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Dada la funcin
f ( x )=x +
2
x
x 1=2 y
x 0=1 ,
P2 ( x 0 ) =P2 ( 1 )=3=f (1 ) =f ( x 0 )
P2 ( x 1 ) =P 2 ( 2 )=3=f ( 2 ) =f ( x 1 )
P2 ( x 2 ) =P 2 ( 2.5 ) =3.3=f (2.5 )=f ( x 2 )
Ahora aplicamos el teorema de polinomios coeficientes de Lagrange, sabindose que
P2 ( x )= Lk ( x )f ( x k )=L0 ( x )f ( x o ) + L1 ( x )f ( x 1 ) + L2 ( x )f ( x 2 )
k=0
Donde
L0 ,
2
L0 ( x ) =
i=0
i 0
L1 y
xx i
xx 1
xx 2
x2
x2.5
=
x 0x i
x 0x 1
x o x2
12
12.5
)(
)(
) ( )(
L0 ( x )=0.666667 x 23 x +3.333333
2
L1 ( x ) =
i =0
i 1
x xi
xx 0
xx 2
x1
x2.5
=
x 1x i
x 1x 0
x 1x 2
21
22.5
)(
)(
) ( )(
L1 ( x )=2 x 2 +7 x5
2
L2 ( x ) =
i =0
i 2
x xi
xx 0
x x1
x1
x 2
=
x 1x i
x 2x 0
x 2x 1
2.51
2.52
)(
)(
L2 ( x )=1.333333 x 4 x+2.66667
)(
)(
P2 ( x )=
L0 ( x )f ( x o ) + L1 ( x )f ( x 1 ) + L2 ( x )f ( x2 )
1
0.3999999(1.2)2 1.2 ( 1.2 ) +3.80001
(1.2)
2.03333333 2.936009856
f (1.5) , as:
Y a su vez evaluarlo en
1
0.3999999(1.5)2 1.2 ( 1.5 ) +3.80001
( 1.5)
2.166666667 2.900009775
x 1=1 ,
x 2=2 y
P3 (x)
con nodos
y
x 0=0.5
f (1.5) .
P3 ( x )= Lk ( x )f ( x k )=L0 ( x )f ( x o ) + L1 ( x )f ( x 1 ) + L2 ( x )f ( x 2 )
k=0
+ L3 ( x )f ( x 3 )
Antes de empezar, encontremos
3
L0 ( x ) =
i=0
i 0
L0 ( x ) =
L0 ( x )
L1 ( x ) ,
xx i
xx 1
xx 2
x x3
=
x 0x i
x 0x 1
x 0x 2
x 0x 3
)(
)(
)(
L2 ( x ) y
x1
x2
x2.5
( 0.51
)( 0.52
)( 0.52.5
)
3
L1 ( x ) =
i =0
i 1
L1 ( x ) =
x xi
xx 0
xx 2
xx 3
=
x 1x i
x 1x 0
x 1x 2
x 1x 3
)(
)(
)(
0.5
x2
x2.5
( x10.5
)( 12
)( 12.5
)
L2 ( x ) =
i =0
i 2
L2 ( x ) =
x xi
xx 0
x x1
xx 3
=
x 2x i
x 2x 0
x 2x 1
x 2x 3
)(
)(
)(
0.5
x1
x2.5
( x20.5
)( 21
)( 22.5
)
L3 ( x ) =
i=0
i 3
xxi
xx 0
xx 1
xx 2
=
x 3x i
x3 x0
x 3x 1
x 3x 2
)(
)(
)(
L3 ( x ) :
L3 ( x ) =
x0.5
x1
x 2
( 2.50.5
)( 2.51
)( 2.52
)
P3 ( x )=
L0 ( x )f ( x o ) + L1 ( x )f ( x 1 ) + L2 ( x )f ( x2 ) + L3 ( x )f ( x 3 )
1.3333333333 x + 5.3333333333 x
3.33333333 ( 3 ) +
0.6666666667 x 3
5.6666666667 x +1.6666666667 ( 3 )+
2.3333333333 x 2+ 2.3333333333 x0.6666666667 (3.3)
P3 ( x )=0.8000000099 x 3+ 4.8000000102 x 28.7999999901 x
+7.8000000085
Ahora al aproximarlo con las funciones evaluadas
f ( 1.2 )
1
3
0.8000000099(1.2)
(1.2)
1
0.8000000099(1.5)3
( 1.5)
f ( 1.5 )
se tiene que:
f (x)x+
2. Dada la funcin
f ( x )=
( ( ))
sen 2 x +
x 3=0 ,
P2 ( x ) y
P3 ( x ) .
x 1=
2
x
x 4=
P4 (x ) con nodos
x 0=
x 1= .
(2 )=0.5=f (2 )=f ( x )
1
P4 ( x 2 )=P4 ( 0 )=0=f ( 0 ) =f ( x 2 )
P4 ( x 3 )=P 4
( 2 )=0.5=f ( 2 )=f ( x )
P4 ( x )= Lk ( x )f ( x k ) =L0 ( x )f ( x o ) + L1 ( x )f ( x 1 )+ L2 ( x )f ( x2 )
k=0
+ L3 ( x )f ( x 3 ) + L 4 ( x )f ( x 4 )
Para poder avanzar con la bsqueda de este polinomio, debemos buscar
L2 y
L0 ( x ) =
i=0
i 0
xx i
xx 1
xx 2
x x3
xx 4
=
x 0x i
x 0x 1
x 0x 2
x 0x 3
x0 x 4
)(
)(
)(
)(
( ) ( )
x
(
2 )
x0
2
x
L ( x )=
(
(
)
)
0
(
2
2 )
x
2 x2 3 x
x x
+
2 x ( x )2 (x + )
4
4
L0 ( x ) =
L
(
x
)
=
0
34
3 4
2
4
L1 ( x ) =
i =0
i 1
x xi
xx 0
xx 2
xx 3
xx 4
=
x 1x i
x 1x 0
x 1x 2
x 1x 3
x 1x 4
)(
)(
)(
)(
x
x ( )
x0
2
x
L1 ( x ) =
( )
0
2
2
2
2
2
)( )(
x 4
L1 ( x ) =
)(
x
x
2 x 2 +
4 x ( x )( x + ) (2 x )
2
2
L1 ( x ) =
4
3
34
8
L0 ,
L1 ,
L2 ( x ) =
i =0
i 2
x xi
xx 0
x x1
xx 3
x x 4
=
x 2x i
x 2x 0
x 2x 1
x 2x 3
x 2x 4
)(
)(
)(
)(
( )( )
x
(
)
2
x ( )
2
x
L ( x ) =(
0 )
0 ( ) )
0
0(
2
2 )
x
x 4
L2 ( x ) =
L3 ( x ) =
i=0
i 3
5 x
+
4
4
16 x 45 2 x2 +
L
(
x
)
=
2
4
44
4
xxi
xx 0
xx 1
xx 2
xx 4
=
x 3x i
x3 x0
x 3x 1
x 3x 2
x 3x 4
)(
)(
( )
)(
)(
x
(
)
2
x( )
x0
2
L ( x )=
(
(
)
)
0
( )
(
)
2
2
( )
2 x2 3 x
2 x ( x ) (x + )2
4
4
L2 ( x ) =
34
3 4
2
x4 + x3
L3 ( x ) =
xx i
xx 0
x x1
x x2
x x3
=
x 4x i
x 4x 0
x 4x 1
x 4x 2
x 4x 3
)(
)(
( )(
L4 ( x ) =
i=0
i4
)(
)(
(
2 )
x ( )
x0
x
L ( x )=
( )
( 0 ) ( )
(
)
2
2
2
2
2
x
x4 +
L4 ( x ) =
x
x
2 x2
4 x ( x ) ( x+ ) (2 x + )
2
2
L2 ( x ) =
4
4
3
3
8
P4 ( x )=L0 ( x )f ( x o ) + L1 ( x )f ( x 1 ) + L2 ( x )f ( x 2) + L3 ( x )f ( x 3 )
+ L4 ( x )f ( x 4 )
P4 ( x )=
) (
) (
)
2 x ( x ) (x + )
3
( 0.5 ) +
4 x ( x ) ( x+ ) (2 x )
3
)(
0.5 )
2 x ( x ) ( x+ )2
16 x 45 2 x2 +
(0)+
(0.5 )
+
44
34
(
(
4 x ( x )( x + ) ( 2 x + )
3
P4 ( x )=
(0.5)
4 x 44 x 44 x3 4 3 x2 + 4 2 x 2 +4 3 x
3 4
+0.135094911 x +0.424413181 x
4
x 1=
x 2=
x 3=
P8 ( x)
x 4=0 ,
con nodos
x 5=
x 0=
x 6=
3
x 7=
4
x 8= .
SOLUCIN: En este ejercicio requiere un procedimiento muy ampliado en general,
debemos evaluar cada nodo en la funcin original y sus polinomios Lagrange de la
siguiente manera:
( 34 )=0=f ( 34 )=f ( x )
P8 ( x2 ) =P8
( 2 )=0.5=f ( 2 )=f ( x )
P8 ( x3 ) =P8
( 4 )=0=f ( 4 )=f ( x )
3
( 4 )=0=f ( 4 )=f ( x )
P8 ( x6 ) =P8
( 2 )=0.5=f ( 2 )=f ( x )
P8 ( x7 ) =P8
( 34 )=0=f ( 34 )=f ( x )
n=8 quedando
de la siguiente manera:
8
P8 ( x )= Lk ( x )f ( x k )=L0 ( x )f ( x o ) + L1 ( x )f ( x 1 ) + L2 ( x )f ( x 2 )
k=0
+ L3 ( x )f ( x 3 ) + L 4 ( x )f ( x 4 ) + L5 ( x )f ( x 5 ) + L6 ( x )f ( x 6 ) + L7 ( x )f ( x 7 )
+ L8 ( x )f ( x 8 )
L0 ,
L4
L5 ,
L6 ,
L7 y
8
i=0
i 0
xx i
xx 1
xx 2
x x3
xx 4
=
x 0x i
x 0x 1
x 0x 2
x 0x 3
x0 x 4
)(
)(
)(
x x5
xx 6
xx 7
xx 8
x 0x 5
x0 x 6
x 0 x7
x 0x 8
)(
)(
)(
)(
)( )( )
)
x(
x(
(
)
4
2
4 )
x0
L ( x )=
(
0 )
3
(
) (
(4)
4
2 )
0
L2 ,
L3 ,
se muestran a continuacin:
L0 ( x ) =
L1 ,
3
x
x
4
2
4
x
4
2
4
( )( )( )(
x
x 8 x7
L0 ( x ) =
L1 ( x ) =
i =0
i 1
x xi
xx 0
xx 2
xx 3
xx 4
=
x 1x i
x 1x 0
x 1x 2
x 1x 3
x 1x 4
)(
)(
)(
xx 5
xx 6
x x7
xx 8
x 1x 5
x 1x 6
x 1x 7
x1 x8
)(
7 x 7 x 49 x 49 x 9 x 9 x
+
+
+
8
8
256
256
1024 1024
315 8
512
)(
)(
)(
)(
)(
x (
(
)
2
4 )
x ( )
x0
L ( x )=
3
3
3
( )
0 )
(
(
(
)
)
4
4
4
2
4
4
3
x
4
x
3
3
3
4
4
4
2
4
4
4
( )( )( )(
x
x 8
L1 ( x ) =
L2 ( x ) =
i =0
i 2
)
5
3 x 21 x 63 x 21 x 63 x x 3 x
+
+
+
4
16
64
64
256
64
256
8
315
4096
x xi
xx 0
x x1
xx 3
x x 4
=
x 2x i
x 2x 0
x 2x 1
x 2x 3
x 2x 4
)(
)(
)(
xx 5
xx 6
xx7
xx 8
x 2x 5
x 2x 6
x 2x 7
x 2x 8
)(
)(
)(
)(
)(
)( )
)
x(
(
4
4 )
x ( )
x0
L ( x )=
( )
3
(
( 2 0 )
2
4 )
2 ( 4 )
3
x
x
4
2
4
x
2
4
2
2
2
4
2
( )( )( )(
x
x 8
L2 ( x ) =
L3 ( x ) =
i=0
i 3
x 13 x 13 x 169 x 169 x 9 x 9 x
+
+
+
2
8
16
256
512
256
512
8
45
2048
xxi
xx 0
xx 1
xx 2
xx 4
=
x 3x i
x3 x0
x 3x 1
x 3x 2
x 3x 4
)(
)(
)(
x x5
xx 6
xx 7
x x8
x 3x 5
x3 x6
x 3x 7
x 3x 8
)(
)(
)(
)(
)(
)( )
)
x(
(
4
2 )
x ( )
x0
L ( x )=
( )
3
0 )
(
)
(
(
)
4
4
4
4
4
2
3
x
x
4
2
4
x
4
4
4
2
4
4
4
( )( )( )(
x
x 8
L3 ( x ) =
L4 ( x ) =
i=0
i4
)
5
x 29 x 29 x 61 x 61 x 9 x 9 x
+
+
+
4
16
64
64
256
64
256
8
45
4096
xx i
xx 0
x x1
x x2
x x3
=
x 4x i
x 4x 0
x 4x 1
x 4x 2
x 4x 3
)(
)(
)(
)(
xx 5
xx 6
xx 7
xx 8
x 4x 5
x 4 x6
x 4 x 7
x 4 x 8
)(
)(
)(
( )( )( )
)
x(
x(
(
)
4
2
4 )
x( )
L ( x )=(
0( ) )
3
0(
)
0(
0(
)
4
2
4 )
x
3
x
x
4
2
4
x
3
0
0
0
0
4
2
4
( )( )( )(
x
x 8
L4 ( x ) =
L5 ( x ) =
i=0
i 5
15 2 x 6 273 4 x 4 205 6 x 2 9 8
+
+
8
256
1024
1024
8
9
1024
xxi
xx 0
xx 1
xx 2
xx 3
=
x 5x i
x5 x0
x 5x 1
x 5x 2
x 5x 3
)(
)(
)(
x x 4
x x6
xx 7
xx 8
x 5x 4
x 5x 6
x 5x 7
x 5x 8
)(
)(
)(
)(
( )
( )
)(
)( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
x
x
4
2
4
x( )
L5 ( x ) =
3
( )
4
4
4
4
2
4
4
3
x
x0
2
4
x
4
4 2
4 4
4
( )(
x 8+
L5 ( x ) =
)( )(
x7 29 2 x 6 29 3 x5 61 4 x 4 61 5 x 3 9 6 x 2 9 7 x
+
+
4
16
64
64
256
64
256
8
45
4096
L6 ( x ) =
i=0
i 6
xx i
xx 0
xx 1
xx 2
x x3
=
x 6x i
x 6x 0
x6 x 1
x 6x 2
x 6x 3
)(
)(
)(
x x 4
xx 5
x x7
xx 8
x 6x 4
x 6x 5
x 6x 7
x6 x 8
)(
)(
)(
)(
( )
( )
)(
)( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
x
x
(
)
4
2
4
x
L6 ( x ) =
(
3
)
2
2
4
2
2
2
4
3
x
x0
4
4
x
2
2 4
2 4
2
( )(
x8 +
L6 ( x ) =
L7 ( x ) =
i=0
i 7
)( )(
xx i
xx 0
xx 1
xx 2
xx 3
=
x 7x i
x 7x 0
x 7 x1
x 7x 2
x7 x 3
)(
)(
)(
x x 4
xx 5
xx 6
xx 8
x 7x 4
x 7x 5
x 7x 6
x7 x 8
)(
)(
)(
)(
)(
)( )( )
)
x(
x(
(
)
4
2
4 )
x( )
L ( x )=
3
3
3
3
( )
(
)
(
(4)
4
4
4
4
2 )
4
7
x 13 x 13 x 169 x 169 x 9 x 9 x
+
+
2
8
16
256
512
256
512
8
45
2048
x 0
2
x
3
3
3
0
4
4
4
4
2
4
( )(
)( )(
x
x8 +
L7 ( x ) =
L8 ( x ) =
i=0
i 8
3 x 21 x 63 x 21 x 63 x x 3 x
+
+
4
16
64
64
256
64
256
8
315
4096
xx i
xx 0
xx 1
xx 2
xx 3
=
x 8x i
x 8x 0
x 8 x1
x 8x 2
x 8x 3
)(
)(
)(
x x 4
xx 5
xx 6
xx 7
x 8x 4
x 8x 5
x 8x 6
x8 x7
)(
)(
)(
)(
( )( )( )
)
x(
x(
(
)
4
2
4 )
x( )
L ( x ) =(
( ) )
3
(
(
4 )
2 )
4 )
x
3
x
x
x 0
4
2
4
4
2
4
( )( )( )
x
x 8 + x 7
L8 ( x ) =
7 2 x 6 7 3 x 5 49 4 x 4 49 5 x3 9 6 x 2 9 7 x
+
+
8
8
256
256
1024 1024
8
315
512
f ( x 1 )=f ( x 3 ) = f ( x 4 ) =f ( x 5 ) =f ( x 7 )=0 ,
P8 ( x )=L0 ( x )f ( x o ) + L2 ( x )f ( x2 ) ++ L6 ( x )f ( x6 ) ++ L8 ( x )f ( x8 )
7 2 x 6 7 3 x 5 49 4 x 4 49 5 x 3 9 6 x 2 9 7 x
x x
+
+
+
8
8
256
256
1024 1024
( 0.5 )
315 8
512
(
(
(
x 8
x 7 13 2 x6 13 3 x5 169 4 x 4 169 5 x 3 9 6 x 2 9 7 x
+
+
+
2
8
16
256
512
256
512
(0.5 )
8
45
2048
7
)
)
x 13 x 13 x 169 x 169 x 9 x 9 x
x +
+
+
2
8
16
256
512
256
512
+
(0.5 )
8
45
2048
8
x 8 + x 7
7 2 x 6 7 3 x 5 49 4 x 4 49 5 x 3 9 6 x2 9 7 x
+
+
8
8
256
256
1024 1024
( 0.5 )
315 8
512
18
8
330301440
+42.5729902 x +0.0027364204
OBSERVACIONES IMPORTANTES: El procedimiento de estos dos ejercicios anteriores, se
han hecho algebraicamente considerando
f ( x )=
1
x +1
2
usando los nodos Xo=0, X1=0.5,X2=1 y X3=1.5 use dicho polinomio para aproximar el
numero
1
3
xdx
2
+1
0
Solucion.
Como nos dan 4 nodos hallamos el polinomio de aproximacin de lagranje p3
El p3 viene dado por
3
3 ( x ) = f ( Xk ) Lk ( X )=f ( X 0 ) L0 ( X )+ f ( X 1 ) L 1 ( X )+ f ( X 2 ) L2 ( X ) f ( X 3 ) L3 ( X )
k=0
p
3
k=0
p
3
4
3 ( x ) = f ( Xk ) Lk ( X )=f ( 1 ) L 0 ( X ) + f ( 0.8 ) L 1 ( X )+ f ( 0.5 ) L2 ( X ) + f 13 L3 ( X )
k=0
( )
Donde
3
L0 ( X ) =
i=0
i 0
L1 ( X ) =
i=0
i 1
L2 ( X ) =
i=0
i 2
L3 ( X ) =
i=0
i 3
Por tanto
xx i
( xx 1)( xx 2)( x x3 ) ( x0.5)(x 1)( x1.5) x3 3 x2 +2.75 x0.75
=
=
=
=1.333333 x
x k x i ( x 0x 1)(x 0 x2 )(x 0x 3) (00.5)(01)(01.5)
0.75
xxi
(xx 1 )(xx 2)(xx 3 )
( x0)( x1)(x1.5)
x 32.5 x 2+1.5 x
=
=
=
=4 x 34 x 2+ 6
x k x i ( x 1x 0)(x 1x 2 )( x1x 3 ) (0.50)( 0.51)(0.51.5)
0.25
xx i
(xx 0 )( xx 1)( xx 3 )
(x0)( x1)(x1.5) x 32 x 2+ 1.5 x
=
=
=
=4 x 3 +8 x 23 x
x k x i ( x 2x 0)(x 2x 1 )( x2 x3 ) (10)(10.5)(11.5)
0.25
xx i
(x x0 )(xx 1)(xx 3 )
( x0)( x 0.5)( x1)
x 31.5 x2 +0.5 x
=
=
=
=1.333333 x 3 +
x k x i ( x 3x 0 )( x3 x1 )( x 3x 2) (1.50)(1.50.5)(1.51)
0.75
( 134 ) (1.333
3 ( x 0 )= p3 (0 )=1=f (0 )=f (x )
p
0
3 ( x 2) = p3 (1)=0.5 =f (1 )=f (x )
p
2
f ( x )=
Como
1
1 2
+1
3
()
x +1
0.276923
0.9 0.888034
Sabemos que
1
3
p3 ( x )
1
1
1
0.615384
0.161538
+1
3
3
3
()
()
()
0.785398 0.783333
4. Considere la funcin
X k =1+
k
k =0,1,2,3,4.
2 con
p4 ( x )=a0 + a1 ( x x0 ) a 2 ( xx 0 ) ( xx 1 ) + a3 ( xx 0 )( x x1 ) ( xx 2 ) +a4 ( xx 0 ) ( xx 1 ) (x 2 ) ( xx 3 ) ( xx 4 )
Donde
a0 =f [x 0 ]
a1=f [ x 0 , x 1 ]
a2=f [ x 0 , x 1 , x 2 ]
a3 =f [ x 0 , x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ]
a 4=f [ x0 , x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 ]
Tabla diferencias divididas
xk
f []
f [ ,]
1
1
1
) +a3 ( x(1) ) x(
) ( x0 ) +a 4 ( x(1) ) x(
) ( x0 ) x
2
2
2
f [ , ,]
f [ , , ,]
f [ , , , ,]
x 0=1
x 1=0.5
0
0.5
-1
-2
x 3=0.5
0.5
2.66666666
x 4=1
-1
-2
-2.66666666
x 2=0
-2.66666666
Por lo tanto
a0 =0
a1=1
a2=2
a3 =2.66666666
a 4=2.66666666
p4 ( x 0 )= p 4 ( 1 ) =0=f (1 ) =f (x 0 )
p4 ( x 1 )= p4 ( 0.5 )=0.5=f ( 0.5 )=f ( x 1 )
p4 ( x 2 )= p4 ( 0 )=0=f ( 0 ) =f (x 2 )
Ahora usaremos
para aproximar
f ( 0.75 ) p4 ( 0,75 )
0.53033008 0.65624998
3. Considere la funcin
x 0=1 ,
x 1=
1
2
1
f ( x )= cos ( 2 x )
2
,
x 2=0 ,
x 3=
1
2
x 4=1
. Halle el polinomio de
P4 ( x 2 )=P4 ( 0 )=0.5=f ( 0 ) =f ( x 2 )
P4 ( x 3 )=P 4
( 12 )=0.5=f ( 12 )=f ( x )
3
f [ x 0 ] =f ( x0 ) =f (1 )=0.5 a1
f [ x 1 ] =f ( x 1 ) =f
( 12 )=0.5
f [ x 2 ] =f ( x 2 ) =f ( 0 ) =0.5
f [ x 3 ] =f ( x3 ) =f
( 12 )=0.5
f [ x 4 ] =f ( x 4 ) =f ( 1 )=0.5
Ahora vamos a hacer las segundas parcelas divididas de la siguiente manera:
f [ x 0 , x 1 ]=
f [ x 1 , x 2 ]=
f [ x 2 , x 3 ]=
f [ x 3 , x 4 ]=
f [ x 1 ]f [ x 0 ] (0.5 )( 0.5 )
=
=2 a2
x 1x 0
1
(1 )
2
( )
f [ x 2 ] f [ x 1 ] ( 0.5 )(0.5 )
=
=2
x 2x 1
1
0
2
( )
f [ x 3 ]f [ x 2 ] (0.5 ) ( 0.5 )
=
=2
x 3x 2
1
0
2
f [ x 4 ] f [ x 3 ]
x 4x 3
( 0.5 )(0.5 )
=2
1
1
2
f [ x 0 , x 1 , x 2 ]=
f [ x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ]=
f [ x 2 , x 3 , x 4 ]=
f [ x 1 , x 2 ]f [ x 0 , x 1 ] ( 2 )(2)
=
=4 a2
x 2x 0
0(1 )
f [ x 2 , x 3 ]f [ x 1 , x 2 ] (2 )(2)
=
=4
x 3x 1
1 1
2
2
( )
f [ x3 , x 4 ] f [ x 2 , x3 ] ( 2 )(2)
=
=4
x 4x 2
10
f [ x 0 , x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ]=
f [ x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 ]=
f [ x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ]f [ x0 , x 1 , x 2 ]
x 3x 0
(4 )( 4)
=5.3333 a3
1
(1 )
2
f [ x2 , x3 , x 4 ] f [ x1 , x2 , x3 ] ( 4 )(4)
=
=5.3333
x 4x 1
1
1
2
( )
f [ x 0 , x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 ]=
f [ x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 ]f [ x 0 , x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ] ( 5.3333 ) (5.3333)
=
T 4T 0
1(1)
5.3333 a 4
Nuestra tabla de diferencias divididas generalmente queda as:
Tk
f []
f [ ,]
f [ , ,]
f [ , , ,]
T0
0.5
T1
-0.5
-2
T2
0.5
T3
-0.5
-2
-4
-5.3333
T4
0.5
5.3333
f [ , , , ,]
5.3333
( 12 )5.3333 ( x+ 1) ( x+ 12 ) ( x )
P4 ( x )=0.52 ( x +1 ) +4 ( x +1 ) x +
( 12 ) ( x ) ( x 12 )
+5.3333 ( x +1 ) x +
a 4=
a4
f [ x 1, x 2. x 3, x 4 ] f [ x0, x 1, x 2, x 3 ]
x 4x 0
Entonces
f [ x 2. x 3, x 4 ]f [x 1, x 2, x 3 ] f [ x 1, x2. x 3, ]f [ x 1, x2, x 3 ]
x 4 x
x 3 x0
=
x 4x 0
a4 =
][
f [ x 3, x 4 ] f [ x2, x 3 ] f [ x 2. x 3, ] f [ x 1, x 2, ]
f [ x 2. x 3, ]f [ x1, x 2, ] f [ x 1, x 2. ]f [ x0 x 1 ]
x 4x 2
x 3x .
x 4x
x 3x 0
x 4x 1
x 3x 0
x 4 x0
x0
x 3x 0
f [ x 3, ]f [ x1, ] f [ x1, ] f [ x 1x 0 ]
x 2x 1
x 3x 0
f [ x2 ] f [x 2, ] f [ x 2. ] f [ x 1, ]
x 3x 2
x2 x1
x 3x 1
a4 =
[[
][
f [ x 4, x 3 ]f [ x 2, x3 ] f [ x 3, ] f [ x 2, ]
f [ x3, ]f [x 2, ] f [ x 2. ] f [x 1 ]
x 4 x 3
x 3x 2
x 3x 2
x 2x 1
x 4x 2
x 3x 1
Como
f [ x 0 ] =f ( x 0 )
f [ x 1 ] =f ( x 1 )
x 4 x1
]]
f [ x 2 ]=f ( x 2 )
f [ x 3 ] =f ( x 3 )
f [ x 4 ]=f ( x 4 )
Entonces
x0
x1 x 0
f [ x 1 ] f [x 1 ] f [ x 1 ]f [ x 2x 0 ]
x 2x 1
x 3x 0
f [ x 3 ]f [ x 2, ] f [ x2. ] f [x 1, ]
x3 x2
x 2x 1
x 3x 1
a4 =
[[
][
f [ x 4, ]f [ x3 ] f [ x 3, ] f [x 2, ]
f [ x 3, ] f [ x2, ] f [ x2. ]f [x 1 ]
x 4x 3
x 3x 2
x 3x 2
x 2x 1
x 4 x 2
x3 x1
x 4x 1
]]
7.
sen ( x ) dx
0
2
ln ( x 2 +1 ) dx
0
sen ( x ) dx
0
f ( x ) dx= h2 [ f ( a ) + f (b)]
a
donde
h=
ba
n
donde
2
sen ( x ) dx 2 [ 0+ 0.021873 ] 0.017179
0
f ( x ) dx= h3 [ f ( x 0 ) +4 f ( x 1 )+f ( x 2 ) ]
a
f ( x 2 )=f ( b )
h=
ba
h=
n
4
donde
f ( x 0 ) =f ( a )
f ( x 1 )=x 0 +h f ( x 1 )=
4 y
4
sen ( x ) dx 3 [ 0+4 ( 0.015467 )+ 0.021873 ] 0.021923
0
Regla de 3/8 de Simpson: La frmula tpica se trabaja comnmente con 4 nodos de valor
b
n=3 en la cual es
f ( x 0 ) =f ( a ) =0 y
la altura h= 2
3
6
sen ( x ) dx=
0
f ( x ) dx= 38h [ f ( x 0 )+ 3 f ( x 1 )+ 3 f ( x 2 ) +f ( x 3 ) ]
a
x1 y
donde
x 2 con respecto a
Regla de Boole: La frmula general diseado por George Boole tiene la forma
b
trabajando con
n=4
y la
altura
h=
4
8
diciendo que
x 0=0
x 4=
ocasionando la siguiente
respuesta:
2
8
sen ( x ) dx=
45
()
+7 ( 0.021873 ) 0.022595
2
ln ( x 2 +1 ) dx
0
f ( x ) dx= h2 [ f ( a ) + f (b)]
a
donde
h=
20
h=2 ,
1
ln ( x 2 +1 ) dx 22 [ 0+1.609438 ] 1.609438
0
f ( x ) dx= h3 [ f ( x 0 ) +4 f ( x 1 )+f ( x 2 ) ]
a
f ( x 1 ) y f ( x 3 ) con constantes a
cuando
f ( x 1 )=0.060625 y las
y
f ( x ) dx= 38h [ f ( x 0 )+ 3 f ( x 1 )+ 3 f ( x 2 ) +f ( x 3 ) ]
a
cuales
f ( x 0 ) =f ( a ) =0 , f ( x 1 )=f ( x 0+ h )=0.367724 ,
f ( x 2 )=f ( x 1+ h )=1.021651
2
f ( x 3 )=f ( b ) =1.609438 y h= , al reemplazar todos estos valores, el resultado final
3
es:
sen ( x ) dx=
0
nodos y la altura
2 1
h=
4 2
diciendo que
x 0=0
x 4=2
y as encontrar las
45
()
+7 ( 1.609438 ) 1.432030
8. Aplique la regla compuesta del trapecio con
ejercicio 8.
sen ( x ) dx
por el regla de
compuesta del trapecio usando 8 nodos, en la cual su frmula general sera cuando son
con 8:
f ( x 0 ) +2 f ( x 1 ) +2 f ( x 2 ) +2 f ( x 3 ) +2 f ( x 4 ) +2 f ( x 5 ) +2 f ( x 6 )
h
f ( x ) dx=
2
b
+f ( x 7 )
Donde h= ba h= 2
h=
n
8
16
los valores
sabindose que
a=0
b=
. Y a su vez
son:
x 1=x 0+ h x 1=0+
x 2=x 1+ h x 2=
x 1= f ( x 1 )=0.007734
16
16
+ x 2= f ( x2 ) =0.010937
16 16
8
3
x 3=x 2+ h x 3= + x3 =
f ( x 3 )=0.013395
8 16
16
x 4=x 3 +h x 4=
+ x 4= f ( x 4 )=0.015467
16 16
4
5
x 5=x 4 +h x 5 = + x 5=
f ( x5 ) =0.017292
4 16
16
x 6=x 5+ h x 6=
5
3
+ x 6=
f ( x 6 ) =0.018943
16 16
8
Al reemplazar todos estos valores dados se tiene la siguiente respuesta, paso por paso:
16
sen ( x ) dx
[0.19] 0.018653
sen ( x ) d x 32
0
De igual modo, se aplica la frmula anterior del mismo estilo y estructura pero en este
2
h=
ba
20
1
h=
h=
8
8
4
ln ( x 2 +1 ) dx
0
es:
f ( x 0 ) +2 f ( x 1 ) +2 f ( x 2 ) +2 f ( x 3 ) +2 f ( x 4 ) +2 f ( x 5 ) +2 f ( x 6 )
h
f ( x ) dx=
2
b
+f ( x 7 )
Donde
f ( x 0 ) =f ( a ) =f ( 0 ) =0 y f ( x 7 ) =f ( b ) =f ( 2 )=1.609438
buscados desde
x1 a
1
1
x 1=x 0+ h x 1=0+ x1 = f ( x 1 ) =0.060625
4
4
1 1
1
x 2=x 1+ h x 2= + x 2= f ( x 2 )=0.223143
4 4
2
1 1
3
x 3=x 2+ h x 3= + x3 = f ( x 3 ) =0.446287
2 4
4
3 1
x 4=x 3 +h x 4= + x 4=1 f ( x 4 )=0.693115
4 4
1
5
x 5=x 4 +h x 5 =1+ x 5= f ( x 5) =0.940983
4
4
5 1
3
x 6=x 5+ h x 6= + x 6= f ( x 6 )=1.178655
4 4
2
Y a la hora de reemplazar los valores, tenemos como respuesta lo siguiente:
ln ( x 2 +1 ) dx 18 [8.695054] 1.086882
0
9. Aplique la regla compuesta de Simpson con 9 nodos para aproximar las integrales del
ejercicio 8.
sen ( x ) dx
aplicando la regla
compuesta de los Simpson, para poder efectuar la frmula tabulativa, se debe primero
aplicar esta frmula que es la siguiente:
n=
N 1
91
n=
n=4
2
2
n=4
x 0=a=0 y
x 2n =x 2(4) =x8 =
0
ba
2
y nuestra frmula sera la
y encontrando h=
h=
h=
2n
16
2( 4)
siguiente:
f ( x 0 ) + 4 f ( x 1 ) +2 f ( x 2 ) +4 f ( x 3 ) +2 f ( x 4 ) + 4 f ( x 5 ) +2 f ( x 6 )
h
f ( x ) dx=
3
b
+4 f ( x 7 ) +f ( x 8 )
Y los valores
x 0=0 f ( x 1 )=0
x 1=x 0+ h x 1=0+
x 2=x 1+ h x 2=
x 1= f ( x 1 )=0.007734
16
16
+ x 2= f ( x2 ) =0.010937
16 16
8
3
x 3=x 2+ h x 3= + x3 =
f ( x 3 )=0.013395
8 16
16
x 4=x 3 +h x 4=
+ x 4= f ( x 4 )=0.015467
16 16
4
5
x 5=x 4 +h x 5 = + x 5=
f ( x5 ) =0.017292
4 16
16
x 6=x 5+ h x 6=
5
3
+ x 6=
f ( x 6 ) =0.018943
16 16
8
x 7=x 5+ h x 6=
3
7
+ x 6=
f ( x 6 ) =0.020460
8 16
16
x 8= f ( x8 ) =0.021873
2
0+ 4 ( 0.007734 ) +2 ( 0.010937 ) + 4 ( 0.013395 )
16
sen ( x ) dx
sen ( x ) dx
[ 0.348091] 0.022836
48
n=4
ln ( x 2 +1 ) dx
0
ba
20
1
h=
h=
x 2n =x 2(4) =x8 =2 y el valor de h=
2n
4
2 (4 )
1
1
x 1=x 0+ h x 1=0+ x1 = f ( x 1 ) =0.060625
4
4
1 1
1
x 2=x 1+ h x 2= + x 2= f ( x 2 )=0.223143
4 4
2
1 1
3
x 3=x 2+ h x 3= + x3 = f ( x 3 ) =0.446287
2 4
4
3 1
x 4=x 3 +h x 4= + x 4=1 f ( x 4 )=0.693115
4 4
1
5
x 5=x 4 +h x 5 =1+ x 5= f ( x 5) =0.940983
4
4
5 1
3
x 6=x 5+ h x 6= + x 6= f ( x 6 )=1.178655
4 4
2
3 1
7
x 7=x 6 +h x 7= + x 7= f ( x 7 )=1.401799
2 4
4
0+ 4 ( 0.060625 ) +2 ( 0.223143 ) +4 ( 0.446287 )
1
2
ln ( x 2 +1 ) dx 42
0
+2 ( 0.693115 ) + 4 ( 0.940983 ) +2 (1.178655 )+ 4 ( 1.401799 ) +1.609438
x 0=a=0 y
ln ( x 2 +1 ) dx 18 [17.19804]2.149755
0
10. Aplique la regla compuesta de los 3/8 de Simpsons con 10 nodos para aproximar las
integrales del ejercicio 10.
SOLUCIN: Aqu para aplicar la regla compuesta de los 3/8 de Simpsons en la integral
sen ( x ) dx
n correspondiente en la
n=
N 1
101
n=
n=3
3
3
x 0=a=0 y
x 3 n=x 3(3)=x 9=
. El
es la siguiente:
f ( x 0 ) +3 f ( x 1 ) +3 f ( x 2 ) +2 f ( x 3 ) +3 f ( x 4 ) +3 f ( x 5 ) +2 f ( x 6 )
3h
f ( x ) dx=
8
b
+3 f ( x 7 ) +3 f ( x 8 ) + f ( x 9 )
xk
Cuyos valores de
donde
x 0=0 f ( x 1 )=0
x 1=x 0+ h x 1=0+
x 2=x 1+ h x 2=
x 1= f ( x1 ) =0.007291
18
18
+ x2 = f ( x 2 )=0.010311
18 18
9
3
x 3=x 2+ h x 3= + x 3 =
f ( x 3 )=0.012629
9 18
18
x 4=x 3 +h x 4=
3
2
+ x4 =
f ( x 4 ) =0.014582
18 18
9
x 5=x 4 +h x 5 =
2
5
+ x5 =
f ( x 5 )=0.016304
9 18
18
x 6=x 5+ h x 6=
+ x6 = f ( x 6 ) =0.017859
18 18
3
7
x 7=x 6 +h x 7= + x 7=
f ( x6 ) =0.019290
3 18
18
x 8=x 7+ h x 7=
7
4
+ x 7=
f ( x 7 )=0.020622
18 18
9
x 9= f ( x 9) =0.021873
2
0+3 ( 0.007291 ) +3 ( 0.010311 ) +2 ( 0.012629 )
3
18
sen ( x ) dx
( )
[0.35 ] 0.022907
sen ( x ) dx 48
0
ln ( x 2 +1 ) dx
0
N 1
101
n=
n=3
3
3
ba
2
x 3 n=x 3(3)=x 9=2 , y el valor h=
h=
3n
9
n=3 y que
x 0=a=0 y
f ( x 0 ) +3 f ( x 1 ) +3 f ( x 2 ) +2 f ( x 3 ) +3 f ( x 4 ) +3 f ( x 5 ) +2 f ( x 6 )
3h
f ( x ) dx=
8
b
+3 f ( x 7 ) +3 f ( x 8 ) + f ( x 9 )
x
y f ( 9)=1.609438
x 0=0
x
x 9=2 , quiere decir, tambin f ( 0)=0
2
2
x 1=x 0+ h x 1=0+ x 1= f ( x 1 )=0.048202
9
9
2 2
4
x 2=x 1+ h x 2= + x 2= f ( x 2 )=0.180262
9 9
9
4 2
2
x 3=x 2+ h x 3= + x 3= f ( x 3 )=0.367725
9 9
3
2 2
8
x 4=x 3 +h x 4= + x 4 = f ( x 4 ) =0.582285
3 9
9
8 2
10
x 5=x 4 +h x 5 = + x 5= f ( x 5 )=0.804048
9 9
9
x 6=x 5+ h x 6=
10 2
4
+ x 6= f ( x 6 ) =1.021651
9 9
3
4 2
14
x 7=x 6 +h x 7= + x 7= f ( x7 )=1.229568
3 9
9
x 8=x 7+ h x 8=
14 2
16
+ x 8= f ( x 8 )=1.425634
9 9
9
()
1
[14.542985]1.211915
ln ( x 2 +1 ) dx 12
0