Mali
Sanitationcomments:
Mauritania
Sanitationcomments:
Mongolia
Sanitationcomments:
Morocco
Sanitationcomments:
Mozambique
Sanitationcomments:
ProgressontheimplementationofCommunityLedTotal
Sanitation(CLTS)andotherprogramslikePRONASAR,Children
FriendlySchools,1millioninitiative,ascommunitiesare
progressivelyadheringtothatapproach
ConstructionofImprovedToiletsandProvisionofWaterto
Schools(ChildrenFriendlySchoolsforAfricaProgram)
WidespreadthoughnottotaladherencetoImprovedToiletsin
Periurbanareas
Fecalsludgemanagementisamajorprobleminurbanareas
Myanmar
Sanitationcomments:
Nepal
Sanitationcomments:
Alwaysresourcegapduringbudgetallocation,butpoor
implementationqualityand
statusofsoftwareactivities.Itisbecauseofhighpriorityin
constructionsideand
limiteddedicatedhumanresourcesforhygieneandsanitation
Niger
Sanitationcomments:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
09.Outputs
Drinkingwatercomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Mettreenplaceuneharmonisationdetarificationdeleauen
milieurural
AssurerlaperformanceduServicepublicdelEauenmilieurural
Mettreenplaceunformatnationalpourlerapport
Drinkingwatercomments:
Formulatdingcoordinatingcommitteeonusageandserviceof
watersupply,seweragesystemfacility.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Urgentneedofumbrellawatersupplyacttostreamlineeffortsand
institutionsofthe
sector
Drinkingwatercomments:
Lerledurgulateurnestpasbienconnuparlepublic
217
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Nigeria
Sanitationcomments:
CLTSadoptedforscalingupsanitationonthecountry.Approach
implementedinmorethan32statesinthecountry.
Oman
Sanitationcomments:
Pakistan
Sanitationcomments:
Panama
Sanitationcomments:
Paraguay
Sanitationcomments:
Seesperalograrunsignificativoincrementoenlassolucionesde
saneamientoapartirdelao2012hastael2015conla
implementacindelProgramadeSaneamientoyAguaPotable
paraelChacoyCiudadesIntermediasdelaReginorientalde
Paraguay,conlaasistenciafinancieradelBIDAECID.
Ithopestoachieveasignificantincreaseinsanitationsolutions
from2012to2015withtheimplementationoftheProgram
DrinkingWaterandSanitationforCitiesChacoandMiddleEastern
RegionofParaguay,withfinancialassistancefromtheIDBAECI.
Philippines
Sanitationcomments:
Thereisadifferenceofabout13percentagepointsbetweenthe
JMPandNEDAsanitationestimates.Suchadifferencecanbe
explainedbythefactthattheJMPconsidersthatsharedsanitation
facilities,eveniftheyareimproved,shouldnotbeconsideredas
improved.Thisisduetoconcernsthatsharedsanitationfacilities
mightnotbemaintainedandcleanedproperlythustheyarelikely
nottostimulateusebyallmembersofthehousehold.NEDA
considersthatimprovedtypesofsanitationfacilities,evenifthey
aresharedshouldbecountedasimproved.(Source:Philippine
WaterandSanitationSectorAssessment,2011)
Numberofsanitationfacilitiesdevastatedbynaturalcalamities
arenotusuallyreported.Itaffectsaccuracyofadministrative
reportingwhichcountsadditionalfacilitiesonly.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
09.Outputs
Drinkingwatercomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
AccordingtoNEDA,(2010),thewatersupplycoverageestimatefor
thePhilippinesislowerthanthatfromtheJMP.Ontheotherhand,
theprojectedcoveragefor2015accordingtoNEDAislowerthan
thetarget.Howeversuchadifferenceisbelow5percentagepoints
andaccordingtotheUNcriteriathisshouldbeviewedasan
achievedtarget.(Source:PhilippineWaterandSanitationSector
Assessment,2011)
218
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Rwanda
Sanitationcomments:
Samoa
Sanitationcomments:
Senegal
Sanitationcomments:
SierraLeone
Sanitationcomments:
ThescalingupofCommunityLedTotalSanitation(CLTS)withthe
implementationofsanitationmarketingwilltothesanitation
solutionattherurallevels.
SouthAfrica
Sanitationcomments:
None
SouthSudan
Sanitationcomments:
SriLanka
Sanitationcomments:
AnaveragesewerconnectioncostsaboutRs.40,000.00(equv.US$
400)whichisveryexpensiveforamiddleclassfamily.Owingto
thisreasonsmanyhouseholdershavenotobtainedsewer
connectionsinseweredareasoftownships.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
09.Outputs
Drinkingwatercomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Concerningquestion(f),Thepolicyrecommendtheneedfora
regulator;thenationalregulatorisbeingdeveloped
ThescalingupofCommunityLedTotalSanitationwiththe
implementationofsanitationmarketingwillgoalongwaytothe
sanitationsolutionattherurallevelsincreasingdemandforsafe
drinkingwater
Drinkingwatercomments:
1.Intermsofquality,theDepartmentsBlueDropincentivebased
DWAdrinkingwaterregulatorysystemisanexcellentexampleofa
successfulprogrammethathasachievedsuccesswithinlocal
authoritieswithanincreasingnumberofBlueDropawardsbeing
presentedtomunicipalitiesannually.
2.Althoughthereisacomprehensivemacroprogrammewith
othergovernmentdepartments,inpartnershipwithmunicipalities,
thechallengehoweverremainsschemefunctionality.
3.TheDepartmenthasitsowntargetstoaddresstotalservices,
howevertheprovisionofintermediateservicestocaterforurban
migrationisachallengeastemporaryservicecanbecome
permanentovertimeplacingadditionalstressonmunicipalwater
reticulationsystems.
4.Therearehighlevelsofnonrevenuewaterinmany
municipalities.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
TheMinistryofWaterSupply&Drainageistheregulatorfor
nationaldrinkingwatersupply
219
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Sudan
Sanitationcomments:
Tajikistan
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
0.5
Drinkingwatercomments:
Thequalityofwaterdependsnotonlyonthesource,butmainly
fortechnicalconditionoftheexistingsystems.Therefore,
monitoringthestatusofwatersupplyandwaterqualitygivesa
greateffect/impact
Drinkingwatercomments:
Authorizedcentralagencyshouldbespecifiedforcommunity
serviceauditing
Drinkingwatercomments:
1.Leakingandillegalconnectionwithindistributionline
2.>50%ofleakingpapestillhappeninurbanareasDili.
3.Qualityofwatertreatmentplanamongproductionarein
adequate(chlorinationtreated)
4.allboreholesystemischlorinatedbaseonWSPsworkshop
experiencesin2009
(source:Mr.CelsoAmado/head,departmentofwaterand
sanitationDilidistrict),11/08/2011
Drinkingwatercomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Thailand
Sanitationcomments:
TimorLeste
Sanitationcomments:
Togo
Sanitationcomments:
Uganda
Sanitationcomments:
Uzbekistan
Sanitationcomments:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
09.Outputs
220
UNWaterGLAAS201112
VietNam
Sanitationcomments:
sanitationandhygienearestillnotreallysustainableintheuse
and
maintenanceoflatrineandsanitationworks
Customofusingfreshhumanwastewithouttreatmenttomake
fertilizers
anduseforaquacultureisstillremainedthoughreduced
Solidandwastewaterinruralareasarestillchallenging
Yemen
Sanitationcomments:
Thesanitationprojectsarenotplannedforlongtimeandnot
plannedfortheincrementofthepopulation,andalsomostofthe
sanitationprojectsarenotfinishingintime.
Zimbabwe
Sanitationcomments:
Toincreasetheoutputsfromthesanitationcomponent,thereisa
strongneedtochangethestrategyofdeliveringsanitation.This
callsforneedtoadoptcommunityapproachestosanitation
especiallyundertheruralsubsector.Thiswillhelpboostcoverage
ascommunitiesoutofbehaviourchangeconstructselfinitiated
sanitationfacilities.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
09.Outputs
Drinkingwatercomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
InasmuchasaccesshasincreasedinboththeRuralandUrban
contextsintermsofreductioninthewalkingdistancetofetch
water(inmanyifnotalltheurbansetupsandsomerural
communities,utilitieshavebeenabletobringwaterintothe
home)anewchallengeisemerginginformoftimetakentogetthe
waterafterreachingthesource.InRuralareas,communitieshave
tojoinverylongqueuesbeforegettingthewater.InUrban
contexts,thescenarioisthesame,tapesareinsidethehomebut
withwaterrunningforlessthan5hoursadayespeciallyinthe
highdensityresidentialsuburbs.
221
UNWaterGLAAS201112
10.Sustainability
10.Question9:Sustainability
Afghanistan
Sanitationachievements:
Somemanagementandsanitationimprovement
programshavebeenconducted.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Forallcitiesfeasibilitystudieshavebeendone.
Someprojectsindifferentcitieshavebeen
implemented.
Thereisstrategytoconservewaterresources.
Capacitybuildingwatersupplyconservation
operatorshavebeendone.
Sanitationobstacles:
Thereisnotanycoordinationbetweenabove
mentionedplans.
Progressreportisnotavailableontimeand
continuousforstakeholders.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Thereisnotenoughmoney.
Thereisnotjusticeandfairdevelopment.
Thereisnotresponsibilitybetweenlocal
peopletosupporttheprojects.
Security
Angola
Sanitationachievements:
Sanitationobstacles:
Achievements:
Obstacles:
1.ExpansionoftheCLTSapproachtoatotalof
1.Limitedhumanresources,speciallyatlocal
11provinces
level
2.AllocatedbudgettoMunicipalgovernments
2.InexistenceofNGOSbasedatlocallevel
foroperationandmaintenanceofsanitation
3.Slownessonadministrativedecentralization
infrastructures
anddeconcentrationprocesses
3.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Obstacles:
Achievements:
1.NosustainabilityoftheMOGECAinareas
1.Implementationofthecommunity
withhighlevelofruralmigration(people
managementmodelofwaterandsanitation
leavingruralareastourbancentres)
2.Nosustainabilityofthepublicwatersupply
(MOGECA)
enterprise,asthevastmajorityofpeopledo
2.Continuationofdecentralizationprogram
3.
notpayforwater
3.Projectionofwaterusersischallengedby
weakstatisticinformation,asthereisno
updatedpopulationcensus
4.Thereisnoaclearlydefinedsystemfor
investmentrecovery
Azerbaijan
Sanitationachievements:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Slumsarebeinggraduallydoneawaywith,the
populationbeingresettledtonewlybuilthomes.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
222
Sanitationcomments:
Whileimplementedprojectshavesome
directandindirecteffectsonclimate,but
wehavenotanynationaltargetorgoal
inthisregard.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Thesustainabilitycanbeimprovedwith
abetterparticipationofcommunitiesat
planning,implementationandevaluation
stages.
Drinkingwatercomments:
UnderPDESAitisexpected
thecreationofaPublicEnterpriseto
PromoteInvestmentonWASH
Notwithstandingthefinancial
decentralizationtothemunicipalities,it
neededafiscaldecentralizationtothem
Theexpectedpopulation
censuswillsupporttheplanningprocess
ofWASH
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Bangladesh
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.DevelopmentofNationalWaterSafety
Framework
Sanitationobstacles:
Naturaldisasterslikemonsoonflood,flash
floodcyclonesoftendamagethesanitation
facilities.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Alldevelopmentplansareprojectbased
shorttermsolutions.Thereshouldbedemand
basedlongtermsolution(s).
Benin
Sanitationachievements:
ARalisationsouProduits:
1.secteurprivdisponible
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Sanitationobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Peudecrditpourlesecteurpriv
dassainissement
2.lesecteurprivnapasdesitedetraitement
quirpondauxnormes
3.faiblevalorisationdesproduits
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.LimitedprivateSectorinvolvementgiventhe
percievedsmallmarketsize
2.Ruralsupplychaindevelopmentisstillinits
initialstages.
3.Ruralcommunitiesfacesignificant
challengesintermsofremotenessand
unfavourableeconomiesofscaleand
dependencyonexternalmarkets
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Theurbanandruralwatersupplyispublicy
financedwithoutprivatesector
investmentandminimumusercostrecovery
Bhutan
Sanitationachievements:
1.Introductionoftariddsysteminmunicipal
townareashasbeensuccessfully
introduced
2.RuralSanitation&HygienePromotion
PRogram(RSHP)initiatedbySNVin
collaborationwithPHEDindevelopementtobe
implementedatscaleincludes
sanitationsupplychaindevelopmentand
capacitybuildingfortheprivate
sector
3.Govermentisworkingtoprovideanenabling
environmentforprivate
sectorinvolvement
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.emergencypreparednessplanisbeing
developed
2.Watersafetyplanimplementationis
underway
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
223
10.Sustainability
Sanitationcomments:
NA
Drinkingwatercomments:
EnhancethecapacitiesoftheWater
SupplySection(WSS)ofCity
CorporationsandPaurashavasinthe
shortrunthrough,amongothers:i)staff
recruitmentandtraining,ii)
establishmentofseparateaccountsfor
WSSandintroductionofdouble
entry(transparent)accountingsystem
ProvideWSSmoreautonomyinthelong
runtooperateincommercialterms
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Bolivia(PlurinationalStateof)
Sanitationachievements:
1.PuestaenmarchadelSENASBA(Servicio
NacionaldeSaneamientoBsico)
2.Losrecursosfinancierosseincrementaron,
aunquenosonansuficientes
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.SecumplirnlosODM
2.PuestaenmarchadelSENASBA
3.DESCOMFIacompaatodoelciclodel
proyecto
4.AutoridaddeAguaPotableySaneamiento
(AAPS)ampliaeluniversodelaregulacin
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Limitadacapacidaddegestinparala
ejecucindeprogramasgrandes
2.Faltadeinformacinsobreelrearural
dispersa
3.Noexisteevaluacinexpost
4.Bajasostenibilidaddelosserviciosdeaguay
saneamiento
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Faltaderecursosfinancierosparaapoyoala
sostenibilidad
2.Ausenciadepolticasparadesarrollare
implementarplanesdeseguridad
224
10.Sustainability
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Enelincisoaelinventarioesparcial,
solocubreaproximadamenteel45%de
losoperadoresyfuerealizadoen2005
Previendolosefectosdelcambio
climticoseestnimplementandolas
siguientesmedidas:Campaasparauso
eficientedelaguautilizandoartefactos
debajoconsumo,micromedicinenlos
sistemasdeabastecimiento,
aprovechamientodelaguadelluviapara
usodomstico.
Inthesubsection"a"theinventoryis
partialonlycoveringabout45%of
operatorsandwasconductedin2005
Anticipatingtheeffectsofclimate
changeisbeingimplementedusingthe
followingmeasures:Campaignsforthe
efficientuseofwaterusinglowpower
devices,micromeasurementofsupply
systems,rainwaterharvestingfor
domesticuse.
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Brazil
Sanitationachievements:
1.Confernciasmunicipais,estaduaisenacional;
2.Conselhosmunicipais,estaduaisenacional;
1.Conferences;local,stateandnationallevels;
2.Citycouncils,stateandnationallevels;
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Existemalgumasexperinciasbemsucedidas
comooSistemaIntegradodeSaneamentoRural
SISAR,nosestadosdoCearePiau;Centralde
AssociaesComunitrias,noestadodaBahia
noquesereferegesto,manutenoe
operaodossistemasemreasrurais,tendoa
participaoefetivadascomunidades,ebom
controledaqualidadedagua,bemcomo
universalizaodoacesso;2.Nestaperspectiva,
outrosestadosestopromovendoprogramasde
saneamentorural,comoRioGrandedoNorte,
Pernambuco;3.EstadosdoParaneMinas
Geraisvmdesenvolvendoprogramas
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Insuficinciaderecursosfinanceirose
humanosparaatenderasmetasde
universalizaoacurtoprazo;2.Complexidade
dasrelaesentreGovernoFederal,estaduais
emunicipais.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Aindanopredominanteaexistnciade
programasestaduaisdesaneamentobsico
rural,menosaindadeplanosmunicipaisde
saneamentobsicorural;2.Asaesde
saneamentobsicoruraltmsidodecurtoe
mdioprazoscomofoioProjetoAlvorada,no
inciodosculoXXIeatualmenteoPACIeII.
BurkinaFaso
Sanitationachievements:
Rural
1.Dlivrancedesagrmentsauxentreprises
exerantdansledomainedelassainissement
2.Formationdesentreprisesetartisanslocaux
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Urbain
1.Lenqutedesatisfaction
2.Ltudesurlarductiondespertesdeau
3.Primtredeprotectiondesouvrages
Rural
1.Primtredeprotectiondesouvrages
2.Outilsdapplicationdelarformedusystme
degestiondesinfrastructuresdAEP
Sanitationobstacles:
Rural
1.Organisationdesacteursdelafilire
2.Pasdedispositionsattractivespcifique
danslesecteurdelassainissement
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Urbain
1.Urbanisationgalopante
2.Accroissementrapidedelapopulation
3.Raretdelaressourceeneau
Rural
LenteurdansladiffusiondesoutilsLenteur
dansladiffusiondesoutils
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
225
10.Sustainability
Sanitationcomments:
Noquesereferesreasrurais,a
sustentabilidadedaspolticaspblicasde
saneamentobsico,bemcomodos
sistemascoletivos/pblicosedasaes
desaneamentobsicodependemem
grandepartedacapacidadede
gesto/gerenciamentodaUnio,das
UnidadesFederadasedosMunicpios.
Emtermosdegesto,agrandecarncia
seencontraprincipalmenteemdiversos
Municpios.Nestesentido,oPlansab(em
elaborao),estpropondoum
programaestruturante.
Drinkingwatercomments:
OProgramaNacionaldeSaneamento
BsicoPlansab,aindaemelaborao,
propeaelaboraodeumPrograma
NacionaldeSaneamentoRural,oque
poderfortaleceraconstruode
programasestaduaisemunicipais,alm
daprevisoderecursosemetasamdio
elongoprazo.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Leproblmedelararetdeleause
rsoutauniveaunational,lONEAnest
quunusager.
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Burundi
Sanitationachievements:
ARalisationsouProduits:
1.Elaborationdunepolitiquenationale,dune
stratgieetduncodede
leauquitiennentcomptedelassainissementde
base.
2.Elaborationdunplandereforme
institutionnelledanslesecteurEau
Drinkingwaterachievements:
RalisationsouProduits:
1.Unemisejourdelinventairedes
infrastructuresdeauet
dassainissementestencours
2.Unechainedapprovisionnementdespices
derechargesest
oprationnelle
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Insuffisancedevolontpolitiquedes
dcideurs
2.Insuffisancedeplanificationdanslesecteur
3.Manquedebudgetspcifiquepourlesuiviet
lvaluationafindassurerla
durabilitdesralisations
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Absencedestandards/normesdelaqualit
deleaupotable
2.Absencedunsystmedesuivietvaluation
danslesecteur
3.Manquedervisionrguliredestarifs
226
10.Sustainability
Sanitationcomments:
Lesaspectslisladurabilitnesont
prisencomptedansbeaucoupde
ralisationetProjetscarilnyapasde
budgetspecifiquepourassurercette
durabilit.Nonpluslapopulationilnya
pasdeprogrammechargdduquer
/Sensibiliserlapopulationlentretien
/gestiondesouvragesmis
enplace.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Lapopulationnestpas
sensibilise/Eduque
lentretien/gestiondeleau
potable
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Cambodia
Sanitationachievements:
1.GovernmentthroughMRDhasdeveloped
guidelinesonHygienePromotionandforCLTS
andisdevelopingguidelinesforSanitation
MarketingandframeworksforBehaviorChange
CommunicationinlinewiththeRWSSHStrategy.
Theseguidelineswillprovidethe
implementationframeworkforgovernmentled
andNGOledprojectsthatutilizethese
approaches.
2.Projectsthatusehardwaresubsidiesare
slowlyintegratingsoftwareapproaches
(demandcreation,behaviourchange
approaches)totheirprojects
3.Advocacyguidelinehasbeendevelopedto
makesureeveryorganizationandlocalauthority
isawarealowsanitationcoverageinrural
community
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Main/largeprojectsonsanitation
improvementarestillprioritizinghardware
subsidiesandGovernmentisstilllargely
focusedavailingofgrantsandloansthatare
hardwaresubsidybasedapproaches.
2.Limitedresourcesandlackofpolitical
supportandwilltoscaleupprovenapproaches
suchasCLTSandhygienepromotion,establish
sectorwideM&E,anddevelopcapacityatall
levelsofrelevantgovernmentagencies.
3.Localauthorityisstillneglectedonhowto
fullyparticipateintheruralsanitationprogram
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.UrbanDrinkingWaterandSanitationSector
a.Wideapproachforsanitationisnotan
interestsubject(lowpriority)
b.Humanresourceforbothwatersupplyand
sanitationisverylimited(withsanitationthe
worseoff)
c.Internationalanddomesticdonorsand
investorsaremorelikelytotakeactionon
watersupplyratherthansanitationwhich
leadstothesanitationsituationbeingconstant
andworrying
d.Lackoffundsresultinslowimprovementin
bothwatersupplyandsanitationespecially
watersupplywhichneedshugeamountof
moneyforexpansion.
e.Thereseemtobelowprogressinprivate
sectorparticipationinbothwatersupplyand
sanitation
2.RuralDrinkingWaterSector
a.InsufficientfinancialresourcesforRWSS
SectorinvestmenttoincreasetheRWSS
servicestoattaintheCMDGtargets;
b.Lowprofessionalandskilledtechniciansat
subNationallevelforRWSSimplementation
managements,especiallyindifficultand
remoteruralareas;
c.Lackofeffectivecommunitybased
institutionsandweakpoliticalsupportsatlocal
levelsforsustainableoperationand
maintenancemanagementofruralwater
supplyfacilities;
d.Limitedavailabilityoflowcostappropriate
technologydevelopmentforexploitationsof
groundwaterandsurfacewatersourcesfor
ruralwatersupplysystems;
e.Communitiesarestillweakinselfreliance
developmentconcepts,andlowmotivationsin
theselfsustainablemanagementfortheir
watersupplyfacilitiesincludingO&Mfund
establishmentsandcommunitymanagement
systemdevelopments.
227
10.Sustainability
Sanitationcomments:
Implementationofsanitationsolutionsis
generallyprojectbasedandshortterm.
Lackofsectorwideimplementationplan
basedontheoutcomesidentifiedinthe
RWSSHstrategythatallstakeholders/
projectownerscanuseas
implementationframeworks.
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Cameroon
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
CentralAfricanRepublic
Sanitationachievements:
Projetenprparationdanslecadredu
programmedassainissementdelAGETIP
2.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.LarestructurationdelaSODECA;
2.Lerenforcementdescapacitsdesacteursdu
secteur;
3.Larhabilitationdesouvragesetdessystmes
dalimentationeneauetassainissement;
Chad
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Colombia
Sanitationachievements:
Sehaincorporadolagestindelriesgoenlos
planesdepartamentalesdeaguaysaneamiento,
ysevienenviabilizandoproyectosque
considerenlarehabilitacindesistemasen
aquellosmunicipiosafectadosporlaola
invernal.Sehandiseadoydivulgadoguaspara
formulacindeplanesdeemergenciay
contingencia.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
10.Sustainability
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Faiblessedufinancementdusecteurqui
nestpaslahauteurdesbesoinsetqui
provientdailleursplusde90%delextrieur
;
2.Insuffisancedescadresspcialiss,
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Sensibiliserlesutilisateursdesservices
dansledomainedelassainissement
Mobiliserlesecteurprivpourle
secteurdelassainissement
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
228
UNWaterGLAAS201112
10.Sustainability
Congo
Sanitationachievements:
1.Crationdorganesspcifiquescomme
ANHYR,ORSE
2.Miseenplacedecomitdegestion
3.Utilisationdematriauxlocauxetdemain
duvrelocalepourlesprojets
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Miseenplacedescomitsdegestion
2.Intgrationdesapprochesparticipativesaux
projets
3.Crationdorganes(ANHYR)
Cted'Ivoire
Sanitationachievements:
1.leslatrinesschessparationdurines
(EcoSan)
2.Fossesventiles
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Absencedesuivi,dentretienet
maintenancedesquipements
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Absencedespicesderechange
2.Faiblecapacitdesartisansrparateurs
3.Faiblessedesformationsdesartisans
rparateurs
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Faiblessedumcanismedefinancement
2.Insuffisancedeplandedveloppement
3.Manquedemoyensfinancierspourlesuivi
valuation
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo
Sanitationachievements:
1.Awatercodehasbeendraftedandtechnically
approvedtobesubmittedtotheParliamentfor
itsapproval.
2.athoroughanalysishasbeenmadeon
decentralizationofWater,Hygieneand
sanitationfollowedbystrongrecommendations
forabetterandsustainabledecentralization
strategy.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.lackofapoliticalwillatbothnationaland
provincialleveltopromotethesector
2.lackofspecializedhumanresourcesto
designandimplementefficientlywater,
Hygieneandsanitationproject.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.lackofresourcesbothfinancialandhuman
tosustainthedrinkingwatersystemand
services
Sanitationcomments:
Ilfautdesprogrammesinnovantstenant
comptedelvolutionducycleetdela
naturedesproduits
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Lowcostsanitationshouldbepromoted
byprivatesectorinruralareas.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Setupadrinkingwatersystemsand
servicesperformanceindicators
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
229
UNWaterGLAAS201112
DominicanRepublic
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Mejorcalidaddeaguaservida
2.Aumentodelacobertura
3.Mantenimientocontinuodelacobertura
1.Improvedqualityofwastewater
2.Increasedcoverage
3.Ongoingmaintenanceofthecoverage
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.DificultadenlaproteccindelaCuencaalta
delosros
2.Limitadosrecursosparaaplicacindela
polticapblicaenAPS
1.Difficultyinprotectingtheupperwatershed
oftherivers
2.Limitedresourcesforpublicpolicy
implementationinAPS
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Rapidgrowthandunbalanceddistributionof
thepopulation
2.Privatesectorparticipationinoperating
waterandsanitationsystemsisstilllimited.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Rapidgrowthandunbalanceddistributionof
thepopulation
2.Theaveragepercapitashareis200(l/c/d),
whiletheactualdomesticwateruseislower
becauseofnetworklosses,andfurthermoreit
variesconsiderablybetweendifferentlocalities
inEgypt(70l/c/dinupperEgyptto330l/c/din
Cairo),besidediscontinuouswatersupplyin
someareas.
Egypt
Sanitationachievements:
1Utilizingunconventionalwatersources
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1Utilizingunconventionalwatersources
2.Reducewaterlossesinthenetworks&
Reducetheunaccountedforwater
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
230
10.Sustainability
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
ElSalvador
Sanitationachievements:
1.Lasinstitucioneshanpriorizadoel
saneamientoruralyperiurbanoensusplanesde
desarrolloinstitucional
2.Secuentaconpropuestadepolticadeaguay
saneamientoqueincorporaelderechohumano
alsaneamientoyelcambioclimtico
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Queexisteunmandatodeampliacindela
coberturaanivelruralespecialmentealas
familiasmspobres(POD20102014)
2.Cadainstitucinoperadoratieneuna
responsabilidaddirectaenlarendicinde
cuentas,garantizandolatransparenciadel
manejodelosrecursosfinancieros.
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Noexisteunainstanciapblicaoprivada
responsabledelademandarealen
saneamiento,
2.Lacapacidaddepagodelosusuariosenel
ambitorural.
3.Noexisteunaestrategiadesostenibilidad
definida
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lacarenciadeunaplanificacinintegral.
2.Noexisteunsistemaqueintegretodala
informacinestratgicaparanuevas
planificacionesorientadasalademandadelos
usuariosanivelurbano,periurbanoyrural.
EquatorialGuinea
Sanitationachievements:
1.MacroProyectodeviviendaparatodos
Horizonte2020
2.FomentodenuevosCentrosEducativos
modernos
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Inaccesibleaviviendasmodernasporcosto
elevadosylamalagestin
1.Inaccessibletomodernhousingforhighcost
andpoormanagement
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Ethiopia
Sanitationachievements:
1.Urbanhousingprogramisimprovingthe
sanitationconditionsofpreviouslyslumareas
2.Increasedinvolvementofprivatesectorsin
urbansanitationsupplies
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.FormationofWaterBoardUtilities
2.EstablishingwatercommitteeinRural
settlementsarea
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Highcostofsanitationtechnologiesand
supplies
2.Lackofprivateandpublicinvestmentto
improvetheexistingunimprovedlatrinesin
ruralhouseholds
3.Nocompanies,operatorsandentrepreneurs
tohandlethedemandforexcretatreatment
anddisposal
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
231
10.Sustainability
Sanitationcomments:
Elpasrequierequeelsaneamientosea
vistoyatendidodesdeunaperspectiva
integralynocomounservicio
independientedelosusosdelagua.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Apesarqueseestnhaciendoesfuerzo
enlalegislacindelagua,existenvarios
enelmarcodelaposibilidadreducirla
brechadelnoaguanofacturada,as
comotambinesimportantey
prioritariodefinirunaestrategiade
sostenibilidadquegaranticesla
capacidaddepagodelosusuariosen
mbitourbano,periurbanoyrural
considerandosuniveldeingreso
econmico.
Sanitationcomments:
Formacinderecursoshumanos,
financiamientosdelosprogramas,
evaluacin,sensibilizacin,ymonitoreo
delasactividadescuidadoy
mantenimiento
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Thesanitationimplementationwill
continuesustainablythroughHEPand
HealthExtensionWorkersdeployedin
thecountrybutthelatrinesconstructed
bythehouseholdsarefromcatmethod
upthesanitationladderandalso
constructedfromlocallyavailable
materialssothatsomeofthelatrines
maynotsustainablyused.
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Fiji
Sanitationachievements:
1.PlansarebeingdevelopedforUrbancentres
2.Infrastructureupgradingworkstomeetthe
standards
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Availabilityoffinancetofundtheprojects
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Gabon
Sanitationachievements:
RalisationsouProduits
1.Codedeleauetschmadirecteur
dassainissementencoursderalisation
2.Crationduneagencedergulationdu
secteurEauetElectricit
3.Rformeduconseilnationaldeleauetde
llectricit
Drinkingwaterachievements:
RalisationsouProduits:
1.Extensiondesrseauxdeaudanslesdeux
milieuxurbainetrural
2.
3.
Gambia
Sanitationachievements:
1.Generaltargetsandstrategyoutlinedinthe
NationalPolicyDocuments
2.EnforcementofPublicHeathAct
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.95%ofnsolarwatersupplysystems
operational
2.Privatesectorparticipation
3.Communityparticipation
Sanitationobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Absencedecadrejuridique,rglementaire
etinstitutionnel
2.Absencedecoordinationdesdpartements
3.Faiblessedesressourceshumaineset
financires
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Difficultdaccsausiteauniveauurbain
2.Constructionanarchique
3.Voiesdecanalisation(URD)
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Outputsandtargetsarenotclearlystatedto
indicateruralandurbandimension,gendeor
budgetspecifictargets.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Manpowerconstraints
2.Lowturnoverfordrinkingwatersystems
232
10.Sustainability
Sanitationcomments:
TheDepartmentofiTaukeiAffairsunder
theMinistryofProvincialdevelopment
hasdecreedthatanyyoungmanlivingin
thevillagewhowantstogetmarried
needstohaveproperSanitationfacilities
.i.e.Bathroomandrestroombefore
marriage.Thisisdoneinorderto
promotehealthylivinginthevillage.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Certainsettlementshavebecomeprone
tofloodsandearliersanitationfacilities
arenolongerabletoresistthe
destructiveforce.Newtechnologies
thereforeneedtobedeveloped,tested
andiffoundsuccessfulpromoted
nationwideinareaspronetoflooding
and/orotherconsequencesofextreme
weatherpatterns.
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Ghana
Sanitationachievements:
1.Anenablingenvironmentwithconducive
policieshavebeencreatedleadingtosignificant
growthoftheprivatesectorinSanitationservice
deliveryoverthepast3years
2.Theremovalofsubsidiesforhousehold
latrineswillimpactpositivelyonsustainability
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Aservicedeliveryapproachisbeingadopted
toaddressthechallengesofsustainabilityunder
thecurrentprojectapproach
2.Therehasbeenadequatestakeholder
mobilisationontheneedtorefocusonservice
levels,ratherthanfacilitiesprovision
3.Thefinancialperformanceoftheurbanutility
hasimprovedoverthepast2years
Guinea
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Crationdunrseaudemaintenance
(ComitsdesPointsdEau,artisansrparateurs,
vendeursdepices)
2.Reboisementdusitedesforagesindustrielsde
Kobaya
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
10.Sustainability
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Littleprogressinthenumberofsanitation
facilitiesprovidedoverthelast3years
2.Lackoftreatmentfacilitiesforfinaldisposal
offaecalsludge
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Thepressureofdesiringtoprioritise
constructionofnewfacilitiesovermaintaining
existingones
2.Lackofdataonthelevelofsustainabilityof
waterfacilitiesprovided
3.Absenceofasystemtomonitorfunctionality
Sanitationcomments:
None
Drinkingwatercomments:
None
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Occupationdelemprisedesconduitesde
transportetdedistribution
2.Envahissementsdessitesdesforagesde
Kakimbo(10000m3/jourpourConakry)etdes
captagesdeKakoulima(3000m3/jourpour
Conakry)
3.NonrenforcementduServiceNationalde
lAmnagementdespointsdEau(SNAPE)
Sanitationcomments:
Lamiseenplaceduncadrede
concertationentrelesdiffrentesparties
prenantesenmatiredassainissement.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Lescontraintescidessousontuneforte
incidencesurladurabilitdela
fournituredesservicesdeleaupotable
surtoutenmilieuurbain:
leniveaulevdespertestechniques
maisaussietsurtoutdespertes
commercialescausesparunefraude
gnraliseetmassive.Lincidencede
cettefraudeserefltedansla
dgradationdelasantfinanciredela
socitdesEauxdeGuine(SEG);
Laforteaugmentationdepuis2005des
prixdesproduitsptroliersetdes
produitsdetraitementdeleau,
linflationconstituentdesfacteurs
aggravantdelasituationfinanciredu
secteururbaindeleaupotable.
Unetarificationinappropriequine
couvrepasleschargesoprationnelles
delaSEG.
Unefaibleexploitationdescapacits
installesdeproductiondueaux
difficultsnergtiques(plusde80%des
centresdelintrieurfonctionnentsur
desgroupeslectrognes).
233
UNWaterGLAAS201112
GuineaBissau
Sanitationachievements:
1.DisponibilitdeplaquesSanPlatpouracheter
parlapopulation
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Insuffisancedestechnicienspourla
constructiondeslatrinestypeEcoSan
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Haiti
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Honduras
Sanitationachievements:
1.Losprestadorescuentanconuninstrumento
metodolgicoeinstancialegalparaladefinicin
yaprobacindesustarifas.
2.Losnuevosmodelosdegestin
implementadosenelpasapuntanauna
prestacinconunavisinempresarialyhan
generadomayorsostenibilidadfinanciera.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Losprestadorescuentanconuninstrumento
metodolgicoeinstancialegalparaladefinicin
yaprobacindesustarifas.
2.Losnuevosmodelosdegestin
implementadosporelentereguladorapuntana
unaprestacinconunavisinempresarialyhan
generadomayorsostenibilidadfinanciera
3.Existenexperienciasenlaimplementacinde
losplanesdeseguridaddelaguacomo
herramientadegestin
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lamayoradelosprestadoresexistentesno
tienenunagestinconvisincomercial/
empresarial.
2.Losprestadoresnocuentanaunconla
asistenciatcnicadefinidaporlaLeyMarco
paraelapoyodesugestin.
3.ElSectorAPSnocuentaconunsistema
formaldecapacitacinyacreditacinde
tcnicosprestadoresdeservicios.
4.Noexisteunapolticadefinidaparala
adopcindesolucionestecnolgicasde
acuerdoacapacidaddelprestadorytamao
depoblacin
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lamayoradelosprestadoresexistentesno
tienenunagestinconvisincomercial/
empresarial.
2.Losprestadoresnocuentanaunconlas
instanciasdefinidasporlaLeyMarcopara
brindarlesuasistenciatcnicaqueapoyensu
gestin.
3.AunelSectornocuentaconunsistema
formaldecapacitacinyacreditacinde
tcnicosalprestadorpararealizarunabuena
gestin
4.Ladescentralizacindelosserviciosque
marcalaLeyMarcoesanincipiente.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
234
10.Sustainability
Sanitationcomments:
Laconstructiondesdrainagespluviauxet
rseauxdesgoutsseulementdansles
grandscentresurbainsesttrslimite
Absencedesstationsdetraitementdes
eauxuses
Seulementunesocitdevidangedes
fossesseptiquesdanslepays
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Lamayoradelossistemasoperancon
tarifasquenocubrenloscostosde
mantenimientopreventivoycorrectivo.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Losprogramasdeinversintodavano
integranmedidasdereduccinde
riesgosensudiseo,construcciny
operacin.
Estasituacindeberenmendarsea
futuroinmediatopueslareciente
aprobacindelaLeydelSistema
NacionaldeGestindeRiesgos
(SINAGER).
Ademssehaaprobadounfondoparael
desarrollodeproyectosde
infraestructuraenelrearural.
UNWaterGLAAS201112
India
Sanitationachievements:
AnnualAchievementtothetuneof7%annually
overlastthreeyears
2.Significantimprovementinaccessto
sanitationwithpoorestquintileassuggestedby
NSS
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.LaunchedNationalDrinkingWatersecurity
pilotprojectsforsustainablewatersupplyin
waterstressedareas.
2.Upto20%ofNRDWPfundsallocatedfor
sustainabilityofsourcesandschemesandthese
fundsaregivenon100%grantbasistothe
States.
3.Standardoperatingproceduresforprovision
ofdrinkingwatersupplyduringemergencies
havebeenprepared.
Indonesia
Sanitationachievements:
1.SanitationMarketing,tosupportsupplyside,
isimplementedinmanyprojects
2.DevelopmentofCSRguidancetofinanceMDG,
includingforsanitation
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Existingwatersupplyproject:
PAMSIMAS(CommunitybasedWaterand
SanitationProgram)
UWSSP(UrbanWaterSupplyandSanitation
Project)
2.Developmentandimplementationof
alternativetechnology,includingreclamation
3.Groundwaterconservationprograms
Iran(IslamicRepublicof)
Sanitationachievements:
1.Communityparticipationinconstructionof
toiletsinruralareas
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
10.Sustainability
Sanitationobstacles:
1.SustainabilityofSanitationCoverageyetnot
witnessed
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lackofskillsandcapacitiesofvillagelevel
functionariesforpreparingvillagewatersafety
securityplans.
2.MostoftheRuralWaterSupplyschemesare
basedongroundwaterandeverexploitation
ofGWforagriculturalactivitiesisadversely
affectingthesustainabilityofW.S.Schemes.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sustainabilityofwatersupplyschemesis
alsoadverselyaffectedduetohydro
geologicallimitationsinmanywater
stressedareas.Irregularorinadequate
rainfallalsoworsensthesituation.
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Stilllackofnumberandcapacityfor
artisan/technicianinruralareas
2.Limitednumbersofprivateinvolvedin
sanitationbussiness
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Theconstructionofdrinkingwatersystemis
farawaylessthantheincreasingofpopulation
number
Sanitationcomments:
Technicalassistancetocommunityand
artisan/technicianinpostconstructionis
oneofthesanitationprogram
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Migrationofruralinhabitantstocities
2.Poorknowledgeofhealth,attitudeand
practicesofpeopleparticularlyin
remoteareas
3.uncontrolledgrowthofurbanareas
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
235
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Jordan
Sanitationachievements:
1.MostUrbancentresarefullyservedwith
sewernetwork
2.Aboutofruralareasare50%withsewer
networks
3.Therearesufficientcompanies,operatorsand
entrepreneurstomeetthedemandof
householdsforsanitationfacilitiesinurban
centres
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Programsarecurrentlyimplementedtodrop
theNonrevenuewater
2.Operationandmaintenancecostsforutilities
arecoveredbyrevenues
Kenya
Sanitationachievements:
1.publicpaytoiletsareselfsustaining
2.CLTS
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Majorurbanutilitieshavebusinessplansfor
expansion.
2.TheRegulatorcontinuouslyfacilitatesRegular
TariffAdjustments
3.Decisionmakinghasbeendecentralised.
Kyrgyzstan
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
10.Sustainability
Sanitationobstacles:
1.watertariffandtheinabilitytorecover
operationandmaintenancecost
2.Limitedbudget
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Financial
2.Needtofullydevelopemergency
preparednessplanforwatersupply
3.Scarcityofwaterresources
Sanitationcomments:
Climatechangeassessmentsnot
performed.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.aginginfrastructureanddilapidated
2.slowrateofimplementationand
bureaucracy
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Nonrevenuewaterremainshigh
2.Smallutilitiesgrapplingwithsustainability
issuesandhavestagnated.
3.Insufficientinvestmentplanningand
financingposesabigchallengetoachievement
oftheMDGs
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
Sustainedsanitationcampaignsiscrucial
tosustainabilityofsanitationservices.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Operationalautonomyhasbeen
decentralisedtotheWaterServices
Providers(WSP)level.
236
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic
Sanitationachievements:
1.Coordinationandcooperationwithprivate
sectorparticularlyPPPbeing
enhanced
2.AwarenessofJMPisincreasedinrecentyear
forbothurbanandruralWASH
sectorsparticularlyitsdefinition
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Operationandmaintenancesystemsarein
placeforruralwatersystems
2.Tariffreviewsregularlyconductedandtariffs
adjustedaccordinglyand
published
3.Havingabusinessplansforexpanding
connectionsandforsecuringwater
resources
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Developmentofsanitationproductsand
servicesandforcreatingdemand
stilllimited
2.Nosufficientinformationaboutthe
percentageofserviceprovisionthatis
contractedouttotheprivatesector
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Noinventoriesareregularlypreparedof
ruraldrinkingwaterinfrastructure
includingnationalestimateofruralwater
pointsthatarenonfunctional
2.Noeffectivesupplychainforspareparts
includinginremoteareas
3.Noemergencypreparednessplanforwater
supply
237
10.Sustainability
Sanitationcomments:
Therearenosanitationsystemsand
servicesbeenassessedinthelightof
climatechangescenariosyet.
However,thereisaNationalClimate
ChangeStrategy2010thatincludes
adaptationstrategiesforspecificsub
sectorsonwaterresourcesandpublic
healthastwoofthesevensub0sectors.
Thereisalsoanationaladaptation
planofactionforClimateChangethat
includesspecificprojectrelated
primarilytowatersupplyresilience.A
recentstudywasalsocompletedfor
HealthimpactsofClimateChangethat
makesrecommendationsabout
improvingsanitationasameansof
mitigatinglikelyincreasesinfoodand
waterbornediseases
However,atpresentthedesignofnew
sanitationsystemsdoesnottake
accountofexpectedclimatechange
particularlyextremeweatherconditions
yet
Drinkingwatercomments:
Inventoryofruraldrinkingwater
infrastructureincludingnational
estimateof
ruralwaterpointsthatarenon
functionalshouldbepreparedand
supply
chainforsparepartsshouldbe
developed
NowLoasisfrequentlysufferedwith
naturaldisasterparticularlywith
typhoon
leadingtofloodingeveryyearinmany
provinces.Therefore,emergency
preparednessandresponseplansfor
watersupplyshouldbestrongly
developedwithallstakeholders
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Lebanon
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Institutionalconfusion
2.Lackofpolicydrive
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Lesotho
Sanitationachievements:
1.Theruralsanitationprogrammeimplemented
inLesothosincethe1980scombinedwiththe
ongoingconstructionofsubsidisedlatrinesin
ruralareasbyDRWShasresultedinthatlatrine
buildersareavailableinmostruralareas
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Thecapacityforimplementationofrural
watersystemsisconsiderable(DRWSDistricts
andtheprivatesector)andcanwith
improvementsinpredictabilityandlevelof
fundingaswellasorganisationalimprovements
achievetheMDGsinruralareas.
2.Theinvestmentsoverthelast3yearsinwater
infrastructureinurbanareasincludingthe
overalldistributionnetworkcombinedwith
improvementsfromtheMetolongprojectin
bulkwatersupplytoMaseruandsurrounding
townsandvillageswillenableWASCOtoprovide
waterservicestoalargeproportionoftheurban
population.Aneffectivestrategyforsupplying
watertopoorhouseholdsandpromoting
domesticconnectionsisneededtoincreasethe
coverage.
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Theurbansanitationservices(emptyingof
septictanksandlatrines)aremainlyprovided
bytheurbanwaterutilityWASCOrepresented
inallurbanareaswithlittleprivatesector
participation
2.Guidancefromasanitationstrategy
determiningtheappropriatetechnologiesto
bepromotedandaclearimplementation
strategycouldfacilitateactiveprivatesector
participationinsanitation
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.RuralWater:thecapacityoftheVillage
WaterandHealthCommitteesandthelowest
leveloflocalgovernment,theCommunity
Councilstomanage,operateandmaintainthe
watersystemsisinadequateandthe
governmentcontinuetosubsidisethemajor
repairsandexpansionofruralwatersystems
2.Themajorityofruralwatersystemsrelyon
springsourcesthatarepronetodroughtand
theincreasingerosionofcatchmentsandthe
anticipatedclimatechangesarethreatening
thesustainabilityofthewatersources.
3.UrbanWater:considerabletariffincreases
areneededfortheurbanwaterutilityWASCO
toachievefullcostrecoveryasenvisagedin
thewaterpolicy.Theanalysisfromthe
StrategicFinancialPlanningprojectindicate
thatannualincreasesof4%aboveinflation
overthenext10yearsaswellasconsiderable
improvementintheoperatingefficienciesare
neededfortheutilitytoachievecostrecovery
forexpansionandreplacementinvestments
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
238
10.Sustainability
Sanitationcomments:
Sustainabilityrequirescontinuityin
policytermsandfiscalresources.
Since2000,waterandwastewater
establishmentsnewlycreatedby
mergingseveralpublicwaterservices,
becomeresponsibleforthewaterand
wastewatersector.Theyinheritedaload
ofdivergedinterestsfromtheolder
regime.Theownershipofthenetworks
thatbelongedtothemunicipalitiesbeing
oneoftheseunresolvedproblems.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Theprivatesectorhardwarestoresin
Lesothosellportablecorrugatediron
latrinesuperstructuresthatare
commonlyusedonashallowunlinedpit
inbothruralandurbanareasfor
householdswhoinvestintheirown
sanitationfacilities.Withsmalldesign
improvementssuchasaconcreteslab
thesecouldfulfiltheJMPdefinitionsfor
improvedfacilitiesandcontribute
significantlytothecoverageinLesotho.
Drinkingwatercomments:
ThewatersectordevelopedanIWRM
strategyhoweverthestrategyhasonly
toaverylimitedextentbeen
implementedandtheresulting
inadequateattentiontocatchment
planningandmanagementisaserious
threattothesustainabilityoftherural
watersystemsaswellasfoodsecurity
andlivelihoodsinruralareas
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Liberia
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.DevelopmentofSSP
2.WPMproducednewinformationon
sustainability
Madagascar
Sanitationachievements:
1.Amnagementetcurageducanal
2.Constructionetrhabilitationdebloc
sanitaire,
3.Miseenplacedesystmedeprcollectedes
ordures
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Oprationnalisationparcelledesagencesde
bassin(troisbassinsdanslesud)
2.Dterminationdefacteurdeprennisation
dessystmesdAEPdecertainprogrammeet
projetdusecteur
Malawi
Sanitationachievements:
1.Informalcommunitiesnowrealisethe
challengesofsanitation
2.DevelopmentoftheSanitationMarketing
Strategy
3.PrivateSectorCapacitybuildingtoenableit
takeupSanitationasaBusiness
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Maldives
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Insufficientfunds
2.Lackofadequatecapacity
3.Institutionalreform
Sanitationobstacles:
1.encadrementdespersonnelsdelHIMO
2.Divergencedepointdevueentreles
diffrentesentitsmembresdelaplateforme
Niveauintellectueldiffrentdes
personnelsmembres
3.Obtentiondesterrainspourlaconstruction
Niveaudducationdespersonnels
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.systmedeprotectionnonrespectetne
suitpaslesnormes
2.nonrespectdemanueldeprocduresetdes
textesrglementaires
Sanitationobstacles:
.Inavailabilityofvariousoptionsoflowcost
appropriateTechnologies
2.Pooreconomicstatusofcommunities
3.LimitedMicrofinanceInstitutions
supportingtheinitiativeofprovisionof
sanitationLoans
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationobstacles:
Sanitationequipmentsandproductshastobe
importedwhichincreasesthecostof
implementingprojectsandprovidingservices
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
239
10.Sustainability
Sanitationcomments:
n/a
Drinkingwatercomments:
n/a
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Impactduchangementclimatiquesurla
disponibilitdesressourceseneau
Madagascar
Sanitationcomments:
Thereisneedtobuildhumanresource
capacityatdistrictleveltodevelop
bankableplansandproposalson
sanitation.
Thereisneedtostrengthen
private/publicpartnershiponsanitation
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
privatesector=PublicPrivate
Partnership(PPP)
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Mali
Sanitationachievements:
1.lesmaonssontformspourlaralisationdes
ouvrages
2.lessocitsprivessoccupentpourlaplupart
delvacuationdesbouesdevidange
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.lecodedeleauetsestextesdapplication
2.lePlandActiondeGestionIntgredes
RessourcesenEau(PAGIRE)
Mauritania
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Existencedunservicechargducontrlede
laqualitdeleau
2.Existenceducentrederessourceeneaupour
lesuividesressourceseneau
3.AdoptiondelaGIRE
4.Existencedunestructureenchargedtude
surlasantpublique
Mongolia
Sanitationachievements:
1.Improvedstandardonsmallscalewastewater
treatmenttank.
2.Developedsmallpicturealbumonscalewaste
watertreatmenttank.
3.Developingmethodologyofevalutionofthe
sufficiencyofsanitationfacility.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Waterdistributionpointswereconnectedin
lineinUB.
2.PortablewatersupplyimprovedinAimags.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
10.Sustainability
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Insuffisancedunombredesmaons
2.Absencedelieuxdedpotagedesbouesde
vidange
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.lafaibleapplicationducodedeleau
2.lafaiblemobilisationdefondspourfinancer
lePAGIRE.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1Mcanismedaccsauxfinancementsassez
lourd
2LepassagelchellenationaleaveclaGIRE
3Dficitderenforcementdescapacitsdansle
secteur
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Mcanismedaccsauxfinancementsassez
lourd
2.LepassagelchellenationaleaveclaGIRE
2.Dficitderenforcementdescapacitsdans
lesecteur
3.Absencedunecartehydrologiquesurla
qualitdeseaux
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Sanitationfacilityofthegerareanotdesided
2.lowaccessofinformation.
3.Notechnicalsolutions.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.WaterdistributionlineoutdatedinUBcity.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Dvelopperunplanderenforcementdes
capacitsdescadresdanslesecteurde
leau
240
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
1.Ulaanbaatarcity,aimags,andcenter
ofthesoumsshouldhavefuturewater
supplyforwardplans(until2030).
2.Utilizesolarenergyandwindpower
toproducewater.
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Morocco
Sanitationachievements:
1.Tarification:lestarifsdelaredevance
dassainissementsontfixsparArrtdu
MinistredlguauprsduPremierMinistre,
chargdesAffairesEconomiqueetGnraleset
rpondentauxtroisprincipalesconsidrations;
sociales,conomiquesetfinancires.
Lespouvoirspublicsontadoptla
consommationdeaupotablecommeassiettede
laredevancedassainissement.
2.dveloppementduneexpertisenationale
dansledomainedel'assainissementviala
formationetlerenforcementdescapacits
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Elaborationdunestratgienationalepourla
gestiondesressourceseneau,
2.Ralisationdeplusieurstudesdescurit
dessystmesdAlimentationenEauPotable.
Mozambique
Sanitationachievements:
1.Inordertoensuresustainabilityofsanitation
services,thereisunderwayatrainingprogram
forlocalartisansonconstructionofimprovedpit
toilets(therewascreateddemonstration
centresforWASHtechnologydiffusion).
2.Thereisunderacreationofautonomous
servicesofsanitationwhichwillcontributefor
sustainabilityatmunicipalitylevel
3.Trainingoflocalsocialworkersoncommunity
sanitationandhygienepromotion(TheMinistry
ofHealthhasallocatedPreventionand
SanitationEducationAgents(APES)toassistat
leasttwofamilieswithintheircommunitiesin
termsofsanitationandhygienepromotion)
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.RealizationofCommunityeducationplansfor
ruralsanitation.
2.CreationofLocalWaterCommittees
3.Participationofcommunitiesonmaintenance
cost
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
10.Sustainability
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Insuffisancedufinancementpourlesecteur
dassainissementcequicreunobstacleaux
ralisationsdeprojets.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Recouvrementdescots,
2.Raretdelaressourceeneau.
3.Prennisationdessystmesdalimentation
eneaupotablerural.
4.Pertedeaupotabledanslesrseauxde
distribution.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Rutilisationdeseauxusespures
Collectedeseauxpluviales
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Privatesectordonotseesanitationsectoras
profitableone,reasonwhytherehaslow
adherenceofprivateactorsonWASH
2.Becausesanitationsectorhasnotbeen
muchprivileged,ithasbeenchallengingto
establishautonomousservicesforsanitation
deliveryandmaintenance
2.Limitedinstitutionalcapacitytolookafter
sanitationacrossallthecountry(human
resourcesandfinancialresourcestoretain
trainedstaff)
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Deficientsystemtosupplypartsofwater
supplysmallschemes,handandmotorized
pumps,etc
2.Limitedfinancialcapacityofruralpopulation
tomaintainwaterinfrastructures
Sanitationcomments:
Sanitationisalowprofilesubsector.Itis
stillofverylowpoliticalpriorityamong
socialbasicservicesprovision.The
inexistenceofspecificsanitationfeesor
tax(despitelegalprovisionmakingthis
possible)leadstolowattentionpaidto
sanitationbybothusers,privatesector
andtosomeextentbysomelocal
governmentstructures.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Inregardto9b)itshouldbereferred
thatthereisasystemtosupplypartsfor
ruralwatersources(butitisstilllimited),
butitisunderprivatesector
241
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Myanmar
Sanitationachievements:
1.Encouragelocalentrepreneurs
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Nepal
Sanitationachievements:
1.Manyinformalsettlementsarealready
formalizedbythegovernment,but
problemisassociatedwithillegalencroachment
tothepublicland
2.ForODFdeclarationallformal/informal
settlementswithinthedelineatedarea
VDC/Municipalityorsomewardswillalsobe
addressed
3.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.WUSCoperatedurbanandsemiurban
utilitiesareabletoreducerevenuewaterup
to10%
2.Someoftheutilitiesaredevelopingtheir
businessplan
Niger
Sanitationachievements:
1.faibleperformancedusecteurpriv
2.absencedinfrastructuredetraitementdes
dchets
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.guidedesservicespublicsdeleau
2.existencedinventaireetdesonactualisation
annuelle
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Unaffordabletopurchasesanitaryfacilities
forremotecommunity.
2.Costofsanitationfacilitiesaredependon
localsituation.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Governmentisnotinthefavourof
encouragingpeopletoencroachintothe
publicland,whichiscreatinginformal
settlements
2.Toovercometraditionalsanitation&
hygienepracticesandpovertyrelated
multidimensionalissuesisaseriouschallenge
inthesanitation
3.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Urbanutilitiesoperatedbygovernment
ownedinstitutionsarehighlyaffectedby
politicalinterferencesandpettyinterestof
differenttradeunions(unionism)
2.SomeoftheWUSCsinruralW/Sarenot
functional
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1..absenceduPlannationalGIRE
2.manquedecertainstextesdapplicationdu
codedeleau
242
10.Sustainability
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
campaigningforODFisokcreating
environment,butfollowupisessential
atleast
for35yearstosustaintheenvironment
ofODFforever.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Functionalityofanywatersupplysystem
ishighlydependentonthefunctionality
ofitsoperator(private,publicandwater
users'committee)Thus,urgentneedis
tomakeoperatorfullyfunctionaland
developWUSCandVMSWasasmall
enterpreneurforthesmoothoperation
ofwatersupplysystems
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Nigeria
Sanitationachievements:
1.Over1000communitieshavebeendeclared
opendefecationfreesince2008.
2.Over4000communitiesareimplementing
CLTS.
3.Communityownershipofsanitationprojects
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Sanitationinadifficultenvironment
(hydrological,geologicalterrain).
2.Inadequatefundingtoscaleup.Rural/urban
migration.
3.Inadequatemonitoringandevaluation.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Oman
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Treatedwatersupplyhasbeenextendedup
tosomeoftheruralareas,suchasDakhaliyaand
SouthBatinaregions,withwatersourcesfrom
SeaWaterDesalinationplants.
2.Dependencyonthegroundwateris
discouragedandthedesalinatedwater
productionisbeingincreased.
3.OneDamhasbeenconstructedrecentlyand
isinoperationacrossastreaminWilayat
Qurayyattostoreandpreservetherainwater
runoff.ThisisforbothAgriculturalpurposes
andforDrinkingpurpose.
Pakistan
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Morethan90%ofthepopulationhasaccessto
improveddrinkingwater
Increasingcommunityinvolvementinwater
supplyschemes
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.IrregularrainfallintheRegionisonemajor
drawbackwhichlimitsthewaterresources..
2.Highalgalbloomsinthesealinedueto
aggressivetemperaturesisonemainhazardto
thedesalinationplantsalongthecoastline
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Weakoperationandmaintenance
mechanisms
Weakwaterqualitymonitoringmechanism
243
10.Sustainability
Sanitationcomments:
Urbansanitationisachallengeintermof
planning,implementationand
monitoringandevaluation.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Panama
Sanitationachievements:
1.Avanceimportanteeneltratamientode
aguasresiduales.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Semantienenoincrementanlosnivelesaltos
decoberturaqueyasehan
alcanzado.
2.Vigilanciapermanenteparagarantizarla
calidaddelagua,particularmente
enelreaurbanalocualespercibidodemanera
satisfactoriaporla
comunidad.
Paraguay
Sanitationachievements:
1.Larealizacindeestudiosquepermitan
determinarlacapacidaddepagoascomola
disposicinalpagoendistintosproyectosa
realizar
2.Seanalizanpropuestasdeincorporarenel
sistemafinancierolaherramientadefideicomiso
paraincorporarlaparticipacinprivadaenel
sector.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.YasehanrealizadoPSAenalgunoslugaresdel
pascomoexperienciaspiloto
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
10.Sustainability
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lascomunidadesnoestnpreparadaspara
participaryempoderarsede
losproblemas,ynolodemandacomoun
derechohumano.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Losprocesosdedeforestacingeneran
problemasdecalidadycantidaden
lasfuentesdeaguacruda.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Faltadeconcienciacinadecuadasobrela
necesidaddesostenibilidaddelsaneamiento.
2.Sehacenecesarialacapacitacinadecuada
depersonasencuantoalsaneamientoen
variosniveles.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.UniversalizarlosPSAatodoslossistemasde
agua
2.Faltaunseguimientoymonitoreodetodos
losprestadoresdeaguadelosPSAatravsde
algunainstitucinhbiltcnicamenteen
cuantoaPSA.
3.EllaboratoriodeDIGESAdebeser
reestructuradodetalmaneraaconvertirseen
unodereferencia
Sanitationcomments:
Paralograrlasostenibilidadserequiere
eldesarrollodeunprogramade
promocinyeducacinsanitariadela
poblacinusuaria,yunacapacitacin
tcnicaalinteriordelosrecursos
humanosdelprestadordeservicio.
Drinkingwatercomments:
244
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Philippines
Sanitationachievements:
1.ConcessionagreementwithMWSSinMetro
Manila
2.LGUandwaterutilitypartnershipon
sanitationprojects
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.ExpansionofWatersafetplansto13Water
Districts
2.PartnershipwithCivilsocietyorganizations
3.Godfatherapproachofwaterdistrictson
capacitybuilding
Rwanda
Sanitationachievements:
1.Privatesectorinvolvementintheconstruction
ofsanitationfacilities;
2.Twolocalcompaniesmanufacturingtheeco
slabs
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Watertariffreviewstudiesinbothruraland
urban
2.Policyistargetingcostrecoverytoensure
sustainabilityinurban
3.
Samoa
Sanitationachievements:
1.Trainingoflocalplumbersonproperseptic
tankconstruction
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Expansionofwatersupplyservicestorural
areas/Savaii,including
rehabilitationworksanddevelopmentofnew
assets(WTPsandintakes)
2.Rehabilitationofreticulationsystemsinsome
urbanareasunderway.
Moreover,pipereplacementunderwaytotry
andreducewaterleekages
3.Externallyfundedprojectsthatprovide
assistancetoimprovewater
services,assetsandprovidecapacitybuildingfor
staff
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
10.Sustainability
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Limitedcoverageofprivateservice
providers
2.ProhibitivecostofDEWATS/sewerage
interventions
3.Limitedinvestmentofprivatesectorfor
treatmentanddisposalofsewage
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.LimitedfundstoreduceNonrevenuewater
2.LGUinterferencesinWaterDistrict
operations
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Themanagementofthepublicsanitation
infrastructure
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Capacityofdelegatedmanagementby
privateoperatorsinruralareasandlocal
governmentasassetowner
Sanitationcomments:
Notoolsyetareavailableforassessing
thevulnerabilityofsanitationonclimate
change.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.NationalSanitationPolicyNew,transitionto
policychanges
2.Limitedstaffandtechnicalexpertise
3.Formulatingeffluentstandardsrequiredfor
WastewaterTreatmentPlant
andprivateusersregulation
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Veryhighnonrevenuewaterlevels
2.Aginginfrastructureandsystems
3.Resourceconstraints(staff,vehicles,tools,
equipment,computers,
excavators,assetreplacement,offices)
Sanitationcomments:
Peoplehavebeenencouragedtomove
inlandorraisehousefoundationto1m
Drinkingwatercomments:
245
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Senegal
Sanitationachievements:
1.Desstratgiesdapprovisionnementefficaces
sontlaboresetmisesenuvrepourfaciliter
laralisationdouvragesenmilieurural
2.lerenforcementdecapacitsdesartisans
locaux
3.linstallationdesystmesdassainissement
semicollectifenmilieupriurbain
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.LlaborationdunPlandActionpourlaGIRE
avecunecharteGIRE;
2.LlaborationdunPlanderductiondes
consommationsdesmarachers,de
lAdministrationetleplanprospectifpourlAEP
deDakaretdelaPetiteCtelhorizon2025;
3.Lafixationetlesuividenormes
bactriologiquesetphysicochimiquepourla
qualitdeleauenzoneurbaine;
SierraLeone
Sanitationachievements:
1.Workinginpartnershipwitheachotherto
improvewater,sanitationandHygieneinthe
Communities.
2.Improvedsanitationintheslumsandinformal
settlementintheurbanareas
3.scalingupmaintenanceofurbansanitation
systemsbypromotingprivatesector
participation
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Workinginpartnershipwitheachotherto
improvewater,sanitationandHygieneinthe
communities
2.scalingupmaintenanceofurbanWASHby
promotingprivatesectorparticipation
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
10.Sustainability
Sanitationobstacles:
1.faiblessedusystmedegestiondusemi
collectif
2.vtustdurseau
3.insuffisancedufinancement
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Labsencedeplansdescuritdeleauen
milieurural;
2.Labsenceduncadredesuiviexhaustifdes
impactsdesprlvementspourlesdiffrents
usagesdeleau;
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.LimitedGovernmentcapacity
2.Fewfundingsources
3.Poordocumentationandaccountability
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.LimitedGovernmentcapacity
2.Fewfundingsources
3.Poordocumentationandaccountability
Sanitationcomments:
TheimplementationofWASHactivities
hasbeendividedinto2partthe
softwareandthehardware,the
hardwareisimplementedinthedry
seasonwhilethesoftwareis
implementedduringaparticularextreme
weatherconditions.
Drinkingwatercomments:
LocalCouncilstoestablishmechanisms
tomeetthecostofO&Mwiththe
willingnessandabilityofthecommunity
tooperatemaintainandmanagethe
chosenoption
246
UNWaterGLAAS201112
SouthAfrica
Sanitationachievements:
1.Theconstructionofsinglepittoiletswithfixed
topstructureshasbeendiscouraged.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Strongoversightofutilitiesandan
interventionprotocol.
2.Initiatedassetmanagementandwater
conservationanddemandmanagement
programmes.
3.NationalTreasuryworkingwithlocal
authoritiesandprovidingstrongfinancial
oversight.
SouthSudan
Sanitationachievements:
1.TheCountryhasstartedrollingout
CommunityTotalLedSanitation(CTLS)
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.FormedandtrainedWaterusercommittees
inruralareas
SriLanka
Sanitationachievements:
1.Theclimateconditionsofthecountryis
conductiveforbiodegradationoftoiletwaste
throughouttheyear
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.EstablishmentsofDistrictRWSunitsto
supportforCBOS
2.Waterqualitysurveillanceprogrammesbeing
implementedjointlybyMWSDandMOH
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Inadequateoperationandmaintenanceof
onsitesanitationhasledtononfunctioning
facilities.
2.VIPtoiletsareunsustainableinsomecases
duetononadherencetonormsandstandards.
3.WasteWatertreatmentworksinruralhave
reachedtheirfullcapacityandarenolonger
functioningproperly.
4.Aginginfrastructureandpooroperationand
maintenance.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Aninadequatebusinessapproachtowater
services.
2.ALackoftechnicalexpertiseintheWater
Sector.
3.Aninsufficient/inadequatefundingmodel
foroperationandmaintenance.
4.Poorfinancialmanagement.
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Conflictingapproachedtosanitation.
2.Lackoffinance
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Fundsforoperationandmaintenance
2.Supplychainmanagementespeciallyin
purchaseofspareparts
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Longstretchesofroadswherepeopledrive
forseveralhoursdonothavepropertoilet
facilities.
2.Toiletfacilitiesinpublicplacessuchas
markets,busstands,railwaystationsetc.arein
apoorstate.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Timelyfundrequirements.
2.Costrecoverytariffadjustments
3.Lackofcontrolfornewinvestments
247
10.Sustainability
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Economicdevelopmentisnotalways
viableinsomemunicipalareasdueto
thelocationofsomecommunitieswith
associatedhighcostandeffortespecially
withrespecttowaterresources
development.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Investmentforpreventivemaintenance
andforimplementationofproperasset
managementplansshallbegiven
priority.
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Sudan
Sanitationachievements:
1.CATSapproachisaverypromisingapproach
formoreoutputsandsustainabilityofrural
sanitation.
2.Householdlatrinedesignguidelineswhichis
inlinewiththeglobaldefinitionofimproved
sanitationareapprovedandpublished.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Twelvewaterfacilitiesdesignguidelineswhich
areinlinewiththeglobaldefinitionofimproved
sanitationareapprovedandpublished.
2.20122016WASHnationalandstatelevel
strategicplanswithstrongO&Mcomponents
areapprovedandunderimplementation.
Tajikistan
Sanitationachievements:
Intheprivatesectorinurbanareasnotedsome
improvementstosanitation,usedmoremodern
methodsofdrainageandwastewatertreatment
atthelocallevel
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Developmentof"NationalStrategyforWater
SupplyandSanitation"
"Strategyfordevelopmentofwatersectorinthe
RepublicofTajikistan","Programtoimprovethe
provisionofcleandrinkingwaterRT"forthe
period20072020
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
10.Sustainability
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Cultural,awarenessandpovertybarriers
thathinderexpansionofonsite
2.Fundingobstacleswithregardtourban
networksanitation.
3.29%ofthepopulationarestillusing
traditionalunimprovedsanitation
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Difficultiesinapprovingwatertariffatthe
politicallevel.
2.WaterrevenueisnotenoughtocoverO&M
andreplacementcosts.
3.Difficultiesincollectingwatertariff
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
Extremelynotenoughdevelopedplansfor
ruraldevelopmentsonsanitation.Donot
createjointventureorassociationonthis
issues,economicandenvironmentalissuesare
notaddressed
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Insufficientfundingfortheseprogramsand
strategies
Sanitationcomments:
Sustainabilityofthesanitationservicesis
verylowsoasnotyetcreatedthe
necessarysanitarycondition
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sufficientfunding
Conducttimelymonitoringofwater
quality
Organizationofwaterregistration,
installationofwatermeters
timelyoverhaulandmaintenance
Improvedcoordinationofactivities
betweensuppliersandconsumers
increasetheuser'sculture
provisionoftargetedandeffectiveuse
ofbudgetfunds,andcoordinate
managementofloans,grantsandother
funds
248
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Thailand
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Naturalwaterresourcehasdeterioratedin
qualityandquantity
2.Peopleprefertoconsumebottledwater
ratherthantapwater
3.Localpoliticsinterferewithpricing
4.Insufficientbudgetforqualityoperation
TimorLeste
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.inthewatertreatmentplansideischlorinated
2.improvementofintakesystemofwater
treatmentplantopreventsedimentationor
turbidity
3.GovernmenthasstrongpartnershipwithADB
andJICA
ADBiscoveringsupportfordistributionline
systemonWTP
JICAiscoveringsupportforproductionsystem
Togo
Sanitationachievements:
1.Technologiesappropriesfaiblecot
2.Disponibilitdesmatriauxdeconstruction
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Existencedesrseauxdagentsdentretien
danslaplupartdeslocalits
2.ExistencedelabasededonnesPROGRES
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lackofoperationcostforongoing
maintenancesystem
2.Lackofhumanresourcesintermsof
professionalsandtechnicalskillonareaof
drinkingwatertreatmentplanssystem
3.lessofcapacityonWTPintakesystemfor
sedimentationprocessbecauseonly<1000
NTUthereforeunabletooperateinrainseason
eventfloods
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Faiblemobilisationdesressources
financiresi
2.Faiblechasseauxbonnespratiques
dassainissement
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Nondisponibilitdesrseauxdepicesde
rechanges
2.Insuffisancederessourcesfinancires
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
249
10.Sustainability
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
1.Publicparticipationiseffective
mechanismforserviceimprovement
includingtransparency,equity,whichis
keyelementaddressedinthe11th
ThailandNationalEconomicandSocial
Development
2.LocalAdministrationOrganization
shouldbebuiltcapacityofnatural
resourceconservation
3.DepartmentofLocalAdministration
Organizationwithregardingto
drinkingwaterqualityoperationand
service
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Ncessitdintgrerdsormais,la
conceptiondesinterventionsen
assainissement,destudesdefaisabilit
etdacceptabilitafindegarantirune
meilleuredurabilitdesservices
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Uganda
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Uzbekistan
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
250
10.Sustainability
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
VietNam
Sanitationachievements:
1.Therewerealreadyconcreteregulationsand
lawsondrinkingwaterand
sanitation
2.Orientationandvisionofsanitationinthemid
termandlongtermwere
defined
3.Fundingfromagencies,organizationsin
sanitationweremobilizedand
stepbystepinvestmentfromprivatesectoron
thisareaisencouraged
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Outputsareinstitutionalizedinlegal
documents
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lawsandregulationsarestillnew,
therefore,applicationisstilldifficult
andadjustmentsneedtobemadefor
implementation
2.Fundingsourceswerenotfocusedonafocal
point,therefore,thereare
sometimesoverlappingofprojectsand
programs,leadingtowasteresources.
Roleofprivatesectorinsanitationisstill
limited
3.Awarenessofpublicleadingtobehavior
changeisstilllimited.Habitof
relyingonsubsidyfromthegovernmentstill
exists
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Whenpopulationdensityincreases,
industriesandservicesdevelop
accompaniedwithincreaseddemandforwater
useandwatersourcepollution
2.Vietnamisanagriculturecountryinwhich
culturalmeritandawarenessof
peoplearestillnothigh.Tomeetdemandsfor
humanresourcefromwater
supplysector,itisrequiredtotrainalarge
resourceofmanagementstaffand
operatorsofwatersupplysystem
3.FlowratepercapitaofVietnamislow.
Vietnamisnotacountrywithrich
waterresources.Flowratepercapitaisgetting
moreandmoredecreased;
therefore,savinginexploitationanduseof
waterneedstobecomeanational
policytoensuresustainabledevelopment
4.Watersupplysystemsdevelopaccompanied
bylogistics,equipmentfor
watersector;therefore,developmentof
facilitiesforproducingmaterialsand
equipmentforwatersectorrequiresattention
fromallsectorsandlevels
251
10.Sustainability
Sanitationcomments:
communicationshouldberunonestep
aheadoftimeinordertocreate
demandsfromcommunity,leadingto
theownershipofcommunityin
sanitation
Modelsofmanagementonwaterand
sanitationfromstateleveltoprovincial
levelarenotunifiedyet
Lackofmodelsforcheapservicesthat
aresuitableforregionalfeaturesand
incomeofcommunity
Drinkingwatercomments:
Developmentofwatersupplyhastobe
basedonafoundationof
comprehensiveandsustainable
developmentofsocioeconomyofthe
country.Comprehensivedevelopment,
firstofall,representsindevelopment
ofallsectorsandpeopleare
beneficiariesfromthedevelopment.
Sustainable
developmentneedsplanningfor
resourcesandalongtermvisionfor
stable
andlastingdevelopment.Requirements
forplanningpolicyhavetobe
strategic.Someresponsibilitiesand
measuresonpolicyinmanagementof
investmenttodevelopwatersupply
sectortowardsustainabledevelopment
arementionin:Orientationofwater
supplydevelopment2925,Visionto
2050
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Yemen
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Zimbabwe
Sanitationachievements:
1.Operationandmaintenanceofallservicescan
bedoneatcommunitylevel
2.Strucutresexistatlocallevelforcapacity
developmentespeciallyintheruralsubsector
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.TheUrbanSubSectorthroughtheUrban
EmergencyRehabilitationTaskforcehascarried
outrapidassessmentsforthemajorityofurban
localauthoritiesbothbigandsmall.These
assessmentsarenowusedtoinformthenature
ofinterventionsrequiredpereachurbanlocal
authoritywhetheritbeintermsof
rehabilitationsandorinvestmentinnew
infrastructure.
2.GovernmenthasadoptedCommunityBased
Management(CBM)asthestrategytomanage
waterinfrastructure.Thishasgonealongwayin
creatingcapacity,senseofownershipand
responsibilityamongstthelocalcommunitiesin
managingtheirWASHservices
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Failuretoretaincapacitatedartisans
2.Supplychainforsparesnotclearlydefined
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Inventoriesdifficulttoconductdueto
incapacitatedinstitutionalstructuresatsub
nationallevels
2.Supplychainsnotdefinedbecause
communitiesarenotfullyresponsiblefor
operationandmaintenance
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
252
10.Sustainability
Sanitationcomments:
ClimatechangeSanitationsystemsand
serviceswereassessedinthelightof
climatechangescenarios.
Thedesignofthenewsanitationsystems
andtreatmentstationsaretaken
accountoftheexpectedclimatechange
weatherconditionsaccordingtothe
climatechangeprogramme..
Thelocalcommitteepays70%ofthe
waterbillconsumptionforsustainability
ofsanitationservice,thiaamoutisusd
formaintainsandoperation.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Sustainabilityofsanitationservicesis
onlypossiblewithcapacitydevelopment
atlocallevelandmakingsurethatspares
andmaterialsaremadeavailablelocally.
Thisisthegapthatstillexistsinthe
Zimbabweansectoreventhoughefforts
arebeingputtowardsensuringthatthis
isrevitalisedagainafteryearsof
economicdeclineimpactingonservice
provision.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Communityownershipofwaterservices
inurbanareasisstillaveryrawarea
requiringurgentattention.Communities
arenotyetpreparedtopayforservices.
Somehouseholdsgoformonthswithout
payingtheirmonthlybillsforwateronly
togetawakenedafteradisconnection.
Howeverwhatalsodemotivatesthem
frompayingtheirbillsisthatthereisno
waterflowingintheirtapesformostof
thetimesespeciallyduringcriticaltimes.
UNWaterGLAAS201112
11.SlumsandClimateChange
11.Question9jand9l:SlumsandClimateChangePlanning/Programs
Afghanistan
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Morethan70percentofKabulisunplannedarea;wehavethe
sameprobleminothercities.Soministryofurbandevelopment
affairshasanimprovementprogramforthoseareaswhichhas
beenasuccessfulplan.
Angola
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
TheAngolanGovernmenthasdraftsguidingplansfor
requalificationofanarchicconstruction(slams).Underthis
program,latrineswillnotbeanadequateoption,butcommonand
individualtoiletswherepossible.
ExistenceofNationalEnterprise,butnotsufficienttorespondto
nationaldemand.Thesameisappliedtothequalityservices
suppliedbyNationalEnterprisewhichisstillofconcern.
Azerbaijan
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Buildingeffluentdisposallinesandareliablesystemofwater
supply.
Bangladesh
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
TheprojectunderUNDPnamedUPPR(UrbanPartnershipfor
PovertyReduction)isspecificallyforslumandinformalsettlement.
Benin
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Bhutan
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
None
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Climatechangeplanning:
Thereisnotanyplaninthisregard.
Climatechangeplanning:
no
Climatechangeplanning:
Buildingcoveredwaterducts.
Climatechangeplanning:
No.
Climatechangeplanning:
QuelqueseffortsonttfaitsparlEtatdanscesenstraversla
construction
decollecteurspourdrainerleauverslalaguneetlamer.(voir
DGURF/MEHU)
Climatechangeplanning:
Sanitationsystemsandserviceshavenotbeenassessedinthelight
ofclimate
changescenarios.However,optionshavebeenpiloted(eg.Eco
sanitation)
253
UNWaterGLAAS201112
11.SlumsandClimateChange
Bolivia(PlurinationalStateof)
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Brazil
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
BurkinaFaso
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Urbain
Lesuivietlvaluationdevrontfairelobjetdeservicesspcialiss
indpendants.
Rural
Ilnennexistepaspourlemomentencequiconcernelemilieu
rural
Burundi
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Sansobjet
Cambodia
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Cameroon
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
AUCUN
CentralAfricanRepublic
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Ilnexistepasdeprogrammesspcifiques,maislesTravauxhaute
intensitdemainduvreralissparlAGETIFCAFtouchent
parfoislassainissementdesbidonvilles
Chad
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Climatechangeplanning:
Previendolosefectosdelcambioclimticoseestn
implementandolassiguientesmedidas:Resodeaguas
residuales,captacindemetano
Climatechangeplanning:
Nomomento,aindano.
Climatechangeplanning:
Non
Climatechangeplanning:
Sansobjet
Climatechangeplanning:
Climatechangeplanning:
Climatechangeplanning:
Climatechangeplanning:
254
UNWaterGLAAS201112
11.SlumsandClimateChange
Colombia
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
ProgramaSaneamientoparaasentamientosdelViceministeriode
AguaySaneamiento:ElobjetivoquetieneelProgramade
SaneamientoparaAsentamientos,eseldemejorarlascondiciones
devidadelapoblacinenlaszonasdeextremapobrezadelas
ciudadesdemaneraindividualycolectiva,medidaentrminosde
mejoramientodelaviviendaydotacindelosserviciospblicos
domiciliariosbsicos(Fuente:www.mavd.gov.co)
Congo
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Aucunprogrammespcifique
Cted'Ivoire
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
DominicanRepublic
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Egypt
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
ElSalvador
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
ProgramadeANDAenZonasperifricasalasciudades:Programa
deInfraestructuraenaguapotableysaneamientobsicoenreas
periurbanasyruralesdeElSalvador.
FISDL,ejecutaelprogramadecomunidadessolidariasen100
municipiosmspobres.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Climatechangeplanning:
Climatechangeplanning:
Oui,lessystmesdassainissementprennentencomptetousles
scnariiensappuyantsurlvolutionducontexteetlesralits
locales(us,coutumes,intempries)
Climatechangeplanning:
Non,lessystmesetservicesdassainissementnontilspast
valuslalumiredesscnariosdechangementclimatique.
Mais,laconceptiondesnouveauxsystmesdassainissementtient
compteduchangementclimatiqueprvu,enparticulierles
conditionsmtorologiquesextrmes.
Climatechangeplanning:
NO
Climatechangeplanning:
Climatechangeplanning:
Climatechangeplanning:
No,seesperaraqueapartirdelaaprobacindelapolticayley
delaguaysaneamiento,todoslosprogramasyproyectospblicos
yprivadosdebanconsiderarlaincorporacindelasaccionesde
cambioclimticoqueasegurenelbienestardelapoblacin.Por
ejemploANDAestintroduciendoyenproyeccindesarrollarel
enfoquedeadaptacinalcambioclimticoenlosproyectosque
ejecutara
255
UNWaterGLAAS201112
11.SlumsandClimateChange
EquatorialGuinea
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
ElGobiernohaestablecidounprogramade"VIVIENDAPARA
TODO"2020
Ethiopia
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Slumupgradingandlegalizationofinformalsettlementsare
ongoing
ThereisfocustostartsanitationmarketingandSanMartS
Fiji
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
TherearenospecificprogrammesonlyRegulatoryframework
Climatechangeplanning:
Setomomedidas(Tcnicamente)paraevitarlasinundaciones
Climatechangeplanning:
No,butthereisseparatelypreparedNationalClimateChange
AdaptationStrategicPlanoftheMinistryofHealthinwhichit
addressessomeoftheclimatechangescenarios.
Gabon
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Programmesnonexistants
Gambia
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Ghana
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
1)GovernmentiscollaboratingwithNGOstoupgradesanitation
infrastructureinaboutsix(6)slums.Thisincludesconstructionof
drains,microcredittofinancehouseholdtoiletsandpubliclatrines
Guinea
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Aucundocumentneprendencomptelesbidonsvillesetles
tablissementshumainsinformels.
GuineaBissau
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Haiti
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Climatechangeplanning:
Thereareplansforreinforcementandplansareinplacefor
emergencyanddisasters
Climatechangeplanning:
Pasdvaluation
Climatechangeplanning:
Thesearerecentdevelopmentswhichhavenotbeenfully
integratedintheplanningprocess.
Climatechangeplanning:
Notsystematicallyassessed
Climatechangeplanning:
Pourlemomentaucunsystmeetservicedassainissementnat
valupourcomprendresicestenfonctiondesscnariosde
changementclimatique.
Climatechangeplanning:
NON
Climatechangeplanning:
256
UNWaterGLAAS201112
11.SlumsandClimateChange
Honduras
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
ProgramadeBarriosenDesarrollodependientedelSANAA.
India
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Indonesia
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
NUSSP(NeighbourhoodUpgradingandShelterSectorProject
(NUSSP)
PLP2KBK(StructuringProgramsandNeighborhoodbasedSlum
Area)
Sapola(SlumAlleviationPolicyandActionPlanning)
Iran(IslamicRepublicof)
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Jordan
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
TheresponsiblesideforrefugeecampsisthePalestiniansAffairs
DirectoratefinancedbyUNRWA
WaterAuthorityofJordanprovidesconnectionservicessand
servicefollowup
Kenya
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Slumupgradingprogrammes
NGOs
Kyrgyzstan
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Climatechangeplanning:
Losprogramasdeinversintodavanointegranmedidasde
reduccinderiesgosensudiseo,construccinyoperacin.
Estasituacindeberenmendarseafuturoinmediatopuesla
recienteaprobacindelaLeydelSistemaNacionaldeGestinde
Riesgos(SINAGER)establecelaobligatoriedaddeincorporardicha
medida.
Climatechangeplanning:
No
Climatechangeplanning:
ClimatechangeNotyet,thereshouldbesomechangestoadopt
theextremeweatherconditions,forexampledesignofdrainage
system,buttheprogressstillslow.
Climatechangeplanning:
Climatechangeplanning:
Climatechangeplanning:
NO
Climatechangeplanning:
ThePlanofAdaptationofHealthcareSectortowardsClimate
ChangehasbeendevelopedandsubmittedtotheMoHfor
approval.TheNationalStrategyandClimateChangeAdaptation
PlanintheKyrgyzRepublicareunderdevelopment.
257
UNWaterGLAAS201112
11.SlumsandClimateChange
LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Therearenospecificprogramsforslumsandinformalsettlements
Lebanon
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Lesotho
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
TherearenoslumsandinformalsettlementsassuchinLesotho.
Morethan50%ofurbanhousingisrentedandmostrentalhousing
consistedofMalaene(rowsofsingleanddoubleroomswith
sharedlatrinesandwater).TherecentDemographicandHealth
Survey(2009)revealedthattheurbansanitationcoverageisless
than30%whensharedfacilitiesarenotincludedinimproved
facilitiesinaccordancewiththeJMPdefinitions.
Liberia
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
MCChasanIMPACT(doortodoorgarbagecollectionanddisposal)
Madagascar
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
APIPA,CARE,WSUP,UNHABITAT,UNICEF,Practica:amnagement
etcuragedecanal
SAMVA,EDEN,ENDAOI,IRCOD,coledeMonde,Mdair:gestion
desdchets
EAST:blocsanitaire,renforcementdescapacitsetgestiondes
dchets.
etc.
Malawi
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
TheEU/EIBPeriUrbanProject,
TheAfricanWaterFacilityPeriUrbanProgramme,
CCODEprogrammes,
UNDP/UNHabitatProject.
BillandMelindaGatesProject
Maldives
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Climatechangeplanning:
Climatechangeplanning:
No.Thesanitationsystemsareaimedtoprotectcoastalwatersand
inlandwaterresources.
Climatechangeplanning:
Nospecificassessmenthasbeenmadeintermsofclimatechange
anddesignofsanitationfacilities
Climatechangeplanning:
no
Climatechangeplanning:
Climatechangeplanning:
Notyet.Thereisneedtobuildknowledgebase,understanding
andcapacityonthelinkbetweenSanitationandClimateChange.
Climatechangeplanning:
Allnewsanitationsystemsdesignsareapprovedonlyafter
EnvironmentalImpactAssessmentdoneproperly.
258
UNWaterGLAAS201112
11.SlumsandClimateChange
Mali
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Mauritania
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
LEPROGRAMMEATPCQUISOCCUPEESSENTIELLEMENTDU
MILIEURURAL
Mongolia
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
1.Upgradinggerareaintoapartmentprogram2008
2.Newinvestmentmidtermreviewprogram
3.NationalwaterprogramendorsedSGHResolution24,2010
4.NationalprogramonEnvironmentalHealthendorsed
GovernmentResolution245,2005
5.NationalProgramonImprovementofSanitationFacilities
endorsedGovernmentResolution246,2006
Morocco
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Leprogrammenationalderattrapagedeladesserteenmatire
deaupotableetdassainissementdesquartierspriurbainesten
courdlaboration.
Mozambique
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Itisinexperimentalphasetheestablishmentofprivatesector
actortoremovelatrinesludgewithinthemostpopulatesareas
(slums)
ImplementationofChildrenFriendlySchoolsforAfrica
ImplementationofImprovedToiletsProgramsinPeriurbanareas
(distributionofslabs)
PilotprojectsofClubtoiletsindenselypopulatedareas(slums)
Myanmar
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
ProgrammesarefrequentlydevelopedbyYangonCity
DevelopmentCommittee/MandalayCityDevelopmentCommittee
Nepal
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Localbodies,NGOs,&CivilSocietyorganizationsareinvolvedin
theprogrammes
dedicatedtotheslumsandinformalsettlement
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Climatechangeplanning:
Non
Climatechangeplanning:
Dvelopperunplanderenforcementdescapacitsdescadres
danslesoussecteur
Climatechangeplanning:
heassessmentofsanitationsystemsandserviceswerereliedon
meteorologicalcondition.Theredesigningofnewsanitation
systemshasconsideredharshweathercondition.
Climatechangeplanning:
oui
Climatechangeplanning:
Therehasnotbeenelaboratedyetsanitationsystemsthattake
intoaccountclimatechanges
Climatechangeplanning:
AssessabletoClimateChange.Minormodificationindesigns
Climatechangeplanning:
259
UNWaterGLAAS201112
11.SlumsandClimateChange
Niger
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
1.lasystmatisationdesformationsdesmaonslocauxpourla
ralisationdesouvragesdassainissementamliors
2.gnralisationdesschmasdirecteursdassainissement
Nigeria
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
UNHabitatprojectinPlateauStateundertheWaterforAfrican
Citiesinitiative.
Oman
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Pakistan
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
OrangiPilotProject
SindhKatchiAbadisDirectorate
RuralSupportProgrammeNetwork
PakistanInstituteofEnvironment,DevelopmentandAction
Research(PIEDAR)
LodhranPilotProgramme
Panama
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Climatechangeplanning:
Climatechangeplanning:
NO.Thereislackofadequatecapacitytopredicttheimpactof
climatechangeasitaffectrainfallcharacteristicsandvariability
andotherwaterresourcesandsanitationfacilities.
Climatechangeplanning:
Climatechangeplanning:
Paraguay
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
ExisteunollamadoProgramadeSaneamientoyAguaPotablepara
elChacoyCiudadesIntermediasdelaReginorientaldeParaguay
alcualpuedenaplicar.
Philippines
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
None
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Climatechangeplanning:
S,especialmenteenlasnuevasinfraestructuras.
Yes,especiallyinnewinfrastructure.
Climatechangeplanning:
Engeneralnohansidocontempladoslosaspectosdelcambio
climtico,auncuandoexistemayorconcienciadesuimpacto.
Climatechangeplanning:
Notyet
260
UNWaterGLAAS201112
11.SlumsandClimateChange
Rwanda
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
EvaIIWaterandSanitationforAfricanCitiesongoing
Samoa
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Senegal
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
SierraLeone
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
UrbanWASHConsortiumprogramconsistingofGOALSierraLeone,
ConcernWorldwide,Oxfam,SavethechildrenandACF.
SouthAfrica
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
TheInformalSettlementsUpgradingandEmergencyhousing
programmehasbeenestablished.
SouthSudan
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
SriLanka
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
AprojectisplannedtobeimplementedinColomboareato
providesubsidiesforlowincomecommunitytoobtainimproved
sanitationfacilities.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Climatechangeplanning:
Thedesignincludetheelementofclimatechangebutithasnot
beenassessed.
Questioni:Constructionoflatrines,management,sludge
management
Climatechangeplanning:
Climatechangeplanning:
Non.
Climatechangeplanning:
Yes
Climatechangeplanning:
No.
Thisareastillneedstobeinvestigatedanddeveloped.
Climatechangeplanning:
Climatechangeplanning:
Yes.Whendesigningonsitesanitationsystemshighgroundwater
tableandscarcityofwaterisconsidered.
Discussions&knowledgemanagementongoing
261
UNWaterGLAAS201112
11.SlumsandClimateChange
Sudan
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
1.CATSapproachisaverypromisingapproachformoreoutputs
andsustainabilityofruralsanitation.
2.Householdlatrinedesignguidelineswhichisinlinewiththe
globaldefinitionofimprovedsanitationareapprovedand
published.
Tajikistan
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Doesnotexist
Thailand
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
TimorLeste
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Togo
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Uganda
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
NGOsandCBOsprogrammes
Uzbekistan
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
VietNam
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Climatechangeplanning:
No
Climatechangeplanning:
ThecountryhasdevelopedaDraftNationalClimateChangeand
HealthAdaptationandActionPlansfortheperiod20112020,
wherealsoaddressedtheissueofclimatechangemitigationfor
watersanitationservices.
ThedocumentisunderthereviewoftheTajikistanGovernment
Climatechangeplanning:
Climatechangeplanning:
Climatechangeplanning:
Lesactionsactuellesenmatiredassainissementtiennentcompte
deschangementsclimatiques.
Climatechangeplanning:
No
Climatechangeplanning:
Climatechangeplanning:
Atpresent,climatechangehasjustbeentakenintoaccountinthe
contextof
climatechange,therefore,designofsanitationsystemisstillin
needof
improvementduringtheimplementation
262
UNWaterGLAAS201112
11.SlumsandClimateChange
Yemen
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Therearemanyprogramsofwater&sanitationservingslumsand
informalsettlementsandtheirschoolsimplementedbySocialFund
forDevelopmentthroughofwater&environmentunitandof
participationofthelocalcommitteeandmostoftheseprojects
fullysuccessfulandtakecontinuity.
Zimbabwe
Sanitationprogramsforslums:
ProgrammeonEcologicalSanitationTechnologiesThese
technologiesarebeingintroducedastemporarystructuresas
peopleinandaroundtheseslumsarenotpermanentresidents.
Thisisatwowayprogramme.Oneaspectistocarryouttrialson
thesenewtechnologiestoseeiftheyworkforZimbabwean
communitiesandsecondoneistomakesurethatthisunserved
populationatleasthavesomeformoffacilitiestodisposeoftheir
excretainabetterdignifiedmannerthanbefore.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Climatechangeplanning:
Climatechangeplanning:
Climatechangestillremainsastamplingblockinthesector
requiringalotofresearchtoinformappropriatedevelopmentand
subsequenttechnologies.Thesectorisnowstartingtorespondto
climatechangechallenges.Insteadofthe3mdeeplinedpitforthe
Blairlatrine,thesectorisnowinitiatinganotherstrongerand
shallowerpittoguardagainstfallinginofthepitand
contaminationofthewatertableinlightofincreasedrainfall
intensitieslikelytoraisewatertablelevels.Thisiscalledthe2m
deepcorbelledpitwheretheinterlockingnatureofbricksduring
pitliningensuresthatthepitbecomesstrongerandthewiderbase
ofthepitthoughshallowindepthensuresthatthecapacityofthe
corbelledpitremainsthesamewiththatofthe3mstraightlined
pitifnotbetter
263
UNWaterGLAAS201112
12.HumanResources
12.Question10:HumanResources
Afghanistan
Sanitationachievements:
Capacitydevelopmentprogramshave
beenconducted.
Expertsandadvisorsareworkingon
relatedissues.
Forbetterresultsexpertsandadvisors
areimportant
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Advisorshavebeenemployedbydonors.
Therearedonorswithclearresponsibilities
onwatersupplyissues.
Angola
Sanitationachievements:
Achievements:
1.EstablishmentoftheUTNSAand
nominateditsNationalCoordinator
2.EstablishmentoftheIntersectoral
TechnicalGroup,composedbyMinistryos
Health,Education,EnergyandWater,
TerritorialAdministration,Agricultureand
FisheryandEnvironment.
3.EstablishmentathighoftheMulti
sectoralTechnicalCommissionfor
Environment,attendedbyMinisters,Vice
MinistersandStatesSecretaries
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Achievements:
1.Onjobtrainingoflocalstaffwhenthere
isrunningexternalprojectsorprojects
implementedbyconsultants
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
Qualifiedcandidatesarenotselectedfor
capacitydevelopmentprograms.
IntrainingsSuitableprogramsarenot
designed.
FocusonKabulattrainingprogramsis
muchmorethanprovinces.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Lackofenoughexperts
Lackofpayattentiontocapacitybuildingin
aproperway.
Sanitationcomments:
Thereshouldbemorecapacitybuildingat
provincesanddistricts.
Thereshouldbefactoriestoproduce
materialsforsanitationfacilitiesin
provinces.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
Obstacles:
1.Weakplanninganddistributionof
humanresources
2.Lackofcapacitybuildingforcentraland
localstaffonadvancedsanitation
3.Lackincentives,whichinturnleadto
braindrainofgovernmentstafftoNGOs
andInternationalPartners
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Obstacles:
1.Fewqualifiedstaffmainlyatgovernment
institutions
2.Lackofspecializedlocalinstitutionsto
deliverWASHtrainingsandcourses
3.Weakobservanceofthecarrierofthe
WASHstaff
Sanitationcomments:
TheredatacorrespondingtotheUTNSAfor
ruralsanitation
ThereisanincentivepolicyforHealthStaff
whichisinsertedatthenationalpolicyfor
publicstaff.
Itisexpectedthatuntil2020,theWASH
sectorshouldhave7500professionalat
nationallevel(publicstaff).Thisisan
estimationdraftedbytheTechnical
AssistancetotheNationalDirectorateof
WaterandSanitation.
Drinkingwatercomments:
UndertheInstitutionalSupporttothe
WaterandSanitationSector(PAISAS),itis
expectedaninventoryofhumanresources
staffonWASH
UnderPAISASitisalsopredictedan
programforformationofspecializedstaff
onWASHtorespondtothegrowing
demand;ExistenceofWASHstaff
promotionalpolicyundertheMinistryof
Health.Thispracticeisdesirabletobe
implementedinothergovernmental
institutions
Existenceofadhoctraining
264
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Azerbaijan
Sanitationachievements:
1.Training,retrainingandprofessional
developmentofthepersonnelsentabroad
fortraining.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Training,retrainingandprofessional
developmentofthepersonnelsentabroad
fortraining.
Burundi
Sanitationachievements:
RalisationsouProduits:
1.CrationdesinstitutionsdEnseignement
etdeformationdanslesecteur(
niveauTechnicienseulement)
2.Miseenplacederelais/agentsdesant
communautairedanstoutlepays
quiappuipourledveloppementdu
secteur
3.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
RalisationsouProduits:
1.Octroidesstagesdeformations
lextrieuredupayspourdescadreset
agentsdusecteurdelEaupotable
2.Formation/recyclagedesintervenant
danslesecteur
Benin
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
12.HumanResources
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lackoffundstohavespecialists
educatedandtrainedabroad.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Lackoffundstohaveprofessionals
educatedandtrainedabroad.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Insuffisancedestablissementsde
formation/Enseignementpourles
cadressuprieursdanslesecteur
2.Manquedemotivationdupersonnelen
place
3.
Lesressourceshumainesdanslesecteur
restentinsuffisantesenqualitet
enquantits
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Insuffisancedupersonnelqualifisdans
lesecteur
2.Insuffisancedesinstitutionsde
formations/enseignementenmatirede
lEaupotable
3.Manquedeprogrammedeformation
continuepourlepersonnel
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Nousconstatonsquelenvironnement
professionnelestassainiretamliorer
265
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
BurkinaFaso
Sanitationachievements:
Rural
1.Formationdescadresdanslescoles
(2iE)
2.Recrutementdagentsspcialissen
assainissementaffectsdanslescentres
secondaires
3.Formationannuelledesartisans
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Urbain
1.CEMEau
2.Plandeformation
Rural
1.Unplanderenforcementdesressources
humainesatlaboretestencoursde
miseenuvre;
2.Unplantriennaldeformationexistepour
leministre(etprendencomptele
personneldelaDGRE).
Bangladesh
Sanitationachievements:
1.Opportunityforskillandknowledge
developmenthasbeenincreased
2.Capacityfordisastermanagementis
beingimproved
3.Capacityofwater&sanitationstaffatall
levelsisbeingimproved
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Opportunityforskillandknowledge
developmenthasbeenincreased
2.Capacityfordisastermanagementhas
beenimproved
3.Capacityofwater&sanitationstaffatall
levelshasbeenimproved
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
12.HumanResources
Sanitationobstacles:
Rural
1.Financementpourlesformationsetle
recrutement
2.Absencedemotivationdescadres
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Urbain
1.Plandecarrire
2.Mobilitdupersonnel
Rural
1.Insuffisancedepersonnelqualifi;
2.lhmorragiedupersonnel.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Amliorerlarmunrationdupersonnel.
Sanitationobstacles:
1.BudgetforWSSsectorandnumberof
staffaredecreasing.
2.Lagofbroadcareerplanning
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.BudgetforWSSsectorandnumberof
staffaredecreasing.
2.Lagofbroadcareerplanning
Sanitationcomments:
Thegovernmentlineagency,Department
ofPublicHealthEngineering(DPHE)for
WaterSupplyandSanitationservices
shouldbestrengthened
Drinkingwatercomments:
266
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Bolivia(PlurinationalStateof)
Sanitationachievements:
1.PuestaenmarchadelSENASBA
2.PrimeraFormacindeRecursos
HumanosenUniversidades(Programa
MultidonanteUNICEF)
3.EscueladeFormacindeRecursos
HumanosenlaChiquitanaSanIgnacio
SantaCruz
4.EscueladeformacinTEKOVEKATUen
Gutierrez,SantaCruz.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.PuestaenmarchadelSENASBA
2.PrimeraFormacindeRecursos
HumanosenUniversidades(Programa
MultidonanteUNICEF)
3.EscueladeFormacindeRecursos
HumanosenlaChiquitanaSanIgnacio
SantaCruz
4.EscueladeformacinTEKOVEKATUen
Gutierrez,SantaCruz.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Personalinsuficiente
2.Bajossalarios
3.Capacitacindeficienteenlos
operadoresdereasruralesypequeas
ciudades(2.000a10.000habitantes)yen
elrearural
1.insufficientstaff
2.lowwages
3.Deficientcapacitationofoperatorsin
ruralareasandsmalltowns(2,000to
10,000inhabitants)andruralareas
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Personalinsuficiente
2.Bajossalarios
3.Capacitacindeficienteenlos
operadoresdereasruralesypequeas
ciudades(2.000a10.000habitantes)yen
elrearural
267
12.HumanResources
Sanitationcomments:
SerequierereforzarlapolticaNacionalde
formacindeRRHHylosrecursos
financierosparaestefin.
Altamigracindepersonalqueyafue
capacitado.
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Brazil
Sanitationachievements:
1.Concursospblicosemnvelfederal,(em
especialnaFunasa,depoisdemuitosanos)
emdiversosestadosemunicpios.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Emnvelcentraleregional,aFunasatem
promovidoconcursosrecentementepara
preenchimentodevagascomprofissionais
denvelsuperior,nasuagrandemaioria
ocupandofunesnareadesaneamento
bsico.Contudo,aindainsuficienteparaa
demandaemtermosdevolumede
trabalho.Estacarnciatemsido
suplementadacomacontrataode
prestadoresdeserviostcnicos
(consultores)portempodelimitado.No
mercadodetrabalho,hcarnciade
profissionaisformados/habilitadose/ou
comexperinciaemsaneamentobsico,
emespecialnocampodaengenharia
sanitriaparaasreasrurais.
Bhutan
Sanitationachievements:
1.Sanitationisincorporatedaspartofthe
ruralhealthworkersroleswhoare
presentthroughoutthecountry
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Enhancedcapacitybuildingatalllevels
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
12.HumanResources
Sanitationobstacles:
1.CarnciadeplanodemetasdeRHpara
ossetoresdesaneamentobsico,inclusive
saneamentorural.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Emgrandeparte,devidocarnciade
programasamdioelongoprazo,nastrs
esferasdeGoverno,aspolticaspara
recursoshumanosaindasoprecrias,
pontuaiseassistemticas.
Sanitationcomments:
Nohsistemasdeinformaoque
apresentemdadossobreascondiesde
recursoshumanosnosestadose
municpios,emtermosdesaneamento
rural.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Aindanoexistemconcursosouplanosde
carreiraprofissionaldirigido
especficamenteparaatuaoem
saneamentorural,nosdiversosnveisde
governo.
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Inadequatenumbersofprofessionals
andtechniciansandcompeting
priorities.
2.Currentlynodedicatedsanitationstaffat
thenationallevelfortherural
programmealthoughacapacity
developementprogrammeisunderway.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Inadequatenumbersofprofessionals
andtechnicians
2.Limitedcapacityandexperiences
3.Keychallengeisthelimitednumberof
engineersavailableatthedistrict/
subdistrictlevel
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
268
UNWaterGLAAS201112
CentralAfricanRepublic
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Intgrationdecadresdanslafonction
publiquede20072010
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Insuffisancedepersonnelsqualifiset
spcialiss
2.Indisponibilitdesboursesdeformation
3.Insuffisancedeformationdupersonnel
etdesnouveauxcadres
4.absencedunplandeformationdansle
domaine
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Absencedemotivationdupersonnel
2.Budgetinsuffisantpourlerecrutement
denouveauxagents
3.Toutlepersonnelestconcentr
Abidjan
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Manquedeformationspcialise
2.Insuffisancedefinancementdansla
formation
3.Absencedestructuredeformation
spcialise
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Manquedeformationspcialise
2.Insuffisancedefinancementdansla
formation
3.Insuffisancedestructuredeformation
spcialise
Cted'Ivoire
Sanitationachievements:
1.Etudeinstitutionnelleetpolitique
sectoriellesencours
2.Existencedunministrespcifique
chargdelassainissement
3.Evaluationdescontratsdaffermage
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Cameroon
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
269
12.HumanResources
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Renforcementdescapacits
Appeldautrescorpsdemtier
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lackofpolicyandstrategytodevelop
humanresourcesinthesanitationsub
sector.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.norecruitmenttoreplaceretireesor
backupolderstaff
2.Nofinancialresourcesallocatedto
hygienepromotion
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Insuffisancedepersonnel(ressources
humaines)
2.Absencedeformationcontinuesurplace
oulextrieurdupays
3.Faiblecapacitsdesressourceshumaines
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Dficitdupersonnel
2.sousqualificationdupersonnel
Congo
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Possibilitsdeformationcontinuedu
personnel
2.Unetudedisponibleenbesoinde
personnel
Colombia
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
DominicanRepublic
Sanitationachievements:
1.Incorporacindemsrecursoshumanos
2.Capacitaciondelosrecursoshumanos
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Mantenimientoadecuadodelserviciode
aguapotable
2.Conduceacontroldeenfermedades
hdricas
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Faltadepromotoresdelasalud
2.Bajopresupuesto
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Limitadosrecursosfinancieros
2.Limitadopersonalespecializadoenel
sector
270
12.HumanResources
Sanitationcomments:
Identificationoftraininginstitutesis
underway.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Setupadrinkingwaterspecializedschool
totraincurrentstaffandreplaceolderstaff
byyoungwelleducatedprofessionals.
Sanitationcomments:
Enzonerural,lassainissementest
incompris.Ilyestimportantdedisposerde
personnelqualifipourmenerdes
campagnesdinformationsetde
sensibilisationsenmatiredIEC.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Etablirunplandembaucheentenant
comptedubesoinreldelentreprisetout
enveillantunquilibreentrelepersonnel
voluantdanslesgrandesvillesetcelui
voluantdanslescentressecondaires
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Egypt
Sanitationachievements:
1.Establishingtrainingcentresinthe
subsidiarycompanies&CapacityBuilding
forthesectorstuffatallthelevels
2.establishingtechnicalsecondaryschools
forwater&sanitationtograduate
technicianscapableofworkinginthefield
ofwaterandsanitation
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Establishingtrainingcentresinthe
subsidiarycompanies&CapacityBuilding
forthesectorstuffatallthelevels
2.establishingtechnicalsecondaryschools
forwater&sanitationtograduate
technicianscapableofworkinginthefield
ofwaterandsanitation
Ethiopia
Sanitationachievements:
1.Increasingnumberofuniversities
providingtrainingforEnvironmentalHealth
Officers
2.Taskshifttohealthextensionworkers
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.waterrelatedcollagesanduniversities
increase
Fiji
Sanitationachievements:
1.Therehasbeensometrainingfor
Sanitationpersonnel
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Gabon
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
12.HumanResources
Sanitationobstacles:
1.insufficientnumberofskilledstuff
2.Inadequatebudgetforhiringand
retainingstaff
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.insufficientnumberofskilledstuff
2.Inadequatebudgetforhiringand
retainingstaff
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Limiteduptakeofthetrained
EnvironmentalHealthOfficers
2.Limitedcapacityofavailable
professionalsandworkers
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.highturnoverofstaffs
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Notuptopar
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
MorestaffneededintheSanitationsector.
Trainingisalsoimportant.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Absencedunestratgiededploiement
(Bonnestratgiedegestiondes
ressourceshumaines)
Sanitationobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Insuffisancedemotivation
(rmunration,formation)
2.Insuffisancedegestiondescarrires
3.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
271
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Ghana
Sanitationachievements:
1.Traininginstitutionsforsanitation
professionals/Technicianshavebeen
upgradedfromCertificatetoDiploma
Awardinginstitutions
2.EstablishmentofEnvironmentalHealth
andSanitationDirectoratewithcommitted
Sanitationprofessionalsatthenational
level
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.TheCommunityOwnershipManagement
approachoftheNationalCommunity
WaterandSanitationProgrammehas
eliminatedtheneedforcentral
governmentorutilitystaffatthelocallevel
foroperationandmaintenance
Guinea
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Crationdunfondsdaidela
construction
2.Priseenchargeenfraismdicauxdes
parentsdestravailleurs(Preetmre)
Gambia
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
GuineaBissau
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
12.HumanResources
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Inadequatecapacityoftraining
institutionsfortrainingsanitation
techniciansandprofessionals
2.Staffareinadequatelyresourcedtodo
theirwork,hencemanyhavelostmorale
andareunmotivated
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Badattitudeofstafftowardsworkisa
majorchallenge
2.Lackofaccountabilityofstaff
performancetothepublic
Sanitationcomments:
None
Drinkingwatercomments:
None
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Faiblessedetrsorerieinfluence
ngativementsurleniveaude
rmunration
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Ungrandeffortestconsentirpour
renforcerlacapacitdupersonnelparsa
formationsurtoutlutilisationdesoutils
modernesutilissdanslesecteur.
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationobstacles:
.Inexistencedunepolitiquedegestiondes
ressourceshumaines
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
272
UNWaterGLAAS201112
EquatorialGuinea
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Honduras
Sanitationachievements:
1.SehaaprobadolaLeydelaCarrera
AdministrativaMunicipal,loquetienepor
objetofomentarlaprofesionalizaciny
estabilidaddelosservidoresmunicipales
conbaseenelmrito.
2.Enlapolticanacionalqueestenetapa
finaldeformulacin,seincorporaeltema
deldesarrollodelrecursohumanodel
sector.
3.EnlapropuestadelPlanNacionalde
Saneamiento,sevalorarnlasnecesidades
derecursoshumanosencantidadycalidad.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1SehaaprobadolaLeydelaCarrera
AdministrativaMunicipal,loquetienepor
objetofomentarlaprofesionalizaciny
estabilidaddelosservidoresmunicipales
conbaseenelmrito.
2.Enlapolticanacionalqueestenetapa
finaldeformulacin,seincorporaeltema
deldesarrollodelrecursohumanodel
sector.
Haiti
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
12.HumanResources
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Insuficienciasdetecnicoscualificados
2.FaltadeEscuelasespecializadasparala
formaciondelpersonaldelSector.
3.Faltadeformacioncontinuadelospocos
personalqueseencuentraelosMinisterios
involucrados.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Insuficienciasdetecnicoscualificados
2.FaltadeEscuelasespecializadasparala
formaciondelpersonaldelSector.
3.Faltadeformacioncontinuadelospocos
personalqueseencuentraelosMinisterios
involucrados.
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Noexisteunsistemaformalorientadoa
laacreditacinycapacitacindelpersonal
tcnicodelsector.
2.Losprestadoresnocontemplandentro
desuspresupuestosrenglones
presupuestariosparalacapacitacindesu
personal.
3.Nosecuentaconunplansectorialpara
elfortalecimientodecapacidades.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Noexisteunsistemaformalorientadoa
laacreditacinycapacitacindelpersonal
tcnicodelsector.
2.Losprestadoresnocontemplandentro
desuspresupuestosrenglones
presupuestariosparalacapacitacindesu
personal.
3.Nosecuentaconunplansectorialpara
elfortalecimientodecapacidades.
Sanitationcomments:
CreacindeunCentroNacionalparala
formacinespecificadeSaneamiento
Drinkingwatercomments:
CreacindeunCentroNacionalparala
formacinespecificadeSaneamientoel
aguapotable
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
273
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Indonesia
Sanitationachievements:
1.Therearesometrainingsforsanitation
expertsonfacilitators
2.Weconductedworkshopsforexperts
anddisseminateaboutsanitationprogram,
togiveinformationaboutchallengein
sanitationprogram.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.ImprovingManagementQualityof
Institutionthrough:
2.Businessplandevelopment,
implementationofcorporatization,asset
management;enlargingaccesstofunding
resources,andimprovementofhuman
resources(PDAM)
3.Providingfacilitation,capacitybuilding,
andalsoenlargingaccesstofunding
resourcesthroughseveralprojects
(Communitylevel)
4.Perpamsiasanorganisationtomaintain
horizontallearningandknowledge
managementofPDAMalloverIndonesia.
5.PDAMdirectureelectionthroughfitand
propertestmechanisme
India
Sanitationachievements:
1.Keyresourcecentresidentifiedfor
trainingonsanitation
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Undersupportactivities,100%grantis
giventostatestosetupadministrativeunits
inthestates,districtandblockstoprovide
softwaresupportforthesectoractivities.
2.OutlayforSupportactivitiesincluding
humanresourceshasbeenincreasedfrom
2%in200910to8%in201112.
3.National&Statelevelkeyresources
centresandstateTech.Agenciesare
identifiedandtheseinstitutionsprovide
trainingandsupportcapacitydevelopment.
Iran(IslamicRepublicof)
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
12.HumanResources
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Thereisagapbetweenthedemandof
humanresoucesanditssupply((Expert=
consultant,facilitator),(labor=artisan,
plumbers))intermofquantity.Inthe
communitylevel,thereislimitednumbers
ofcommunicationfacilitatorthat
understandaboutwaterandsanitation
scope
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Nonavailabilityofsufficientsanitation
professionals
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Insomestates,requirednumberofKRCs
isnotavailable.
2.Trainingprogrammesneedscalingupat
alllevels.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
TheoutlayunderSupportactivitieshas
beenincreasedandadequatefundsare
beingmadeavailabletothestateson100%
grantbasisforscalingupofthehuman
resourcesandtofulfiltheirtrainingneeds.
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Restrictiononfinancialresources
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
274
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Jordan
Sanitationachievements:
1.HumanResourcesstrategyisbasedon
actualneedsassessment
2.Incentivesrewardsbylawwasissuedfor
watersectorpersonnel
3.WaterAuthorityofJordanhasitsown
centrefortrainingoperators
4.GovernmentofJordanpolicysupports
womenemployment
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.HumanResourcesstrategyisbasedon
actualneedsassessment
2.Incentivesrewardsbylawwasissuedfor
watersectorpersonnel
3.WaterAuthorityofJordanhasitsown
centrefortrainingoperators
4.GovernmentofJordanpolicysupports
womenemployment
Kenya
Sanitationachievements:
1.Recruitementofadditionalpersonnel
2.onthejobtraining
3.careerdevelopment
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Continuousinserviceshortcourses
availableforprofessionalsandtechnical
personnel.
2.Localavailabilityofprofessionaltraining
institutions.
3.Competetiverecruitmentthatattracts
skilledmanpower.
Kyrgyzstan
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
12.HumanResources
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Limitedbudget
2.Inadequatebudgetforhiringand
retainingstaffespeciallywithbetter
opportunitiesatneighbouringcountries
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Limitedbudget
2.Inadequatebudgetforhiringand
retainingstaffespeciallywithbetter
opportunitiesatneighbouringcountries
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.retentionofstaff
2.motivation
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Schemesofserviceforwaterservices
personnelhavenotbeenreviewedforover
5years
2.JobSecuritynotassured.
3.Pendingpensionissuesthathinder
conclusivetransferofstaffbetweenWater
SectorInstitutions.
Sanitationcomments:
Capacitydevelopmentofhumanresource
insanitationshouldbeacontinuous
componentoftheimplementationprocess
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
275
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Cambodia
Sanitationachievements:
1.Internalassessmentonrolesand
responsibilitiesofDRHCatnationaland
subnationalleveltomakesurestaffand
officersunderstandtheirresponsibilityin
sanitationandhygieneaswellasthe
structureofDepartment;
2.TrainingofTrainershasbeenorganized
forstaffatnationalandsubnationallevel
byInternationalandLocalOrganizations;
3.Onthejobtrainingforsanitationand
hygienehasbeenprovided
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.UrbanWaterSupplyandSanitation
a.Abroadsharingexperienceconducteda
fewtimesayearfordrinkingwater
b.Technicaltrainingconductedbyfew
organizationsastheprojectwhichleadthe
centralandprovincialstaffgainand
improvemoreknowledgeondrinkingwater
2.RuralDrinkingWater
a.TheDRWShasbeenimplementingrural
watersupplyprojectswithfinancial
supportsofADB,UNICEF,andJICA.These
projectsincludeinstitutionalsupportsand
capacitydevelopmentofprojectstaffs
throughformaltrainingprogramsand
informaltrainingprograms(onthejob
practicaltrainings).
b.Thereare25trainingprograms
conductedwithin2006to2009forvarious
staffsincludingtechnicalskillsforwater
supplytechnologies,community
developmentandcommunicationskills,
GPSandhydrogeologicalinvestigation
skills,waterqualitytestingandsurveillance
techniques,anddatacollectionand
processingskills.
c.ThroughWaterandSanitationSector
coordinationmechanism,DRWSworks
closelywithTechnicalInstituteof
Cambodia,RoyalUniversityofPhnomPenh,
andResourceDevelopmentInternational
(NGO),fordevelopmentofwaterquality
improvementsandArsenicmonitoring
systemsandtrainedtechnicalstaffsfrom7
provinces.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Budgetallocationfortrainingon
sanitationanddrinkingwaterisnot
sufficient
2.Trainingforsanitationandhygienewas
notconductedandlackofinterest
3.Thegovernmentsalaryratesarelowfor
thehighskilledtechniciansand
professionalstaffs,andthereforethe
humanresourcedevelopmentprograms
couldnotmotivatetorecruitprofessional
staffs.
4.Incomparewithotherdeveloping
sectors,theRWSSsectorhaslower
opportunitiesforprofessionalstaffs,and
thereforetheRWSSsectorhasdifficulties
torecruithighskillprofessionalstaffs.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.UrbanWaterSupply:Budgetallocation
fortrainingonsanitationanddrinking
waterisnotsufficient
2.RuralWaterSupply:Mostofcapacity
trainingswereconductedwithintheProject
contexts,andthereforeaftertheproject
completion,welltrainedstaffsseekfor
otherbetterpaidjobsanddonotstayin
RWSSsector;especiallyinremote
provinces.
276
12.HumanResources
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic
Sanitationachievements:
1.BothurbanandruralWASHpolicyand
strategyaddresshumanresources.The
draftruralWASHstrategyaimsfor1female
staffmemberineachdistrict
2.Thereisincountryeducationfor
sanitation
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Anationaldrinkingwaterstrategysets
targetsforhumanresources
2.Thereareincountryeducationand
traininginstitutionfordrinkingwater
personnel
Lebanon
Sanitationachievements:
1.OngoingSTPprojectsallowforthe
trainingofutilitystaffintheoperationand
maintenanceoftheplants.Thistrainingis
foraperiodoftimeattheendofthe
constructioncontracts.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Liberia
Sanitationachievements:
1.InvigoratedadaptionofCLTSby
government(andadaptationof
methodologyaspolicy)
2.Thenationallaboratoryforwatertesting
andenvironmentalhealthdivision(every
country)
3.thedecentralizationofEHT(environ
healthtechnicians)
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Theserviceprovisionhasbeendetailed
intheCompact.Hasthelargest
financialcommitment.
2.Thenationallaboratoryforwatertesting
andenvironmentalhealthdivision
(everycountry)
3.ThedecentralizationofEHT(environ
healthtechnicians)
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
12.HumanResources
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Noperformanceincentivepolicyfor
sanitationpersonnelparticularlyin
remoteareas
2.Womensanitationpersonnellimited
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Noperformanceincentivespolicy
2.Insufficiencyofdrinkingwaterpersonnel
women
Sanitationcomments:
73%ofLaopeoplelivinginruraland
remoteareas.Sanitationisgenderissue.
So,increasingwomensanitationpersonnel
atdifferentlevelparticularlyat
communitylevelshouldbefurthertaking
intoconsideration
Drinkingwatercomments:
Performanceincentivepolicyshouldbe
furtherdevelopedparticularlyinrural
andremoteareastomotivestaffstowork
indifficultandinaccessibleareas.
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Again,governmentpolicydriveis
missing.
2.Failuretoprovideadequatefiscal
resources.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.LackofgovernmentpolicyregardingHR
development.
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Insufficientfunds
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Sameasforsanitation:financingandHR
capability
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
277
Sanitationcomments:
Capacitybuildingduetobedevelopedin
early2012.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Capacitybuildingduetobedevelopedin
early2012.
UNWaterGLAAS201112
SriLanka
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Donorassistancemadeavailableover
severalyearsforthedrinkingwatersector
hasenablesubstantialimprovementin
humanresources.
2.CapabilitytointeractinEnglishlanguage
hashelpedtoimproveourhuman
resources,inthefieldofdrinkingwater
supply.
3.TheeducationsysteminSriLanka
providestrainingtogenerateprofessionals
inthedrinkingwaterindustry.
Lesotho
Sanitationachievements:
1.Thenewinterimstrategyinthewater
sectordoaddresssanitationissues
2.ThequarterlySWAPcoordination
meetingshavebeeneffectedandwillalso
addresssanitationissues
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Establishmentoflocalgovernment
structuresatdistrictandcommunity
councillevelwithresponsibilitiesinwater
andsanitationoutlinedinthelocal
governmentactisanopportunityforthe
ruralwatersectortodevelopthecapacity
atlocalleveltosustainthewaterservices,
howeverimprovedcooperationbetween
thewatersectorinstitutionsandthelocal
governmentsandconsensusonrolesand
responsibilitiesisneeded.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
12.HumanResources
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Itisverydifficulttoobtaintheservicesof
competentplumbersforseweragesystem
maintenance.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Thelackofacomprehensivestrategyfor
sanitationandhygienepromotionbetween
thewater,healthandeducationsectors
andthelocalgovernmentshindersthe
effectivedeploymentofthehuman
resourcesinacoordinatedmanner
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Thecareerpossibilitiesinneighbouring
RepublicofSouthAfricaandinprojectsand
newauthoritiesinthewatersectorin
Lesothoimposesahighlevelofstaffturn
overofprofessionalsinthewatersector
Sanitationcomments:
TheMinistryofNaturalResourcesis
carryingoutahumanresourceassessment
forthewaterandsanitationsectortobe
completedinearly2012andthiswill
provideinsightintothehumanresource
constraintsinthesectorandprovideplans
forhumanresourcedevelopmenttofulfil
theneeds
Drinkingwatercomments:
TheMinistryofNaturalResourcesis
carryingoutahumanresourceassessment
forthewaterandsanitationsectortobe
completedinearly2012andthiswill
provideinsightintothehumanresource
constraintsinthesectorandprovideplans
forhumanresourcedevelopmenttofulfil
theneeds
Theurbanwaterutility,WASCOhasbeen
establishedasacompanynotyetevident
howthiswillaffecttheHRmanagement
issues
278
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Morocco
Sanitationachievements:
1.Recrutementdenviron40ingnieurs/an,
80techniciens/anet60ouvriers
qualifis/an,
2.Crationenmoyennede50micros
entreprisesdanslessecteursEau
Assainissement/hygine,
3.Formationsspcifiquesauxdeux
secteurs.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Recrutementdenviron40ingnieurs/an,
80techniciens/anet60ouvriers
qualifis/an,
2.Crationenmoyennede50micros
entreprisesdanslessecteursEau
Assainissement/hygine,
3.Formationsspcifiquesetcontinuesaux
deuxsecteurs.
Madagascar
Sanitationachievements:
1.Recrutementdes15techniciensen
AssainissementetGnieSanitaire
2.Existenceduncentredeformationen
matiredassainissement
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Formationdestechnicienssuprieursen
quipementruralhydrauliqueparleCentre
NationaldelEauetlAssainissementetdu
GnieRural(CNEAGR)
2.FormationdIngnieurhydraulicienetde
hydrogologueparlesuniversitsdeTana
Maldives
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
12.HumanResources
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Faibleattractivitenmatirede
recrutementdesspcialistesenraisondes
salairesplusbasquecequiestoffertsurle
marchdelemploi,
2.Difficultderedployerlepersonnelsur
leterritoirenationalpourlapopulationdes
techniciens/ouvriersqualifis.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Faibleattractivitdesoprateurspublics
enmatirederecrutementdescadres
techniciensenraisondessalairesplusbas
quecequietoffertsurlemarchde
lemploi,
2.Difficultderedployerlepersonnelsur
leterritoirenationalpourlapopulationdes
techniciens/ouvriersqualifis
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Postebudgtaireinsuffisant
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Postebudgtaireinsuffisantauniveaunu
Ministreenchargedeleauetde
lassainissement
2.Auniveaunational,onnapasencore
unestratgienationalededveloppement
deressourceshumainesdanslesecteur
AEPHA
Sanitationcomments:
Auniveaunational,onnapasencoreune
stratgienationalededveloppementde
ressourceshumainesdanslesecteur
AEPHA
Perspectiveencourssurlangociation
pourlamiseenplaceduncentrespcialis
eneauetassainissementMadagascar
Drinkingwatercomments:
Perspectiveencourssurlangociation
pourlamiseenplaceduncentrespcialis
eneauetassainissementMadagascar
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lackofenoughfundingforhuman
resourcedevelopmentandtraining.
2.Lackofprofessionalsandskilled
personnelinthesector.
3.Lackofeducational/traininginstitutions
forsanitationpersonnel.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
279
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Mali
Sanitationachievements:
1.Relecturedudcretportantcadre
organiquepourramenerlesbesoinsde
3165agents1257delaDNACPNet
dmembrements
2.Participationdessessionsde
formationscontinuesetvoyagesdtudes
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Leffectivitdeladconcentrationdela
DirectionNationaledelHydraulique(DNH)
jusquauniveaucercle.
2.Lamiseenuvreducadreorganiquede
laDNHetdesDirectionsRgionalesde
lHydraulique(DRH).
Myanmar
Sanitationachievements:
1.humanresourcesareavailableas
required.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Humanresourceisavailableasrequired
aspossible.
Mongolia
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
12.HumanResources
Sanitationobstacles:
Insuffisancedepersonnelqualifi
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Linsuffisancedupersonnelentrainantun
nonfonctionnementcorrectdesservices
rgionauxetlocaux
2.Linsuffisancedescomptencesdes
ressourceshumainesappropries.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.specifically,nosanitarians
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Humanresourcecapacityneedtobe
strengthened.
Sanitationcomments:
Humanresourcecapacityneedstobe
strengthened
Drinkingwatercomments:
Humanresourcecapacityneedtobe
strengthened.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Humanresourcescapacitymanagement
forspecialistsinthewatersectorisnotwell
organizedinMongolia.
1.Notenoughspecialistsinthewater
sectorintheruralarea.
2.Lowwelfareoftheprofessionals(salary
andaccommodation).
3.Underbudgeted.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Humanresourcescapacitymanagement
forspecialistsinthewatersectorisnotwell
organizedinMongolia.Inthecurrent
situation,theeducationofthespecialists
doesnotmeetlabourmarketdemands,
bothquantityandqualitywise.
2.Inordertoimproveperformanceof
drinkingwatersector,itisnecessaryto
haveskilledengineers,professionals,
techniciansandgradualincreaseofsalaries.
3.Notgoodworkplaceandwelfareofthe
professionalsintheruralarea.
280
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Mozambique
Sanitationachievements:
1.Recruitmentofpersonnelatdistrictlevel
toworkwithwatersupplyandsanitation
2.CreationoftheAdministrationforWater
andSanitationInfrastructures(AIAs)which
hasbroughtmorestafftoworkonwater
supplyandsanitationsubsector.
3.AIAshasbeensupportinglocal
governmentsofurbansanitation
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Trainingatprovincialandlocallevels,in
severalsubjectssuchasprocurement,
financialmanagement,maintenanceof
motorizedpumps,constructionofrural
watersources,etc
2.Seminarsofexperienceexchangeon
goodpracticesamongruralwateractors
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Limitedfinancialresourcestoprovide
continuoustrainingonsanitation
2.Reducedfinancialresourcestoretain
qualifiedstaffonsanitationforlongterm
3.Norecruitmentprogramtostrengthen
humanresourcesatcentrallevel.The
DepartmentinchargeofUrbansanitationis
madeofalmost02directstaffandother02
supportivestafffromDepartmentofRural
Water(DAR)
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Limitedfinancialresourcesforcontinuity
oftrainingandcapacitybuildingprograms
2.Fewhumanresourcesspecializedon
watersupplyissues
3.Braindraininfrompublictoprivate
institutions
Sanitationobstacles:
1.manquedemotivationpourlintrieur
dupays
2.insuffisancedesstratgiesde
renforcementdescapacitstraversles
projets
3.undficitdepersonnelqualifietsous
utilisationdesprofessionnels
4.Labsencedunplanderenforcementdes
ressourceshumaines
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.insuffisancedesstratgiesde
renforcementdescapacitstraversles
projets
2.undficitdepersonnelqualifietsous
utilisationdesprofessionnels
3.Labsencedunplanderenforcement
desressourceshumaines
Mauritania
Sanitationachievements:
1.CREATIONSDESDIRECTECTIONS
REGIONALES
2.Recrutementdes7cadresingnieursen
2010danslesdiffrentesstructuresdu
MHA
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Recrutementdes7cadresingnieursen
2010danslesdiffrentesstructuresdu
MHA
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
281
12.HumanResources
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Thereisneedtocapacitate/strengthen
theTrainingCentresofWaterSupplyand
Sanitationinnewtechnologies.
Sanitationcomments:
Recrutementparlafonctionpubliquedes
cadrespourlesecteur
Elaborationetmiseenuvredoncdune
politiquededveloppementderessources
humaines
Elaborationdunegestiondescarrires
impliquantlamotivationdesacteurs
Drinkingwatercomments:
Recrutementparlafonctionpubliquedes
cadrespourlesecteur
Elaborationetmiseenuvredoncdune
politiquededveloppementderessources
humaines
Elaborationdunegestiondescarrires
impliquantlamotivationdesacteurs
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Malawi
Sanitationachievements:
1.Gendermainstreaminginthe
recruitmentofSanitationPersonnel
2.SubstantialnumberofLadies/Girlstaking
upTechnicalCourses/Studies
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Recruitmentofprofessionaltechnicalstaff
indistrictswheregovernmentis
implementingprojects
Niger
Sanitationachievements:
1.ladotationdechaquedpartementdau
moinsuningnieur
2.dcisiondunepolitiquederecrutement
descadres
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Nigeria
Sanitationachievements:
1.Ongoingcapacityupgradeofsanitation
personnel.
2.Existingnationalcapacitybuilding
programforsanitationstakeholders
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Nepal
Sanitationachievements:
1.Morethan500professionalengineers
withmasterdegreeinthesector
2.Dedicatedsanitationsectioninthe
department(DWSS)andcellinthedistrict
WSSDO
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Adequatenumberofqualified
professionalsareavailableinspecialized
departments
2.Massivetrainingsoflocallevel
technicians(techniciansofutilityoperators)
is
takingplace
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
12.HumanResources
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Bureaucracyinapprovalprocesses
2.Resourceavailability
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lowstaffinglevelsintechnicalstaffat
grassrootslevel,thatisWaterMonitoring
Assistants(WMA)areinadequate
Sanitationcomments:
GeneralMotivationofstaffisachallenge.
The9000attheLocalLevelaretheHealth
SurveillanceAssistancefromtheMinistryof
HealthinlinewiththeDecentralisation
policy1998.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.manquedeprogrammationlongterme
pourladotationdupaysencadre
2.insuffisancedescadresenquantitpour
encadrerlescommunes
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Inadequatehumanresourcefor
sanitationprojectimplementation.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Nodedicatedcell/unitstaffinDDC/DTO
2.Nodedicatedprogrammecoordinatoror
sanitationstaffinNGOsandprivatesector
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Properplacementandutilizationof
qualifiedprofessionalsislagging,
deprtments
oragencieswithoutqualifiedprofessionals
arealsoimplementingWASHprograms
2.Retainingofprofessionalsandlocal
techniciansisaseriousissueinthesector
Sanitationcomments:
Preparationofresourcepoolofdedicated
hygieneandsanitationprofessionalsand
staffisessentialandestablishmentofjoint
mechanismtomobilizethemandmonitor
activitiesisessential
Drinkingwatercomments:
Fragmentationofsectorandinvolvement
oftwoministriesand3departmentsand
boardsisaseriousissueinthesector
282
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Oman
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.FreshGraduatesarecomingupandare
gettingtrainedandareshowinginterestto
jointhewatersector.
2..Newcomersaregivenfullmotivationby
HRbywayofprovidingtrainingand
seminarstoimprovetheirskills.
3.Vocationstudents/candidatesaregiven
inhousetrainingandexposuretothe
watersectortodevelopinterestinthefield
evenbeforetheircompletionofthe
courses.
Pakistan
Sanitationachievements:
Civilsocietyorganizationshavedesigned
projectbasedtrainingprogrammesforlocal
communitymembersandgovernmentstaff
inwaterandsanitation
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Civilsocietyorganizationshavedesigned
projectbasedtrainingprogrammesforlocal
communitymembersandgovernmentstaff
inwaterandsanitation
Establishmentofnewtraining
programmeonwatersanitationandhealth
developmentunderfacultyof
environmentalsciences
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
12.HumanResources
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Anincreasedsalarystructuremightbe
requiredtoattractmorecandidates.
2.Morepayandperksinotherprivate
sectorcouldbeonereasonforthe
candidatesreluctanttojoinwatersector.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
Noformaltraininginstitutesatprovincial
levelfortraininginwatersanitationand
hygiene
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Verylimitedformaltrainingopportunities
atprovinciallevelfortraininginwater
(sometrainingprogrammesinwater
qualityPakistanCouncilforResearchin
WaterResources)
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
283
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Panama
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Philippines
Sanitationachievements:
1.Academicconsortiumforcapacity
buildingonsustainablesanitationhasbeen
initiated
2.Curriculumforsanitaryengineersand
sanitaryinspectorscapacitybuildinghave
beendeveloped
3.Professionalorganizationonsanitary
engineeringisadvocatingtoincreasethe
numberofsanitaryengineers
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Theprofessionalorganizationonsanitary
engineeringisadvocatingfortheincrease
ofgraduatesofsanitaryengineering
courses.
2.RepublicAct1364definedsanitary
engineersastheprofessionalsresponsible
forwaterpurificationsystems.
3.Sanitaryinspectorsitemsareavailable
perlocalgovernmentunit
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Inexistenciadepolticasespecficaspara
lagestinderecursoshumanos
paraincrementaryconservarpersonal
capacitadoparaelsector.
1.Lackofspecificpoliciesforhuman
resourcemanagementtoincreaseand
retainqualifiedpersonnelforthesector.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Inexistenciadepolticasdegestinde
recursoshumanosparaconservary
actualizarconocimientosdelpersonalen
servicio.
1.Lackofmanagementpoliciestopreserve
humanresourcesandupgrade
staffskillsinservice.
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Fewstudentsenrolinsanitary
engineeringprofession.
2.Lowqualificationforsanitaryinspectors
(secondaryeducation)despitehigh
technicalknowhowneeded.
3.NotallLGUshavebudgetforhiring
sanitationpersonnel.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Limitedstudentsareenrolledforsanitary
engineeringcoursesandlimitedschoolsare
offeringsanitaryengineeringcourses.
2.Noschoolisofferingsanitariancourses
(supposedcoursesforsanitaryinspectors)
3.Sanitationpersonnel(sanitaryengineers
andsanitaryinspectorsarenotenoughto
meettherequiredpopulationratiotobe
served.
284
12.HumanResources
Sanitationcomments:
Conlainversinyelniveldetecnologa
queseimplementaenelproyectode
saneamientodelaciudadylabahade
Panamseprevunprograma
intensivodecapacitacindelrecurso
humano.
Withtheinvestmentandthelevelof
technologythatisdeployedinthe
sanitationprojectinthecityandtheBayof
Panamaitanintensiveprogramof
trainingofhumanresourcesisexpected.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Salaryofsanitaryinspectors(aboutP
7,000)islowerthanmidwives(aboutP
12,000).
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitaryinspectorsatthemunicipal/city
levelandsanitaryengineersatthe
provinciallevelareresponsiblefordrinking
watersupplysystems.Otherexpertsthat
assistsinsettingupdrinkingwatersystems
areplumbersanddrillers.
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Paraguay
Sanitationachievements:
1.Mayorconcienciasobrelanecesidadde
capacitacindemsrecursoshumanosyen
variosniveles.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Mayorconcienciadelafaltadela
capacitacinespecificayenvariosniveles
2.Previsindeprogramasdecapacitacin
enelProgramadeSaneamientoyAgua
PotableparaelChacoyCiudades
IntermediasdelaReginOriental
Rwanda
Sanitationachievements:
1.Availabilityoftraininginstitutes(e.g.
environmentaltechnology)
2.ThecreationofEWSAwithsanitation
department
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.NationalTrainingprogramunder
preparation
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Faltadecapacitacinentodoslosniveles
derecursoshumanosnecesarios
2.Laorientacindelacapacitacindelos
recursoshumanosaunnoestadirigidoala
operacinymantenimientodelossistemas
desaneamiento.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Faltaunacertificacinadecuadayuna
acreditacinendistintosnivelesatravsde
unacapacitacinadecuada
2.Algnentedecapacitacindebetrabajar
enlosdistintosnivelesnecesarios
3.Lafaltadepagaadecuadaalos
profesionalesdelsector
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Budgetfortherecruitmentofpersonnel
2.Lackofincentivestoworkinthesector
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
NoclearstructureofstaffatLocal
Government
285
12.HumanResources
Sanitationcomments:
Habraquedarunenfoquede
competenciasencuantoalascapacidades
delrecursohumano.
Senasaestaimplementandounprograma
deregionalizacindesuasistenciatcnicaa
lasjuntasdesaneamiento.
Drinkingwatercomments:
Existenecesidaddecrearcursosformales
deformacinderecursoshumanos
especializadosparaelsectordeagua
potableysaneamientoentodoslosniveles.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Sudan
Sanitationachievements:
1.AvailabilityoftrainedSanitationhuman
resourcesatWESprojectsatFederal,state
andLocalitylevelstosetgoodexamplesfor
scalingupsanitation.
2.EstablishmentofKhartoumSewage
systemcompanythataccommodate
knowledgeableandskilledpersonnelwith
regardtonetworksanitation.
3.CATStechnicalskillsforsanitation
promotionisincreasingastheresultof
increasednumberofUNICEFsupported
CATSTOTtrainingcourses
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Availabilityoftrainedwatersources
humanresourcesatFederal,stateand
Localitylevels
2.AvailbilityofNationaltrainingcentreat
PublicWatercorporation.
3.Availabilityofuniversitydegreesand
specializedthreeyearshighlevelwater
institutionfordifferentwaterrelated
specializations.
Senegal
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
SierraLeone
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
12.HumanResources
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Unavailabilityofclearinstitution
responsibleforsanitation
2.Inadequatesanitationtrainingcentres.
3.Noclearmotivationpolicyforsanitation
professionals
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Unattractivesalariesatwaterrelated
governmentalbodies.
2.InadequateHRtrainingbudget
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Concerningquestion(m)TheMinistry
carriedouttheMDGWaterandSanitation
costingin2008wheretheprojectionfor
thepersonnelwasmade.
286
UNWaterGLAAS201112
ElSalvador
Sanitationachievements:
1.CumplimientodelasmetasdelODM
2.Disponibilidadpoliticaparalaampliacin
delacobertura
1.CumplimientodelasmetasdelODM
2.Disponibilidadpoliticaparalaampliacin
delacobertura
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Existeninstitucioneseducativasanivel
nacionalquepuencontribuirafortalecer
losconocimientosdelpersonal.
2.Lasinstitucionesinvolucradasenel
serviciodeaguapotablehaniniciadoel
desarrollodeunaestrategiadeformaciny
fortalecimientodelpersonal.
SouthSudan
Sanitationachievements:
1.Identifiedandhiredstaff
2.Trainingofstaff
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Numberofofficerstrainedfromboth
thecentreandStates
Chad
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.lacrationdesservicesdesuivi,conseils
etdappuiauxusagsdanslesprovinces
(CCAG)
2.lacrationdunedirectiondesuivi
dexploitationdesouvrageshydrauliques
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
12.HumanResources
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Losincentiveseconomicosy
fortalecimientodecapacidades
2.Ambienteypolticalaboralnofavourable
3.Equidaddegneroenpuestos
estratgicos
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Faltadeunmarcolegal
2.Dbilinversinenelsaneamiento.
3.Dbilaccesoainformacinenmateriade
saneamiento.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lackofhighlyqualifiedstaff
2.Lackofincountrytraininginstitutions
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Someskilledpersonnelarenotavailable
2.ThereisBraindrainespeciallyfrom
StatestoNGOs
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.faiblemoyenallouauxservicesde
suivi
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
287
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Togo
Sanitationachievements:
1.Recrutementen2009pourlaFonction
publique
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Recrutementdepersonnelen2009suite
auconcoursnational
Thailand
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Dfautderecyclagedupersonnel
2.Dfautdemotivation
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Dficitdupersonnelpour
ladministration
2.Insuffisancedemotivation
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Skillandprofessionalsareinadequate
2.Capacitybuildingisnotsufficient
Tajikistan
Sanitationachievements:
Specialistmigratestoothercountriesand
aregainingexperiencethere.
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Sanitationobstacles:
Themainproblemisinsufficientfinancing
ofthesector.Lowwagescannotsupporta
familyandqualifiedstaffsurgestogoto
workinothercountries
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Lockofhumanrecourses(skilled
professionals)inthesectorandtrainingsin
thecountry
TimorLeste
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.16staffwereundergraduatedforspecial
ofdrinkingwaterin2010(S1)
2.Therehasonemasterdegreefor
sanitationanddrinkingwater(total
undergraduate=28,Diploma13years=46
fromdeferencebackgroundofeducation
suchagriculture,civilengineering,public
administrationandhighschool
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Thesalaryisnotrelevanttheireducation
backgroundandexperiences
2.Salaryinadequateforworksand
responsibility
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
288
12.HumanResources
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Duetodecentralizationpolicy,the
professionalsincentralagencyhavemoved
to
otherjoborearlyretired
Sanitationcomments:
Topreventthemigrationofthequalified
professionals,itisnecessarytoincrease
wages,theintroductionofvarious
incentivesandgovernmentsupport
Drinkingwatercomments:
Necessarytocreatecenterfortraining
specialistsfortechnicalandmanagerial
personswithinoperatingorganizationsas
wellasforeconomicalissues.
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Uganda
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Uzbekistan
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
VietNam
Sanitationachievements:
1.Trainingrelatedtosanitationhasbeen
improvedviaestablishmentofnew
trainingandspecializedfacilities
2.Staffandofficialsatdifferentlevelshave
achancetolearnandenhance
theircapacityregularly
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.strengthenedcapacitybuildingon
managementskills
2.Educatedandraisedcommunity
awareness
Samoa
Sanitationachievements:
1.Reviewandassessdevelopment
applications,environmentalimpact
assessmentreportsandpuliccomplaints
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Greateropportunitiesforcapacity
buildingincountryaswellasoverseas
(Japan)
2.Competitivesalaryscaleforallstaff
Yemen
Sanitationachievements:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
12.HumanResources
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Budgetforrecruitingandretainingstaff
islimited,leadingtovacanciesor
thelackofenthusiasmwiththeirwork
2.Insomeagenciesorunits,leadersdont
payattentiontothequalityof
humanresourcesorrecruitinappropriate
people,leadingtoineffective
performance.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Thereisnotbudgetforsalarytorecruit
orretainstaff
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lackcivilengineeringcapacity
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Shortageofengineers
2.Lackofconductiveworkingenvironment
3.Needmoreeffectiveandstrategic
HumanResourceDevelopmentprograms
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitationobstacles:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
289
UNWaterGLAAS201112
SouthAfrica
Sanitationachievements:
None
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.DedicatedprogrammebyState
EducationandTrainingAuthorities(SETAS)
totrainstaff.
2.TheDevelopmentBankofSouthern
Africasstaffmentoringprogramme.
3.TheDWARegulatoryapproachfocuses
onskillsrequirementsandskills
development(throughaccredited
programmes)
Sanitationobstacles:
Notenoughqualifiedengineers,technicians
andwastewatertreatmentprocess
controllersinthesector.Graduatesdont
haveenoughworkexperiencetoeitherjoin
orgainthenecessaryexpertiseinthe
labourmarket.
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Inappropriatestaffstructuresandalack
ofcommitmentbyHumanResources(HR)
Officialstofullyunderstandthebusinessof
waterservices
2.MisalignedHRpolicieswhichaffect
servicedelivery.
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Braindrainasmanyofthecapacity
developedisattractedfromsomewherein
theregionwheretherearegreener
pastures
2.Reminurationforartisansinthesectoris
stillwayfarbelowpleasing,somethingthat
demotivateswouldbeartisansfromjoining
thesectoreventhoughtheyhaveallthe
requestqualifications
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Instutionstotrainspecialisedsector
humanresourceslikeengineersstilla
challenge
2.Fundingalthoughavailableisnotenough
tocoverareasonablenumberofstaff.This
hasresultedintheabuseofthefacilityat
Ministeriallevelwhenitcomestowhoto
access.
Zimbabwe
Sanitationachievements:
1.Settingupoftraininginstitutionsableto
capacitatenewlyrecruitedstaff
2.Tailormadecoursesaimedatmeeting
sectorneedsforcapacitydevelopment
Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.AtMinisteriallevelgovernmenthasset
asidefundingforhumanresource
developmentandemployeescanaccess
thisfundtofurthertheireducation
2.Sectortraininginstitutionshavean
obligationtodesigntailormadecoursesto
addressspecificsectorchallenges.Thishas
beenongoingeversinceandvarious
employeeshavebeenaccessingthese
coursestoimprovetheirservicedelivery.
12.HumanResources
Sanitationcomments:
Drinkingwatercomments:
1.Thereisacriticalneedtoincrease
technicalmanagementandgovernance
skillswithinthewatersector.
2.TheMunicipalDemarcationBoardis
updatingits2007/8MunicipalCapacity
AssessmentReportbyrollingoutaWeb
basedquestionnairewhichwillclarifythe
situationfurther.
Sanitationcomments:
Alotofthehumanresourcesnowleftin
thesectorisnewandinexperienced.There
hasbeenfailurebythesectortoretain
experiencedstaffandalltheinstitutional
memoryhasbeendrained.Thishasalso
killedtheflowandexchangeofsectorpast
experiencesandbestpracticeswhichis
veryimportantinshapingthefuture
directiontobetakenbydevelopment
Drinkingwatercomments:
TheWaterSectorisrecuperatingfromthe
massivebraindrainofyear2000to2009
causedbytheeconomicresurgence.Alot
ofspecialisedstafflikeEngineersandother
Technicianshadskippedthecountryin
searchofgreenerpastures.Thereis
thereforeneedforanintensivecapacity
buildingprogrammetoclosethisgap.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
290
UNWaterGLAAS201112
13.HygienePromotionI
13.Questions8,9,and10:HygienePromotion
Afghanistan
Q8.Visualaids:
Therearesomematerialsincluding
televisionandradiospots,posters,leaflet
andbannerwhichareusedforcapacity
building.
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Yes,in2005promotionsanitation
campaigninKabulcitybyAFCofficewas
conducted.
InAfghanistanbeforeandafterprojects
KAPsurveyareconducted,butwehavenot
yetasurveyatnationallevel.
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Angola
Q8.Visualaids:
Communitydemonstrationsandtheatre
Videosandtalks
TVandRadiospots
Newsletter
Pamphletsandbrochures
Azerbaijan
Q8.Visualaids:
Guidelinesandteachingaidsfor
school/universityteachersandstudents.
Numerousvisualaids,suchasleaflets,
pamphlets,posters,etc.promotinghealthy
lifestylesandhygienicskillstoprevent
variouscommunicablediseases.
http://www.health.gov.az/sanitariya_xidm
et.html;www.amo.edu.az
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
InSeptember2007,UNICEFconductedthe
ImpactAssessmentStudyofAvian
Influenza/PandemicInfluenzaResponsein
Azerbaijan.Theaimofthestudywasto
determinetheeffectofcommunication
strategiesonpreparednessandresponseto
avianflu(A/H5N1)inAzerbaijan.Asfor
raisingthelevelofhygiene,oneofthe
outcomesofthestudywasthe
confirmationofahigherfrequencyofhand
washing.Itshouldbenoted,however,that
thisstudywasratherlimitedinscale(the
studycovering165peoplewasconducted
in12regionsofthecountry).
291
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
TheresultsofasurveyDuringan
assessmentinKabulcityin2005showed44
percentofpeoplewashtheirhandsbefore
eating.
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Assessmentofthecampaignforthe
distributionofLixiviainUrbanandPeri
urbanareas
CAPstudyinHuilaprovince
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
No
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Bangladesh
Q8.Visualaids:
HygienePromotionPackage(Poster,
Leaflet,Pamphlet,Flashcard,Flipchart,
Booklet,Rhymes,MassElectronicmedia,
storiesandavideoetc.)
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
NA
Benin
Q8.Visualaids:
Matrielsaudiovisuels
OutilsPHAST
Dpliants,banderoles
TeeShirt
etc.
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
1Miseenuvrededocumentde
politiquedhygineetdassainissement
apermisde:
aSensibiliserlespopulationsurbaineet
ruraleetdamliorerlutilisation
deservicedassainissementdelhygine;
bconstruirelesouvragedassainissement
enmilieuscolaire,places
publiquesetpromouvoirlaconstruction
desouvragesprivsdansles
mnages;
crenforcerlescapacitsdesacteursdans
lesecteurpublicetpriv
dtransfrerlescomptencesaux
communesetdorganiserlescommunes
autourdesquestionsrelativesla
problmatiquedelhygineet
lassainissement.
eTauxdecouvertureenlatrinesfamiliales
(44%national)estestimen
73%enmilieuurbainet23%enmilieurural
(2010)
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
292
13.HygienePromotionI
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
1.AstudyreporttitledProgotirPathay
2009preparedbyUNICEF&Bangladesh
BureauofStatisticsshowsthat30%oftotal
populationareusingsoapforhandwashing
afterdefecation.
Source:
http://www.unicef.org/bangladesh/knowle
dgecentre_6292.htm
2.Handwashingbehaviourinrural
Bangladesh
Source:
https://centre.icddrb.org/pub/publication.j
sp?classificationID=56&pubID=9687
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Bhutan
Q8.Visualaids:
1.Participationposters
2.Handwashingposters
3.Flipcharts
4.TVspotsonhandwashing
5.Sanitationposters
6.Sanitationoptionsmanual
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Yes,ruralsanitationandhygiene
programmehasbeenevaluatedandreport
is
available.Keyfindingwasthatmore
investmentisneededinhygienepromotion
activities
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Sehanevaluadoencuantoanmero
capacitadasdesagregadasporedadysexo
Encuantoaresultadosporequidadseha
capacitadoaunnumeroligeramentemayor
deniasymujerenrelacinaniosy
varones
Sehanconformadocomitsdehigiene
escolaresCHEentodaslasescuelasdonde
Unicefinterviene
Sehancreadocomitesdevigilanciaenlas
juntasescolares
Sesalidelacomunidadeducativaalgrupo
familiar
Thepromotioneffortshavebeenevaluated
intermsofnumbersofcapacitated
disaggregatedbyageandsex
Withregardtoincomeequityaslightly
largernumberofgirlsandwomenin
relationtochildrenandmenwere
capacitated
CommitteeshavebeenformedCHEschool
hygieneinallschoolsinvolvedUnicef
Committeeshavebeensetupsurveillance
onschoolboards
Heleftthefamilygroupeducational
community
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
*Essaquestonoseaplicaarealidadedas
estratgiasdepromoodasadeno
Brasil.
Bolivia(PlurinationalStateof)
Q8.Visualaids:
Banners,Trpticos,Dpticos,Cuentos,
Mdulos,Cartillas,Rotafolios,JuegosDe
Mesa,Afiches
Banners,Brochures,leaflets,Stories,
Modules,booklets,flipcharts,Board
Games,Posters
Brazil
Q8.Visualaids:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
293
13.HygienePromotionI
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Natioanhouseholdsurveyusingproxy
indicatorsforhandwashingcombined
withquestionshavebeenconducted.Web
linkwww.nsb.gov.bt/BMIS
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
EstudioimplementadoporCooperacin
TcnicaAlemanaGTZPROAPAC:
SeguimientoyMonitoreodelPrograma
EducativodelPROAPAC
Noe.avila@proapac.org;
mery.quiton@proapac.org;
www.proapac.org
ProgramadeEducacinSanitariay
AmbientalPESAdesarrolladoporSENASBA
(ServicioNacionalparaSostenibilidadde
ServiciosenSaneamientoBsico)
senasba@senasba.gob.bo
InformeCualiCuantielaboradoporUNICEF
a.alvestegui@unicef.org
StudyimplementedbyGTZGerman
TechnicalCooperationPROAPAC:
MonitoringandEducationProgram
MonitoringPROAPAC
Noe.avila@proapac.org;mery.quiton@
proapac.org;www.proapac.org
ProgramEnvironmentalHealthEducation
anddevelopedbySENASBAPESA(National
ServiceforSustainabilitySanitation
Services)
senasba@senasba.gob.bo
Quantifyingqualitativereportpreparedby
UNICEF
a.alvestegui@unicef.org
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
BurkinaFaso
Q8.Visualaids:
Boitesimage;
Dpliants;
Affiches;
Filmsdesensibilisation.
Burundi
Q8.Visualaids:
Squencedesfigurines:cestun
ensembledimagesnoncommentes
ImagesSARAR/PHAST
Cambodia
Q8.Visualaids:
Visualaidsandmaterialswere/are
developedbyMRDincollaborationwith
UNICEFandNGOsthatfocusonuseof
latrines,handwashingwithsoap,and
drinkingsafewater.Thesevisualaidsand
materialsarerecommendedforusebyall
projectsandprogrammesonhygiene
promotion.Alistoftheseaidsand
materialsareattached.
Cameroon
Q8.Visualaids:
DOCUMENTAIRES
AFFICHES
DEPLANTS
BANDESDESSINEES
SPOTS
CentralAfricanRepublic
Q8.Visualaids:
Boteimages:Promotiondelhygineen
milieuscolaire
Dpliants,affiches,banderoles
Emissionsradioettl
Gadgetsdivers(teeshirts,casquettes.)
Thtresforum,sketchs
Films,documentaires
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Lesdiffrentsprojetssontencours,les
valuationsnesontpasencorefaites.
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Non.
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
INDISPONIBLE
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
INDISPONIBLE
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Havenotyetdoneintheevaluation.
However,theformativeresearchforrural
sanitationandhygieneBehaviourChange
andCommunicationwasdoneintwo
provincestoprovideinputsintothe
developmentofruralsanitationand
hygieneBCCstrategy.
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Nogovernmentledstudybasedon
observationsofhowmanypeopledohand
washingwithsoap.The2010MRDKAP
surveyresultsarebasedoninterviewswith
householdheadandobservationsofhand
washingstations.
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
non
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
ETUDECAP03ANSAPRESLANCEMENTDU
PROJETASSAINISSEMENTTOTALPILOTE
PARLACOMMUNAUTE
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
13.HygienePromotionI
294
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Indisponible
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Chad
Q8.Visualaids:
Boiteimages
Dpliants
Affiches
OutilsATPC
Colombia
Q8.Visualaids:
EnelprogramaLavadodemanos:cartillas,
pautasenradioytelevisin;folletoadjunto
enlafacturadeserviciospblicosenun
municipioycampaanacionalentelevisin
(capituloLavadodemanos).
http://www.minambiente.gov.co//contenid
o/contenido.aspx?catID=112&conID=1812
DentrodelaestrategiadeEntornos
Saludables:materialeseducativospara
docentesyparaescolares
(http://minproteccinsocial.gov.co/Paginas
/EntornosSaludables.aspx
Congo
Q8.Visualaids:
SUPPORTPAPIERETELECTRONIQUE
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
13.HygienePromotionI
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Non
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Non
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Serealizunestudiodemonitoreopara
medirlaevolucindelcomportamientode
laprcticadelavadodemanosyelimpacto
delacampaaenundepartamento,
teniendocomobaselosresultadosdel
estudiodelBancoMundialde2006.
Sevienepromoviendoeldamundialdel
lavadodemanoscomounaaccinyseha
evaluadoelimpactodeestaactividad.
InformedegestindelprogramaLavadode
manosen:
http://www.minambiente.gov.co/documen
tos/DocumentosAgua/programas/lavado_
manos/261010_informe_avance_prog_lava
do_manos.pdf
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
DeacuerdoalestudiodelBancoMundial
(2006)enColombiasoloel5%dela
poblacinselavalasmanosentodaslas
situacionesderiesgo,ysoloel18%
despusdelcontactoconexcretas.
http://www.minambiente.gov.co/documen
tos/DocumentosAgua/programas/lavado_
manos/071010_estudio_comportamiento.p
df
295
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
STRATEGIESNATIONALEDEPROMOTION
DHYGIENEENZONERURALEETPERI
URBAINE/UNICEFCONGO/ETSON
RAPPORTDANALYSEDESITUATION
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Cted'Ivoire
Q8.Visualaids:
Boiteimage,livretconseil:Lavagedes
mains,hyginealimentaire,assainissement
delenvironnement
Affiches:lesmessages
"Lesquatretapesdulavagedesmains",
"Lelavagedesmainslcole","Mesures
deprventionsducholera"
Autocollants:lesmessages
"Notresantsetrouveentrenosmains
gardonslestoujourspropres,"Moijeme
lavelesmainsavecdusavon,"Lesgestes
simplespourviterlatransmissiondela
grippeA(H1N1)"
Spotsaudiovisuels:messagede
sensibilisationetformationsurlavagedes
mains
lesmanuelsdeformationlaprvention
desmaladiesliesauxmainssales(cholra,
diarrhe,typhode,)
Dispositifsalternatifsdelavagedesmains,
savonliquide,poubellespdale,caisses
vitres
DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo
Q8.Visualaids:
Postersonhandwashingandsafewater
collection,transportationandstorage.
AlsoSee
http://fr.calameo.com/books/0005528255
98bfdad2862
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
13.HygienePromotionI
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
EvaluationdelastratgieAcclredela
SurvieetduDveloppementdelEnfant
(RapportdEvaluationdelaSASDE2009)a
misenvidenceuntauxbasdecouverture
danslamiseenuvredespratiquesde
lavagedesmainsetdelutilisationdes
latrinesdanscertaineszonesli
essentiellementlinsuffisancevoire
labsencedesouvragesmalgrlesactivits
desensibilisation.
EvaluationdelapromotiondelHygine
hospitalireamisenvidenceinsuffisance
delaqualitdulavagedesmains
(dispositif,produitsutiliss)etune
insuffisancedeslatrines.
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Mmoiredefindecycleensciencede
lenvironnement:
"Hygineetproblmesdesantdansles
colesprimairesdAbidjan,casdes
communesdeTreichvilleetdAbobo
400tablissementsprimairespublicset
prives
Rsultats:
lavagedesmainsavantdemanger:50.8%
lavagedesmainsaprslestoilettes:26.95
%
lavagedesmainsaprsuneactivit
salissante:17%
EtudeCAPsurleau,lHygineet
AssainissementdansleszonesduPUR4
(2009)
AnalysesituationnelledelHygine
hospitaliredans20districtssanitaires
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
SeeHttp://www.ecolevillageassainis
bdd.cd
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
256833schoolstudentswashtheirhands
aftergoingtothetoilet
1001096personswashtheirhandsbefore
eating,preparingfoodandgoingtothe
toilet.
http://www.ecolevillageassainisbdd.cd;
http://.www.ecoleassainiebdd.cd
296
UNWaterGLAAS201112
DominicanRepublic
Q8.Visualaids:
Demostracionesdelavadodemanos,
estacionesyteatrocallejeros,cuas
radialesytelevisivas,brochures,separatas,
folletos,cruzacalles,yms.
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
aDireccinGeneraldePromociny
EducacinenSaludllevoacabouna
evaluacindelosmensajesymateriales
audiovisualesquepromovanelusodel
clorocomomtododedesinfeccindel
aguaenElasPiaySanJuandela
Maguana,dondearrojocomoresultados
quelaspersonasconocanlosmensajes,
reconocanlaimportanciadelosmismos
peronoregistrabacambiosde
comportamientosasociados.Delos
resultadosdeestaevaluacinsereoriento
todoeltemadepromocindelusodeagua
segura.
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
NO
Egypt
Q8.Visualaids:
EDUCATIONALBOOKS(MINISTRYOF
EDUCATION)
POSTERS
NATIONALINFECTIONCONTROLGUIDE
LINES
ElSalvador
Q8.Visualaids:
Cartillas,afiches,videos,teatro,radioy
televisin
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Anivelnacionalnoexisteunaevaluacin
Anivelinstitucional,programaso
conveniosseevalaelimpactoobtenidoen
lapromocindelahigiene
297
13.HygienePromotionI
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Nodisponible
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
INFECTIONCONTROLPROGRAMME
www.mohp.gov.eg
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Anivelnacionalnoexisteestudiossobrela
prcticadeellavadodemanos
Anivelinstitucional,programaso
conveniosexistenestudiosyseevalael
impactoobtenidoenelcambiode
comportamientosyenlareduccindelas
enfermedades.LaOPSOMS,UNICEF,
FOCARDAPS,MINISTERIODESALUD,ONGS
evalanlosimpactosobtenidosen
localidadesoproyectos.
PAHOWHO,UNICEF,FOCARDAPS,Ministry
ofHealth,NGOsassesstheimpactsfrom
localareasorprojects.
UNWaterGLAAS201112
EquatorialGuinea
Q8.Visualaids:
Afiches,rotafollo,Pancartas,charlas
educacionSanitarias,Mensajesradialesy
televisadas.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Si,sehaevaluadomediantepequeas
encuestascomunitariadelareduccinde
incidenciadeciertasenfermedades
298
13.HygienePromotionI
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Si,50%delapoblacionlavalasmanoscon
aguayjabon.Perocasiel100%sabeque
hayquelavarlasconaguayjabon
*Elinformenodisponibleporausenciade
lapersonaidonea.
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Ethiopia
Q8.Visualaids:
Postersandleafletsonhandwashingat
criticaltimes
Radioandtelevisions
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
InthecontextoftheHealthExtension
Programme(evaluationin2008)Not
publicallyavailable,includingCLTSH
299
13.HygienePromotionI
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Yes,thereweredifferentresearches
conducted.Thefollowingaresomeofthem
inbrief:
1.NationalFormativeResearchonHand
washingpractices
ItwasconductedbyFMoHwithfinancial
andtechnicalsupportfromUNICEFand
underthedirectsupervisionofNational
HygieneandSanitationTaskForce(NHSTF).
BasedonasampledirectedbytheEthiopia
CentralStatisticalAgency(CSA),the
researchwasconductedacrossnine
woredasinsixregionsincludingTigray,
Amhara,Oromia,Somali,Benishangul
GumuzandSNNPR.Themethodologyand
datacollectionincluded2049household
interviews,195structuredhousehold
observations,400structuredschool
observations,140behaviouraltrialsin
schools,70behaviouraltrialsin
households,10FocusGroupDiscussions
(FGD)withschoolchildren,10FGDswith
Caregivers,10InDepthInterviewswith
communityleaders,and20InDepth
Interviewswithschoolprincipalsand
teachers.Withrespecttocurrentpractices,
thestudyidentifiedthefollowingstatusof
handwashing:
AfterDefecation
10%ofcaregiversdonotwashtheir
handsafterdefecation.Ofthosewashing
theirhandsonly19%usesoap.
22%ofcaregiversdonotwashtheir
handsaftercleaningbabiesbottom.Of
thosewashingtheirhands,only20%used
soap.
34%ofchildrendonotwashtheirhands
afterdefecation.Ofthosewashingtheir
handsonly18%usesoap.
BeforeEating
MostfoodinEthiopiaiseatenwiththe
hands.
ThemajorityofCaregiversthatwashtheir
handsbeforeeatingdonotusesoap.
10%ofSchoolAgedChildrendonotwash
theirhandsbeforeeating.Ofthosewashing
theirhandsonly12%usessoaporother
substitutes.
Thestudyalsogeneratedsubstantive
qualitativeinformationonknowledge
levels,attitudes,conceptions,beliefsa
numberofbarriersandmotivationsfor
improvinghandwashingbehaviours.These
findingshaveprovidedthefoundationfor
thedevelopmentofanevidencedbased
UNWaterGLAAS201112
communicationstrategyand
communicationcontent.
2.LearningbyDoing:Workingatscalein
Ethiopia
WaterandSanitationforAfrica(WSP)in
Fiji
Q8.Visualaids:
Throughhardcopieslikebrochures,posters
andhandouts
Gabon
Q8.Visualaids:
Affiches,dpliants,teeshirt,casquettes,
Tl,radio,journaux
Campagnes(caravanes,JNV(Journes
NationalesdeVaccination,)
Gambia
Q8.Visualaids:
MessagebookletonWASH
Flipchartsonhandwashing
Audiovisualskits
Ghana
Q8.Visualaids:
FLIPcharts
PostersonWatertransport,maintenance
,storageanduse
Postersonhandwashingwithsoap,
sanitation
Skates
Tshirts,baseballcups,drinkingcups,etc
PHASTToolkit(emphasisontheuseofF
diagram)
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
NOevaluationhascomeout
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
13.HygienePromotionI
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Therearenostudiescarriedoutonthis.
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Donnesnondisponibles
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Notyetevaluated
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
YesMICS2010.However,thereportisyet
tobepublished
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
YesNationalhandwashingprogramme
andCLTS
Results:
TheCLTSApproachhasthepotentialof
bringingGhanabackontracktoachieveits
MDGtargetsonsanitation
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Yestherearestudies.
Initialanalysisofthephaseoneofthe
nationalprogrammedatashowed
significantincreasesintheratesofhand
washingwithsoapwith88.7percentof
motherswashingtheirhandsaftervisiting
thetoilet,55.2percentwashingbefore
eating,25.2percentbeforefeedingbabies
and26.2percentaftereating.Theserates
showedmarkedimprovementsoverthe
baselinerates.
Handwashingwithsoapratesforschool
childrenalsoshownimprovementswith
87.4percentwashingtheirhandswithsoap
athome,51.6percentwashingwithsoapat
school,88.9percentofchildrenwashing
afterthetoiletand76.2percentwashing
beforeeating.
300
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Guinea
Q8.Visualaids:
Lessupportsdecommunicationutiliss
dansnosprogrammessont:lesaffichessur
lelavagedesmainsduMSHPetlUNICEF,le
guidedesensibilisationetlesaffichessur
les5clspourunalimentplussr,les
affichesGardonsnotreenvironnement,film
documentairesurlelavagedesmainsen
milieuhospitalier,filmdocumentairesurla
gestiondesdchetsbiomdicauxau
Qubec.
GuineaBissau
Q8.Visualaids:
Affiches(Promotiondelavagedemains,
Dsinfectiondeauxpourboire,Prvention
decholra)
Honduras
Q8.Visualaids:
LavadosdeManos:Afiches,Trifolios,
LminasEducativas,Videos
AguaSegura:Afiches,Trifolios,Lminas
Educativas,Videos
ESCASAL:LminaDidctica,Afichesde
monitoreo,Gua.
Visibilidadcomogorras,camisetasy
calcomanas.
India
Q8.Visualaids:
AudioandvisualaidswereusedforRadio
andTV
Indonesia
Q8.Visualaids:
Abovetheline=TVspot,PSA,Feature,
Radiospot,CD
Belowtheline=poster,leaflet,flyer,flash
chart,flipnchart,booklet,standingbanner,
magazine,bulletin,newspaper.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
13.HygienePromotionI
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Nonpourlemoment
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Oui,lenquteMultiplesindicateursde
croissantetdesant(MICS)raliseen
2008montreque17,7%delapopulation
selaventlesmainsavantdeprparer;
37,4%avantdemanger;14,1%avantde
nourrirunbb;48,3%aprslestoilettes;
23,9%aprslatoilettedesenfants;63,4%
dautresoccasions.
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
EtudeCAPdebase2008,
EtudeCAPprvuen2012pourvaluerles
progrs
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Secuentaconunestudiodeevaluacinde
lametodologadeESCASAL,realizadopor
UNICEF.
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
EtudeCAP2008
30%despersonneslaventleursmainsavec
dusavon
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
No
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Theseeffortshadprovidedagood
contributioninenhanchingcommunitys
awarenessonhealthylifestyle.Basedon
theresultsofNationalBasicHealth
Reseach,thecoverageofhealthylifestyle
athouseholdsettingreached38,7%(2007)
and50,11%(2010)
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
301
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Nosehanrealizadoestetipode
investigaciones.
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
TheresultsofBasicHumanServicesStudy,
Indonesia,2006indicatedthat:the
numberofpeopleconductedhandwashing
withsoap,asfollows;afterdefecation(12
%),aftercleaningbabyandtoddlersfaeces
(9%),beforeeating(14%),beforefeeding
baby(7%),beforeservingfood/meal(6%).
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Iran(IslamicRepublicof)
Q8.Visualaids:
tv,radio,newspaper,computer,internet,
trainingslides,whiteboard
Jordan
Q8.Visualaids:
VisualAids
posters
brouchures
Kenya
Q8.Visualaids:
Tshirts,posters,brochures,books,
banners,wallbranding,Caps
Kyrgyzstan
Q8.Visualaids:
ManualJointChangeofHygieneand
Sanitation(JCHS)
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
no
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
ScatteredattemptsbyGovernment&
NGOs,butnotwiththeoutlineofanational
framework
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Yes
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
WithintheJointChangeofHygieneand
Sanitationprogram,monitoringwasheld
todeterminetheconditionoftoilets,
availabilityofwashbasinsandsoap,useof
boiledwater.Monitoringwasfulfilledin
Naryn,Talas,Batken,Chui,andOshoblasts.
Itcovered152,983households.The
monitoringresultsdemonstrategoodlevel
oftoiletconditionandavailabilityofwash
basins.Butatthesametime,highlevelof
useofboiledwaterisnoticed.
UndertheprojectSanitaryandHygienic
EducationofthePopulationinChuioblast,
thesurveywasheldamongthepopulation
toidentifythelevelofknowledge,attitude
andpracticeonsanitationandhygiene.
Thesurveywasheldin28villagescovering
840households.Thesurveyresults
showedthat88.6%respondentsusethe
tapewater,41.4%havewashbasins,39.4%
keepwaterinthecoveredcontainers,
23.1%drinkboiledwater,100%have
toilets,57.5%ofwhichdonotmeet
sanitarystandards.(Dataattached)
302
13.HygienePromotionI
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
no
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Nostudies
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
yes
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
UndertheprojectSanitaryandHygienic
EducationofthePopulationinChuioblast
(seep.9),thedatawereobtainedonthe
handswashingpracticewhichshowedthat
55.6%respondentswashhandswithsoap.
(Dataattached)
UNWaterGLAAS201112
LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic
Q8.Visualaids:
Visualaidsandmaterialsusedinthe
hygienepromotionprogrammeare
posters,leaflets,videoandmassmedia.In
schoolsaneducationaltoolscalled
theBlueBoxisused.Itincludestoolsto
supportteachinghygieneand
sanitationtopicsthatexistedinthe
nationalprimaryschoolcurriculum.The
toolisupdatedasthirdversiontoensure
thatitisinlinewiththeexisting
curriculumbothprimaryschoolandall8
teachertrainingcollegesinentire
country.
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Hygienepromotioneffortshavebeen
evaluatedthroughKAPstudy
AschoolKAPwascompletedwiththe
assistanceofUNICEFin2010.Inmany
ways,theintroductionofTheBlueBoxhas
resultedinsignificant
achievement.Therearenumbersof
materialsthatteachersandstudentenjoy
it.Teachersreportimprovedpersonaland
environmentalhygienepractices
amongstudents,interviewswithstudents
andobservationoftheirfingernails
indicatedthathandwashingwithsoapis
notcommon;schoolwithtoiletsin
generalarenotwellmaintained.Teachers
pointedtolackofequipmentand
suppliesformaintainingpersonalhygiene(
e,gsoap,buckesandladles)and
environmentalhygiene(wastebins,
cleaningsuppliesfortoilets)Another
issueislackofdemandforcommunitiesfor
hygienepromotion
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
No
Lebanon
Q8.Visualaids:
Lesotho
Q8.Visualaids:
Handwashingwithcleanwaterandsoap
forallgroups
Handwashingwithcleanwaterandsoap
forschoolchildren
Safewaterstoragereceptacleswithtaps
andhygienemessages
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
303
13.HygienePromotionI
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Nostudyyetcarriedouthandwashingwith
soap
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
No
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Liberia
Q8.Visualaids:
1.VisualaidsdevelopedbyHealth
PromotionDivision(PHASTtoolkit,
flyersmaterialsbeingimproved/draft
version)
2.Songsanddrama
3.Intheprocessofharmonizingmaterials
andtoolsused.
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
1.Oxfamresultsnotshared
2.CommunityHealthServicesyesbut
havenotsharedresults
3.Concerncarriedoutaevaluationon
theirownprogrammes
Madagascar
Q8.Visualaids:
Troismessages:utilisationdelatrines
hyginiques,prservationdeleaupotable,
lavagedesmainsavecdusavon
AffichesA3encouleur,
CartesdinvitationA6rectoverso,
Spotsaudiovisuels,
Flyers,
Banderoles,
Films(cameraenbalade),
Autocollants,
Casquettes,
Tshirts,
Foulard,
Livrets,
Bracelets,
Pins,
Malawi
Q8.Visualaids:
Posters(MinistryofHealth.Ministryof
Education,ScienceandTechnologyto
provide)
Leaflets
T.ShirtsandCaps
Bilboards
Videos
Maldives
Q8.Visualaids:
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Certainsprojetsmnentdesvaluationsau
moinslafindeleursprogrammes.
Atelierdesuivivaluationdusecteuren
2011(Prsentationdeltatdeslieuxet
formulationderecommandations)
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
13.HygienePromotionI
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
CommunityHealthServicescarriedouta
studyonhandwashingwithsoapbut
ithasnotbeenfinalized.
DivisionofEnvironmentalandOccupational
Healthcarriedoutonein
collaborationwithCountyHealthTeamin
Montserradobaselinestudyfor
CLTSbutnotfinalizedyet.Usedtopilot
CLTScommunitiesinthese
communities
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
CAPAntananarivoetToliaraen2004:
rsultatssurlenombredepersonnessurle
lavagedesmainsavecdusavon
EtudesfaitesparuneUniversit
Britanniqueen2009,
ProcessusRLOMDde20062009
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
otyet.(checkwithHealthEducationUnit
andUNICEF).Thereisneedtoenhance
documentation,MandEforHygiene
Promotionefforts.
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
No.Plansunderwaytoundertakeone
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
304
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Mali
Q8.Visualaids:
Affiches
boitesimage
dpliants
cassettesaudioetvido
Mauritania
Q8.Visualaids:
Affichesdomiciliaires,
projectionimages,
spotspublicitaires
Teeshorts
Casquettes
Voiles
Mdiatiques
SMS
Mongolia
Q8.Visualaids:
Thereareplannedtoincludefollowing2
objectivestothehealtheducationprogram
standardofsecondaryschoolcurriculum
HealthSchoolbook
Healthlessonplan
Morocco
Q8.Visualaids:
Projectiondefilm,CD
Affiches,dpliants,autocollants,brochure
(voirexemplescijoints)
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
13.HygienePromotionI
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
EnquteparGrappesIndicateurs
Multiples(MICS)2010duMali
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Evaluationdutauxdelavagedesmainsau
savonen2006(rapportjointenannexe)
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Lesprogrammessanitairesdupaysont
toujoursintgrunedimensionhygine.
Toutefois,enabsencedunestructure
rellementddielaquestion,lesefforts
onttendedecequitaitattendu.
Atitredexemple,lecodedhygine
laborennajamaisconnu
dapplication.Ilafalluattendre2010pour
quunnouveaucodedhyginevoitlejour
etquunedirectiondelhyginepublique
soitcrepourentreautrecoordonner
lexcutiondelapolitiquenationaleen
matiredhyginepublique.
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Generaleducationschoolstudyinghealth
lesson.
35hoursheathlessoninyeareachIXI
class.
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Pasdvaluationspcifique,
Lesvaluationssefontdemanireglobale
dontlecadredeprogrammesetprojetsse
rapportantleaudeboissonet
lassainissement(programmeducontrle
deleaudeboisson,programmePAGER,
ProjetMEDA)
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
305
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
NON
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Mozambique
Q8.Visualaids:
Communitytheatre
Videosandtalks
Newsletter
Pamphletsandbrochures
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Evaluation:
Annualevaluationoftherealizationlevel
ofsanitationprogramscoordinatedbythe
NationalDirectorateofWater
Resultsofsanitationandhygiene
promotionprograms:
Greatreductionofexcretaandwater
relateddiseases,suchasdiarrhoeas
SincetheimplementationofCLTS
programs,onlyonecommunityhas
registeredcholeraamong44districtswhich
arenowfreeofopendefecation.Thevast
majorityofthosecommunitiesunderCLTS
arecurrentlyconsideredasCHOLERAZERO
COMMUNITIES
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
MyanmarGlobalSchoolbasedStudent
HealthSurvey2008
Evaluationofimpactof4cleans(MMRD
andUNICEF)
Myanmar
Q8.Visualaids:
Schoolhygienepromotionkits,Posters,
Stickers,Flyers,TVspots,videodramaand
fourcleancampaignsthroughvarious
medias.
SchoolTextbook(SubjectMyanmar,Life
skill,Moralandcivic)
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Evaluationofhandwashingwithsoaps
(UNICEF),healthKAPimpactstudy(FB);
CDA
impactstudy(FB);sustainabilitystudyof
WASH(NEWAH)multiindicatorcluster
survey2010(UNICEF);pointofusedrinking
watertreatmentoptions(ENPHO)
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Non
Nepal
Q8.Visualaids:
Meenacartoons;SRAR,PHAST,Health
manuals,IECmaterials,videoclips,radio
jingles
Niger
Q8.Visualaids:
ImagePHAST;MessagesRadiophoniques
etTlviss;Thatres;Spot
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
306
13.HygienePromotionI
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
UnderCLTSprograms,theredifferentlevels
ofresearchtoassesshowcommunities
implementhygienepromotion
recommendationsandinitiatives.Thereare
simplifiedreportsbasedondailybasis
observationofgoodpracticesofhygiene
andsanitation.
CLTSprogramsshowthatcommunities
haveprogressivelyadheringtoit.
Considerablenumberofcommunitieshas
freethemselvesfromopendefecation.
Incidenceofhandwashdiseaseshas
significantlyreduced.
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
KAPstudyonWater,Sanitationand
Hygienein24townshipsofMyanmar
Results87%adultsandchildrenreported
washingtheirhandsafterdefecatingbut
only67%withwaterandsoap,32%0nly
waterAlmostwashthehandsbeforemeals,
butonly38%usedsoap
Hygienerelatedbehaviours,bysex,
Myanmar,2007(n=2804,x=1315year
student,CDC&WHOSurvey)
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
MICS2010(UNICEF);Evaluationof
handwashingwithsoap(UNICEF)in3
districts
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Nigeria
Q8.Visualaids:
Oman
Q8.Visualaids:
Healtheducationmaterialssuchas
booklets,posters,andleaflets.
Lecturesintheschoolsandhealth
institutions.
Videoplays.
Media.
Pakistan
Q8.Visualaids:
ANationalBehaviourChangeand
CommunicationStrategyandActionPlan
forSafeDrinkingWaterSanitationand
Hygiene20102015hasbeendeveloped
bytheMinistryofEnvironment(now
changedtoMinistryofDisaster
Management),butithasnotbeen
operationalizedyet.
Panama
Q8.Visualaids:
1.Materialeducativosenlostemas:lavado
demanos,prevencindel
dengue,,mesdelosocanos,promocin
delasaludparaprofesionalesde
lasaluddelcomitdebioseguridady
Nosocomiales,BanderaAzul
2.EnelcasodelaestrategiaCOMBIdel
PlanEGIDengueNacionaly
Regionalenlas5regionesdesalud,en
comnacuerdoyrevisinconlos
actoressocialeslosmaterialesfueron
definidosporlacomunidad
Paraguay
Q8.Visualaids:
Afiches,tripticos,bannersyotras
publicaciones.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
13.HygienePromotionI
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Noevaluationdone
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
No
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
1ELPROGRAMABANDERAAZULMediante
lasEvaluacionestcnicasanuales
realizaevaluaciones.
2Losotrosprogramasnocuentanconel
mismo.
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Nosecuentaconesainvestigacin
307
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
No
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Philippines
Q8.Visualaids:
Posters,videos,leaflets,flipcharts,training
manuals
Rwanda
Q8.Visualaids:
PHASTToolKitincludingphotosandimages
usedbycommunitybasedhealthworkers
tosensitizetargetgroupandCBEHPP
CommunityHygieneClubMembershipCard
usedasreferenceforbehaviourchange
modules(RefertoRwandaMinistryof
HealthtofindoutCBEHPProadmap)
Samoa
Q8.Visualaids:
TVcommercial
BillboardsinWashHandsCampaign
ShortDocumentaries
Presentationinvillages
Booklets/handoutsetc
Senegal
Q8.Visualaids:
OutilsSARAR/PHASTdemanireGnralet
lessimulationslorsdesactivitsde
sensibilisation
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
13.HygienePromotionI
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Noevaluation.
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Yes.HAMSandPHASTmethodologieswere
evaluatedandresultsshowedthatwhere
HAMSandPHASTareoperational,hygienic
conditionsinschools,publicplacesand
householdsincreasedsignificantly.In
addition,HAMSisalmostknowninschools
inRwanda.But,whereHAMSclubsare
operational,theschoolshavehygienic
sanitationfacilities.CBEHPPnotyet
evaluated.
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Norecordofstudiesavailable
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
NON
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
NON
308
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Yes.Comprehensivefoodsecurity
vulnerabilityassessmentshowthatwomen
whowashtheirhandsaftervisitingthe
toiletis58%.
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
None
UNWaterGLAAS201112
SierraLeone
Q8.Visualaids:
Postal,jingles,radiodiscussionsetc
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
TherecentlyconductedKAPsurveyon
PublicPrivatePartnershiponHandwashing
withsoapshowsthatonly19%ofthe
surveyrespondentswashedtheirhands
withsoapaftercontactwithfaeces,66.3%
washedtheirhandswithwaterandsoap
and14.7%didnotwashtheirhandsatall.
Theirhandwashingpracticesarepoorer
beforecontactingwithfood.10.2%washed
theirhandwithwaterandsoap,48.3%with
wateronlyand41.5%donotwashtheir
handsatall.(BaselineandKAPsurveyfor
HygienePromotionandPublicPrivate
PartnershipforHanwashingwithsoap(
PPPHWS)inSierraLeone,NestBulilders
International)
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
No
SouthAfrica
Q8.Visualaids:
Posters,flyers,adverts
SouthSudan
Q8.Visualaids:
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Yes,everyTrainingofTrainersonHand
Washingprogrammesareevaluatedgetting
feedbacksfromthem,ontheactivities
theycarriedoutforthehygienepromotion
efforts
(ReferattachedprogrammeofTrainingof
TrainersonHandWashingtechnique
conductedbyHealthEducationBureau
HEB)
SriLanka
Q8.Visualaids:
Posters,leaflets,booklets,bookmarks,
videoclipsandPowerPointpresentations
(referattachedfilesVA1VA4and
http://www.healthedu.gov.lk/web/index.p
hp?option=com_content&view=article&id=
46&Itemid=46&lang=en,
http://www.healthedu.gov.lk/web/index.p
hp?option=com_content&view=article&id=
47&Itemid=47&lang=en,
http://www.healthedu.gov.lk/web/images/
pdf/msp/prevention_ofdengue.pdf,
http://www.healthedu.gov.lk/web/index.p
hp?option=com_joomap&Itemid=41&lang=
en)
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
309
13.HygienePromotionI
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
TherecentlyconductedKAPsurveyon
PublicPrivatePartnershiponHandwashing
withsoapshowsthatonly19%ofthe
surveyrespondentswashedtheirhands
withsoapaftercontactwithfaeces,66.3%
washedtheirhandswithwaterandsoap
and14.7%didnotwashtheirhandsatall.
Theirhandwashingpracticesarepoorer
beforecontactingwithfood.10.2%washed
theirhandwithwaterandsoap,48.3%with
wateronlyand41.5%donotwashtheir
handsatall.(BaselineandKAPsurveyfor
HygienePromotionandPublicPrivate
PartnershipforHanwashingwithsoap(
PPPHWS)inSierraLeone,NestBulilders
International)
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
WaterResearchCommissionthrough
WaterInformationNetworkofSouthAfrica
(WINSA)isconductingthestudy.
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
TwostudiesonCommunityMedicinehave
beenfocussedpartially,onhandwashingof
urbanlowincomeandruralmothers.Based
ontheresultsofthestudyforurbanlow
incomemothers,recommendationsare
maderegardinghealtheducationandthe
relevanceoffurtherresearchonthesame
lineforformulationofhealthand
educationalpoliciesisstressed.Theresults
ofthestudyforruralmotherssuggested
thatmostofthemhadpositivepractices
whichneedstrengthening.
(Referattachedscannedcopyofthe
abstractandthecoverpageofPGIM
library)
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Sudan
Q8.Visualaids:
Posters,brochures,songs,drama,
community/schoolsessions,household
visits,hygiene/cleaningcampaigns,
celebrations,video,TV,radio,newspapers,
bigandsmallsignboards.
Tajikistan
Q8.Visualaids:
Educational,andInformationalmaterials
Thailand
Q8.Visualaids:
Television,radio,publications
TimorLeste
Q8.Visualaids:
FilmHandwashingwithsoapMoH/BESIK,
Sanitationandhygienesongs(MOH/BESIK),
Posters,Flipchart,(forcopypleasecontact
HPDresourcecentre/MaunApolinario)
Togo
Q8.Visualaids:
OutilsPHAST:ParticipatorytoHygieneAnd
SanitationTransformation;cesontdes
outilsimagesquifacilitentla
communicationentreunanimateuretceux
quilonveuttransmettrelemessagesur
lesdiffrentscomportements(bon&
mauvais)ettirdeslessonsensuite.
Lesaffiches,lesdpliants,lesautocollants
quidonnentdesmessagessimples,les
spotsradios,lesmissionsaudiovisuelles,
Uganda
Q8.Visualaids:
Posters,Fliers,HandwashingAmbassadors
guides,SchoolCalendars
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
13.HygienePromotionI
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Handwashing(KAP2008):Afterdefecation
52%,Beforeeating79%,Beforefood
preparation26%.
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
OnlyforTB,HIVandMalaria
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
no
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
CLTSevaluationdonein2011.PSF
evaluationdonein2009.
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
NO
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
no
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Ongoing(MoH/BESIK)willfinishinOctober
2011
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
AucoursdesenqutesMICSdes
valuationssontfaite.Lesrsultats
montrentqueprsde50%delapopulation
sontsensibleauproblmedhygine
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Unsondagemeneaucoursdes
campagnesdepolioen2011montreque
75%delapopulationsaventselaverles
mainsavecdusavonavantdemanger
(Rapportdecampagnepolio2011)
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Evaluationisdueinafewmonthstime,by
July2012
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Yes,theUgandaFormativeandbaseline
HandwashingSurvey.14%washedHands
aftervisitingthetoilet.Annualwaterand
EnvironmentSectorreport2010/2011
Handwashingafterthetoiletusingproxy
indicatoroftheTippytapnexttothelatrine
is24%inruralareas
310
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Uzbekistan
Q8.Visualaids:
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Yes.Resultsoftheseeffortsaresupervised
andevaluatedregularlyby
specializedtermsatlocalandstatelevels;
viaindependentprojects
VietNam
Q8.Visualaids:
Slogans,advertisement
Speakersystemofwardsandcommunes
TV,radio,pressandwebsite
Yemen
Q8.Visualaids:
Notavaliblebutthereareawareness
programmesimplementedbyministryof
healthandpopulation,ministryofwater
andenvironmentanditsorganisationson
hygienepromotioni.etrainingcourses,
workshops,meetingwithdecisionmakers
ongovernates
Zimbabwe
Q8.Visualaids:
seepicturesattachedtothequestionnaire:
picturecards,posters,tshirts,banners
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Allthehygienepromotioneffortsbeen
evaluatedafterwefinishitorduringthe
programmesandthemainproblemisall
theawarenessprogrammesarenot
schedulestheseprogrammesareexecuted
accordingtothebudget
Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Yestheyhavebeenevaluatedbutresults
comingoutindicatethathygiene
promotionisnotaonceoffprocess.Its
somethingthathastobeongoing.Usually
instantaneousevaluationofhygiene
promotioneffortsdoesnotyieldtangible
positiveresults.
311
13.HygienePromotionI
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Yes.SurveyresultsofKAPrelatedto
washinghandswithsoapfor15
communesconductedbyMoHandUnilever
intheperiodof20072010in
whichknowledgeonnecesityofwashing
handswithsoapincreased48.2%in
2006to73.8%in2011foradultsetc
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Notherearenostudies,butmostofthe
peopleinurbanareasaredoinghand
washingwithsoapandrareinruralareas.
Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Cholerastudiesin2009/10andKnowledge,
Attitude,BehaviourandPractices(KABP)
studiesforaffecteddistricts.
UNWaterGLAAS201112
14.HygienePromotionII
14.Questions12and13:HygienePromotion
Afghanistan
Q12.Priorityissues:
Handwashing,usingsafedrinkingwater,wastehandlingin
asafeandproperway
Angola
Q12.Priorityissues:
Capacitybuilding/trainingofhumanresources
Incrementthenumberofcommunityhealthagents
Correctapplicationofplannedbudgets
Jointandintegratedplanning
Inclusionofsensitizationprogramsinregardtomenstrual
hygienetothestudents
Azerbaijan
Q12.Priorityissues:
Professionaltrainingofpersonnel,ensuringabettersupply
ofmaterialandtechnicalresources,bettercoordination
betweentheregulatoryandexecutiveauthorities.
Bangladesh
Q12.Priorityissues:
Detailedsurveyisneededtoascertainthepresentsituation
ofBangladesh,Developmentofcomprehensiveplanfor
hygienepromotionandensuringitsproperimplementation.
Benin
Q12.Priorityissues:
1Rendreoprationnellesservicesdhygineauniveaudes
collectivits
locales,
2renforcerlescampagnesdinformationetde
communicationdesniveaux
scolaires,desplacespubliques(march),
3renforcerlesinfrastructuresdassainissementenmilieu
urbainetrural,
4mobiliserlesressourcesfinancirespourlesecteur
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Q13.Comments:
Q13.Comments:
Needtoofficialiselocalcommunityhealthagentsasgovernmentalstaff,
earningamonthsalaryandbenefitingofregularcapacitybuilding
extrarowsinquestion6)
Higienedasmos
Importnciadosaneamentoehigiene
Alimentaoeboasprticasparaumavidamaissaudvel
Aguaumbemessencial
question11)3rditem,response:1for100families
Q13.Comments:
Q13.Comments:
Thebestresultsofhygieneareachievedwhenitisintegratedwithwater
andsanitationintervention.Thusalldevelopmentprogrammesrelatedto
waterorsanitationshouldbedesignedasacombinedpackageofwater,
sanitationandhygienepromotioncomponents.
Q13.Comments:
Rendrefonctionnellecadredeconcertationmultifonctionnelsur
lhygineet
lassainissementenvuedoptimiserlaprogrammationetlamiseen
uvredes
interventionsdanslesecteur
312
UNWaterGLAAS201112
14.HygienePromotionII
Bhutan
Q12.Priorityissues:
1.Todevelopeanationalhysgienepromotionstrategy
includingtargetsand
incorporateinpolicyandplans.
2.Todevelopcapacityinbehaviourchangecummunication.
Bolivia(PlurinationalStateof)
Q12.Priorityissues:
EnfermedadesdeorigenHdrico,hbitosdehigiene
personal,deviviendaycomunal,usoadecuadode
sanitarios,
Brazil
Q12.Priorityissues:
*AmpliaodaEstratgiaSadedaFamlia;
*OProgramaNacionaldeUniversalizaodoAcessoeUso
daguaguaparatodoscoordenadopeloMinistrio
daIntegraoNacional(MI)coma
participaodevriosoutrosMinistrios(entreeleso
MinistriodaSade)comoobjetivodepromovera
universalizaodoacessoguaemreasrurais
paraconsumohumanoeparaaproduoagrcolae
alimentar,visandoaoplenodesenvolvimentohumanoe
seguranaalimentarenutricionaldefamlias
emsituaodevulnerabilidadesocial,conformedecreto
presidencialn.7.535de26dejulhode2011.
*Nombitodesseprograma,oDepartamentodeAteno
BsicadaSecretariadeAtenoSade(SAS),juntamente
comaSecretariadeVigilnciaemSade
(SVS)eaFundaoNacionaldeSade(Funasa),est
apoiandoodesenvolvimentodasaesdoPrograma1
MilhodeCisternas,desenvolvidopeloMinistrio
doDesenvolvimentoSocialMDS.
*AsaesreferentesaosprofissionaisdaAtenoBsica,
previstasnoPlanoparaMonitoramentodaQualidadeda
guadasCisternasdoSemiridoseriam:
Monitoramentodaqualidadedaguanascisternas
(coleta,acondicionamentoetransportedeamostras)euso
domedidordecloro.
Abordagemeducativajuntopopulaoeaesdesade
paramanejodaguaparaconsumohumano:usode
hipocloritodesdioa2,5%,
acondicionamentointradomiciliaradequadodaguae
manutenodascisternas.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Q13.Comments:
Therearenotfulltimededicatedpromotersasthisroleispartofhealth
workers/healthassistants.Itisestimatedthattheir10%oftheirworkis
relatedtohygienepromotion.Thereforetheestimateoffulltime
equivalent
healthpromotersisbasedoncalculatingthetotalnumberofhealth
workers/assistantsmultipliedby10%.
Q13.Comments:
Tomarencuentaelidiomanativoenlosprocesosdecapacitacin.Utilizar
capacitadoreslocales
Q13.Comments:
313
UNWaterGLAAS201112
14.HygienePromotionII
BurkinaFaso
Q12.Priorityissues:
Elaborerunprogrammeconsoliddepromotionde
lhygine.
Burundi
Q12.Priorityissues:
Evacuationdesexcrtas/Utilisationcorrectedeslatrines
Protectiondeleaudeboisson
Lelavagedesmainsauxsavonssurtoutauxmoments
critiques
Cambodia
Q12.Priorityissues:
Capacitybuildingtothestaffatnationalandsubnational
level
Communitytrainingtohygienepromotersandlocal
authority
VisualAidsandmaterialsdevelopment
Financialsupporttoprogramimplementation
Cameroon
Q12.Priorityissues:
Hygineenmilieuhospitalier
Hygineenmilieuscolaire
Hyginedelhabitatetdelenvironnement
Hyginedestablissementsetlieuxpublics
Hygineetscuritenmilieuindustriel
Hyginedesports,Aroportetautressystmesde
transportsterrestres
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Q13.Comments:
Lancessitdelamiseenplaceduncadredeconcertationentreles
diffrentesstructuresintervenantdansledomainedelhygineafinde
mieuxcentraliserlesdonnes;
LancessitdunetudeCAPenmatiredelavagedesmainset
dutilisationdeslatrinescommebasedeprojectiondesactions.
Q13.Comments:
Hygine(danstoussesaspects)napasencoretrouvsaplaceauniveau
du
pouvoirpublic.Hygineestplaceaudernierrangdesprioritsparles
pouvoirspublics
LedficitdelHygineestunedescausesdeladgradationde
lenvironnementetentrainelachainedetransmissiondesmaladies
vitables.
Q13.Comments:
Evenifthenationalguidelineforhygienepromotionwasdevelopedin
2010,buttheimplementationofhygienepromotionguidelineisinasmall
scaletolearnabouteffectiveguidelineontheground.Thisisduetoalack
offinancialsupportofprogramimplementation.
Q13.Comments:
Cadrelgislatifetrglementairetrsfaible.Noussollicitonsunappui
pourlamliorer;
SeulslesTechniciensduGnieSanitairesontformsauCameroun.Nous
sollicitonsdesboursesenfaveurdesjeunespourlaformationdes
ingnieursSanitaires;
LesServicesdhyginesontsousquips.Noussollicitonsunappuipour
amliorerleurperformance.
314
UNWaterGLAAS201112
14.HygienePromotionII
CentralAfricanRepublic
Q12.Priorityissues:
1Lapromotiondhygineconcernetouteslesinstitutions
carcestundomainetransversal.
2Lesfemmesreprsentent52%delapopulation.
3Reprendrelamthodedelasurveillancecommunautaire
dansleszonesrurales(quipermetauxcommunauts
dapprcier,analyserpuisdemenerdesactivitsdurables
pourleurbientre).
4Lapriseencomptedugenredanslapromotion
dhygine.
Chad
Q12.Priorityissues:
RH
Contributiontatiqueaufinancement
Coordinationdusecteur
Pesanteursocioculturelle(renforcerIEC)
Faibletauxdducation(dperdition)
Colombia
Q12.Priorityissues:
Congo
Q12.Priorityissues:
EAU
HYGIENEDELENVIRONNEMENT
ASSAINISSEMENT
Cted'Ivoire
Q12.Priorityissues:
Accroitrelaccessibilitleaupotable
Accroitrelasensibilisationlutilisationetlaconservation
deleaupotable
Fairelapromotiondelinstallationetdelentretiendes
dispositifsdelavagedesmainsFairelapromotiondulavage
desmainsetdestechniquesdelavagesdesmains
Fairelapromotiondelinstallationdelusageetde
lentretiendeslatrines
DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo
Q12.Priorityissues:
Humanresourcescapacitybuildingisrequired
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Q13.Comments:
1.Revitaliserlesecteurdhygine
2.Disposerdunepolitiquenationaledepromotiondhygine
3.Vulgarisercettepolitique
Q13.Comments:
Q13.Comments:
Q13.Comments:
NECESSITEDOCTROIDEBOURSESDETUDESQUALIFIANTESENHYGIENE
Q13.Comments:
Absencededocumentdepolitiquedhyginealimentaire,
environnementale(luttecontreleprilfcal)etcorporelle(lelavagedes
mainsausavon)
Fairedestudessurlexistencedesouvragesdassainissementetdeau
potabledanslescentresdesantdeCtedIvoire
Installerdesstationsdpurationdeaudanslestablissementssanitaires
Fairedestudessurlelavagedesmainsenmilieuhospitalieretenmilieu
communautaire
Fairedestudessurlinstallationetlutilisationdeslatrinesenmilieu
hospitalieretenmilieucommunautaire
Q13.Comments:
Hygienepromotionshouldbeconsideredasoneofthemaincomponent
ofanywaterandsanitationprogram.
315
UNWaterGLAAS201112
14.HygienePromotionII
DominicanRepublic
Q12.Priorityissues:
Campaadepromocineducacineinformacinenla
poblacinporpartedelasautoridaddesanitaria.
Egypt
Q12.Priorityissues:
ElSalvador
Q12.Priorityissues:
1.RecursosFinancieros.
2.Fortalecimientoalospromotoresrelacionadoanuevas
tecnologas
3.Incrementoennmerodepromotoreseincentivospor
logros
EquatorialGuinea
Q12.Priorityissues:
Ethiopia
Q12.Priorityissues:
Tobuildthecapacityofhealthextensionworkers
Fiji
Q12.Priorityissues:
1.ProperHygiene
2.ProperSanitation
3.MoreSanitationOfficers
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Q13.Comments:
LospromotoresdehigienepropiamentedichosolohayenlasONGsyes
undatomuyfraccionado,darestimacionespresentaunnivelimportante
dedificultad.Peroexistenlospromotoresdesaludanivelnacionalcerca
deunos3,500.Ensumayoradelsexofemenino.
Q13.Comments:
Q13.Comments:
Nosetieneunapolticanacionalenhigieneloqueocasionaque:
oLosprogramasrespondenaresultadosacortoplazo.
oNosecuentaconrecursostcnicosyfinancieros.
oNoseledalaimportanciaqueeltemanecesita
oNoexisteunacoordinacininterinstitucional.
EsnecesariocontarconunapolticaNacionalintegrada.
Esnecesariounfortalecimientoenlacurricularestudiantildesdelos
nivelesdeparvulariaeneltemadepromocindelahigiene,
saneamiento,cambioclimtico.
Q13.Comments:
Q13.Comments:
Currently2healthextensionworkersaredeployedperkebele(average
500HHs)andoneHEPsupervisorfor10HealthExtensionWorkers(HEWs)
atworedalevel.Thus,thefuturedirectionistoupgradetheexistingHEWs
andfillthegapcreatedbyturnoverofstaffs.
Q13.Comments:
WaterHygienepromotionisusuallycarriedoutbythedifferenthealth
centresonFiji.TheMinistryofHealththroughitsDoctorsandNursesin
thedifferentdistrictsinformpatientsoftheimportanceofhygiene.
Additionally,theuseofmassmediagreatlyinfluencespeoplesactionsas
advertsonTVandtheradiopromotestheimportanceofpracticing
washingwithsoapaswellasboilingdrinkingwaterfromwellsand/or
boreholes.
316
UNWaterGLAAS201112
14.HygienePromotionII
Gabon
Q12.Priorityissues:
Plusdecoordination
Plusdecommunication
Plusdemoyensfinanciers
Renforcementdescapacits
Gambia
Q12.Priorityissues:
Capacitybuildingofextensionworkersonparticipatory
hygieneeducation
Ghana
Q12.Priorityissues:
CommunityLedTotalSanitation
Handwashingwithsoap
SafeDisposalofHumanExcreta
HouseholdWaterTreatmentandSafeStorage
Personalhygiene
Foodhygiene
Menstrualhygiene
EnvironmentalHygiene
Solidandliquidwastemanagement
Guinea
Q12.Priorityissues:
1.Letraitementdeleaudeboissondomicile
2.Lelavagedesmainsleauetausavon
3.Lapromotiondelutilisationdeslatrineshyginiques
4.Lapromotiondesbonnespratiquesdhyginealimentaire
5.Lagestiondesdchetsbiomdicaux
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Q13.Comments:
Q13.Comments:
Q13.Comments:
Healthacademyschoolproject,throughGES/SHEPUnit.supportedby
WHOcontributingimmenselytotheschoolhealtheducationprogramme
Q13.Comments:
LaDirectionNationaledelHyginePublique(DNHP)avaitthandicape
danscesinterventionsparlabsenceduncadreinstitutionnel,des
documentsdepolitiquenationaleetlesplansstratgiquesnationaux
dintervention.Ilestrappelerquecesdocuments(cadreinstitutionnel
etpolitiquenationale)sontdisponibleetvalids.En2012,ilestprvu
llaborationdesdiffrentsplansstratgiquespourpermettredefixerles
objectifsannuelsdecouverture.
LeprojetMarchsantestuneinitiativedevillesantquinouspermetde
focaliserlapromotiondesbonnespratiquesdhyginealimentairedans
unmarchcibl.CeprojetestpilotedabordauniveaudelaGuine.
Pourlesciblesmarginalises,ilnyapasunprogrammespcifiquemaisil
estencoursdlaborationaveclacollaborationdelUnicef,duministre
delducation.
NotrevisionestcelledunesocitdanslaquelletouslesGuinensvivent
dansunenvironnementsainpourlasantElleimplique:
Laccsuniverselauxservicesdesant,deaupotableetdassainissement
sansbarriregographique,conomiqueetsocioculturellesurlabase
d'unecomplmentaritdessecteurspublic,priv,associatifet
communautaire;
Uneplusgranderesponsabilisationcommunautairepourunemeilleure
implicationdespopulationsdanslapriseenchargedeleursproblmesde
santetdhyginepublique;
317
UNWaterGLAAS201112
14.HygienePromotionII
GuineaBissau
Q12.Priorityissues:
Lavagedemains
Utilisationdeslatrines
Dsinfectiondeseauxpourboire
Honduras
Q12.Priorityissues:
Incrementoderecursohumano(TSA,educadoresen
salud,TOMyTAS)ylogstica.
Planificacin
Educacinparalasaludorientadaalahigiene
Polticaydefinicindeestrategias.
PlanesyProgramasconladefinicindesusmetas.
Homologacindelasmetodologasexistentes.
LiderazgodelaSecretariadeSaludconrespectoala
implementacindelasmetodologas.
Financiamiento
India
Q12.Priorityissues:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Q13.Comments:
AuniveaudelaGuineBissau,lesprogrammesdepromotionlhygine
sontintgrsdanstouslesprogrammesdeaupotableet
dassainissement
Q13.Comments:
Lapromocindehigieneesrealizadoengranmedidaporelpersonal
voluntariocomunitariocapacitado.
Noexisteunaestrategiaespecficaparapromocindelahigiene.
Esnecesarialahomologacinyoficializacindelasmetodologas
existentes.
Armonizacindelasiniciativas.
Faltadeunsistemadeinformacin.
Faltadelasistematizacindelasexperiencias.
Q13.Comments:
318
UNWaterGLAAS201112
14.HygienePromotionII
Indonesia
Q12.Priorityissues:
1.Awarenessofpolicymakers,lawmakers,decisionmakers
ontheimportanceofhealthpromotorpositioninthehealth
development,particularlyinthecommunitybasedhealth
development.
2.Lackofhumanresources(skillfullhealthpromotor)due
toshiftingmanpowerpolicyfromoneposttoanotherpost
3.Wehave33provincesandalmost500
districts/municipalities,however,mostlytheorganizational
structureofhealthofficesarenotsimilarfromoneprovince
toothers.Itmeansthatnotallprovinces/districthave
healthpromotiondivisiononitsorganizationalstructure.
4.SinceHygienePromotionprogramincludesnotonly
water&sanitation,butalsootherinterprograms(MCH,
Nutrition,CDC,NonCDC,EH)&intersectors,soitneedsa
specificworkinggroupatalladministrativelevels.
5.Atnationallevel,wealreadyhaveLawonHealthNo.
36/2009.Itstipulatesthateverycitizenisobligatedtoapply
personalhygieneandhealthlifestyle(article11).However,
thislawhasyettoarticulateanddevelopintolocal
regulationoroperationalguidelines.
6.Thetargetis50%to70%in2014withthestrength
communitythroughtheincreasedcleanandhealthy
behaviors(PHBS).Severalstrategieshasbeenintroduced
andimplementedfor5yearsaheadthroughbehavior
changecommunication,informationandeducatioinin
washinghand,andotherhygienepromotion.
Iran(IslamicRepublicof)
Q12.Priorityissues:
mothers,children,seniors
Jordan
Q12.Priorityissues:
MothersandChildren
Schools
HospitalsandHealthCareworkers
Workersinsanitation
Kenya
Q12.Priorityissues:
STAFFINGANDFUNDING,
TRANSPORTANDLOGISTICS
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Q13.Comments:
1.Somesectionsofthisquestionnairearenotcompatibletonational
conditions,forinstance:wedonotspecifyourtargetsbasedonspecific
groups(dissabled,vulnerable,elderly,marginalgroups,gender,andso
on).Also,itisnoteasytoobtainanyfiguresbasedonurbanandrural.
2.Thereisnoexplainationwhysomecoveragesofthisquestionnaire
dividedinto3categories:>75%;25%50%,25%75%;<25%.
3.Theterminologyofhygienepromotionisalittlebitconfused.At
nationallevel,theMOHhas14mainprograms,oneofthoseis
EnvironmentalHealth.Itcoverstheprovisionofbasicsanitation(latrine,
water,soliddisposal,etc)andtheimprovementofpersonalhygiene(hand
washing,teethbrushing,showering).Asaconsequence,its
recommendedtouseatermofEnvironmentalHealthPromotion.In
otherwords,thecontextofEnviornmentalHealth(EH)Promotionismuch
widerthanHygienePromotiononly.
4.Thisquestionnairedoesnotcoverthequestiononnationalbudget
allocationofhealthpromotion,particulalrlypertainingtothepercentage
ofhealthpromotionbudgetcomparedtototalnationalhealthbudget
annually.
5.Inaddition,thisdocument(SectionC)isnotaskingaboutlegalaspect,
governmentpolicyandlocalregulationpertainingtohealthpromotion/EH
promotion.
Q13.Comments:
Q13.Comments:
Q13.Comments:
Continuoussupportespeciallyatgrassrootslevel
319
UNWaterGLAAS201112
14.HygienePromotionII
Kyrgyzstan
Q12.Priorityissues:
TheSanitationandHygieneprogramwasimplemented
undertheCommunityActiononHealth(CAOH)program
throughthecreatednetworkofruralhealthcommittees
(RHC)supportedbytheCenterforHealthPromotion(CHP)
atthefamilymedicinecenters.
TheCHPspecialistsprovidetraininginaccordancewiththe
annualworkplans.Forpoorconditionandlackof
infrastructure,about13%villagersusewaterfromirrigation
channelsandrivers,57.5%toiletsdonotmeetthesanitary
standards,inmostvillagesthereisnoscheduleorregular
systemofhouseholdwastesremoval/disposal.
AccordingtothesurveybyBiomNGO(2011),inmostof
thesurveyedschoolsofNaryn,Talas,andIssykKuloblasts
therehaveneverbeenthesewageandwatersupply
systems:in70%ofNarynschools,andinalmosthalfthe
schoolsinIssykKulandTalasoblasts.Thehighestlevelof
availabilityoftheoperationalsewagesystemwasnotedin
25%schoolsofIssykKuloblast.About5%ofthesurveyed
schoolsinIssykKuloblasthavenoowntoiletsintheschool
territory;
Onlyin14.3%cityschools,thetoiletsareinsidethe
buildings.Inmostcases,theschooltoiletsareold,dirty,
constructedofboards,slagblockorbrickinunsanitary
condition,andlastyeartheywerenottreatedwith
disinfectants.
Thesurveyidentifiedthatmostschoolstudentsdonot
washtheirhandsatschool.33%teachersofIssykKul
schoolsnotedthattheschoolstudentsgenerallydonot
washhandswhentheyareatschool,inNarynandTalas
oblasts,46.2%and41%respectively.Thesituationin
schoolsofalltheoblastslooksasfollows:mainly,theschool
studentswashhandsrarely19.4%andveryrarely19.4%
ofthetotalnumberrespondents,only18.4%teachers
statedthatchildrenwashhandsaftertoilet.2.5%teachers
donotknowwhetherchildrenwashhandsatschool.In
mostschools,therearenowashbasins.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Q13.Comments:
Toachievepositiveresultsinraisingawarenessofthepopulation,itis
necessarytoinvolvespecialistsofterritorialSSESCcenterswhodealwith
registrationandanalysisofthesituationonthecommunicableand
parasiticdiseaseswithfurtherdevelopmentofprophylacticmeasures,to
jointtraining.Itisnecessarytodevelopthedocumentestablishing
interactionbetweentheRCHPandSSESCaimedatraisingefficiencyin
improvingawarenessofthepopulation,teachingstaff,directorsof
educationalorganizationsandlocalselfgovernmentbodiesonhygiene
andsanitation.Itisrequiredtoactivateayilokmotuinimprovingthe
sanitaryconditionandinfrastructureofvillages.Toimprovethesanitary
andepidemiologicwellbeing,additionaldonorassistanceisrequiredfor
constructionofsanitaryentities,toilets,publicbathes.
320
UNWaterGLAAS201112
14.HygienePromotionII
LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic
Q12.Priorityissues:
handwashingwithsoap
foodsafety
safedrinkingwater
personalhygiene
Lebanon
Q12.Priorityissues:
Lesotho
Q12.Priorityissues:
Liberia
Q12.Priorityissues:
1.Infrastructure
2.Improvedwaterquality
3.Improvedhygieneatcommunitylevel(i.e.availabilityof
facilities)
4.Capacitybuilding(bothinstitutionalandhuman).Fore.g.
increasing
mobilityofworkers(transport)
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Q13.Comments:
HygienepromotionisveryimportantcomponentofWASHatbothurban
and
ruralsector.Weshouldstrengthenitwidelyanddeeplytomakepeople
healthy
Inschoolsettingstwothingsthatneedtoconsidertomoveforwardon
hygienepromotioninschoolsetting1)schoolcommunitylinkages,means
futurewaterandsanitationprogrammingshouldtakeamorecommunity
basedapproachwhichincludestheschoolapartofthecommunityand2)
Demandcreationandadvocacy:meansincreasefocusonIECcampaigns
aimedatbothschoolsandcommunitiestoincreasedemandforimproved
watersupplyandsanitationinfrastructureandsupportimprovedhygiene
and
sanitationpractices.Considertheuseoftraditionalentertainment
oriented
programstoreachruralandremotecommunities
Q13.Comments:
HygieneisnotabigchallengeinLebanon.Therearenothreatening
challengesspeciallybecausethelevelofeducationandtheLebanese
modeoflife
Q13.Comments:
Theinstitutionalframeworkwithvillagehealthworkers,staffathealth
centresandcooperationwithschoolsisgenerallyinplaceandworking;
howeverinadequateresourceslimitsthespreadandeffectivenessofthe
hygieneefforts
Q13.Comments:
1.Politicalwilltosupportimplementationofhygieneactivities(specific
budgetline)
2.IncreasedsupportfrompartnersneedtheprofileofhygieneinLiberia
3.Advocacy:Awarenesscreationatcommunitylevelbutrequireshigh
levelsupport
4.Hygienepromotionspecialist/focalpersonneededfocusessolelyon
conductingandtrackinghygieneissues.Recommendation:officeforthis
in
newMinistryforWASH
321
UNWaterGLAAS201112
14.HygienePromotionII
Madagascar
Q12.Priorityissues:
Alcole:Intgrationdepromotiondelhyginedansle
programmescolaireetlaformationdesenseignants
Auniveaucommunautaire:approcheintgraveclaprise
encomptedespcificitsculturellesdescommunauts
cibles
Malawi
Q12.Priorityissues:
PriorityissuesincludeHandWashingwithsoapatall
criticaltimes,properuseofdropholecoversontoilets,
transportationandstorageofdrinkingwater.
ThecriticalareasincludeSchool,MarketCentres,Health
Centres
Thecriticaloccupationsincludefoodsellersinbothformal
andinformalmarkets,medicalstaff,ToiletCleaners,and
Wastehandlersare
Maldives
Q12.Priorityissues:
Mali
Q12.Priorityissues:
Lavagedesmainsausavon
Promotiondelhyginedeleaudeboisson
Eliminationsredesexcrta
Mauritania
Q12.Priorityissues:
1)Etudesectoriellesurltatdepratiquedhyginedansle
pays(hyginedumilieu,hyginedeleaudeconsommation,
hyginealimentaireauxdomiciles,hygineenmilieuxde
soinsetc.)quiservirontdebasedlaborationdes
programmesetdesstratgiescohrentes.
2)Elaborationdunplandeformationdupersonnel
dhygine
3)Mobilisationdesressources(matrielleetfinancire)
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Q13.Comments:
Lapromotiondelhyginedoitprcderetaccompagnerles
infrastructures
Ncessitdeplaidoyerauprsdesautoritsadministrativeset
traditionnelles
Problmespourlamisedispositiondesdonnes
WATERAIDETHANDICAPInternationalvisentenprioritlesgroupes
marginalissetvulnrables
LeMENdveloppelducationinclusive
Basedecalculpourlaquestion:capacitsdesressourceshumaines
TaillemoyennedunFokontany:1200
NombredhyginistespermanentsparFokontany:2600
personnesparhyginiste
Fokontany:dcoupageadministratif
Q13.Comments:
Needtobuildcapacityatcommunityleveltoenablethemtreat,store
andproperuseofwater.
Needresearchofpeoplesperceptionsontheuseofsoapforhand
washingandpracticeotherhygienebehaviours
NeedtoraisemoreresourcesfortraininginHygienepromotion
PromoteInnovativeideasonhandwashingfacilities
Encourageprivatesectortoproduceaffordablesoaptabletsforhand
washing
Q13.Comments:
Q13.Comments:
Mettrelaccentsurlacommunicationinterpersonnelle
Q13.Comments:
Lapromotiondelhygineestunequestiondeculture.Lapplicationde
notrenouvelleloidecodedhyginedevra:
Sappuyersurunebonneconnaissancedenosmentalitsetcoutumes
pourlaborerdesprogrammesquirpondentauxcontextesdupays.
Etredcentraliseauniveaudesrgionsetcommunespourimpliquer
lensembledesdcideursadministratifsetluslocaux
Comprendreledveloppementdelhyginedanstoutessesdimensions
commeuneimportanteopportunitdecrationdemploispourlepays,
recyclerceuxquisontenplaceetformerlescadres.
322
UNWaterGLAAS201112
14.HygienePromotionII
Mongolia
Q12.Priorityissues:
Strategyplantodevelophealtheducationin20102015.
MinistryofEducation,CultureandScienceandMinistryof
Healthcollaborativedictatein2010.
Morocco
Q12.Priorityissues:
Renforcementdescapacitstechniques:tudes
dvaluation,formationdupersonnel.
Renforcementdesressourceshumainesspcialises.
Renforcementdumatrieldidactique.
Mozambique
Q12.Priorityissues:
Morefinancialresourcestobeallocatedtosanitation
programs.
Increasehygienepromotioncampaigns,mainlytohand
washing
Harmonizecoordinationamongmanydifferentinstitutions
workingonsanitation
Targettheinformalmarkets
Monitoringofresults
Myanmar
Q12.Priorityissues:
Totrainfulltimeequivalenthygienepromotersandassign
atleastonepromoterinonetownship.
Toconductnationalbehaviourchangeprogrammesbased
onresearchaboutwhatpeoplethinkanddoregarding
hygienebehaviour.
Todrawnationalstrategicplanforhygienepromotion.
Tostrengthenandsupportcommunitybasedhygiene
promotionprogrammes
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Q13.Comments:
Q13.Comments:
Intgrerlapromotiondelhyginedanstoutprojetetprogramme
dapprovisionnementdeaupotableetdassainissementpourprenniser
lesouvragesetavoiruneutilisationsaineethyginiquedeleaude
boissonetdelassainissement.
Q13.Comments:
5)alltheresponses:
Nameandareaofprogramme(s)Estimatednumberofpeoplecovered
UrbanRural
CommunityledTotalSanitation(CLTS)44Districts
WaterSupplyandSanitationOneMillionInitiative,fundedbythe
GovernmentsofMozambiqueandNetherlandsUNICEFPartnership)
1.200.000peoplein18Districts
ParticipationandCommunityEducationatDistrictLevel(PECZONAL)29
districts
ChildrenFriendlySchoolsofAfrica7districts
WaterandSanitationfortheUrbanPoor(WASUP)(CareandUSAID)
200,000
WaterandSanitationProgram(WorldBankProgram)39,000
SanitationProvisionandHygienePromotionforFourCities4cities
SanitationProvisionandHygienePromotionforTwoCities200.000
inhabitants
Q13.Comments:
Furtherobservationsorreflections
InordertostandardizewithotherSEAROcountriesintheareasof
hygienepromotion,currentlypracticinghealtheducatorsandhealth
promotersonvoluntarybasismayneedtotrainandassignonregular
basis
323
UNWaterGLAAS201112
14.HygienePromotionII
Nepal
Q12.Priorityissues:
Handwashing;POU,menstrualhygiene,foodhygiene,
personalhygiene,
addressingmarginalized,vulnerablegroup,modalityof
programs,monitoring,
coordination,identificationofleadingagencies,various
actors;Tarai,mountain,
hillswithscatteredsettlement,socioculturalbarriers,
geographical
Niger
Q12.Priorityissues:
Laformationdebaseetrecyclagedupersonnel,formation
deslvescommeportedentrepourlapromotionde
lhygine,lasensibilisationtraverslesmdias.
Nigeria
Q12.Priorityissues:
Oman
Q12.Priorityissues:
Aclearseparatenationalpolicyforhygienepromotion.
Humanresourcesthatareallocatedmainlyforsuchhygiene
promotionprograms.
Goodinfrastructure
Trainingprogramsinhygienepromotions
Accuraterecordingandstatisticsfortheseprograms.
Pakistan
Q12.Priorityissues:
Priorityissuespersonalhygiene,handwashingwithsoap,
safelatrinepractices,menstrualhygiene,safedrinking
wateretc
Areasruralareasandurbanslums
Occupationsprimaryhealthcarestaff,teachers,
paramedics,religiousleaders,electedrepresentatives
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Q13.Comments:
Awareness,lowliteracylevel,socioculturalsepcificprogramneeded;
hygiene
promotionprogramneednotbesupershadedbysanitation;hygiene
promotion
programtobeleadbyMinistryofHealth
Q13.Comments:
Defaongnrale,beaucoupdedonnesnesontpasdisponiblesparce
queellesnontjamaisfaitlobjetdecollecteetdemesurelissuedes
projets
Q13.Comments:
Q13.Comments:
Q13.Comments:
324
UNWaterGLAAS201112
14.HygienePromotionII
Panama
Q12.Priorityissues:
TEMAS:LAVADODEMANOS,SANEAMIENTOAMBIENTAL
,AGUASEGURA,
PROFESIONES:
EDUCADORESPARALASALUD,INGENIEROAMBIENTAL,LIC
ORGANIZACINEN
DESARROLLOSOCIAL,LIC.TRABAJOSOCIAL,PROMOTORES
DESALUDY
PROMOTORESSOCIALES
AREAS:AREASDEDIFICLACCESO,COMARCALES,URBANO
MARGINALES
TOPICS:Handwashing,sanitation,safewater,
Paraguay
Q12.Priorityissues:
Philippines
Q12.Priorityissues:
Urbanpoorandinformalsectorsinruralareas(farmers,
fisherman,vendors,etc)
Rwanda
Q12.Priorityissues:
11a)total300,00060220
11b)total40%
11c)total1/166
11d)total1/100
Handwashing
Cleanlatrine
Drinkingcleanandsafewater
Hospitalhygiene
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Q13.Comments:
OBSERVACIONES:
Serequiereformalizarconlasuniversidadesformadorasde
profesionalesde
lasaludconveniosendondesevinculeestatemticaalprocesode
servicio
socialdelosestudiantesanivelnacional.Aligual,queelsistema
educativo
integreconmayorfortalezaestatemticaensureacurricular.
Lograrunaasignacinpresupuestariaquenospermitaintervenir
sostenible
conlospilaresdelapromocindelasaludanivelnacional.
Q13.Comments:
Q13.Comments:
Hygienepracticescommonlypromotedusingradioandtelevisionmedia
are
handwashingandtakingabath.However,thereisnobaselinedata,
targets,
andmonitoringsystemforthiscomponent..Thisconceptisobservedto
be
partoftextbooksofschoolchildrenandbarangay(village)healthworkers
(BHW)manuals.BHWsareconsideredasthehealthpromotersatthe
communitylevel.
Q13.Comments:
HygienepromotionisdonethroughnationalcampaignsandCBEHPP
throughCommunityHygieneClubs.
325
UNWaterGLAAS201112
14.HygienePromotionII
Samoa
Q12.Priorityissues:
Limitedstaff,currentlyonlyPrincipleofficerinSanitation
sectionbutmost
ofpromotionisacollaborationofallwatersectorand
MinistryofHealth
Requireupdateinformationregardingcurrentstatusof
villageand
communities
Needmonitoringofbehavioralchangeincommunitiesand
effectivenessof
programs
Senegal
Q12.Priorityissues:
Lelavagedesmainsleauetausavon,lesuividelaqualit
etletraitementdeleaudeboisson,lapromotionde
lhyginealimentaire,laluttecontrelesmaladiesliesau
manquedhygineetauxinondations,lapromotionde
lhyginepubliquedanslesstructuresdenseignementdont
lesdaarasauSngal(colescoraniques),lappuien
supportsdecommunicationetenmatrielsetproduits
dhygineauxcommunauts(ASC,GPF,OCB,OSC)durant
lesactivitsdassainissement.
SierraLeone
Q12.Priorityissues:
Increaseinthehumanresourcecapacityofhygiene
promoters,incentivesfortheworkers,andenabling
environment.
SouthAfrica
Q12.Priorityissues:
Usereducation
Healthpromotionrelatedtopitemptying
SouthSudan
Q12.Priorityissues:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Q13.Comments:
Q13.Comments:
Insuffisancedelappuidesbailleursauxaspectssoftlislapromotion
delhygine.Ilssontplusorientsverslaralisationdouvrageset
dinfrastructuressanitairesetdassainissement;
Ledficitdansledomainederenforcementdecapacitsdesressources
humainesexistantes;
Laccompagnementdescommunautsdanslaralisationdes
infrastructuressanitairespourmettrefinladfcationlairlibre
Q13.Comments:
Collaborationandcooperationwithallstakeholdersinhygiene
promotion.Enforcetheimplementationofthepublichealthordinance,
environmentalhealthpolicyandstrategy.
Q13.Comments:
Thereisaneedtodevelophealthpromotionmonitoringtoolsand
increasethebudget.
Q13.Comments:
326
UNWaterGLAAS201112
14.HygienePromotionII
SriLanka
Q12.Priorityissues:
Dengueprevention
(http://www.epid.gov.lk/services.htm#Dengue),Health
careforinfants,Wastedisposal,AdverseUseofPesticides
andOtherChemicals(referpresentation;
http://www.healthedu.gov.lk/web/images/pdf/msp/pestici
des_and_other_chemicals.pdffordetails),Qualityofselling
food
Childmalnutrition(referreport
http://www.unicef.org/srilanka/Nurition_and_food_securit
y_survey_2010.pdffordetails)
Sudan
Q12.Priorityissues:
1NationalPolicytobeinplace(finaldraftisavailable).
2Nationalandstatelevelstrategicplans(available).
3Adequatefundingandstructure(notavailable).
Tajikistan
Q12.Priorityissues:
hemainpriorityofhygienearethepreventionofinfectious
diseases,particularlyinfectiousdiseasestransmittedby
water
Thailand
Q12.Priorityissues:
1.Drinkingwaterqualitypromotioninbothurbanandrural
areas
2.Foodsanitationpromotioninbothurbanandruralareas
3.Hygienicpublictoiletpromotioninbothurbanandrural
areas
TimorLeste
Q12.Priorityissues:
EachCHCrequiresatleast1sanitariantopromote
sanitationandhygieneandleaddemandledsanitationand
hygieneprogram.
Togo
Q12.Priorityissues:
1.Renforcementdescapacitsdesacteurs
2.Dvelopperlesoutils/supportsdecommunicationpourla
promotiondelhygine(outilsPHAST,MARP,Epe,ATPC,
etc.)
3.Mettrelchellelesproblmesdhygineenrestaurant
lapolicesanitairecanaldesensibilisation
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Q13.Comments:
Dentalcareamongschoolchildren
(Refer
http://www.healthedu.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view
=article&id=43&Itemid=34&lang=enitemno05undertheservices)
Q13.Comments:
Q13.Comments:
Centersforpromotionofhealthylifestyleandprimaryhealthcarestaffs
aswellasotherhealthcareprovidersmainlyengagedwithhygiene
promotions
Q13.Comments:
Forsomeissuesonhygienepromotion,andinsomeareassuchaswater
supply
systeminruralarea,itlacksskilledprofessionalsforsystemoperation
Q13.Comments:
Ingeneral,humanresourcesworkinginthisareaisstilllackingintermof
quantityandqualification.SanitarianisnotavailableinalmostallCHC.
Nationalanddistrictlevelstaffsstillhavelowqualifications(mostlyD1
andD3graduated).
Q13.Comments:
Renforcerlalogistiquepourlamiseenuvredesprogrammes
Renforcerlaplanificationdesactivits
Poursuivreladcentralisationeffectivedupays.
327
UNWaterGLAAS201112
14.HygienePromotionII
Uganda
Q12.Priorityissues:
1.Training,equippingandMotivatingmoreHandwashing
Ambassadors(HWAs)
2.MonitoringactivitiesofHWAs
3.FundingofsustainedHandwashingpromotionsespecially
massmediaandinterpersonalcommunications
Uzbekistan
Q12.Priorityissues:
VietNam
Q12.Priorityissues:
Focusoncommunicationandeducationwithparticipation
ofeducation
sector,massorganizationssuchasWomenUnion,Farmer
Unionetc
Commnitybasedapproach
Socializationofsanitationactivities
Yemen
Q12.Priorityissues:
Awarenessprogramsonhygienespromotionfordecision
makersofthegovernmentandthegovenates.
Awarenessprogramsonhygienespromotionforthestaff
whoareworkingintheschools&healthcarecentres
SpecialAwarenessprogramsonhygienespromotionforthe
staffonruralareas
Thebudgetofthehygienepromotionmustincreaseandnot
usethisbudgetinotherprogrammes.
Needsofcontinuescapacitybuildingprogrammesforthe
staffandtrainersofthehygienepromotion.
Zimbabwe
Q12.Priorityissues:
Handlingofchildrensfeaces
Handwashingwithsoaporash
Pointofusewatertreatment
ThereisalsoneedtocapacitateVillageHealthWorkers
(VHW)ontheirrolesandresponsibilitiesandhowto
dischargetheseresponsibilities
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
Q13.Comments:
WhereasHandwashingisbeingintegratedintosanitationprograms.Itis
necessarytocontinueitspromotionforafewmoreyearstoensure
adoptionofthebehaviourinthesociety.
Q13.Comments:
Q13.Comments:
Q13.Comments:
ThehygienepromotionmustbeTaughtinschoolswithintheschool
curriculuminallstagesfromtheprimaryschoolstohigheducation.
Q13.Comments:
Hygienepromotionshouldbeanongoingprocessandnotjustaonceoff
thing.
328
UNWaterGLAAS201112
15.FinancialManagement
15.QuestionD.1:AdditionalDetailonFinancialManagementorAidManagement
Systems
Afghanistan
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
AnationaldatabaseregardingabovementionedissueswillbedevelopedbyMRRD.
Angola
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Azerbaijan
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Thecurrentsystemreportstothegovernmentauthorities.
Bangladesh
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Benin
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Bhutan
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
MultiyearrollingbudgetandPublicExpenditureManagementsystems(PEMS)
Bolivia(PlurinationalStateof)
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Brazil
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
SistemaIntegradodeAdministraoFinanceiraSIAF,emnvelfederal.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
329
UNWaterGLAAS201112
15.FinancialManagement
BurkinaFaso
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Milieuurbain
Letypedesystmeutilisestlemodlefinancierdusecteur.
Lesdonnesconcernessontlesdonnestechnocommercialesetfinancires.
Milieurural
Auniveaucentraletrgional,ilexisteunlogicieldegestionfinancireetcomptablequipermetdeprendreencomptelesdonnesdu
budgetdelEtatetdesPTFdanslesecteurdeleaupotableetdelassainissement.
IlexistegalementdesfichesunifiesquiserventcollecterlesdonnespourllaborationduBudgetProgrammedusecteurdeleau
potableetdelassainissement,laprogrammationetlexcutionphysiqueetfinancireduPNAEPAenmilieurural.
Burundi
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Cambodia
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
AidEffectivenessProgramfacilitatedbyCambodiaDevelopmentCommittee(CDC)forthesectorTWG
Cameroon
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
LeCamerounutiliselesystmeDADdveloppparlafirmesynergieInternationalepourlagestiondelinformationsurlaide.Lesystme
estfonctionneldepuis2010etcomportetouteslesinformationssurlesfinancementsextrieurs.Ilexistedanslesystmeunecldetrie
desdonnesquipermetdextrairelesinformationssurcessecteursetsoussecteurs.Ladresseactuelledusystmequonpeutconsulter
viainternetesthttp://dad.synisys.com/dadcameroon/
CentralAfricanRepublic
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Chad
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
TopPro
MSProject
Colombia
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Congo
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
330
UNWaterGLAAS201112
15.FinancialManagement
Cted'Ivoire
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
SIGFIP(SystmeIntgrdeGestiondesFinancesPubliques)
Toutessortesdedonnes,sauflesralisationsphysiques
DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
DominicanRepublic
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Egypt
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
ElSalvador
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
EquatorialGuinea
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Ethiopia
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Auditingthefinancialmanagementofgovernmentbyinternalandexternalauditor
Reporttodonorsonfinancialsupportreceivedandutilized
Fiji
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Gabon
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Gambia
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Ghana
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
331
UNWaterGLAAS201112
15.FinancialManagement
Guinea
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
GuineaBissau
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Haiti
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Honduras
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
India
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
AWebbasedonlineIntegrated
ManagementInformationSystem(IMIS)hasbeenputinplaceforclosemonitoringofthe
NationalRuralDrinkingWaterProgrammeandTotalSanitationCampaign
Indonesia
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Iran(IslamicRepublicof)
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Foreginaidprojectsinurbanandruralwaterandsanitationfacilitiessuchas
WorldBankloansthathaveguaranteedbytheIraniangovernmenttorepaidthe
credit.
Jordan
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
AidInformationManagementSystem"JordanAidInformationManagementSystem(JAIMS)"onthewebsiteofministryofplanningand
internationalcooperationthesystemprovideinformationonongoingdevelopmentprojectsandprogramsbeingimplementedinJordan,
andarefundedbyforeignassistance(grants,softloans,andtechnicalassistance)committedbydonors,aswellasfinancinginstitutions
andinternationalorganizationsinvarioussectors.Thesystemwillbedevelopedinthefuturetowillincluderegionalprojectsand
programs,aswellassupporttoNGOs.TheMinistryofWaterandIrrigation,WaterAuthorityofJordanandJordanValleyAuthorityin
additiontoGovernmenthavefinancialmanagementinformationsystemtotrackexpenditures,inadditiontothecentralFinancial
informationmanagementsystemat
totrackinvestmentexpenditure
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
332
UNWaterGLAAS201112
15.FinancialManagement
Kenya
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Themainsystemsare:
i.IntegratedFinancialManagementInformationSystems(IFMIS)administeredbyTreasury
ii.TheAidinformationsystemadministeredbyExternalRecoursesdepartmentofTreasury
iii.TheBudgetSystemadministeredbyTreasury.
Kyrgyzstan
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
NA
Lebanon
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Lesotho
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
ThefinancialmanagementfortheGovernmentofLesothoisusingacomputerisedfinancialmanagementsystemsIFMISthatcapturesall
theonbudgetdataforexternalandinternalfundingtothewaterandsanitationsector.Therearehoweversomeproblemsingetting
completereportingonthewaterandsanitationbudgetsandexpendituressinceseveralministriesandlocalgovernmentsare
implementingtheactivitiesandtheexpendituresarenotaggregatedatanationallevel.NGOfundingisnotcapturedinthegovernments
system.
Commentona(?Informationsystemsindifferentinstitutions(WASCO,DRWS,MOH,MOE,LocalGovernments)existshoweverthe
informationisnotaggregatedatnationallevelandnotavailableforwater,sanitationandhygieneseparately
Liberia
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Detailedresearchintothiswouldbemostwelcomeasitwouldprovidea
platformofwhichtodevelopafundingpipelinestrategytocomplementthe
sectorinvestmentplan.
Madagascar
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Malawi
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
(IFMIS)andAidManagementPlatform(AMP)totrackcommitmentsanddisbursements
Maldives
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
333
UNWaterGLAAS201112
15.FinancialManagement
Mali
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
BudgetProgrammeparObjectif(BPO),leCadredeDpenseMoyenTerme(CDMT)etlelogicieldexcutionetdesuividesdpenses
(PRED)
Mauritania
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Mongolia
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Morocco
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Mozambique
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
NationalInformationSystemonWaterSupplyandSanitation(SINAS)
ODAMOZ(AIMS)
Annualjointreview
Myanmar
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
DataavailableonlyfromMOHthroughNHA.NocentralrecordsystemeventhoughtherearemanydeptslikeDDA,YCDC,MCDC,NDC
Nepal
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Fundflowingthroughgovernmentchanneliscoveredbybudgetandexpenditure
mechanism,butoffbudgetfinancingisnotcovered
Niger
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Nigeria
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
DevelopmentAidDataBase(DAD)isbeingdevelopedinNationalPlanningCommission(NPC)tocapturedataonexternalsupporttothe
country.
Oman
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
334
UNWaterGLAAS201112
15.FinancialManagement
Pakistan
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
PartialinformationisavailablefromprovincialannualdevelopmentprogrammesandfromtheEconomicAffairsDivision.However,there
isnospecificmanagementinformationsystemforWASH.
Panama
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Paraguay
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Philippines
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
NEDAhasODAfinancialmonitoringsystem.
Rwanda
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Samoa
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Senegal
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
SierraLeone
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
SouthAfrica
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
SouthSudan
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
SriLanka
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Investmentsandexpendituresindrinkingwater,sanitation,andhygienepromotioncanbetrackedusingAnnualNationalBudget
Estimates
(referhttp://www.treasury.gov.lk/BOM/nbd/budgetestimates2011.htm)
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
335
UNWaterGLAAS201112
15.FinancialManagement
Sudan
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Tajikistan
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Thailand
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
SAPS
TimorLeste
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
TheHMISjustestablishedin2010,soeverythinktheyaredoingisstillneedstoimproveforallsector.Accordingheadofdepartment
HMIS(HealthInformationandmanagementsystem)MoHisdoingonlycoveringgeneraldatamanagementsoatthemomenttheydont
havespecificdataforsanitation,hygienepromotionanddrinkingwater.
Togo
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Uganda
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Uzbekistan
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
VietNam
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Yemen
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Governmentconsidersthatparallel/pooledfinancingalignedbehindNWSSIPshouldincreaseabsorptivecapacityandimprove
performance,Itisalsoexpectedthatthisapproach,supportedbyaproposedMediumTermExpenditureFrameworkforthewater
sector,willimproveresourceallocationandtheefficiencyofpublicexpenditures,andreducebothmanagerialandfinancialtransaction
costs.Governmentalsoanticipatesthattheapproachwillreducebothmanagerialandfinancialtransactioncosts.
UndertheProject,existingIDAfinancedProjectManagementUnits(PMUs)willbeprogressivelyintegratedintomandatedagencies:
(i)RuralWaterSupplyandSanitationProject(RWSSP)willmergewith(GARWSP)GeneralAuthorityforRuralWaterSupplyProjects;
(ii)UrbanWaterSupplyandSanitationProject(UWSSP)willmergewith,NWSANationalWaterSupplyAuthority,LocalCorporationfo
water&sanitation
(iii)HygienepromotionatnationallevelprojectwillmergewithministryofHealth&Population;
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
336
UNWaterGLAAS201112
15.FinancialManagement
Zimbabwe
Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
337
UNWaterGLAAS201112
16.ServiceProvision
16.ObservationsonSustainabilityofServiceProvision
Afghanistan
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Abovementionedfactorshavetheirimpactsonsustainablesanitation
services.
Angola
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Azerbaijan
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Municipalauthoritiesdoingtheirduty;involvementofthelocal
communities.
Bangladesh
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
IntheBangladeshcontext,sharedlatrinesareconsideredanimproved
latrineforclusterinhabitants.
Benin
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
lesquestionsdordreculturelauseindescommunauts,lesquestionsde
transfertdescomptencesauxcommunes(effectivitdela
dcentralisation,),surtoutentrelesniveauxdconcentrsetles
municipalits,laquestiondesressourceshumainesauseindescommunes
pourlagestiondusoussecteur
Assainissement
Bhutan
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
338
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Thegoalsofthewaterforallprogramwerepreviouslyset
tobemetby2012set,100%forUrbanand80%forRural
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
NoMDGtargethavebeendevelopedinthecountry.
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
ImplementthePolicyMatrixascontainedinthe
PartnershipFrameworkAgreementbetweenthe
BangladeshGovernmentandDevelopmentPartners.The
policymatrixaddressesthreekeyareas:i)strengthening
governanceandorganizationstructure,ii)improved
financialmanagementcapacity,andiii)sustainableservice
delivery.
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Dryingupofwatersourcesandincreaseinurbanisationis
placingpressureon
townwatersupplies.
UNWaterGLAAS201112
16.ServiceProvision
Bolivia(PlurinationalStateof)
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
EnpoblacionesdelrearuraldondetrabajaUNICEFFsehaevidenciado
quecuandoserenuevanlosalcaldes,tambinsonrenovadosel40%el
personalcapacitadoenaguaysaneamiento(UNICEFInformedeAvance
No9ProgramaMultidonante)
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Esimportantegenerarpolticasmsrigurosasentrminos
delaproteccindelasfuentesdeaguaparaconsumo
humano(cantidadycalidad)parahacerfrentealimpacto
delcambioclimtico
Brazil
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
NosltimoscincoanosoGovernoFederalvemampliandooacessoda
populaoaosaneamentopormeiodefinanciamentoparaestadose
municpios,nombitodoProgramadeAceleraodoCrescimento(PACIe
II).Almdisto,promulgouleis,fortalecendooquadrolegaldo
direitoaosaneamento(Lei11.445/2007LeidoSaneamento,esua
regulamentao,Decreto7.217/2010,Lei12.305/2010Leide
ResduosSlidos,esuaregulamentao,Decreto7.404/2010).Noh,no
pas,conflitosinternosqueimpeamoacessodapopulaoao
saneamento.Contudo,abaixacapacidadeinstitucionaldeagenteslocaise
regionais,aliadaspeculiaridadesdoarranjofederativonacional,
compequadrodefragilidadepoltica,comreflexonaprestaodos
servios.NoBrasil,conformeaConstituioFederalde1988,a
prestaodosserviosdesaneamentodescentralizadaeacompetncia
paraaprovisoeregulaodosserviosdesaneamentocabeaos
entesfederadoslocais(municpios).Comrelaoaoitem2C,foram
consideradososnmerosrelativosdeescolasatendidascom
esgotamentosanitriopormeioderedepblicaoufossa.Noforam
includasasescolasqueoferecemexclusivamenteturmasdeatividade
complementare/ouAtendimentoEducacionalEspecializado.
BurkinaFaso
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Pouramliorerdurablementlesprogrsetralisationdequaliten
matiredassainissement,lasubventionpourattnuerlescotsdes
infrastructuresdeplusenpluslevsavrencessaire.
Laformationdesacteursausuivicontrleetlaconstruction(maon)des
ouvragessavrentaussincessaire,
Linformation,lducationetlesconseilspourlagestionetlentretiendes
ouvragessontgalementdterminants.
Burundi
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Lapopulationnestpasbeaucoupsensibilisesurlagestion/entretiendes
ouvragesdassainissement
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Deveseobservarqueosaneamentobsicoesuas
condiessodiferentesemreasruraiseurbanas,
tambmquantoaosseusdeterminantesparacoma
sustentabilidade.
Itshouldbenotedthatthesanitationandtheirconditions
aredifferentinruralandurbanareas,aswellastheir
determinantstosustainability.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
339
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Ladurabilitdusystmeetduservicedeaupotableest
lielapplicationdunouveausystmedegestiondes
infrastructureshydrauliquesdapprovisionnementenau
potableauBurkinaFaso.
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
LesressourceseneauauBurundisontenabondancemais
ellesneniexploite
niprotges.
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Cambodia
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
1.BasedtheSubDecree25in1992,thelatrinesneedtobebuilt
dependedontheratioofstudents.Itmeansthat2latrinesper100
studentsbutallschoolsinCambodiadonotyetapplycompletelythis
mandatebecauseoflackofresourcestoconstruct.Inaddition,thenew
schoolshavebeenbuilteveryyearinordertoresponsetheincreasingthe
numberofpupilsandusuallythelatrinesandwatersupplyinschoolshave
beenneglectedornotbeingconsideredaspartofpriorityofannex
constructionofclassrooms.
2.Rapiddevelopmentinurbanareascausespoormanagementofsewage
system(MPWT)
Cameroon
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Coordinationinsuffisantedesactionsduescesecteur
CentralAfricanRepublic
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Chad
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Desfacteursfavorisantladurabilit:
Formation(IEC)
Suivi
Partenariat/Rseautage
Colombia
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Congo
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Cted'Ivoire
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Importancedelductionciviqueetsanitaire
Performanceoufaiblessedumcanismeendognedefinancementdu
secteur
Adquationtechnologique
IEC
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
340
16.ServiceProvision
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Lavisiondudveloppementquigouvernelastratgiede
croissancedessystmesetservicesdeaupotabledansle
cadredelarductiondelapauvretdoitsarticulerautour
delatteintedesOMD.
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Laressourceestabondantemaistrsingalementrpartie
Dangersdelurbanisationanarchiquesurleschamps
captant
UNWaterGLAAS201112
DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Linkofanysanitationprojectupwardanddownwardtoprovidethesector
withafullacceptanceofnationalstakeholdersbasedondemand
responsiveness.
DominicanRepublic
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Egypt
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
ElSalvador
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Esimportantemencionar,queaniveldelaSecretariaTcnicade
Presidencia(STP),seestacompaandoyliderandoelprocesode
gobernabilidaddelaguaysaneamiento,conlafinalidaddepresentarante
laasamblealegislativaelanteproyectodeleygeneraldeaguayleyde
aguapotableysaneamientoafindedarrespuestaaloscompromisosy
demandasdelsector,enmateriadesaneamientoanivelnacionalnohay
unmandatoregulatorio.MINSALtienemandatodesaneamientobsico
masenloruraldeigualformaFISDLorientalamayorpartedelosrecursos
financierosalrearural,MARNtienemandatodenormartodolo
relacionadoaaguaresidualesydisposicinfinaldelosdesechosslidos,y
anivellocallosgobiernosmunicipalesatravsdesusordenanzas
municipalesvinculadasalasleyesnacionales.
Losimpactosresultantesposiblementesedebanalafaltadeunmarco
legalvigente,faltadeinversinennuevastecnologas,educacin
ambientalysonlasprincipalescausasdeunserviciodesaneamiento
insostenible.FISDLyANDA,atravsdelafirmadeunconveniode
cooperacinseestcreadounmodelodegestinsostenibleparala
administracinymanejotcnicodelossistemasdeaguacomodel
saneamientoenlaszonasruralesdelpas.
EnreferenciaalossistemasaprobadosporMINSAL(LetrinasyFosas
Spticas),lasostenibilidaddependemsdelasfamilias,perostasno
inviertenensusostenibilidad,generandoquelacoberturabajedebidoal
estadodelainfraestructurasanitaria,porloqueelEstadotieneque
reinvertirenlasmismasfamilias,provocandoestancamientoenel
incrementodeaccesoasaneamiento
EquatorialGuinea
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
FormacindeRecursoshumanos
Sensibilizacinenmateriadesaneamiento
HumanResourcesTraining
Awarenessonsanitation
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
341
16.ServiceProvision
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Elaborateadrinkwaterpromotionpolicytakinginto
accountthelocalconditions.
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Elaguapotableesuntemademuchodebateentrela
sociedadcivilyelgobiernodeElSalvador,sinembargolos
principalesfactoresdeimpactosparalasostenibilidadest
lavoluntadydisponibilidadpolticaporunmarco
regulatoriodelrecursohdrico,queveleporsucontinuidad
ycalidaddelagua,quegaranticelacalidadambientaly
disminuyalosconflictosentrecomunidadesconaccesoy
comunidadessiacceso.
Unareflexinseriaqueapesarquehaybuenavoluntad
polticaeintegracindelasinstanciasgubernamentales
poravanzarenlopolticoylegaldelrecursosaguaes
necesariobrindarmayoratencinalostemasdecalidad
delagua,lainfraestructuraylacalidadambiental.
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Ethiopia
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
HealthExtensionProgramme(HEP)ofthegovernmentofEthiopiain
whichmorethan38,000HealthExtensionWorkerswhoarepaidsalary
fromgovernmenttreasuryandworkingatkebele/householdlevels.
TheexistenceofgovernmentdrivenplatformssuchasWASH
ImplementationFramework(WIF),MoUandWASHCoordinationOffice
AvailabilityofWASHProgramFinancingMechanism
Fiji
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Atpresentnostatisticsisavailableonwaterandsanitationintheruraland
urbanareasfortheyear2011.Ruralstatisticsisavailableforthevarious
divisions(yettobecompiledintoaNationalreport)
Gabon
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Renforcementducadreinstitutionneletrglementaire
Gambia
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Ghana
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Increasingtrendofdumpinguntreatedfaecalsludgeintowaterbodies
couldjeopardizeMDGcoverage,assafefinaldisposalisarequirementto
meettheJMPdefinitionofimprovedSanitation
Guinea
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Pourladurabilitdesservicesdassainissement,ilfautunerellevolont
politiquequidoitsematrialiserparlallocationdunbudgetspcifiqueet
lamiseenplaceduncadredeconcertationpriodiqueentreles
diffrentespartiesprenantesenlamatire.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
342
16.ServiceProvision
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Supplychainforpreventivemaintenance
Communitymanageplan
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Systmedegestionnonoprationnel
Insuffisancedesuivi
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Theotherkeydeterminantisaffordabilityandwillingness
topayforwaterwhichiskeytosustainability
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
GuineaBissau
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
1.Structuredelagestionfonctionnelle
2.Participationetappropriationdespopulations
3.Disponibilitdesservices,valorisation,Recyclageetrutilisationdes
dchetsetexcrta
4.Maintenancergulire
Haiti
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Honduras
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
EnelPlanNacionaldeSaneamientoenprocesodedesarrollose
promueveniniciativasparaelusodetecnologasapropiadasalas
condicionesparticularesdelaslocalidades..
India
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Indonesia
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Iran(IslamicRepublicof)
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
343
16.ServiceProvision
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
1.Structuredelagestionfaible
2.Disponibilitdespicesderechangesinexistants
3.Cotisationsdespopulationsestfaible
4.Maintenancergulierdespointdeauxirrgulire
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
ElCuadrodeMandosdeMAPAS(CSO)reflejaparael
subsectorruralyurbanomayoresdebilidadesencuantoa
planificacin.Losresultadosenlosaspectosdeoperaciny
mantenimientodelossistemasdeaguasonmejoresenel
mbitourbanoqueenelrural.
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
EmpoweringofPanchayatRajInstitutions(rurallocal
bodies)inO&Mofdrinkingwatersystemsandservicesis
beingincentivised.
SustainabilityofDrinkingWatersourcesisbeing
supportedbyspecialdedicatedfundingofsustainability
schemes.
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Theadequacyofregulatoryframeworkisneededto
describeclearlytheroleandresponsibilitiesof
stakeholdersatnationalandlocallevelinordertodevelop
intensivecoordinationinimplementingwatersupplyand
sanitationprograms.Theinvestmentinimproveddrinking
watersupplyandsanitationssystemshastobeimproved,
bothfrompublicandprivatesector.Also,theadequacyof
humanresourcesisimportanttobefulfilledandalsothe
capacitytoensurethatimproveddrinkingwaterand
sanitationsystemsareinplaceoroperatingcorrectlyneeds
tobeimproved.Environmentalfactoralsohasa
contributioninsustainabilityaccesstodrinkingwateras
thequalityandquantityofdrinkingwaterparticularlyin
urbanareastendtobedeclined
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
16.ServiceProvision
Jordan
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Kenya
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Landownership,culture,nature,typeandcostofconstructionmaterials
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Pipedwaterintodwelling,publicstandpipe,tube
well/borehole,protecteddugwell,protectedspring,
rainwaterharvesting
Kyrgyzstan
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Unlikeaccesstodrinkingwater,improvementofthepopulationsaccessto In2010,likeinthepreviousyear,deviationsofwater
thesewagesystemturnedouttobeamorecomplicatedtask:currently
qualityfromtheestablishedrequirementstakeplacefor
about24.2%populationhaveaccesstothesewagesystem(MDG40%).
thefollowingreasons:anthropologicandmancaused
Fortheperiodof20032006,thetotalof2km.sewagenetworkswere
pollutionofthesurfaceandgroundwater,lackoforpoor
installedandputintooperation.From2000to2005,theshareofthe
conditionofsanitaryprotectionzonesofwatersourcesand
populationwithsustainableaccesstothesewagesystemdecreasedatby
violationofwatertreatmenttechnology,depreciationof
1.5%ayear.Andforlackofthemaintenanceandrepairworks,the
theexistingwatersupplynetworksandfacilities,lackof
existinginfrastructureoftenfails.Thesituationgetsevenworseduethe
operationalservicesandindustrialcontrolinmostrural
internalmigrationprocessesthatcausedhighconcentrationofpopulation areas,unstablewatersupplytoconsumers.
inBishkekcityandotherlargecitiesofthecountry.Asaresult,ringsof
AccordingtothedataofterritorialSSESunits,currently,
squatterareaswithoutwaterdisposalsystemsappearedaroundBishkek
234of1,073waterpipes(21.8%)donotcomplywith
andothercitiesofChuioblast.However,beginningfrom2006worsening
sanitaryrequirements;havenosufficientsanitary
protectionareas,orsetsofwatertreatmentfacilities,
ofthesituationstopped,andin2007,accesstothesewagesystemeven
improvedabit.Inparticular,ithappenedduetoactiveworkofthe
disinfectingunits.Therearemorethan4thousandbroken
GovernmentoftheKyrgyzRepublic.TheActionPlanforperformingthe
watercolumns(13.3%).Hourlywatersupplyandphysical
taskswithintheInternationalSanitationYearhasbeenapprovedatthe
depreciationofwatersupplynetworkscauseemergency
CMCCmeeting,andisactivelyimplementednow.However,todayit
situationsandfacilitatecontaminationofdrinkingwater
withmicrobiologicalandchemicalagents.
seemsproblematictoachievethetargetindicatorinimprovingthewater
disposalandsewagesystems.
In2010,waterqualityinwaterpipelinesfedfromsurface
sources,doesnotmeettheestablishedrequirementsby
thesanitaryandchemicalindicatorsat9.8%(20093.3%)
ofsurveyedsamplesand25.5%samples(200919.6%)by
themicrobiologicalindicators.Thepipelinedrinkingwater
takingwaterfromgroundsourceshaddeviationsfromthe
establishednorms,at2%(20091.8%)and7.7%(2009
8.2%)ofthesurveyedsamples.Thehighestbacterial
contaminationofthepipelinewaterwasnotedinOshcity
(28.2%),settlementsofJalalabatoblast(22.8%),IssykKul
oblast(19.3%),Chuioblast(13.8%).
LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Pourflushlatrinesarealmostexclusivelytheonlytypeacceptedby
Nofurthercomments
households.
Therefore,sustainabilityandhygieneofsanitationfacilitiesifhighlylinked
to
accesstosufficientquantityandcloseproximitywater
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
344
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Lebanon
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Continuityinpolicyduetoeverchangingpoliticalgame.
Lesotho
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Inadequateinstitutionalframeworkandcooperationmechanismsfor
addressingsanitationinbothruralandurbanareas.Limitedcooperation
betweenlocalgovernmentauthorities,ministryofhealth,ministryof
educationandthewatersectorinstitutionsonpromotionofhygieneand
sanitation.TheLesothoWaterandSanitationPolicy(2007)andWaterAct
(2008)onlyaddresssanitationmarginally.
Liberia
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
LiberiahasaveryrobustCompact(expiresMar2012)andSSPwhich
clearlyarticulatescrosscuttingactionpointsrelevanttoLiberiaandthisis
reflectedinadditionalrowsabove.
Madagascar
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Renforcementdesactivitsd'Informationd'Educationetde
CommunicationpourleChangementduComportement(IEC/CCC)et
tudessurlesdterminantsduchangementducomportementsurl'AEPHA
Renforcementdecapacitsdesacteursenmatired'assainissement
(technologique;technique;marketingsocial;artisanslocaux;
empowerment)
Existencededeuxapprochesdistinctesconcernantlasubvention
Malawi
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
LandlordsvsTenantsattitudes,availabilityofland(inurbanareas),
inappropriatetechnology,SanitationnotbeinganattractiveNewsitem.
LandTenureRights
Maldives
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Highwatertableandnonavailabilityofadequatelandrestricttheuseof
differentseweragecollectionandtreatmentfacilities.
Mali
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Pourreleverledfidelassainissement,ilfautdisposerdunevisionqui
puissemobilisertouslesacteurs,mettreencohrencedesactionsjusqu
prsentdisparatesetaugmenterleniveaudeprioritpolitiqueaccorde
ausoussecteur.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
345
16.ServiceProvision
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Thelowfunctionalityrateforruralwatersystemsofabout
70%couldbeimprovedthrougheffectivecooperation
betweenthewatersectorandthelocalauthorities.
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
n/a
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Dlgationdegestionunprivprofessionnel
RenforcementduPPP.Miseenapplicationdumanuelde
procdure
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Indrinkingwatersupplysystems,Malawihasemphasized
ontheimportanceofbuildingstrongmanagementsystems
atlocalleveltooperateandmaintainthefacilities.For
example,establishmentofWaterUserAssociations(WUA)
andwaterpointcommittees.
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Mauritania
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Renforcerlecadredupartenariatpublicpriv
Coordinationdusecteuraunniveaudimpactlev
Renforcementdesdirectionsrgionalesdeleauetdelassainissement
Promotiondebonnespratiquesenmatiredassainissement
Mongolia
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Morocco
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Lesystmederecouvrementdescotsdevratreamliorpour
permettreunfluxconstantdufinancementpourpouvoiratteindreles
objectifsdedurabilitdelasituationetdessystmesetservices
dassainissement.
Lesoprateursdoiventrespecterlescahiersdecharge.
Mozambique
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Thereisneedofcleardefinitionofrolesandmandatesofseveral
institutionsworkingonmainlyurbansanitation.Differentministrieshavea
role,butintegratedplanningandcoordinationistosomeextentfarweak.
Thisissueofscatteredactionhasbeencontributingtodispersealleffort
madesofaronwatersupplyandsanitation.
Myanmar
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Nepal
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Presentfragmentedrolesandpracticeofsanitationprogrammes
implementationandweakmonitoringmechanismsaretheseriousissues
inslowprogressofsanitation.Inaddition,allocationofresponsibilitiesand
resourcesisnotbasedonthecapacityofinstructions.Needstostreamline
activitiesandstrongmonitoringmechanism,whichisexpectedfromthe
newlyproposedmasterplan.InthemasterplanNWASH,RWASH,DWASH
andM/VWASHareproposed.Itsfunctionalitylargelydependsonthe
activenessofWASHsecretariatsatalllevels.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
346
16.ServiceProvision
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Involvingwatersupplynetworkinurbanarea.
Monitoringdrinkingwaterresourceforherdsmenand
farmer.
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Misesenplacedunsystmederecouvrementdescots
plusappropri,
Fairedeseffortsenmoyendeluttecontrelapollutiondes
ressourceseneau,
Grerlararetdesressourceseneauenprocdantdes
systmesinnovants(ressourceseneaunon
conventionnelles,rutilisationdeseauxusespures,
adaptationauxchangementsclimatique,....
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Needtobeimprovedtogettheaccesstothesafedrinking
watersupplyamongcommunities.
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Limitedtechnical&managerialcapacityofoperators;
waterusersandsanitationcommittee(WUSC),Nepal
WaterSupplyCorporation,KathmanduUpatyaka
Khanepanilimited,managementboardsandmunicipalities
andpoorfinancialmanagement&watergovernanceare
thedeterminantsforsustainability.Insteadoffund
generation,operatorsaredependingonexternalsupport,
whichisaseriousreasonofpoorfunctionality
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Niger
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Nigeria
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Criteriabasedonpositiveimpactofsustainabilityofsanitationservice
provision
Oman
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
347
16.ServiceProvision
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Notrerflexionsurlesdterminantsdeladurabilitdes
systmesetservicesdeaupotablereposesurlesuivides
acquis.Unefoislessystmesmiseenplacemmesiles
ressourceshumainesexistentlesmoyensfinancierset
logistiquesmanquentpourpermettreauxservices
dcentralissdeltatdepoursuivrecesactions.
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
TheSWAsshouldhavesufficientautonomytomake
managementandbudgetdecisions
Accountability
Costreflectivepricing
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
i)Onthesourcesideextraneouspollutiontothewellfields
isathreatandstrictmeasuresarebeingtakentocontrol
them..wellprotectionzonesareimplementedandare
followedrigidly..
ii)Ontheseawaterdesalinationsidethenatural
phenomenonof'RedTidesandAlgalBlooms'isareal
threatwhichposeshazardtocommittedproduction..
iii)Occasionaloilspillsarealsoexperienced...
iv)ThereareGovtauthorisedsmallPrivatenetwork
operatorsoperatinginsomeRuralareasandthelackof
knowledgeandawarenessoftheoperatorsposehazardsto
someextentduetoextraneouspollutionduetopoor
qualityofwatersupplysystems.Weexercisestrictcontrol
overtheseissues.
v)Internalplumingworksinthehousesarecorrodedand
leakyandareposedtoextraneouspollutioninsomecases
inRuralareas..awarenessisbeingcreatedamongstthe
usersnow...
vi)Apartfromthattherooftoptanksofthe
houses/consumersposeproblemssometimesdueto
uncleantanksandpollutionduetothenearbyvegetation
andmissingtankcovers,resultinginbirdfallsandtree
leavesandsimilarhazards..thisresultsinmicrobial
pollutionaswell..wetakeextrameasuresincreating
awarenesstotheconsumersonsuchthingsbywayof
healtheducationandlecturesarrangedinschoolsand
communitycentresandexhibitionsandalltheeffortsare
workingout...reachingthepeople..
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Pakistan
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Policyandinstitutionalframeworkstheseexistwithcommitmentto
providebasicsanitationservicesforall,asafundamentalhumanneedand
abasichumanright.,butarerelativelyrecent.Theyrequireeffective
implementation
Financingowingtofinancialconstraints,overallinvestmentinthesector
islow.Thisrequiressignificantincreaseinallocationtomakeanimpact.
Resourceallocationisnotbasedonneedassessment,criteriaanddata.
Humanresourcesthereisarelativeshortageofskilledhumanresources.
Capacityofurbanmunicipalinstitutions/WASAsatalllevelsinplanning,
implementationandmonitoringofwatersupplyprogramsandsustainable
operationandmaintenanceofwatersupplysystemsisdeficient.Ourrural
watersectorisbeingoperatedandmaintainedmostlybytherural
communities,withoutanyadministrative,technical,andfinancialsupport
fromtheGovernment.Absenceofinstitutionalmechanismtogenerate
reliabledataonwatersector.
Regulatorydriversthereisnoregulatorybodyandthisisaserious
deficiency.Wastageofsweetdrinkingwaterasaresultoflackof
awareness,absenceofregulatoryframeworks,nonexistenceofdemand
managementtoolslikeconsumermetersandhighlyinappropriatetariffs.
Waterqualitythereischemical,biologicalandphysicalcontamination
(ref)Contaminationofsurfaceandundergroundwateraquifersdueto
dischargeofuntreatedindustrial,domesticandcommercialeffluent.
Increaseinarseniclevelsandofothercontaminantsintheunderground
wateraquifer.
WaterresourceissuesWaterleveldepletionduetoexcessiveminingof
undergroundwateranddecreasingrechargeofaquifersduetoshortagein
themovementofwaterthroughriverbasins.
AgeinginfrastructureContaminationofurbandrinkingwaterdueto
leakageinoveragedwaterandseweragepipes.Thereisatotalabsence
ofanymechanismtorehabilitateandaugmentruralwatersupplyschemes
afterthepassageofthedesignedlifeofthescheme.
EnvironmentalqualityWaterrechargeisalsoaffectedbythegrowing
andunbridledurbanizationwhichisresultinginconcretizationofland.
Internalconflict/politicalfragilityallprovincialgovernmentsare
committedtomeetMDGtargetsforsanitation
ClimatechangePakistanfallsinthevulnerablezoneforclimatechange
anddisasters.Thereisconsiderableincreaseinfrequencyandintensityof
extremeweatherevents,coupledwitherraticmonsoonrainscausing
frequentandintensefloodsanddroughts
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
348
16.ServiceProvision
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Policyandinstitutionalframeworkstheseexistwith
commitmenttoprovidebasicsanitationservicesforall,as
afundamentalhumanneedandabasichumanright.,but
arerelativelyrecent.Theyrequireeffective
implementation
Financingowingtofinancialconstraints,overall
investmentinthesectorislow.Thisrequiressignificant
increaseinallocationtomakeanimpact.Resource
allocationisnotbasedonneedassessment,criteriaand
data.
Humanresourcesthereisarelativeshortageofskilled
humanresources.Capacityofurbanmunicipalinstitutions/
WASAsatalllevelsinplanning,implementationand
monitoringofwatersupplyprogramsandsustainable
operationandmaintenanceofwatersupplysystemsis
deficient.Ourruralwatersectorisbeingoperatedand
maintainedmostlybytheruralcommunities,withoutany
administrative,technical,andfinancialsupportfromthe
Government.Absenceofinstitutionalmechanismto
generatereliabledataonwatersector.
Regulatorydriversthereisnoregulatorybodyandthisis
aseriousdeficiency.Wastageofsweetdrinkingwaterasa
resultoflackofawareness,absenceofregulatory
frameworks,nonexistenceofdemandmanagementtools
likeconsumermetersandhighlyinappropriatetariffs.
Waterqualitythereischemical,biologicalandphysical
contamination(ref)Contaminationofsurfaceand
undergroundwateraquifersduetodischargeofuntreated
industrial,domesticandcommercialeffluent.Increasein
arseniclevelsandofothercontaminantsinthe
undergroundwateraquifer.
WaterresourceissuesWaterleveldepletiondueto
excessiveminingofundergroundwateranddecreasing
rechargeofaquifersduetoshortageinthemovementof
waterthroughriverbasins.
AgeinginfrastructureContaminationofurbandrinking
waterduetoleakageinoveragedwaterandsewerage
pipes.Thereisatotalabsenceofanymechanismto
rehabilitateandaugmentruralwatersupplyschemesafter
thepassageofthedesignedlifeofthescheme.
EnvironmentalqualityWaterrechargeisalsoaffectedby
thegrowingandunbridledurbanizationwhichisresulting
inconcretizationofland.
Internalconflict/politicalfragilityallprovincial
governmentsarecommittedtomeetMDGtargetsfor
sanitation
ClimatechangePakistanfallsinthevulnerablezonefor
climatechangeanddisasters.Thereisconsiderable
increaseinfrequencyandintensityofextremeweather
events,coupledwitherraticmonsoonrainscausing
frequentandintensefloodsanddroughts
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Panama
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Avanzarhacialadescentralizacionypromoverelfortalecimientodela
organizacionyparticipaciondelacomunidadrepresentanaspectos
centralesparalograrelDesarrolloHumano,situacionqueesun
determinanteclavedelasostenibilidad
Paraguay
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Paralasostenibilidadencuantoalestadoyprogresodelsaneamientose
analizanpropuestasdeasistenciafinancieraafondoperdidoparalas
inversionesenobrasdeinfraestructuraamododeevitarlaincidenciade
losmismosenlatarifadelosservicios,puessinonopodrianpagarconla
tarifa.(subsidiodel100%alainversion).
Philippines
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Theannualoccurrenceofnaturaldisasters(e.g.typhoons,floods)affects
theoperationalstatusoffacilitieswhichwouldresulttorepairsornew
constructionrequiringadditionalinvestments.
Rwanda
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
PerformanceContractbetweenNationalgovtandlocalauthorities,
involvementofPublicPrivatePartnershipinManagementof
infrastructure,participatoryapproachesinplanning,implementationand
management,appropriatetechnology
Samoa
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Maintenanceofsanitaryfacilitiescouldbeadeterminantofsustainability
Senegal
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
349
16.ServiceProvision
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Avanzarhacialadescentralizacinypromoverel
fortalecimientodelaorganizacinyparticipacindela
comunidadrepresentaunaspectocentralparalograrel
DesarrolloHumano,situacinqueesundeterminante
clavedelasostenibilidad.
Movetowardsdecentralizationandpromotethe
strengtheningoftheorganizationandcommunity
participationisacentralaspectforachievinghuman
development,asituationthatisakeydeterminantof
sustainability.
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
DeacuerdoalaEncuestaEspecializadadeAgua2010,30%
delapoblacintomaaguasdepozoscomunes
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Sustainabilityofwatersupplysystemsisthreatenedby
naturaldisastersoccurringannually.
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
TransferofknowledgefromTAtolocalworkersisverylow.
Thus,leadto
maintenanceandsustainabilityofsystemsproblems
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
UNWaterGLAAS201112
SierraLeone
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
response2c)forruralis118
SouthAfrica
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Servicedeliveryhasbeendelayedbychangingpoliticalprioritiesand
implementationofinappropriateRDPlevelsofsanitationinruralarea
SouthSudan
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
SriLanka
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Asmajorityoftoiletwastedisposalisonsite,waterresourcesaregetting
contaminatedifwastedisposalisnotdonesafely.
Sudan
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Tajikistan
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Thailand
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
350
16.ServiceProvision
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Stakeholderstoidentifyappropriatemaintenance
technologythatissociallyacceptableandaffordableand
LocalCounciltoestablishmechanismtomeetthecostsof
O&Mwiththewillingnessandabilityofthecommunityto
operate,maintainandmanagethechosenoption.
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
1.Lackofgoodpractice.
2.Inadequateplanning,notregardingwaterservicesasa
businesswithconsequentattentionnotbeinggivento
assetmanagement.
3.Lackofaccountabilityandresponsibilitybymany
municipalofficialsandelectedcouncillorswhoclearlyare
notapplyingbusinessprinciplesinthefulfillingoffunctions
providingaccesstowater.
4.Thewaterbusinessisnotrunonaringfencedbasisand
watertariffsarenotcostreflective.
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
ThereisnoIntegratedWaterResourcesManagement
Authorityinthecountry.Therefore,watersharingissues
arethereamongwaterusersforagriculture,power
generation,industries,drinkingwater,recreation,etc.
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Sufficientfundingforthedesign,constructionand
operationofwatersupply
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
integratethemandatesofdrinkingwaterserviceinvolved
agencies
UNWaterGLAAS201112
TimorLeste
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Budgetallocationonsanitationhasbeeninsufficient.In2011,750K
allocatedforlatrineconstructionfor(4,000)outof50,000vulnerable
households.Nobudgetallocationforsanitationdemandcreation.
Inlast5years,TLhasencountered2timessecuritycrisis.
Togo
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Politiquedamnagementduterritoireappropri4
Informationducationetcommunicationpourunchangementde
comportement4
Uganda
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
commentstoMark:there2responsesfor"aginginfrastructure"4.0and
2.0
Uzbekistan
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Investmentsareneeded.
VietNam
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Awarenessofpeopleintheimportanceofsanitationservices,especiallyin
ruralareas,mountainousarea(inthemanagementscopeofMoCtownof
levelIVandIV)Anotherissueisthatpeoplerefusetopayforthemonthly
feeofsanitationservices.Thereisnocloselinkagebetweenregulators,
producersandcommunityindevelopmentofsanitationmarket
Yemen
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Theawarenessprogramsandtrainingcourses
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
351
16.ServiceProvision
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
EstablishmentoftheFacilityManagementGroupofwater
user(Especiallyintheruralarea)
RegularoperationalMaintenanceonillegalconnection
system(Inbothurbanandrural)
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
commentsforMark:question3a):tworesponsesfor"aging
infrastructure"4.0and2.0
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Communityattitudeandawarenessofpeopleonwater
supplyservice
Socializationinwatersupplyservice
Demandbasedapproach
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Participationofprivatesectorfordistributiondrinking
waterafterpurifiedandreachestotheYemenibottled
waterstandardandmonitoringfromthegovernment.
Thegovernmentstartsprojectsofdistillationofthesea
water,(inTaizcitywhichisverypoorareaofwater).
Lookingforanotherwatersourcesandthereareplansfor
transferwaterfromtherichareasofwatertothepoor
areasofdrinkingareas.
UNWaterGLAAS201112
Zimbabwe
Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Availabilityofastrongcommunitybasedmanagementsystemespecially
fortheRuralWASHSubSectorisastrongdeterminanttothesustenance
oftheprogressmadeinsanitation.Alsoafullycostrecoveryforoperation
andmaintanenceforurbanutilities
16.ServiceProvision
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Forruralwatersupply,thereisastrongneedtoensure
effectivecommunityparticipationtoreinforcecommunity
basedmanagementsothatcommunitiesultimatelytake
issuesofoperationandmaintenanceastheirdirect
responsibilityandnotthatofgovernmentorcooperating
partners.Forurbanwatersupplies,thereisastrongneed
toseparatewatersupplyprovisionfromregulationfor
effectiveserviceprovision(theproviderofwatershould
notbeseendoublingasaregulator)
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
352
UNWaterGLAAS201112