Connective Tissue

A summary of the various kinds of connective tissues.

Figure General characteristics of connective tissues.

1

TABLE 1 Kinds of Connective Tissue

Tissue Type Cells Present Fibers Present Matrix Characteristics

Loose Connective Tissue:
areolar fibroblasts collagen elastic loosely arranged fibers in
macrophages reticular gelatinous ground substance
adipocytes mast cells
plasma cells
adipose adipocytes reticular collagen closely packed cells with a
small amount of gelatinous
ground substance; stores fat
reticular reticular cells reticular loosely arranged fibers in
gelatinous ground substance
Dense
Connective
Tissue:
dense regular fibroblasts collagen (some parallel-arranged bundles of
elastic) fibers with few cells and little
ground substance; great tensile
strength
dense regular fibroblasts collagen (some Irregularly arranged bundles of
elastic) fibers with few cells and little
ground substance; high tensile
strength
Cartilage:
hyaline (gristle) chondrocytes collagen (some limited ground substance;
elastic) dense, semisolid matrix
 Tissue Type Cells Present Fibers Present Matrix Characteristics
fibrocartilage chondrocytes collagen (some limited ground intermediate
elastic) between hyaline cartilage and
dense connective tissue
elastic chondrocytes elastic limited ground substance;
flexible but firm matrix
Bone (osseous
tissue):
compact (dense) osteoblasts collagen rigid, calcified ground
osteocytes substance with (canal systems)
spongy osteoblasts collagen rigid, calcified ground
(cancellous) osteocytes substance (no osteons)
Blood & Lymph
(vascular
tissue):
blood erythrocytes “fibers” are “matrix” is liquid blood
leukocytes soluble proteins plasma
thrombocytes that form during
clotting

lymph leukocytes “fibers” are “matrix” is blood plasma

soluble liquid
proteins that
form during
clotting

 Nerve supply. Most connective tissues have a nerve supply (as does epithelial tissue).
 Blood supply. There is a wide range of vascularity among connective tissues, although
most are well vascularized (unlike epithelial tissues, which are all avascular).
 Structure. Connective tissue consists of scattered cells immersed in an intercellular
material called the matrix. The matrix consists of fibers and ground substance. The kinds
and amounts of fiber and ground substance determine the character of the matrix, which
in turn defines the kind of connective tissue.
 Cell types. Fundamental cell types, characteristics of each kind of connective tissue, are
responsible for producing the matrix. Immature forms of these cells (whose names end in
blast) secrete the fibers and ground substance of the matrix. Cells that have matured, or
differentiated (whose names often end in cyte), function mostly to maintain the matrix.
o Fibroblasts are common in both loose and dense connective tissues.
 o Adipocytes, or flat cells, occur in loose connective tissue.
o Reticular cells resemble fibroblasts, but have long, cellular processes (extensions).
They occur in loose connective tissue.
o Chondroblasts and chondrocytes occur in cartilage.
o Osteoblasts and osteocytes occur in bone.
o Hemocytoblasts occur in the bone marrow and produce erythrocytes (red blood
cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (blood platelets).
o In addition to the fundamental cell types, various leukocytes migrate from the
bone marrow to connective tissues and provide various body defense activities.
o Macrophages engulf foreign and dead cells.
o Mast cells secrete histamine, which stimulates immune responses.
o Plasma cells produce antibodies.
 Fibers. Matrix fibers are protein that provide support for the connective tissue. There are
three types:
o Collagen fibers, made of the protein collagen, are both tough and flexible.
o Elastic fibers, made of the protein elastin, are strong and stretchable.
o Reticular fibers, made of thin collagen fibers with a glycoprotein coating, branch
frequently to form a netlike (reticulate) pattern.
 Ground substance. Ground substance may be fluid, gel, or solid, and, except for blood, is
secreted by the cells of the connective tissue.
o Cell adhesion proteins hold the connective tissue together.
o Proteoglycans provide the firmness of the ground substance. Hyaluronic sulfate
and chondroitin sulfate are two examples.
 Classification. There are five general categories of mature connective tissue:
o Loose connective tissue has abundant cells among few or loosely arranged fibers
and a sparse to abundant gelatinous ground substance.
o Dense connective tissue has few cells among a dense network of fibers with little
ground substance.
o Cartilage has cells distributed among fibers in a firm jellylike ground substance.
Cartilage is tough, but flexible, avascular, and without nerves.
o Bone has cells distributed among abundant fibers in a solid ground substance
containing minerals, mostly calcium phosphate. Bone is organized in units, called
osteons (Haversian system). Each osteon consists of a central canal (Haversian
canal), which contains blood vessels and nerves, surrounded by concentric rings
(lamellae) of hard matrix and collagen fibers. Between the lamellae are cavities
(lacunae) that contain bone cells (osteocytes). Canals (canaliculi) radiate from the
central canal and allow nutrient and waste exchange with the osteocytes.
o Blood is composed of various blood cells and cell fragments (platelets) distributed
in a fluid matrix called blood plasma.
 Tissue origin. All mature connective tissues originate from embryonic connective tissue.
There are two kinds of embryonic connective tissues:
o Mesenchyme is the origin of all mature connective tissues.
o Mucous connective tissue is a temporary tissue formed during embryonic
development.
An epithelial membrane is a combination of epithelial and connective tissues working
together to perform a specific function. As such, it acts as an organ. There are four
principle types of epithelial membranes:

 Serous membranes line interior organs and cavities. The serous membranes that line the
heart, lungs, and abdominal cavities and organs are called the pericardium, pleura, and
peritoneum, respectively.
 Mucous membranes line body cavities that open to the outside of the body. These include
the nasal cavity and the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts.
 Synovial membranes line the cavities at bone joints.
 The cutaneous membrane is the skin.

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