3.

Input Data

3.4.1

General
The major input data and parameters into the PLUMP model are illustrated below.
Land Surface
* Rainfall [mm/day]
* Ev apotranspiration [mm/day]
<Area [km2]>
* Total Block Area (C.A.)
* - Perv ious Area
* - Imperv ious Area
* - Irrigated Paddy field Area
<Water Supply [m3/s>]
* - Irrigation Water (for Paddy)
* - Irrigation Water (for other crop)
* - Domestic/Industry Water
(P) Depression Storage [mm/day]

River

Surface Soil (Top Moisture Tank)

(P)
(P)
(P)
(P)
(P)
*

(P) Soil Type

(Sand, Loam, Kanto Loam, Clay, other)
(P) Slope of Inter flow [1/x]
(P) Soil Thickness [mm]
(P) Permeability (k0) of Soil [cm/sec]
(Saturated Conductiv ity)
<Soil Moisture Properties>
(P) Saturated Moisture Content [cm 3/cm3]
(P) Residual Moisture Content [cm3/cm3]
<Soil Moisture - Suction ( ) Relations>
(P) Alpha of Harv erkamp(1977)'s pF Formula
(P) Beta of Harv erkamp(1977)'s pF Formula
<Soil Conductiv ity - Suction (K ) Relations>
(P) n of Mualem(1978)'s Soil Catalogue Formula

Distance to the Riv er [m]

Riv er Width [m]
Max.&Min. Riv er Length [m]
Max.&Min. G.W. Lev el [El.m]
Lag Time [hours]
Riv er Water Usage (Intake by Weirs,
,Pump, Reserv oir Release, etc.) [m 3/s]

Rainfall

Paddy/Fishpond

Pervious Area
(forest etc.)

Evapotranspiration

Pervious Area
(crop field)

Unconfined Groundwater Tank

Intake

(P) Initial Unconfined G.W. Lev el [El.m]

(P) Permeability (k0) of Aquifer [cm/sec]
(Saturated Conductiv ity)
(P) Storage Coefficient (= Storativ ity
sat - f) of Aquifer
(P) Thickness of Aquifer [m]
(= Max.G.W. Contact Height)
* Width of G.W. Block [m] (Length of
Contact Line w ith below G.W. Block)
* Distance to below G.W. Block [km]
* G.W. Usage (Pump Up) [m3/s]

Impervious Area
Surface Runoff
Surface Soil

Unsaturated Zone
Infiltration
Unconfined Groundwater
Aquifer (Saturated Zone)

Groundwater
Pump Up

Subsurface
(Inter) flow
Richarge to River

Aquitard (Confining Bed)

Confined Groundwater Tank

Confined G.W. Aquifer

(P) Confined G.W. Lev el (Constant) [El.m]

(P) Permeability (k0) of Aquitard [cm/sec]
(Saturated Conductiv ity)
(P) Thickness of Aquitard [m]

Leakage to Deep Aquifers

Notes) " * ": Input data (Inp ut data from observed/estimated data, statistics data, other existing study reports, topographic map, etc.)
(P) : Parameters (Parameter are initially based on the existing study reports, topographic/soil/geological map, etc., and
subject to finalization through several trials for calibration.

Input Data and Parameters of PLUMP Model

Preparation of the input data for the PLUMP model is explain as follows:
3.4.2

Basin Mean Rainfall

(1)

Methodology
Twenty six (26) rainfall stations were selected to estimate the basin mean rainfall
of each sub-basin-blocks in view of the location and data availability. The basin
mean rainfall was estimated based on the Thiessen method. The period of the
estimated daily basin mean rainfall for the low flow analysis is from 1975 to 1999
(25 years). The rainfall data missing period at the selected stations were
supplemented by means of the correlation analysis of monthly rainfall records
between stations. The procedure of estimation of the basin mean rainfall for each
sub-basin-block is as follow:
Selection of Rainfall Gauging Stations
Input Observed Rainfall Data (Daily)
Correlation & Double Mass Curve Analysis
Estimation (filling) of Lacking Data
Thiessen Method
Estimation of Basin Mean Rainfall (Daily)

NIPPON KOEI
March 2001
297655177.doc

3-16

CDMP Study
FINAL REPORT
SUPPORTING REPORT No. 1

(2)

Selection of Rainfall Gauge Stations

The first step of estimation of the sub-basin-block mean rainfall is the selection of
the rainfall gauge stations that will be used as basic data. All of the available data
were examined for selecting the representative rainfall gauges stations by
considering the following criteria.
a) The rainfall gauge station with distance of about 25 km from another stations
shall be selected as the representative rainfall gauge (this distance is
considered to be sufficient for hydrological analysis in OTCA master plan
study stage).
b) The rainfall gauge station with long record period expressly from 1975 to
1999
c) The rainfall gauge station with high accuracy and continuity of data record
Based on the above criteria, twenty-six (26) rainfall gauge stations were selected
to estimate the basin mean rainfall of each sub-basin-blocks for the low flow
analysis. However, the observed rainfall data at the Wonogiri Dam is also used
for the estimation of lacking data. Therefore, the number of the selected rainfall
station for estimation of lacking data is twenty-seven (27).
Figures 3.4.1 and 3.4.2 shows the location and data availability of the selected
rainfall gauging station for the low flow analysis in the Bengawan Solo River
basin. The observed annual rainfall and monthly rainfall at each selected rainfall
station are shown in Tables 3.4.1 and 3.4.2.
For the other basins (Grindulu-Lorog River in the South coastal area, Lamong
River basin and North coastal area), tree (3) stations were selected in each basin to
estimate the basin mean rainfall.
(The observed daily rainfall data at selected stations are attached in DATA BOOK
Annex No. 1 : Hydrology)
The total number of available rainfall stations in the Bengawan Solo River basin
and the number of selected stations are shown in following table.

NIPPON KOEI
March 2001
297655177.doc

3-17

CDMP Study
FINAL REPORT
SUPPORTING REPORT No. 1

Number of Rainfall Stations in the Bengawan Solo River Basin

Obs. Agency
EJIS
CJIS
PBS
BMG (CJIS)
BMG
DPMA
Others
Total
Selected Stations
for estimation of
missing data
for estimation of
basin mean
rainfall

Upper Solo Lower Solo

Madiun
CA=6,072km2 CA=6,273km2 CA=3,755km2
9
55
57
164
0
3
20
20
8
25
6
0
4
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
224
82
69

Total
CA=16,100km2
121
167
48
31
5
1
2
375

11

26

11

26

Notes)
EJIS : East Java Irrigation Service
CJIS : Central Java Irrigation Service
PBS : Proyek Bengawan Solo
BM G : Badan M eteorologi dan Geofisika (M eteorological and Geop hysical Service)
DPM A : Direktorat Penyelidikan M asalah Air

(3)

Estimation of Lacking Rainfall Data

The rainfall data missing period at the selected stations were supplemented by
means of the correlation analysis of monthly rainfall records between stations.
For estimating the lack data, the linear regression equation is applied by assuming
the regression constant equal to zero as given in the following equation.
Rtarget =
where :
Rtarget
Rbase
A

a * Rbase

(3.4.1)

: estimated rainfall data at target station

: observed rainfall data at base station
: slope of regression equation
800
700
y =ax

Target station

600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Base station

NIPPON KOEI
March 2001
297655177.doc

3-18

CDMP Study
FINAL REPORT
SUPPORTING REPORT No. 1

This equation is developed on the basis of available monthly rainfall recorded at

the target station and the adjacent station as a base as illustrated below. The
adjacent station are selected as the base station by considering the correlation
coefficient, the distance with the target station is not exceed 50 km, and the slope
of regression equation is in the range of 50 %.
The correlation coefficient for each station using observed monthly rainfall data is
summarized in Table 3.4.3 and Fig 3.4.3, also the standard error for each station is
shown in Table 3.4.4. Table 3.4.5 shows the estimated regression equations for
each station.
Estimated annual and monthly rainfall after filling the missing data at the selected
27 stations are shown in Tables 3.4.6 and 3.4.7. (The estimated daily rainfall after
filling the missing data at the selected 27 stations also are attached in DATA
BOOK Annex No. 1 : Hydrology)
(4)

Double Mass Curve Analysis

If the conditions related to the recording of a rainfall gauge station have a change
during the period of record, inconsistency would arise in the rainfall data of that
station. Some of the common causes for inconsistency of record are
a) shifting of a rainfall gauge to a new location
b) the neighborhood of the station undergoing a marked change
c) change in the ecosystem
d) occurrence of observational error from a certain date
The checking for inconsistency of a record is carried out by the double-mass curve
analysis. This technique plots the accumulated annual rainfall at the test gauge
against the average of the corresponding totals for a group of rainfall stations
representing the basin average as illustrated below. A change in slope indicates
inconsistency of the rainfall data record for the test gauge. The rainfall values at
the test gauge before or beyond the period of change in slope is corrected by using
the slope of the longer period of records. A change in slope is taken as significant
only where it persists for more than five years.
The correction of rainfall values at station X is
Rcx = Rx * Sc / Sa
(3.4.2)
where
Rcx : corrected rainfall values at any time period at station X
Rx : original recorded rainfall values at any time period at station X
Sc : corrected slope of the double-mass curve

NIPPON KOEI
March 2001
297655177.doc

3-19

CDMP Study
FINAL REPORT
SUPPORTING REPORT No. 1

Sa : original slope of the mass curve

The estimated rainfall records were evaluated by the double mass curve analysis
in view of data consistency. Figures 3.4.4 illustrate the analysis results.
(5)

Sub-Basin (Block) Mean Rainfall

As discussed in section earlier in this chapter, the basin is divided into a number of
blocks for modeling of low flow analysis. For this purpose, block mean rainfall is
needed as input data for the simulation.
To convert point rainfall values at each stations into an average values over the
blocks, the Thiessen polygon method is applied. In this method the rainfall
recorded at each station is given a weight on the basis of an area closest to the
station.
The Thiessen coefficient for each sub-basin-blocks is presented in Table 3.4.8 and
the Thiessen polygon is shown on Fig. 3.4.5.
Monthly rainfall records after filling the missing data at the selected 27 stations
are shown in Table 3.4.9. Table 3.4.10 summarized the estimated annual and
monthly basin mean rainfall (averaged 1975-1999) of each sub-basin-block.

3.4.3

Evapotranspiration

(1)

Approach
For the low flow analysis, the "modified Penman method" is applied for the
calculation of evapotranspiration (using observed climetaorological data such as
temperature, humidity, wind speed, sunshine duration or radiation etc.). The basin
evapotraspiration is calculated separately as following three (3) kind of land uses.
a) Paddy field and fishpond area
b) Pervious area
(forest, farm field, grass land, etc.)
c) Impervious area
(roof of house, buildings, road, parking space, etc. in the urbanized area)

(2)

Selection of Meteorological Station

As shown in Table 3.4.11 (list of meteorological station), there is several
meteorological station in the study. For the purpose of low flow analysis,
following three (3) meteorological station were selected .

NIPPON KOEI
March 2001
297655177.doc

3-20

CDMP Study
FINAL REPORT
SUPPORTING REPORT No. 1

Selected Meteological Station in the Bengawan Solo River Basin

No.

Code

Basin

No.St.

Name of
Station

Operating Longitude Latitude Elevation

Agency

East

South

PBS

110 45'

7 34'

Bojonegoro

PBS

111 53'

7 11'

Jiwan/ Madiun

PBS

110 29'

7 37'

5.

US

Pabelan

11.

LS

7.

MD

(m)

Recorded

Observed Items

Period

R Ta RH Pv Ev Wv Sd Sr

106

1973 - 1999 O O O ~88 O O ~78 O

14

1973 - 1999 O O O
78~80 O O

67

1973 - 1999 O O O
83~85 O ~93 x

(Surakarta)

Note : US : Upper Solo, LS: Lower Solo, MD: Madiun River basin
PBS : Proyek Bengawan Solo
R: Rainfall, Pv: Air vapor Pressure, Ta: Air Temperature, RH: Related Humidity, Ev:Pan Evaporation, Wv: Wind Velocity,
Sd: Sunshine Duration, Sr: Solar Radiation, "O": Observing, "~75": Stop obs. year, "x": Not observed

(3)

Estimation of Evapotranspiration
Evapotraspiration is the combination of evaporation form soil surface and
transpiration from vegetation. In this study, the evapotranspiration include
evaporation from open water surface (i.e. water surface of reservoir, river, pond,
fishpond, and rainwater retention at surface of impervious area).
As mentioned, it is impossible to measure the evapotraspiration from the river
basin directly. Therefore, several methods to estimated the evapotraspiration were
proposed (e.g. using pan evaporation data, Thornthwaite, Penman method, etc.).
In the Bengawan Solo River Basin, it is available to get the evaporation data
measured by evaporation pans in several meteorological stations. However, the
measurement of evaporation using a class "A" pan, or similar, is difficult,
especially during the wet season, due to the intensity of thunderstorm rainfall.
Deduction of rainfall recorded nearby will sometimes yield meaningless
evaporation results because the amount of rainfall splashing into or out of the
evaporation tank is not known. In this environment, it has been found to give
unreliable results.
i)

Modified Penman Method

For areas where measured data on temperature, humidity, wind and sunshine
duration or radiation area available, an adaptation of the Penman method
(1948) is suggested; compared to the other method presented, it is likely to
provide the most satisfactory results.
The original Penman (1948) equation predicted evaporation losses from an
open water surface (Eo). Experimentally determined crop coefficients
ranging from 0.6 in winter months to 0.8 in summer months related Eo to
grass evapotranspiration for the climate in England. The Penman equation
consisted of two terms: the energy (radiation) term and the aerodynamic
(wind and humidity) term. The relative importance of each term varies with

NIPPON KOEI
March 2001
297655177.doc

3-21

CDMP Study
FINAL REPORT
SUPPORTING REPORT No. 1

climatic conditions. Under calm weather conditions the aerodynamic term is

usually less important than the energy term. In such conditions the original
Penman Eo equation using a crop coefficient of 0.8 has been shown to
predict ETo closely, not only in cool, humid regions as in England but also in
very hot, and semi-arid regions. It is under windy conditions and
particularly in the more arid regions that the aerodynamic term becomes
relatively more important and thus errors can result in predicting ETo when
using 0.8 Eo.
A slightly modified Penman equation is suggested here to determine ETo,
involving a revised wind function term. The method uses mean daily
climatic data; since day and night time weather conditions considerably
affect the level of evapotranspiration, an adjustment for this is included.
The procedures to calculate ETo may seem rather complicated. This is due
to the fact that the formula contains components which need to be derived
from measured related climatic data when no direct measurements of needed
variables are available.
For instance, for places where no direct
measurements of net radiation are available, these can be obtained from
measured solar radiation, sunshine duration or cloudiness observations,
together with measured humidity and temperature. Computation techniques
and tables are given here to facilitate the necessary calculations. A format
for calculation is also given:
ETo cW Rn (1 W ) f (u ) (ea ed )

radiation
term
where
ETo
W
Rn
f (u )
(ea ed )

(3.4.3)

aerodynamic
term

:
:
:
:
:

reference crop evapotranspiration in mm/day

temperature-related weighting factor
net radiation in equivalent evaporation in mm/day
wind related function
difference between the saturation vapour pressure at mean
air temperature and the mean actual vapour pressure of the
air, both in mbar.
: adjustment factor to compensate for the effect of day and
night weather conditions.

To find ETo, the reference crop evapotranspiration, ETo needs to be

adjusted for day and night time weather conditions. In line with the
procedure stipulated in Irrigation and Drainage Paper 24, Crop Water

NIPPON KOEI
March 2001
297655177.doc

3-22

CDMP Study
FINAL REPORT
SUPPORTING REPORT No. 1

Requirement, FAO reference crop evapotranspiration shall be referred. (see

Table 3.4.12 is shown for the reference of the calculation.
Tables 3.4.13 to 3.4.15 show results of estimated monthly average reference
crop evapotranspiration (ETo) [mm/day] from 1975 to 1999 at the three (3)
meteorological stations (Upper Solo: Pabelan/Surakaruta, Lower Solo:
Bojonegoro, Madiun: Jiwan/Madiun).
ii)

Estimation of Potential Evapotranspiration

The method of the estimation of basin evapotranspiration is shown as follow:
Estimation Method of Evapotranspiration for each Land-use
No. Classification
Land-use
Method of Estimation
1) Paddy Field Paddy field and Fishpond if < ETp then ET= ,
Area
if >= ETp then ET=ETp,
where ETp=ETo
2) Pervious
Forest, Farm field, Grass if < ETp then ET= ,
Area
land, etc.
if >= ETp then ET=ETp,
where ETp=ETo * a
3) Impervious
roof of house, buildings, Maximum 1.0 [mm/day] in rainy-day.
Area
road, parking space, etc. if Rain < 1.0 [mm/day] then Ev =Rain ,
in the town or urbanized if Rain >= 1.0 [mm/day] then Ev =1.0 [mm/day]
area
Note)
ET
Ev
ETp
ETo

: Evapotranspiration from top soil

: Evaporation from surface retention at the impervious area.
: Potential Evapotranspiration (= Maximum Evapotranspiration)
: Reference crop evapotranspiration by using modified Penman method and
observed climated data (referred "Crop Water Requirement, FAO ").
: Soil moisture content in the surface soil tank
: Cerrection Coefficient for pervious area (a = 0.4 ~ 0.7 for each month)

[Paddy field and Fishpond area]

The value of potential (maximum) evapotranspiration for the paddy field and
fishpond is same as estimated "Reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo)".
ETp(paddy) = ETo

(3.4.4)

[Pervious area]
The value of potential (maximum) evapotranspiration for the pervious area is
assumed as follow:
ETp(pervious) = ETo * a
(3.4.5)
Where
a : monthly correction coefficient for the evapotranspiration from
pervious are against ETo
The monthly correction coefficient (a) was assumed as follow:

NIPPON KOEI
March 2001
297655177.doc

3-23

CDMP Study
FINAL REPORT
SUPPORTING REPORT No. 1

Monthly Correction Coefficient for Pervious Are against ETo

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

Jun.

Jul.

Aug.

Sep.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Ave.

0.70

0.70

0.65

0.65

0.60

0.50

0.45

0.40

0.40

0.40

0.50

0.6

0.55

To decide this (a) value, following values are considered.

a) Observed annual loss (nearly equal basin evapotranspiration) at several
discharge observation stations in the Bengawan Solo River (see Table
3.4.16 of comparison of observed annual basin mean loss and estimated
potential evapotranspiration for pervious area)
b) Monthly rainfall and rainy days in the month
The estimated potential evapotranspiration for the paddy field or fishpond
and pervious area are shown in Table 3.4.17.
[Impervious area]
For the impervious area, the depression storage (surface retention) value at a
roof of house or building, asphalt paved road, parking space, etc. in the
urbanized area, was assumed as 1.0 [mm/day] in the rainy day. This value
(1.0 mm/day in the urbanized area) was measured in the Tokyo metropolitan
by Ando et.al11.
3.4.4

Land Use
In the PLUMP model, the sub-basin-block is divided into the impervious and
pervious areas as shown below.
1) Paddy and Fishpond Irrigation area
Pervious area

2)

Other

Pervious

area

(Forest,

Grass-land,

Polowijo, Sugarcane, Rainfed Paddy Field, etc.)

Land use
Impervious

3) Urbanized area

area

The pervious area usually covers the mountainous area, hilly area, forest,
grassland, and cultivated area. In these areas, rainfall is usually absorbed as an
increase of soil moisture. The direct surface runoff occurs when the soil moisture
is saturated. The impervious area (e.g. an urban area) is assumed to generate the
direct surface runoff without infiltration.
11

Ando, Y., K. Mushiake and Y. Takahashi (1984): "Modelling of Hydrologic Process in the Small
Urbanized Hillslope Basin with Comments on the Effects of Urbanization", J. of Hydrology, 64.

NIPPON KOEI
March 2001
297655177.doc

3-24

CDMP Study
FINAL REPORT
SUPPORTING REPORT No. 1

In view of the hydrological process in the irrigation areas, the infiltration process
in the paddy and fish pond farming areas are quite different from the areas for
polowijo and sugarcane farming. In this simulation the irrigation area for
polowijo and sugarcane farming is thus categorized in the pervious area with
different soil parameters from those in the paddy and fish pond farming areas.
The area of land use in 1990 and 1998 is available on the basis of Kabupaten/Kota
in the census in both 1990 and 1998 as shown in Tables 3.4.18 and 3.4.19. The
estimation of the each land use category area by sub-basin blocks are described
below. Figure 3.4.6 shows land use map of the Bengawan Solo River basin.
(1)

Paddy and Fish pond Irrigation Area

Kabpaten-wise plan and realization of irrigation area data is available in 1990 and
1998 as shown in Table 3.4.20. The irrigation area is usually varies according to
the schedule of cropping pattern highly depending on the available water.
The area paddy and fish pond irrigation was estimated using crop intensity for the
each crops (paddy, polowijo and sugarcane) and crop season (MT-1 ~ MT-3) from
this actual (realization) irrigation area data, and average semi-monthly cropping
pattern of each Kabpaten in 1990 and 1998. The method of the irrigation area
estimation is follow:
Area(Paddy, Block) = Area(Gross. Block) x CI(Season, Kab)
Where,
Area(Paddy, Block)
Area(Gross. Block)
CI(Season, Kab)

: Paddy irrigation area [ha] (semi-monthly) by sub-basin

block
: Total (gross) irrigation area [ha] (semi-monthly) by
sub-basin block (see Table 3.4.21 in 1990 and 1998)
: Crop intensity [%] for paddy (semi-monthly) by
Kabpaten (see Table 3.4.22)

Tables 3.4.23 and 3.4.24 present the estimated paddy irrigation area in each subbasin block on semi-monthly basis in 1990 and 1998.
The total irrigation areas in the basin have been gradually expanded since 1975.
An expansion ratio of the irrigation areas for paddy and fish pond farming in the
simulation period of 1975-1999 was assumed as follows:

NIPPON KOEI
March 2001
297655177.doc

3-25

CDMP Study
FINAL REPORT
SUPPORTING REPORT No. 1

Area (km )

Land Use

74

76

78

80

82

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

Year

Simulation Period
1975-1990

Same as the irrigation areas in 1990

1991-1998

Linear increase of areas in between 1990 and 1998

1999

(2)

Expansion Ratio

Same as the irrigation areas in 1998

Impervious Area
The impervious area progressively has expanded according to urbanization. The
impervious area is estimated applying the assumed impervious land rate to the
area of house compound and surroundings, which is available on the basis of
Kabupaten/Kota in the census in both 1990 and 1998. The method of the
irrigation area estimation is follow:
Area(Imp, Block) = Area(HouseComp, Kec) x Pec(Block/Kec) x Ratio(Imp/House)
Where,
Area(Imp, Block)
: Impervious area [ha] by sub-basin block
Area(HouseComp, Kec) : House Comp. & Surroundings area [ha] by
Kechamatan (see Tables 3.4.18: 1990 and 3.4.19:
1998)
Pec(Block/Kec)
: Area percentage [%] of sub-basin block in the each
Kechamatan (see Tables 3.4.24 and 3.4.25)
Ratio(Imp/House) : Impervious land ratio [%] in the House Comp. &
Surroundings area
In this simulation the estimated impervious land ratio (Ratio(Imp/House)) is also
assumed to increase due to urbanization as follows:
Simulation Period
1975-1990

NIPPON KOEI
March 2001
297655177.doc

Kota

Kabupaten

Same as 20% of the house

Same

3-26

as

10%

of

the

house

CDMP Study
FINAL REPORT
SUPPORTING REPORT No. 1

1991-1999

compound & surroundings area

compound & surroundings area

Linear increase based on the rate

Linear increase based on the rate

between 20% in 1990 and 35% in

between 10% in 1990 and 15% in

1998

1998

Tables 3.4.26 and 3.4.27 present the estimated impervious area in each sub-basin
block on semi-monthly basis in 1990 and 1998.
(3)

Other Pervious Area

The other pervious area in a sub-basin-block is obtained as the remnant area that
both the irrigation areas for paddy and fish pond farming and the impervious area
are deducted from the catchment area of sub-basin-block.
Area(Pervious, Block) = Area(Total, Block) - ( Area(Paddy, Block) + Area(Imp, Block) )
Where,
Area(Pervious, Block) : Other pervious area [km2] (semi-monthly) by sub-basin
block
Area(Total, Block) : Total block area [km2] (constant) by sub-basin block
Area(Paddy, Block) : Paddy irrigation area [km2] (semi-monthly) by subbasin block
Area(Imp, Block)
: Impervious area [km2] (annualy) by sub-basin block
Tables 3.4.28 and 3.4.29 present the estimated pervious area in each sub-basin
block on semi-monthly basis in 1990 and 1998.

3.4.5

Operation Records of Existing Major Water Supply Facilities

As mentioned earlier, the observed discharges in the Bengawan Solo River basin
have been more or less affected by the present/past various water uses in the entire
basin. Agriculture is the main economic activities in the Bengawan Solo River
basin. Irrigated and rain-fed cultivated lands cover more than 50% of the basin,
approximately 600,000 ha. The irrigation water use occupies about 96% of the
total water consumption in the basin. Other water consumption for domestic and
industrial uses is judged to be negligibly small for the model calibration.
There are many facilities for irrigation water supply in the whole basin. Water
supply facilities that significantly affect the Bengawan Solo River flow are:
a) Water supply from the Wonogiri reservoir (see Fig. 2.15, the daily Wonogiri
reservoir outflow)

NIPPON KOEI
March 2001
297655177.doc

3-27

CDMP Study
FINAL REPORT
SUPPORTING REPORT No. 1

b) Intake water from Bengawan Solo mainstream water at the Colo weir (upper
Solo River) and Jati weir (Madiun River)
The Wonogiri reservoir is the primary large storage reservoir providing a stable
irrigation water supply in the dry season. In this respect, the water release records
of the Wonogiri reservoir and the intake records at both Colo and Jati weirs were
incorporated in the model as the fixed input values in simulation. The available
operation records at these facilities are shown in Table 3.4.30 (the detail data are
attached in DATA BOOK Annex No. 1 : Hydrology).
3.4.6

Irrigation Water Intake

No intake records are available at the existing irrigation weirs in tributaries. These
intake water from other facilities were estimated based on the water requirement
in the irrigation service areas.
The water consumption of present/past irrigation systems in the whole river basin
was estimated based on the available irrigation data (the command area and
cropping pattern by Kabupaten) in 1990 and 1998. This estimation was made
separately by the surface irrigation (intake from tributary rivers, main river by
weir), pumping-up irrigation from the river and canal, and the groundwater
irrigation with conjunctive use of the surface water.
A total irrigation area (paddy, polowijo, sugarcane, fish pond) of 379,260 ha in the
Bengawan Solo River basin in 1998 was allocated to the respective sub-basinblock. Then the total water requirement in each sub-basin-block was estimated
based on the cropping pattern of each Kabupaten.
Estimated irrigation water requirement by each water intake facilities by subbason block and each crop (paddy, polowijo, sugarcane and fishpond) are shown
following Table numbers.
Table 3.4.31 :
Table 3.4.32 :
Table 3.4.33 :
Table 3.4.34 :
Table 3.4.35 :
Table 3.4.36 :

Estimated Irrigation W.R. from Tributary River

Estimated Irrigation W.R. from Main River (Weir)
Estimated Irrigation W.R. from Tributary Rivers
Estimated Irrigation W.R. from Main River (Weir)
Estimated Irrigation W.R. from Main River (Pump)
Estimated Irrigation W.R. from Ground Water

(1990)
(1990)
(1998)
(1998)
(1998)
(1998)

Tables 3.4.37 to 3.4.40 present the estimated total water requirement for paddy
and fishpond, for polowijo and sugarcane in each sub-basin-block on semimonthly basis in 1990 and 1998, respectively.

NIPPON KOEI
March 2001
297655177.doc

3-28

CDMP Study
FINAL REPORT
SUPPORTING REPORT No. 1

3.4.7

Topographic Data
For the PLUMP model input data, following topographic data are required for
calculation of a groundwater flow.
1) Width [m] of the sub-basin block (length of contact line with below G.W.
block)
2) Distance [km] to below G.W. block
These topographic input data were decided based on 1/50,000 topographic map
(the 1940's Dutch map and the early 1960's U.S. Army map).
Width [m]
Block-2
GW Tank

Block-1
GW Tank

GWL1 [El. m]
h
GWL2 [El. m]

Head = h/2
= (GWL1-GWL2)*1/2
Distance [km]

Image of Groundwater Tank

NIPPON KOEI
March 2001
297655177.doc

3-29

CDMP Study
FINAL REPORT
SUPPORTING REPORT No. 1