Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter Objectives
Concept of the center of gravity, center of mass, and
the centroid
Determine the location of the center of gravity and
centroid for a system of discrete particles and a body of
arbitrary shape
Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus
Method for finding the resultant of a general distributed
loading
Chapter Outline
1. Center of Gravity and Center of Mass for a System of
Particles
2. Composite Bodies
3. Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus
1 1
2 2
n n
z WR ~
z1W1 ~
z2W2 ... ~
znWn
Generally,
~
~
~
xm
ym
zm
x
;y
,z
m
m
m
ym
~
~
xm
~
zm
x
;y
,z
m
m
m
~
~
~
x
dW
y
dW
zdW
x
;y
;z
dW dW dW
~
xdV
x V
dV
~
ydV
;y V
dV
~
zdV
;z V
dV
zdA
xA
dA
A
;y A
dA
A
;z A
dA
A
~
xdL
~
ydL
~
zdL
dL
dL
dL
xL
;y L
;z L
Example
Locate the centroid of the rod bent into the shape of a
parabolic arc.
Example
Differential element
Located on the curve at the arbitrary point (x, y)
Area and Moment Arms
For differential length of the element dL
dL
dx 2 dy 2
dx
1 dy
dy
2 y 2 1 dy
Example
Integrations
x
~
x dL
L
dL
L
0
1
0
x 4 y 1 dy
2
4 y 2 1 dy
0.6063
0.410m
1.479
~
ydL 1 y 4 y 2 1 dy
01
yL
dL 4 y 2 1 dy
0.8484
0.574m
1.479
1 2
y
0
1
4 y 2 1 dy
4 y 2 1 dy
Composite Bodies
~
yW
y
W
~
zW
z
W
Composite Bodies
Procedure for Analysis
Composite Parts
Divide the body or object into a finite number of
composite parts that have simpler shapes
Treat the hole in composite as an additional
composite part having negative weight or size
Moment Arms
Establish the coordinate axes and determine the
coordinates of the center of gravity or centroid of each
part
Composite Bodies
Procedure for Analysis
Summations
Determine the coordinates of the center of gravity by
applying the center of gravity equations
If an object is symmetrical about an axis, the centroid
of the objects lies on the axis
Example
Locate the centroid of the plate area.
Solution
Composite Parts
Plate divided into 3 segments.
Area of small rectangle considered negative.
Solution
Moment Arm
Location of the centroid for each piece is determined and
indicated in the diagram.
Summations
~
xA 4
x
0.348mm
A 11.5
~
y A 14
y
1.22mm
A 11.5
Surface Area
Area of a surface of revolution = product of length of
the curve and distance traveled by the centroid in
generating the surface area
A r L
V r A
Example
Show that the surface area of a sphere is A = 4R2 and
its volume V = 4/3 R3.
Solution
Surface Area
Generated by rotating semi-arc about the x axis
For centroid, r 2R /
For surface area, A ~r L;
2R
2
A 2
R 4R
Solution
Volume
Generated by rotating semicircular area about the x axis
For centroid,
r 4 R / 3
For volume,
V ~
r A;
4R 1
4
V 2 R 2 R3
3 2
3
STATICS
Assist. Prof. Dr. Cenk stnda
Friction
Chapter Objectives
Introduce the concept of dry friction
To present specific applications of frictional force
analysis on wedges, screws, belts, and bearings
To investigate the concept of rolling resistance
Chapter Outline
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Fs
1 s N
1
s tan tan
tan
s
N
N
1
Metal on ice
0.03 0.05
Wood on wood
0.30 0.70
Leather on wood
0.20 0.50
Leather on metal
0.30 0.60
Aluminum on aluminum
1.10 1.70
1 k N
1
tan k
tan
N
Example
The uniform crate has a mass of 20kg. If a force P = 80N
is applied on to the crate, determine if it remains in
equilibrium. The coefficient of static friction is = 0.3.
Solution
Resultant normal force NC act a distance x from the
crates center line in order to counteract the tipping effect
caused by P.
3 unknowns to be determined by 3 equations of
equilibrium.
Solution
Fx 0;
80 cos 30 N F 0
Fy 0;
80 sin 30 N N C 196.2 N 0
M O 0;
80 sin 30 N (0.4m) 80 cos 30 N (0.2m) N C ( x) 0
Solving
F 69.3 N , N C 236 N
x 0.00908m 9.08mm
Solution
Since x is negative, the resultant force acts (slightly) to
the left of the crates center line.
No tipping will occur since x 0.4m
Max frictional force which can be developed at the
surface of contact
Fmax = sNC = 0.3(236N) = 70.8N
Since F = 69.3N < 70.8N, the crate will not slip thou it is
close to doing so.
Wedges
Wedges
Example
The uniform stone has a mass of 500kg and is held in
place in the horizontal position using a wedge at B. if the
coefficient of static friction s = 0.3, at the surfaces of
contact, determine the minimum force P needed to
remove the wedge. Is the wedge self-locking? Assume
that the stone does not slip at A.
Solution
Minimum force P requires F = s NA at the surfaces of
contact with the wedge.
FBD of the stone and the wedge as below.
On the wedge, friction force opposes the motion and on
the stone at A, FA sNA, slipping does not occur.
Solution
5 unknowns, 3 equilibrium equations for the stone and 2
for the wedge.
M A 0;
4905 N (0.5m) ( N B cos 7 N )(1m) (0.3 N B sin 7 N )(1m) 0
N B 2383.1N
Fx 0;
2383.1sin 7 0.3(2383.1 cos 7 ) P 0.3 N C 0
Fy 0;
N C 2383.1 cos 7 N 0.3(2383.1sin 7 ) 0
N C 2452.5 N
P 1154.9 N 1.15kN
Solution
Since P is positive, the wedge must be pulled out.
If P is zero, the wedge would remain in place (self-locking)
and the frictional forces developed at B and C would
satisfy
FB < sNB
FC < sNC
Example
The turnbuckle has a square thread with a mean radius of
5mm and a lead of 2mm. If the coefficient of static friction
between the screw and the turnbuckle is s = 0.25,
determine the moment M that must be applied to draw the
end screws closer together. Is the turnbuckle self-locking?
Solution
Since friction at two screws must be overcome, this
requires
M 2Wr tan
Solving
T cos
dN
T
dT
0
2
2
Fy 0;
d
d
sin
dN (T dT ) sin
T
0
2
2
dT
T1 T 0 d
T
In 2
T1
T2
T2 T1e
Example
The maximum tension that can be developed In the cord
is 500N. If the pulley at A is free to rotate and the
coefficient of static friction at fixed drums B and C is s =
0.25, determine the largest mass of cylinder that can be
lifted by the cord. Assume that the force F applied at the
end of the cord is directed vertically downward.
Example
Weight of W = mg causes the cord to move CCW over
the drums at B and C.
Max tension T2 in the cord occur at D where T2 = 500N
For section of the cord passing over the drum at B
180 = rad, angle of contact between drum and cord
= (135/180) = 3/4 rad
T2 T1e s ;
500 N T1e 0.253 / 4
T1
500 N
e 0.253 / 4
500 N
277.4 N
1.80
Example
For section of the cord passing over the drum at C
W < 277.4N
T2 T1e s ;
277.4 We 0.253 / 4
W 153.9 N
W
153.9 N
m
15.7 kg
2
g 9.81m / s
STATICS
Assist. Prof. Dr. Cenk stnda
Cables
Cables
Cables are often used in engineering structures for support
and to transmit loads from one member to another. When
used to support suspension roofs and bridges, cables form
the main load-carrying element in the structure.
In the force analysis of such systems, the weight of the cable
itself may be neglected; however, when cables are used as
guys for radio antennas, electrical transmission lines and
derricks, the cable weight may become important and must
be included in the structural analysis.
Cables
Assumptions when deriving the relations between force in
cable & its slope
Cable is perfectly flexible & inextensible
Example
Determine the tension in each segment of the cable. Also, what
is the dimension h?
Solution
By inspection, there are
4 unknown external reactions (Ax,
Ay, Dx and Dy)
3 unknown cable tensions
These unknowns along with the sag h
can be determined from available
equilibrium equations applied to points
A through D.
A more direct approach to the solution
is to recognize that the slope of cable
CD is specified.
Solution
Withanticlockwiseaspositive
MA 0
TCD (3 / 5)(2m) TCD (4 / 5)(5.5m) 3kN(2m) 8kN(4m) 0
TCD 6.79kN
Solution
NowwecananalyzetheequilibriumofpointsCandBinsequence.
PointC:
Fx 0
6.79kN(3 / 5) TBC cos BC 0
Fy 0
6.79kN(4 / 5) 8kN TBC sin BC 0
BC 32.3o andTBC 4.82kN
Solution
PointB:
Fx 0
TBA cos BA 4.82kNcos 32.3o 0
Fy 0
TBA sin BA 4.82kNsin 32.3o 3kN 0
BA 53.8o andTBA 6.90kN
h (2m)tan 53.8o 2.74m
Fx 0
Tcos (T T)cos( ) 0
Fy 0
Tsin w 0 (x) (T T)sin( ) 0
Withanticlockwiseaspositive
M0 0
w 0 (x)(x / 2) Tcos y Tsin x 0
d(Tcos )
0 eqn1
dx
d(Tsin )
w 0 eqn2
dx
dy
tan eqn3
dx
Tcos T0 eqn4
which indicates the horizontal component of force at any
point along the cable remains constant
Integrating eqn 2, realizing that Tsin = 0 at x = 0, we have:
Tsin w 0 xeqn5
dy w 0 x
tan
eqn6
dx T0
Performing a second integration with y = 0 at x = 0 yields
w0 2
y
x eqn7
2T0
h 2
y 2 x eqn9
L
Example 5.2
The cable supports a girder which weighs 12kN/m. Determine
the tension in the cable at points A, B & C.
Solution
The origin of the coordinate axes is established at point B, the
lowest point on the cable where slope is zero,
w 0 2 12kN/m 2 6 2
y
x
x x (1)
2T0
2T0
T0
Assuming point C is located x from B we have:
6 2
6 x' T0 1.0x'2 (2)
T0
Solution
For point A,
6
12 [(30 x')]2
T0
6
2
[
(
x')]
12
30
1.0x'2
x'2 60x' 900 0 x' 12.43m
T0 1.0(12.43)2 154.4kN
dy
12
x 0.7772x(3)
dx 154.4
Solution
At point A,
T0
154.4
TA
261.4kN
o
cos A cos(53.79 )
Solution
At point B, x = 0
dy
tan B
0 B 0o
dx x 0
T0
154.4
TB
154.4kN
o
cos B cos 0
At point C, x = 12.43m
dy
tan C
0.7772(12.43) 0.9657
dx x 12.43
C 44.0o
T0
154.4
TC
214.6kN
o
cos C cos 44.0
STATICS
Assist. Prof. Dr. Cenk stnda
10
Moments of Inertia
I y x 2dA
A
J O r 2 dA I x I y
A
y '2 dA 2d y y ' dA d y2 dA
A
Similarly
I y I y Ad x2
Example
Determine the moment of inertia for the rectangular area
with respect to (a) the centroidal x axis, (b) the axis xb
passing through the base of the rectangular, and (c) the
pole or z axis perpendicular to the x-y plane and
passing through the centroid C.
Solution
Part (a)
Differential element chosen, distance y from x axis.
Since dA = b dy,
h/2
h/2
1 3
2
2
2
I x y ' dA y ' (bdy ' ) y ' dy bh
h / 2
h / 2
A
12
Part (b)
By applying parallel axis theorem,
2
1 3
h 1 3
I xb I x Ad bh bh bh
12
2 3
2
Solution
Part (c)
For polar moment of inertia about point C,
1 3
I y ' hb
12
1
J C I x I y ' bh(h 2 b 2 )
12
Example
Compute the moment of inertia of the composite area
about the x axis.
Solution
Composite Parts
Composite area obtained by subtracting the circle form
the rectangle.
Centroid of each area is located in the figure below.
Solution
Parallel Axis Theorem
Circle
I x I x ' Ad y2
1
4
2
2
25 25 75 11.4 106 mm 4
4
Rectangle
I x I x ' Ad y2
1
3
2
100 150 100 150 75 112.5 106 mm 4
12
Solution
Summation
For moment of inertia for the composite area,
101 106 mm 4
I xy I x ' y ' Ad x d y
Example
Determine the product Ixy of the triangle.
Solution
Differential element has thickness dx and area dA = y dx
Using parallel axis theorem,
dI xy dI xy dA~
x~
y
~x , ~y locates centroid of the element or origin of x, y axes
Solution
Due to symmetry, dI 0
xy
~
x x, ~
y y/2
2
h h 3
y h
dI xy 0 ( ydx) x xdx x x 2 x dx
2b 2b
2 b
Integrating we have
h2
I xy 2
2b
2 2
b
h
3
x dx
8
Solution
Differential element has thickness dy and
area dA = (b - x) dy.
For centroid,
~
x x (b x) / 2 (b x) / 2, ~
yy
For product of inertia of element
~
b x
~
~
dI xy dI xy dAx y 0 (b x)dy
y
2
b
b
h
1
b b / h y
y dy
y
2
2
2 b2 2
y b 2 y dy
h
Ix Iy
2
Ix Iy
2
Ix Iy
2
Ix Iy
2
Ix Iy
2
cos 2 I xy sin 2
cos 2 I xy sin 2
sin 2 2 I xy cos 2
p
tan 2 p
I xy
x
I y / 2