Manual de La Norma AWWA M03

Safety Practices
for Water Utilities
AWWA MANUAL M3
Fifth Edition
FOUNDED
1881
American Water Works Association
Copyright (C) 1999 American Water Works Association All Rights Reserved
The information in this manual is drawn from sources believed to be reliable. The safety
suggestions are based on the injury-prevention experience of the AWWA safety committee
members, as well as the experience of professional safety engineers, water utility superintendents, and others. AWWA makes no guarantee of results and assumes no liability in connection with the information presented. Moreover, it should not be assumed that every
acceptable safety procedure is discussed or that abnormal or unusual circumstances may not
warrant or require other procedures. These suggestions should be cross-referenced with
approved local, state, provincial, or national regulations. For more detailed information on the
subjects covered in each chapter, contact AWWAs information services department to obtain
current bibliographies on the specific subject.
Copyright 1956, 1963, 1977, 1983, 1990

6666 West Quincy Ave.
Denver, CO 80235
Printed in USA
ISBN 0-89867-534-0
Printed on recycled paper
ii
Contents
Introduction, vii
Chapter 1 Implementing and Maintaining a Safety Program
. . . . .
Chapter 2 Safety Records, Statistics, and Reports . . . . . . . . . .
Organizing a Safety Program, 1

Policy Statement, 3
Committees for Safety, 3
Records and Reports, 6

Use of Statistics and Reports, 13
Measuring Safety, 14
Costs of Accidents, 16
Chapter 3 Safety Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
Education and Training, 17

Inspections, 20
Employee Recognition, 21
Miscellaneous Programs, 24
Chapter 4 Safety and the Employee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
Developing a Safe Work Attitude in the New Employee, 25

When Accidents Happen, 26
Insurance and Compensation, 28
Chapter 5 General Safety Practices and Equipment
. . . . . . . . .
30
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
Before Beginning a Job, 30

Personal Protective Equipment, 31
Respiratory Equipment, 34
First Aid, 36
General Safety Procedures, 37
Chapter 6 Small Tools and Equipment
Hand Tools, 39
Portable Power Tools, 43
Gas and Arc Welders, 45
General Equipment, 48
Chapter 7 Large Tools and Equipment
Power Shovels and Draglines, 51
Concrete Mixers, 52
Hoist Operations, 52
iii
Chapter 8 Operating and Maintaining Vehicles
. . . . . . . . . . .
57
Motor Vehicle Operation, 57

Servicing Diesel and Gasoline Engines, 59
Automotive Equipment, 61
Chapter 9 Procedures for Construction and Related Activities
. . . .
65
Chapter 10 Using Pipe and Leaded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
Working in Confined Spaces, 65

Working in Excavations, 69
Pipe, 77
Leaded Joints, 80
Chapter 11 Water Storage Areas
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
Pumping Stations, 83
Transformer Stations, 85
Wells, 87
Elevated Tanks, 88
Reservoirs and Lakes, 91
Chapter 12 Operating and Maintaining Buildings
. . . . . . . . . .
93
Chapter 13 Operating Storerooms and Stockrooms . . . . . . . . . .
96
Cleaning Windows, 93
Cleaning, Scrubbing, and Waxing Floors, 93
Painting with Brush, 94
Spray Painting, 94
Operating Elevators, 95
Good Housekeeping, 96
Proper Storage, 96
Safe Handling Practices, 98
Handling Drums, 98
Operating Power Trucks and Forklifts, 98
Chapter 14 Identifying Hazardous Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . .
100
The Employees Right to Know, 100

Chapter 15 Handling and Storing Chemicals and Administering
First Aid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Activated Carbon, 102
Alum and Ferrous Sulfate, 104
Anhydrous Ammonia, 107
Ammonium Sulfate, 110
Carbon Dioxide, 110
Chlorine, 111
Fluorides, 120
Lime, 121
Ozone, 122
iv
102
Potassium Permanganate, 123

Soda Ash (Sodium Carbonate), 123
Sodium Chlorite, 124
Chapter 16 Procedures for Bacteriological and Chemical
Laboratories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
126
General Laboratory Precautions, 126

General Apparatus Precautions, 129
Specific Apparatus Precautions, 132
Handling Chemical Reagents, 136
Chapter 17 Fire Protection and Handling Emergencies . . . . . . .
139
General Safety Rules, 139

Emergency Procedures, 142
Chapter 18 Office Worker Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
143
Appendix A AWWA Award Programs
145
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Index, 147
Introduction
Safetya condition of being safe; freedom from danger or hazard, or the quality
of being devoid of whatever exposes one to danger or harm.
This manual describes programs, concepts, and ideas to promote safe work
practices or to create the condition of being safe for water utility personnel. It also
provides guidelines for safe work practices and techniques for a variety of water
utility work situations.
Safety is the concern and responsibility of every employee, including managers,
supervisors, and operators. Therefore, this manual is written for all levels of
employees and all sizes of utilities.
Types of Safety
The three general areas of safety that are of concern to every utility operation
include
organizational safetyprevention of injury to employees both on and off
the job;
fleet safetyprevention of automobile or equipment accidents; and
public safetyprevention of injury to the general public.
There is a close relationship and considerable overlap among these three areas
of safety. It is not possible to emphasize occupational safety without concern for
public safety, and the same is true for public and fleet safety. Each of these areas is
equally important in the efficient operation of a water utility and in the projection of
a good image to the public.
Safety in the Industry

AWWA has had a national-level safety committee since 1950. Initially, the purpose
of the committee was to develop an outline of safety measures for water works as
they relate to construction and operation . . . to public and employee safety . . . and
to the activities of men engaged in water distribution, station operation, water
treatment plant control, laboratory operation, and waterhouse and repair shop
operations.
In 1986, the name of the Accident Prevention Committee was changed to the
Loss Control Committee. In addition, its responsibilities were broadened to include
development of a comprehensive loss-control program for the water utility industry.
The committee is subdivided into three subcommittees: Accident Prevention, Risk
Management, and Health Maintenance. The committees overall program includes
collecting, analyzing, and reporting statistical data on accidents and their
causes;
preparing and disseminating safety materials and audiovisual aids;
developing and conducting training courses for section safety committees,
water utilities, and others; and
vii
organizing other programs and activities to assist water utilities in accident prevention/loss control.
The AWWA safety programs manager serves as secretary to the committee,
which includes members from all regions of the United States and Canada.
The original safety committee prepared the first copy of a Water Works Safety
Manual----Safety Practice for Water Utilities in 1956. This revision was prepared by
members of the Accident Prevention Subcommittee.
viii
AWWA MANUAL
Chapter
1
Implementing and
Maintaining a
Safety Program
Every water utility needs a safety program. Naturally, it is easier to secure support
for and recognize the importance of a formal safety program for larger utilities.
Regardless of utility size, safety programs should be organized so that every employee
realizes and accepts personal responsibility for his/her own safety and the safety of
fellow workers. In this way, employees are made aware of safety; their thoughts are
directed toward safety; and once this is accomplished, they will work in a safer
manner.
The remainder of this chapter outlines and explains the essential parts of a good
safety program. These parts can be adopted or modified and included or excluded
from an existing safety program, depending on the size and the needs of the
organization.
ORGANIZING A SAFETY PROGRAM

While safety is everyones responsibility, each utility should designate an individual to
be responsible for the safety program. Utilities employing 500 or more people should
have a full-time safety officer. Utilities with fewer than 500 employees should
designate someone from middle management, such as the industrial relations
manager, personnel manager, superintendent, or other responsible person who has
some knowledge of safety procedures and standards, as the staff safety manager. In
the small utility (under 100 employees), the manager or superintendent may assume
the responsibilities of the safety officer.
Managing a safety program should be a primary part of this individuals
responsibilities. The safety officer will, in most cases, report to the utility general
SAFETY PRACTICES FOR WATER UTILITIES
manager or superintendent. The officers safety responsibility should be a staff

function (that is, the primary mission is to help other supervisors) and not a line
function (that is, with direct authority over others). In this way, the officer is better
able to investigate accidents and recommend effective safety programs on an
impartial basis without reporting to an operating supervisor.
Responsibilities of the Safety Professional

Following are the general functions and responsibilities that should be assigned to
the safety officer:
1. Determining the safety needs of the organization.
2. Planning, developing, and recommending safety programs of specific
activities for groups of employees.
3. Evaluating the effectiveness of the safety plans and programs.
4. Generating safety information and conducting safety meetings with
employees or supervisory groups.
5. Assisting the immediate supervisor in investigating accidents to determine
causes and recommend remedial actions.
6. Preparing and maintaining records and reports covering all aspects of the
safety program.
These duties encompass a magnitude of tasks, especially within a large utility.
The safety officer should also assume responsibility for maintaining managements
interest in safety, working with and through committees as required, and promoting
the concept that each and every employee has a personal responsibility for safety.
Managements Responsibility
Management must exert the leadership in safety, as in all phases of work. It is
managements responsibility to define a policy conducive to sound safety performance.
Management also has the responsibility of taking an active interest in safety by
demonstrating leadership and providing commendation to those who follow through
with sound safety practices.
Management should realize that a safety program must be managed just like
any other program within the utility. The program should be based on realistic and
measurable goals and objectives, and timetables should be established to achieve
these objectives. It is necessary for management to periodically determine whether or
not the established goals and objectives are being reached. This is done by a review of
the utilitys safety performance measured against specific criteria. This review is no
different than looking to determine whether a budget is over or under.
Safety Departments Responsibility

When an organization is large enough, a separate safety department should be
created in order to conduct a more formal program. Notices circulated by the
department should be directed to department managers and not to any specific
employee(s). The safety departments functions should be to perform an independent
review of employee work practices and then to advise, assist, and counsel; its function
should not be one of control. The functions of a safety program will be discussed in
detail in a subsequent part of this chapter.
Supervisors Responsibility
An employees supervisor has a key responsibility in safety. The supervisor sets the
patterns and has direct control over the work of all employees. The supervisor is in a
IMPLEMENTING/MAINTAINING A PROGRAM
position to instruct and counsel the employees on safe working habits, to review their
work for compliance with safety regulations, and to effectively control all aspects of
the work. In the small utility, the supervisor must also plan and implement a safety
program.
Employees Responsibility
The employee also shares in the responsibility of safety. His or her responsibility is to
work in conformance with established safety regulations. A careful review of accident
statistics would indicate a failure on the part of the employee to fulfill his or her
responsibilities. An employee must use the equipment provided and be cognizant of
the responsibility to work safely, thereby, protecting himself or herself and fellow
employees.
POLICY STATEMENT
One of the first steps in establishing a safety program is to issue a policy statement.
This policy statement should be issued by the highest level of management within the
utility. Every organization, regardless of its size, should issue a policy statement. In
the small utility, it maybe an informal but written statement by the person in charge.
This policy defines the managers interest in employee welfare as well as in the
efficient operation of the utility. The policy should briefly state the following:
1. The organizations recognition of the need for safety in order to stimulate
efficiency, improve service, build employee morale, and promote better public
relations.
2. The organizations interest in the employeeto provide proper equipment
and working conditions, and to promote safety and the expectation that the individual
employee will maintain safe work practices.
3. The fact that the human factor (the unsafe act) rather than the mechanical is
the most significant cause of accidents, thus emphasizing the employees responsibility to perform the job safely.
4. That an essential part of the supervisors job is responsibility for development of safe work practices and their enforcement.
The safety policy should not be allowed to stagnate. It is important that
management periodically review the policy to ensure that it remains up to date.
Annual review is recommended.
COMMITTEES FOR SAFETY

Among the most effective tools for establishing and maintaining an effective safety
program are committees. The committee members are aware of the importance of
safety and are constantly reminded of safety matters during the meetings they
attend. Naturally, the committees should operate with the assistance and guidance of
the safety professional, but it is important that committee members are able to
express independent judgments and allowed to make effective recommendations on
various aspects of the program. In the following paragraphs, three different
safety-related committees are described along with their functions and
responsibilities.
Management Committee
A management committee appointed by the utilitys chief executive should have five
or six members, all from the department-director level. There should be
representation from the operating activities area as well as the financial area and
customer services.
The purpose of this committee is to advise and assist management in
implementing a well-organized safety program and to recommend, as appropriate,
changes in the overall program to improve efficiency and encourage employees to
increase their safety efforts.
In forming a safety committee, the objectives and policies should be put in
writing so that they can be understood by everyone. Functions of this committee
include
1. Regularly scheduled meetingsplanned and instructivefor passing on
information to other employees.
2. Action of the committee as a clearinghouse for ideas, activities, and
follow-ups.
3. Investigation of major accidents and causes, and recommendations to prevent
their recurrence.
4. Supervision of safety awards and contests.
5. Assistance in establishing safety standards and operating methods.
6. Suggestions for a safety education program.
7. Inspections and suggestions for specific job practices.
Working Committee
A working committee should be appointed by management with a membership of
approximately five individuals from the supervisor level. This committee brings
together personnel who are exposed daily to work situations and activities where
accidents happen. The purpose of the working committee is to create interest in safety
within the work force and to emphasize employee responsibility for the prevention of
accidents. In addition, committee members are given the opportunity to discuss
accident prevention and safe practices as related to operating policies and methods,
resulting in improved cooperation among operating employees. This committee meets
more frequently than the management committee.
Suggested working committee activities include
1. Reporting to the safety committee on unsafe conditions and practices.
2. Instructing and warning fellow workers of dangerous practices.
3. Assisting in the investigations of accidents and making recommendations for
accident prevention.
4. Improving a cooperative spirit between employees and management.
5. Furnishing an opportunity for workers to take an active interest in the safety
program.
6. Maintaining interest of all employees in the safety program.
Accident Review Board

The third committee is an accident review board with specialized responsibilities to
investigate and determine the causes of accidents. In the appointment of an accident
review board, it is essential that individuals with an objective, unbiased approach be
selected who will create an atmosphere of equality and fairness between the employee
and the utility.
This board determines the extent of an employees responsibility in an accident
and makes effective recommendations to prevent similar accidents. The accident
review board works primarily in the field of fleet safetyinvestigating vehicular
accidents. However, in cases of serious occupational injuries, the board can be used to
determine causes and recommend remedial action.
IMPLEMENTING/MAINTAINING A PROGRAM
Membership on the accident review board should include individuals from the
supervisory level appointed by management. Representation at the board hearings
should include the immediate supervisor and his or her superior representing the
employee for whom the accident hearing is being held. Generally the board acts on
accidents in the following categories:
1. Where the employee has had three vehicular or three occupational-injury
accidents in any 12 consecutive months.
2. Where the employee has had five or more vehicular or five or more
occupational-injury accidents in any three-year period.
3. Where the employee has been involved in an occupational injury requiring
hospitalization.
4. Where the employee has been charged with negligent collision by the local
police department.
5. Where the employee has been involved in a vehicular accident in which the
monetary damage exceeded $500.
The review board uses information from many sources, including police reports,
employee statements, witnesses, and supervisors, and prepares reports of its findings
and recommendations.
It is important that these committees be established, at the direction of
management, with specific functions and a genuine interest in promoting a safe work
program. A large utility might have several committees, each with specific duties;
smaller utilities could have one committee responsible for the entire safety program.
Even in organizations as small as 25 employees, a committee would provide a useful
function by drawing attention to and acquiring managements interests in safety. In
these cases, the superintendent of the water utility may well be the committee chair.
AWWA MANUAL
Chapter
M3
2
Safety Records,
Statistics, and Reports
The foundation of any safety program consists of records, statistics, and reports. To be
effective, preventive measures must be based on complete and unbiased knowledge of
the accident causes. Regardless of the size of the utility, it is essential that a method
of reporting and recording accidents and injuries be established and maintained.
RECORDS AND REPORTS ___________________________________

Safety records serve two purposes:
1. To form the basis for the accident-prevention program itself.
2. To furnish the information needed for preparing and recording compensation
costs.
It is only through these recorded facts that proper investigations can be made,
the types and sources of accidents and injuries recorded, and the causes determined.
From these records, corrective measures should be taken to prevent similar accidents
or injuries in the future.
Employee Record
An individual employees safety record should be maintained. This can be a simple
card incorporating the employees name and date of hire and a chronological listing
showing the date, type of accident, and whether it was the result of an unsafe act
and/or condition. An individual record will be used frequently to review an employees
accident history. The card can be maintained by the safety officer, and the information
can be extracted from the accident reports.
Occupational-Injury Report
All occupational injuries, regardless of their severity, should be reported by an
employee to his or her foreman or supervisor immediately after the incident.
RECORDS, STATISTICS, AND REPORTS
An occupational injury is defined as any personal injury sustained by an employee

during the course of work.
Report forms. The form used for reporting accidents and injuries should be
simple but informative. Enough information should be secured from both the injured
employee and the supervisor to permit proper analysis of the accident, even at a much
later date.
Two types of forms can be used to report personal injuries, depending on their
seriousness. The first form is used for accidents in which the injury does not require
a doctors attention but can be handled by first aid at the job site. This form provides
the necessary information in case the injury becomes more serious at a later date
(Figure 2-1). This first-aid form, therefore, provides a record at the time of the
incident so that information is available to prepare a more detailed report. The second
form is more detailed in nature and is used when a doctors attention is required
(Figure 2-2).
Reporting the injury. The employee is responsible for reporting an injury,
while the supervisor is responsible for correctly preparing the proper forms. Serious
accidents should be investigated by the safety professional, since the officer will look
for causes frequently overlooked by the supervisor. The safety officer can, during the
course of the investigation, determine corrective actions to be taken.
Follow-up investigation. The follow-up investigation provides an excellent
opportunity for the safety professional to speak with the individual employee and
point out causes of the accident and the importance of exercising care and caution.
REPORT OF FIRST-AID INJURY

(Occupational Injury)
Employee __________________________________
Employee # ________
Date & Time of Injury ___________________________________ 19 ______
Division--Section ________________
__________________ a.m./p.m.
Nature of Injury _________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Cause of Injury _________________________________________________________________________________
Action taken to prevent repeat of accident (when applicable) _____________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Remarks (Reviewer) _____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Reported by _____________________________________
(Foreman or Supervisor)
Reviewed by __________________________________
(Supervisor or Dept. Head)
Figure 2-1 Report form for a not-too-serious injury.
SUPERVISORS REPORT OF ACCIDENT

(Occupational Injury)
Injured Employee __________________________________

Date of Accident ___________________
Employee # ________
Time ____________ a.m./p.m.
Area ___________________
Employees Occupation _____________
Place of Accident _______________________________________________________________________________

Nature of Injury _________________________________________________________________________________
Name of Doctor _________________________________________________________________________________
Name of Hospital _______________________________________________________________________________
Witnesses (Name and Address) ____________________________________________________________________
(See Reverse Side)
____________________________________________________________________
DESCRIPTION OF ACCIDENT
(See Instructions on Reverse Side)
Information is to be used for preventing similar accidents. Answer questions specifically, not in generalities. The
safety officer, as required, will conduct independent investigations of accidents.
1.
What job was employee doing? _______________________________________________________________
2.
What tools, materials, and/or equipment were being used? _________________________________________
3.
What specific action caused the accident? ______________________________________________________
4.
How did the employee contribute to the accident? ________________________________________________
5.
Were the proper safety protection devices being used? ____________________________________________
6.
What materials, tools, etc. were defective or in unsafe condition? How? _______________________________
7.
What work methods or acts caused the accident? ________________________________________________
8.
What safeguards should have been used? ______________________________________________________
9.
What steps will you take to prevent similar injuries? _______________________________________________
10.
What other steps should be taken to prevent a recurrence? ________________________________________
11.
Did you see the accident?
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
[ ] Yes
[ ] No
Date of report __________________________
______________________________________________________
Foreman or Immediate Supervisor
REVIEWING AUTHORITY
COMMENTS: (Did you investigate the accident? [ ] Yes
Division Supervisor
Date
[ ] No)
COMMENTS:
Department Director
Date
(form continues on next page)
Figure 2-2 Report form used when a doctor will be involved.
INSTRUCTIONS
This report is to be completed on all injuries occurring on the job that required treatment by a doctor. The immediate
supervisor or foreman of the injured employee should investigate the accident thoroughly, then complete this report
in detail. The completed report (original and one copy) should be forwarded to the safety officer not later than the
day following the accident. Reports with incomplete information will be returned.
The names of ALL witnesses to the accident should be listed. Should a lawsuit result from the injuries, these
persons statements would be important.
In completing the report, the Description of Accident portion should be specific and not generalized statements. For
example:
QUESTION 1:
Describe exactly what job the injured employee was doing, such as Employee was loading water
pump onto truck.
QUESTION 2:
Describe what tools, materials, or equipment were being used to accomplish work assignment.
QUESTION 3:
Describe what specific action caused the accident, such as Employee slipped and water pump hit
his side.
QUESTION 4:
Describe what act the employee did or did not do that caused the injury, such as Employee was
not using hand crane to load pump.
QUESTION 5:
State what safety protection devices were provided and if they were being used.
QUESTION 6:
Describe any defects in equipment, materials, or tools and other unsafe conditions that existed
at job site.
QUESTION 7:
Describe what was wrong with work methods being used or other acts that caused the accident,
such as The hand crane is provided to load and unload heavy items from the truck. Employee was
in a hurry and did not use the crane.
QUESTION 8:
State what safeguards were being used and what safeguards should have been used.
QUESTION 9:
State what steps you will take to prevent similar injuries, such as Accident was discussed with
crew at weekly safety tailgate meeting.
QUESTION 10: State what else should be done to prevent recurrence, such as Foreman or helper should check
loading and unloading of equipment to ensure that safe procedures are followed.
QUESTION 11: Check if you did or did not actually see the accident.
FOR SAFETY DEPARTMENT USE
Date Investigated ____________________________
By _______________________________________________
Signature
Remarks Concerning Investigation __________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Age of Injured ______________
Length of Service _____________________
Figure 2-2 Report form used when a doctor will be involved (continued).
10
In addition, the safety officer can speak with the supervisors, making them aware of
the need to provide training and advice to their employees on safe working habits.
In addition, the fact that an independent investigation will be made of the
accident will cause the supervisor to prepare more accurate accident reports. It is
natural for supervisors to prepare their reports so as to de-emphasize the causes of
the accidents, particularly when the supervisors themselves may be at fault. It should
be emphasized that the purpose of the reports and the supplemental investigations is
not to embarrass the supervisor or employee for errors or failure to do things right; it
is to determine ways of preventing similar accidents.
Vehicle Accident Report

Vehicle accident reports should be simple. They should provide an accurate
description of the accident so that causes can be determined. The report form should
be prepared by the employee involved in the accident and should include diagrams of
the street situation, including accurate description of how the accident occurred. The
accident report should be reviewed and signed by the employees supervisors,
ensuring that the preparation is complete and accurate (Figure 2-3).
Once again, the safety officer can conduct a separate investigation, where
practical, at the scene of the accident. Reports from the local police department can
also be used to provide information. It is advisable to have employees operating utility
vehicles call the police after all accidents.
Analysis. The causes of vehicular accidents should be carefully analyzed. The
primary determination to be made on individual vehicular accidents is the
preventability of the accident. In other words, could the operator have prevented the
accident by taking proper precautionary measures?
It is here that defensive driving comes into play. Defensive driving is becoming
a recognized technique for operating fleets of vehicles and has received nationwide
attention during the past several years. Defensive driving places emphasis on the
development and use of correct observational habits, in addition to correct mechanical
operation of the vehicle and observation of traffic laws. The driver should take
necessary precautionary steps while driving, anticipate actions of other drivers, and
react to prevent accidents. In summary, the vehicle should be operated in a defensive
manner.
Public Injury Report

It is very important that detailed reports be prepared whenever a person not
employed by the utility is injured during utility activities. An immediate and detailed
investigation at the time of the incident will provide valuable information should the
injured individual subsequently claim damages against the utility. The employees
should make notes of the accident on their work orders or other reporting forms,
including names of those involved and description of the accident. Water utilities are
frequently subjected to claims for personal injury or property damage on the part of
the general public. The more accurate the information and the sooner it is recorded,
the better able the utility will be to determine the fairness of the claim.
Analysis. Proper analyses must be made of all accidents that involve the
general public. In these instances, accident statistics are not significant; however,
proper feedback from employees involved to the supervisor is important. Corrective
actions can be taken to protect the public properly.
CITY WATER BOARD

VEHICLE OR EQUIPMENT ACCIDENT OR DAMAGE REPORT
Date of This Report ___________________

Time of Accident
or Damage: Date ____________________
Reported to Equipment Supervisor:
Reported to Insurance Company:
Time __________ a.m./p.m.

Time ____________ a.m./p.m.
Date __________________________________
Time ____________ a.m./p.m.
Equipment # __________________
VEHICLE #1
Day of Week ___________________
Date _________________________________
Lics. # _____________________
Driver _____________________________________
Division __________________________
Make & Model _______________________

Department __________________________
Immediate Supervisor ____________________________
Approx. Speed Before Accident __________________________

Damage to Vehicle _______________________________
Speed Limit ________________
Approx. Cost $ __________________
Disposition of Vehicle ______________________________________________________________

Passengers in Vehicle ______________________________________________________________
VEHICLE #2
Make & Model _____________________________________
Lics. # _______________________
Driver ____________________________________________________
Address _________________________________________
Occupation _____________________________
Approx. Age ___________
Phone No. _____________________
Employer ________________________________
Approx. Speed Before Accident ___________________________

Damage to Vehicle ________________________________
Speed Limit _______________
Approx. Cost $ _________________
Disposition of Vehicle ______________________________________________________________

Passengers in Vehicle ______________________________________________________________
Insurance Company ________________________________________________________________
OTHER VEHICLE
INVOLVED?
________________________________________________________________________________
DAMAGE TO C.W.B. PROPERTY __________________________________________________________________
(other than vehicle)
_________________________________________________________________
DAMAGE TO OTHER PROPERTY _________________________________________________________________
(other than vehicle)
_________________________________________________________________
INJURED:
[ ] Driver
Name & Address _____________________________________________________________________

[ ] Passenger
Type of Injury
[ ] Pedestrian
________________________________________________________________________________
Disposition of Injured Person ______________________________________________________________________

WITNESSES:
Name & Address _______________________________________
Phone No. _________________
WITNESSES:
Name & Address _______________________________________
Phone No. _________________
Police Investigation:
[ ] Yes
[ ] No
[ ] Police Report Attached

(form continues on next page)
Figure 2-3 Typical vehicle accident report form.
11
12
Road:
Light Conditions:
Traffic Control:
Road Character:
[ ] Gravel
[ ] Daylight
[ ] Signal Lights
[ ] Straight
[ ] Paved
[ ] Dawn
[ ] Stop Signs
[ ] Curve
[ ] Wet
[ ] Darkness
[ ] Yield Signs
[ ] Level
[ ] Dry
[ ] Dusk
[ ] Unmarked
[ ] Hillcrest
Describe fully what happened (refer to vehicles by number). _____________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Driver __________________________________________________________________
Supervisor ______________________________________________________________
Department Director _______________________________________________________
Figure 2-3 Typical vehicle accident report form (continued).
13
USE OF STATISTICS AND REPORTS __________________________

The importance of creating adequate reports after every accident or injury has
previously been emphasized. Equally important is the use of these reports to prepare
statistics, which are used to advise management, supervision, and the work force
about the type and cause of occupational injuries and vehicular accidents. These
statistics and reports should be used to identify the types of accidents that are
happening and the corrective actions to be taken to prevent their recurrence. There is
little value in having a drawer full of reports and statistics that are never seen by the
work force.
Report Analyses
The safety officer should analyze each accident report and classify it using a
systematic method. When working with occupational injuries, they should be broken
down as to type, source, and cause.
Type refers to the kind of injury involved and usually falls into one of the
following classes:
cuts, bruises, contusions, and lacerations;

sprains----strains;
fractures----bones (broken);
burns;
bites;
infections;
eye injuries; and
miscellaneous.
Source refers to those actions or objects usually leading to the accident,

including the following:
handling objects;
falling objects;
falls;
stepping on or striking objects;
machinery;
heat (fire, steam, etc.); and
other.
Cause refers to the action, the lack of action, or the defect that led to the
accident (these do not necessarily involve human injury). Usually causes can be
divided into the following three groups:
Unsafe acts----not using accepted safe procedures (operating or working at unsafe

speeds, working in incorrect or unsafe positions, using unsafe equipment, failing
to wear proper protective equipment, horseplay, distraction);
Unsafe personal factors----mental or physical characteristics (improper attitude,

indifference, overconfidence, anger, disregard of instructions, lack of knowledge
14
or skill, inexperience, disregard for danger, fatigue, nervousness, intoxication);

and
Unsafe mechanical or physical conditions (improperly guarded equipment;

defects in tools and equipment; unsafe work areas or conditions; bad housekeeping; hazardous arrangements of tools and equipment; improper dress; unsafe
mechanical or physical conditions; unsafe use of machines, materials, or tools).
In analyzing a specific accident, determine the type of injury, source of injury,
and cause of injury. Frequently, substantial overlap among the three categories
outlined will occur. Generally, accidents are caused by human error.
Frequency of Reports
Reports should be published frequently and systematically. A quarterly report
covering both occupational and fleet safety statistics is beneficial. These reports
should be cumulative during the year and should be distributed as soon as possible
after the completion of each quarter. Data for the calendar year to date as well as the
year preceding each report will provide comparative information on the status of the
safety program. The reports can include the following data:
1. Direct medical costs.
2. Indirect costs (computed at one to five times the direct costs to include
services, supervisory costs, claim settlements, lost time, and reduced efficiency).
3. Total costs, which include direct and indirect costs.
4. Number of lost-time injuries.
5. Number of injuries requiring medical attention.
6. Number of injuries or incidents requiring first aid.
7. Number of lost-time days.
The statistics can be divided according to the organizational structure of the
utility, including the names of the supervisors. The departments can then be arranged
in descending order from those having the highest cost of injuries to those with the
lowest.
Additional data that can be included in the report are the name of the injured
employee, medical costs, type of injury, and the name of the foreman involved.
Quarterly reports on vehicle accidents should include a comparison between the
current and the previous year. The statistics should include the number of
preventable, nonpreventable, and total accidents by department. Reports should be
circulated to management and the entire supervisory force, including general
foremen. In addition, the reports can be used at monthly safety meetings.
Smaller utilities may not have sufficient data to publish reports as frequently as
every three months; other techniques can be used to bring the information to the
attention of the employee group. Even oral communication will serve a valuable
purpose.
MEASURING SAFETY _______________________________________

A guide to properly and uniformly established methods of interpreting injuries has
been used throughout the safety industry for many years. This guide, developed by
the American National Standards Institute (ANSI),* is titled Method of Recording
and Measuring Work Injury Experience. The first edition of the guide (ANSI
Standard Z16.1) was approved and published in 1937; the last revision was approved
*American National Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018.
15
Dec. 27, 1969. In 1973, it was reaffirmed without revision. It was withdrawn in 1989,
but is still widely used.
With the advent of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
and the development of recordkeeping requirements for those organizations under the
jurisdiction of federal or state OSHA regulations, the ANSI Z16 committee began
work to develop an American National Standard that would be compatible with the
Z16.1 standard and the OSHA system. In 1977, ANSI Z16.4, titled Uniform
Recordkeeping for Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, was approved. This standard
was also withdrawn in 1989 but is still widely used.
A majority of US water utilities are not required to abide by the OSHA
recordkeeping requirements, because they are municipally owned and located in a
state not operating under an OSHA plan. However, AWWA has decided to use the
OSHA recordkeeping format for utility statistics. This is done to maintain uniformity
with those utilities and other organizations, such as the National Safety Council, that
must keep records.
Every water utility should have the Z16.1 or Z16.4 standard available and make
use of it, since it provides validity to our industrys safety statistics. It also makes
possible comparison of the water utilitys safety record with that of any other
organization in the United States. Use of this guide will assist the safety officer or the
utility manager in determining the effectiveness of the safety program, the need for
increased emphasis on safety, and the progress made toward reducing accidents.
Measuring Program Effectiveness

The effectiveness of a safety program can be easily measured using three uniformly
applied statistics: the OSHA incidence rate, the disabling-injury frequency rate, and
the disabling-injury severity rate. OSHAs incidence rate is based on the number of
injuries that require more than first aid per 200,000 hours worked. Simply defined,
the frequency rate is the number of lost-time accidents per million employee-hours
worked; the severity rate is the number of days lost or charged per million
employee-hours worked.
Incidence rate. The OSHA incidence rate uses the following formula to
determine the lost-time workday cases incidence rate:
number of recordable injuries (or lost-time workday cases) 200,000
total hours worked

= OSHA incidence rate
Disabling-injury frequency rate. A disabling injury includes death and
permanent-total, permanent-partial, and temporary-total disability. The rate can be
calculated for any period of time, but most frequently it is computed on an annual
basis. It is calculated by multiplying the number of disabling injuries by 1 million and
dividing by the total number of employee-hours worked for the period. For example, a
water utility employs 65 people who worked 2080 hours a year for a total of 135,200
hours. The organization had two lost-time injuries. Therefore, the injury frequency
rate is calculated as follows: (2 1,000,000) 135,200 = 14.79 lost-time accidents
per million hours.
Disabling-injury severity rate. The disabling-injury severity rate is calculated by multiplying the number of lost-time days by 1 million and dividing by the
total number of employee-hours worked. For example, lets assume the number of
lost-time days for the two injuries used in the previous example was 30. Therefore,
16
the disabling-injury severity rate is calculated as follows: (30 1,000,000)

135,200 = 222 days lost per million hours.
ANSI Z16.1 clearly defines what constitutes disabling injuries. The standard
also establishes arbitrary numbers of days to be charged for certain serious injuries,
including loss of fingers, thumbs, hands, toes, arms, legs, eyes, and other body parts.
COSTS OF ACCIDENTS _____________________________________

Proper analysis of the costs of all accidents will make supervision and management
aware of the value of an effective safety program. The direct costs of occupational
injuries include the medical expenses paid and compensation for time not worked.
These direct costs, however, are a small part of the expenses involved. The indirect
costs will generally exceed the direct costs by a very substantial amount. The items
that can be easily overlooked but are involved in indirect costs include
1. Lost time of fellow employees who stop work to aid injured, to express
sympathy for injured or deceased, or for other reasons.
2. Time of foreman, supervisor, or others in assisting injured, investigating the
accident, arranging for continued work, arranging for new employees, and making
reports.
3. Lost production.
4. Damage to machinery, equipment, and materials.
5. Unfinished or spoiled product or materials.
6. Lessened effectiveness of employee after returning to work.
7. Loss of business, goodwill, or favorable public relations.
8. Legal fees, court costs, and settlements.
9. Reduced employee morale.
As previously indicated, the indirect costs are those that are not fully apparent
or appreciated by supervision or management, but they do substantially increase
operating costs.
AWWA MANUAL
Chapter
M3
3
Safety Programs
The backbone of any safety program is safety education and training. In fact,
practically all phases of a safety program involve safety education or training.
Regardless of utility size, some form of safety education and training is needed.
EDUCATION AND TRAINING________________________________

Safety education and training brings the importance of safety to the employees
attention and constantly reminds the employee of that importance. An education and
training program should provide something of interest and value for all levels of
employees, and it should be continually planned and promoted. It is through constant
education and training, both formal and informal, that safety becomes meaningful
and real within the organization.
Job Safety Analysis

A job safety analysis (JSA) breaks down a task into basic steps. This is done in order
to review what hazards may be associated with the task and to determine the proper
method of safely accomplishing the task (Figure 3-1).
This procedure should be used for tasks that have high injury potential,
historically have high injuries, or for tasks that are critical to an operation. An
established JSA can be used as a training tool to ensure tasks are done properly and
safely.
Safety Manual
A safety manual is an effective educational tool that includes policies, practices, and
rules regarding safety that have been established within a utility. Sufficient
information should be included in the manual to guide and assist the working
supervisor. The supervisor should explain the manual and see that employees read it,
understand it, and use it. Employees can be required to sign a document stating that
they have, in fact, read the rules stated within the manual and understand them.
Written or oral exams to determine the employees knowledge could be made part of
the program. A letter from the general manager or water superintendent may be
17
18
JOB ANALYSIS
Department __________________________________
Effective Date _________________________________
Section ______________________________________
Job Analyzed _________________________________
WHAT TO DO
Code No. ____________________________________
HOW TO DO IT
Prepared by ___________________________________
PROBLEMS AVOIDED
Reviewed by ________________________________
Figure 3-1 Sample job safety analysis.
SAFETY PROGRAMS
19
included in the manual as an introduction. This letter should express the managers
interest in the program and the benefits to be derived from safe work practices.
It is the safety officers responsibility to publish and maintain a manual that is
widely circulated among supervisors and employees. The safety manual should be
periodically reviewed and updated. New processes, facilities, and changing rules and
regulations will require the safety officer or a designated individual(s) to ensure the
manual is up to date and accurate.
Topics in a safety manual can include
safety policy;
enforcement of safety regulations and corrective discipline;
workers compensation;
general safety regulations;
occupational-accident and injury reporting procedures;
safety committees;
monthly safety meetings;
weekly safety meetings;
general----safe working practices;
specific----safe working practices;
fire prevention; and
first aid.
There are many excellent publications available from the National Safety
Council, AWWA, and other groups that smaller utilities can use for their safety
manual. The publications incorporate valuable general information and, in many
cases, specific data that can be used to solve day-to-day problems.
Meetings
Safety meetings are an excellent method of systematically providing employees with
information and data about the utilitys safety program. Meetings improve
communications between the safety division and supervisory personnel responsible
for safe operating conditions. They create an interest in safety and provide the
opportunity to discuss safe work practices, discuss accident prevention, clarify safety
responsibilities, report safety statistics, and consider related matters. Outside
speakers, such as the utility doctor or manufacturers representatives, are informative providing their topics have specific application to the work. Participation at
safety meetings by top management is an excellent way to show the commitment that
they have for the safety program. Top management should attend safety meetings
once or twice a year----more frequent attendance is recommended.
Meetings should be conducted regularly by the safety officer or supervisor and
should include supervisors and employees from departments subject to hazardous
working conditions. Small utilities can conduct safety meetings even if the meeting is
simply an informal gathering at the close of the workday.
Safety Talks
The safety talk, a short, informal meeting (five minutes or so) conducted by the
first-line supervisor--foreman at the work site, is an excellent way to maintain
employee interest in the safety program. Such talks provide an orderly method of
communication between the workers and the foreman. It provides an opportunity to
20
instruct the workers in safe work attitudes and methods and trains employees to be
safe workers.
Topics for safety meetings are published annually by AWWA. The book of topics
contains 52 safety talks, so that a different talk can be used each week. The person
giving the safety talk should do the following:
1. Schedule the meeting far enough in advance so that there is sufficient time to
become familiar with the subject. Present the subject in his or her own words without
reading the entire text.
2. Hold the meeting in a suitable spot in the shop or field, whichever is most
convenient.
3. Keep the meeting short, normally five minutes, so seating is not absolutely
necessary.
4. Be sure that employees can see and hear the speaker.
5. Try to hold the meeting immediately before or after the noon hour when work
will not be interrupted and the area is relatively quiet.
6. Avoid distractions so employees will derive full benefit from the presentation.
7. Prior to the meeting, gather posters and hand out literature and other
material intended for use at the meetings.
8. Whenever possible, use actual equipment to illustrate points. For example,
use mushroomed tool heads or broken hammer handles to illustrate how they can
cause accidents. Proper use of equipment may be illustrated with fire extinguishers,
protective clothing, and goggles.
9. Document the meeting. The subject discussed should be noted and keep a file
of those in attendance.
Safety Posters
Safety posters are used to remind employees of the importance of safe work habits.
Each year, the AWWA Accident Prevention Subcommittee selects twelve 812 11-in. posters that are most applicable to the water utility industry. The posters are
selected from entries to the annual AWWA Safety Poster Contest. Posters should be
placed on bulletin boards or at other specified spots where employees will observe
them during work hours. They should be changed frequently to create attention
among employees. The number of locations where poster displays are desired should
be counted. The required number of sets can be ordered from AWWA so that each
month the same poster can be displayed at all locations.
INSPECTIONS______________________________________________
Any successful safety program includes planned inspections. These are conducted to
help management identify unsafe conditions, unsafe work practices, and to ensure the
workplace is being properly maintained. Inspections are also conducted for reasons
other than those mentioned above. Laws may require inspection of certain equipment
or activities, and manufacturers standards may require inspections of specific
equipment.
Establishing a Program
To establish an inspection program, it is necessary to first determine what needs to be
inspected. This requires a review of laws regulating water utilities, as well as
managements desire to maintain equipment and facilities. The items discussed
throughout this manual should be considered when determining what should be
inspected, including fire-fighting equipment, motor vehicles, heavy equipment,
SAFETY PROGRAMS
21
personal protective equipment, housekeeping procedures, and work site conditions.

Checklists, like the one shown in Figure 3-2, should then be developed to assist the
inspector in assuring that the inspection is conducted efficiently and effectively.
Determining who will perform the inspection and when the inspection will be
made will depend on the laws currently in place. Managements control of and
commitment to the safety program will also affect this determination.
The first-line supervisor plays a key role in the inspection program because he
or she generally has the authority to take corrective actions when problems are
uncovered. Of course, other individuals may be involved in safety inspections,
including management who can show its commitment to safety by conducting periodic
inspections. Additionally, the safety officer should conduct periodic inspections to
ensure the safety program is being implemented. The safety committee can also
inspect as part of its responsibility.
Inspection Guidelines
Regardless of who inspects, the following guidelines will make the inspection program
effective:
1. Use a checklist; it provides for more efficient and effective inspections.
2. Take immediate action on unsafe conditions or practices if possible.
3. Put findings in writing.
4. Ensure there is a follow-up system for those items that cannot be corrected
immediately.
EMPLOYEE RECOGNITION __________________________________

A safety program should provide ways of recognizing employees or groups of
employees who establish good safety records. Employee recognition is as important as
employee education, because it draws attention to and provides incentives for the
safety program.
Individual Recognition
There are many ways of providing individual recognition, including annual awards
and publicity in employee newspapers. An annual award program for employees in
the more hazardous occupations is very effective.
Annual Awards. An annual award program creates increased employee
interest in personal safety records. Awards can be given to employees with five years
or more of service without an occupational injury requiring medical attention
(services of the utility doctor) or without a chargeable/preventable vehicular accident.
The award used can be a variety of items, from coffee mugs to cash. The point is
the fact that the employee is being recognized for safety performance.
The costs of such a program are small when the results are measured. It
encourages employee interest, arouses competitive spirit among employees, and
reduces medical costs.
Organizational Recognition
Organization recognition is awarded to an entire utility or a section of a utility that
has established an excellent safety record. Organizational awards are given by
AWWA, the National Safety Council, and state or provincial safety organizations.
Management should ensure that receipt of such an award receives publicity
through the local newspapers and the utilitys governing body (for example, city
council, board of trustees). Such publicity should make all employees feel that they
22
District __________________________________________
JOB SITE INSPECTION REPORT

Location _____________________________
Foreman ___________________________
Date _______________
Description of Work: Main Installation, Leak, Service Repair Installation, Paving, Other ________________________
Condition and protection satisfactory?
Yes
No
NA*
Remarks
Truck
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
________________________
Dump truck
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
________________________
Backhoe
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
________________________
End loader
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
________________________
Compressor
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
________________________
Tamper
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
________________________
Other
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
________________________
Shoring (over five) necessary
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
________________________
Spoil dirt (two feet) back from edge,

excavations under five feet
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
________________________
Ladder, excavations over four feet
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
________________________
Barricades
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
________________________
Cones
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
________________________
Lights (flasher)
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
________________________
Flagperson or swamper
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
________________________
Other
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
________________________
Walkways, clear
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
________________________
Material stockpile
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
________________________
Signs
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
________________________
Other
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
________________________
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
________________________
Hard hats
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
________________________
Eye protection
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
________________________
Foot protection
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
________________________
Ear protection
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
________________________
Rainwear
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
________________________
Gloves
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
________________________
Equipment
Excavation
Traffic Control
Public Safety
Housekeeping
Job site
Personal Protection
Comments: ____________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
*NA = Not applicable.
Inspector _________________________________________
NOTE: Copy of completed report shall be sent to district manager, district risk manager, and division risk
management director.
Figure 3-2 Job-site inspection checklist.
SAFETY PROGRAMS
Figure 3-3 Employee safety suggestion card.
23
24
had a part in earning the award. Emphasis should be placed on the fact that each and
every employee had an important part in establishing the record that earned the
award.
MISCELLANEOUS PROGRAMS ______________________________

Two popular safety programs that can be instituted in any utility are a safety
newsletter and a safety suggestion program. These programs are discussed briefly in
the following paragraphs.
Safety Newsletter
A safety newsletter prepared and published by the safety officer is an effective
method of communication. The format should be simple and incorporate items of
interest to the employees. It should be published regularly (monthly or bimonthly)
and distributed to all employees. The current safety record indicating the period of
time since the last lost-time injury can be highlighted as well as recognition of
individuals who receive awards or make contributions to the field of safety. Home
safety tips can also be included as a way to encourage interest in the publication by
the employees families.
Safety Suggestions
Another program to encourage employee participation in safety is a suggestion
program, which generates employee suggestions on ways to prevent accidents, reduce
injuries to employees, and avoid damage to equipment. To be effective, a suggestion
program must be objectively administered by a group of employees with diversified
knowledge of the day-to-day operations. The program can be defined in a simple
booklet distributed to all employees. The booklet should include the following:
objective of the program,

persons eligible to participate,
limitations of suggestion guidelines, and
operation of the suggestion system.
Suggestion boxes can be located at strategic points throughout the utility, with
forms available for the employees to submit their suggestions (Figure 3-3A and B).
Suggestions should be judged monthly, with a monthly award given for the best
suggestion. The individual receiving the monthly award should also receive a letter of
commendation from the utility manager. The employees name and details of the
suggestion can be published in the safety newsletter. The best annual safety
suggestion can also be determined, with an appropriate award to the employee.
To ensure continued participation in the suggestion program, it is essential that
all suggestions submitted in good faith be acknowledged regardless of whether or not
they were selected for an award. If a suggestion cannot be implemented, the employee
should be provided with an explanation. This feedback lets the employee know that
his or her suggestion was given consideration and that management is not just giving
lip service to the program.
AWWA MANUAL
Chapter
M3
4
Safety and
the Employee
Employees are a water utilitys number one asset. The following discussion is geared
toward ensuring the employee is able to perform his or her job safely.
DEVELOPING A SAFE WORK ATTITUDE

IN THE NEW EMPLOYEE ___________________________________
Much of what has been discussed up to this point has centered around the methods of
implementing a safe work attitude into the existing work force. It is equally
important that new employees be properly selected and that safe work attitudes be
emphasized during orientation and on-the-job training. Frequently, serious accidents
occur during the first few weeks of employment because new employees are anxious
to demonstrate their interest and desire to work hard. This very desire can lead to
unfortunate accidents unless the employees are properly counseled on the dangers
inherent in their work and the proper methods of working safely.
Steps Prior to Employment

Two important preplacement checks are an examination of the individuals prior work
history and a preplacement physical exam by a qualified physician. These steps
should be taken prior to hiring, while determining the qualifications of the
prospective employee.
Prior experience in doing the type of work for which the individual is to be
employed is also important. A satisfactory work record for construction work indicates
physical stamina and the ability to handle hard physical labor. It is only logical to
employ an individual with a good work record in the type of work that is required.
If an individual will be required to drive utility vehicles, the persons driving
record becomes an important issue. Motor vehicle records (MVRs) can usually be
obtained from local police departments or motor vehicle departments. Individuals
25
26
driving vehicles of a gross vehicle weight exceeding specific limits may be required to
follow specific licensing requirements.
A preplacement physical exam should be used to determine physical qualifications of the prospective employee for the type of work to be performed. The doctor
performing the examination should have a signed statement of the applicants
physical record (Figure 4-1). This provides the doctor with advance knowledge of
special conditions to be checked. The doctor should be familiar with the utility and
the type of work that the prospective employee will be performing. After the
examination, the doctor should recommend or disapprove employment of the
applicant on a physical or medical basis.
Many utilities have expanded the preplacement physical examination to include
audiometric testing, which provides a record on file of the workers hearing ability at
the time of hiring. This could be of value at a later date for comparison purposes in
the event of a claim of hearing loss.
Orientation of the New Employee

Once an individual is hired by a utility, the new employee should be notified of the
utilitys safety policies and practices. The safety officer should talk with the new
employee even before he or she reports to the work area. The discussion should
include safety policy, safety records, importance of accident reporting, and other
specific phases of safety. This orientation is particularly important for new employees
in construction work. In addition, the new employee gets a good impression of the
utility.
The employees immediate supervisor has a very important responsibility, that
is, the proper orientation to the specific working conditions of the job. All safety
requirements should be emphasized, including requirements for the equipment that
will be used. This should be done before the employee starts work.
With both the safety officer and the supervisor emphasizing the importance of
safety, the new employee will start work with a knowledge of the dangers involved in
the job and a proper attitude toward the utility.
During the first months of employment, additional time should be spent with a
new employee to continue training in safe work habits. The supervisor should not
assume that the individual will automatically know the safe method; instruction will
be required for each new task that is assigned. Proper instruction and training before
the work is started will prevent many accidents.
The foreman should consider any person recently employed or transferred as a
new employee. The following steps should be taken:
1. Instruct the employee thoroughly about the job.
2. Inform the employee about plant safety requirements, proper clothing, safety
goggles, and other important items.
3. Initially, place the employee under the charge of a safety-minded employee
for instructions; give the employee an opportunity to adjust to safe work procedures.
4. Check to determine if the employee is doing the job safely.
5. Reinstruct, if necessary.
WHEN ACCIDENTS HAPPEN ________________________________

Despite the best safety program possible, accidents will happen, and the foremen and
supervisors should be trained to handle the situation. Every organization should have
a defined method of handling accidents, including predetermined instructions to the
foreman.
SAFETY AND THE EMPLOYEE
MEDICAL REPORT
Name of applicant __________________________________________________
Marital status ______________
Position applied for _________________________________________________
Requires X ray [ ] Yes
[ ] No
CLINICAL HISTORY
Have you ever had or been told you had:
Epilepsy, convulsions, mental or nervous
breakdown, or other nervous disease?
Yes
No
[ ]
[ ]
Yes
No
A back injury or other injury

or deformity?
[ ]
[ ]
A hernia or rupture?
[ ]
[ ]
Any disease of the heart, high blood

pressure, shortness of breath, varicose
veins?
[ ]
[ ]
A surgical operation?
[ ]
[ ]
Any disease of the lungs, including

tuberculosis?
[ ]
[ ]
Have you ever been confined to a

hospital or sanatorium?
[ ]
[ ]
Rheumatism, arthritis, neuritis, or

any disease of bones, joints, or muscles?
[ ]
[ ]
Have you ever received workmens

compensation benefits?
[ ]
[ ]
Asthma, hay fever, anemia, low blood

pressure?
[ ]
[ ]
Have you had any diseases other

than those listed?
[ ]
[ ]
Have you any physical or nervous

condition that you think should
be considered in placing you?
__________________________________________
[ ]
[ ]
__________________________________________
Remarks: ______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
I warrant the above statements to be true as a basis for my application. False statements knowingly made are
cause for discharge during or after probation.
Date ______________________
Signature of applicant ______________________________________________

REPORT OF PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
(For use of examining physician)
I certify that I have carefully examined the above applicant covered by this medical report and find that the physical
condition is as follows:
1. General appearance ________________________
2. Height ____________
4. Heart ____________________________________
5. Blood pressure ____________________________
3. Weight ____________
6. Lungs ___________________________________
7. Urinary findings ____________________________
8. Eyes ____________________________________
9. Ears _____________________________________
10. Teeth ____________________________________
11. Feet _____________________________________
12. Hernia ___________________________________
13. Skin disease ______________________________
14. Bone or joint disorders ______________________
15. X ray ____________________________________
Recommendations and remarks: ____________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Date __________________________
Examining physician ___________________________________________
Figure 4-1 Medical history form.
27
28
Proper Medical Care

The first concern after an accident occurs is the injured employee. First aid should be
available at the job site, but discretion must be exercised when applying it. An injured
employee should be given first aid, but the individual should not be moved
unnecessarily if there is any indication of serious injury, particularly broken bones or
back injuries. If necessary, assistance should be called to the scene of the accident. If
the individual can be moved, he or she should be taken to a medical facility as soon
as possible.
Accident Cause
Once the employee is under competent medical care, the foreman should investigate
the causes of the accident. It is important to investigate immediately, specifics of the
accident are more easily remembered. Immediate notification of the safety officer will
facilitate the investigation and the quick access to proper medical assistance. Since
many vehicles are now equipped with radio communication, the foreman should be
instructed to contact the dispatcher in case of serious injuries. The dispatcher can
secure quick ambulance services if required and can advise the safety officer of the
accident.
Duty Status
When an injured employee requires medical care, it is then necessary to determine
the employees duty status. This responsibility rests with the doctor treating the
individual. Many injured employees may not be able to return to their regular work
immediately but are physically able to perform less-demanding duties. The
designation light duty or restricted work is frequently used for the work status of
injured employees not able to perform their regular duties. The company doctor
should define the type of work an injured employee can do and list what restrictions
the injured worker has.
Psychologically it is better for the injured employee to be on light-duty status
than to be completely relieved of duty. This justifies continuing full wages and allows
the employee to function productively. An organization that properly considers the
injured employees welfare will have a higher level of employee morale. Serious
injuries can result in low morale among employees if the utility neglects to provide
proper assistance to the injured employee and family.
Rehabilitation of the Injured Worker

In cases of serious injury, the employee may be permanently disabled or injured and
unable to return to regular duties. The utilitys insurance generally handles the
rehabilitation of these employees. It should provide training, if necessary, so that the
individual can fit into a job commensurate with his or her physical abilities. The
injured employee should feel that the work being done is productive and within his or
her qualifications, experience, and physical abilities. Continuing the employment of
the seriously injured, but rehabilitated, employee is beneficial, since other employees
recognize the organizations interest in the injured person.
INSURANCE AND COMPENSATION__________________________

It is essential (and required by law) that some form of protection, be it insurance or
workers compensation, be provided for the employee and the organization in case of
SAFETY AND THE EMPLOYEE
29
a serious accident. Such programs protect the employee and the organization from
undue financial expenses.
Occupational InjuriesWorkers Compensation

Within the United States, each state has workers compensation laws. This legislation
assumes that no one intentionally causes accidents. It provides a planned method to
ease the burden on the injured employee. All work-related injuries are considered
compensable, and the employer is charged with the responsibility for compensation to
the employee. Each utility should be familiar with the applicable state laws and the
protection provided the worker and the utility.
Insurance for Vehicular Accidents

The employee and the utility also require protection when an employee is involved in
an accident while operating a utility vehicle. Fleet insurance, which is provided by
many insurance companies, provides the necessary protection, particularly if personal
injury occurs. The insurance company handles the accident investigation, as well as
any litigation that might result from claims of the injured parties. In the case of a
serious accident, it is always possible for the driver, as well as the utility, to be sued.
Unless both are protected, undue hardship in the form of legal fees and settlements
could result.
AWWA MANUAL
Chapter
5
General Safety Practices
and Equipment
Although most utility workers agree that the right way to do a job is the safe way,
they do not agree on what constitutes the latter. It must be admitted that most jobs
can be done safely in more than one way, depending on such factors as competence,
experience, and alertness of the workers. An undefined work procedure, in which the
employee is free to choose the work procedures, will certainly result in confusion and
an increase in injuries. Safe work procedures for all jobs should be established and
standardized if the maximum benefits from an injury-prevention program are to be
attained. Standardization of safe work procedures together with adequate training
and teaching programsthe proven way to reduce injuriesare the basic requirements for safety.
The safety practices discussed in this chapter and following chapters were
prepared by experienced waterworks safety directors, laboratory technicians, superintendents, and engineers. Although it is hoped that the procedures presented are
acceptable to the majority of water utilities, it is expected that some improvisation
will be needed to cope with a wide variety of field conditions. Adopted changes in work
patterns should be written into the work standards. Such standards should be in
conformity with applicable state or other laws and should be carefully scrutinized for
possible errors.
BEFORE BEGINNING A JOB

An employee should carefully consider any job from the viewpoint of performing it
safely and efficiently. The employee should study the safety instructions and ask the
foreman for clarification when rules are not understood. Because the worker should
do only those jobs for which instructions have been given and for which he or she is
qualified to perform, the employee has the right to question an assignment believed
30
SAFETY PRACTICES AND EQUIPMENT
31
to be unsafe. The employee should be aware of unsafe circumstances or unusual

conditions, including unsafe equipment, unusual noises in machinery and other
places, fire, fumes, and other dangers. The employee should assess any unusual
situation that occurs and take intelligent action to correct the situation. The best set
of safety rules cannot make a safe worker, unless the worker learns to think safety,
act safely, and promote safety constantly.
Before beginning any task, an employee must read and obey all appropriate
signs and warnings. Signs often point out such features as safe load limits, the
number of workers allowed in hazardous locations, the time when equipment is
unsafe to operate, or where and how materials should be stored.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Furnishing personal protective equipment and enforcing its use should be a primary
part of any accident prevention program.
Face and Eye Protection

Suitable goggles and eye and face shields must be worn to protect the eyes and face
against impact. Eye protection must meet ANSI and federal standards. Although
goggles and face shields are available to fit over ordinary sunglasses, those with
prescription-ground safety lenses are more comfortable for anyone who must
frequently wear eye protection while on the job. These glasses also protect the eyes
when off the job.
A worker should not use a chisel or other impact tool on a hard, brittle material
unless eye protection is furnished (Figure 5-1). Chemical goggles or acid hoods should
be used when there is danger from heat or chemical action.
Figure 5-1 Protective eye goggles should be worn when using chisels or other impact tools on
hard, brittle material.
32
Welding and handling of molten metals may pose a danger from infrared and/or
ultraviolet radiation and the risk of molten-metal splash. To reduce radiant energy
transmitted to the interior of the eye, filter lenses should be worn according to the
following guide:
1. Shade no. 3 for protection against glare or reflected light, spot-welding
operations, or light brazing.
2. Shade no. 4 or shade no. 5 for light acetylene cutting and burning.
3. Shade no. 6 for general acetylene welding or arc welding, or use by welders
helper.
4. Shade no. 8 for heavy acetylene welding, cutting, or very light arc welding.
5. Shade no. 10 for arc welding up to 250 amp.
6. Shade no. 12 for arc welding at more than 250 amp and for atomic hydrogen
welding.
7. Shade no. 14 for carbon arc welding.
Because welders must also chip and clean the weld, they should wear spectacle
goggles under their welding helmets. Often workers fail to appreciate the need for eye
protection. If the precise reason for their objection is known, it can usually be
countered by education, logical persuasion, or personal appeal, plus supervisory
example. As a final note, periodic eye examinations by licensed doctors have been
found to reduce accidents among employees who sometimes do not realize that they
have vision deficiencies.
Foot Protection
Safety shoes and foot guards should be worn to guard the toes and feet when workers
are handling heavy objects or using heavy tools, such as concrete breakers
(Figure 5-2). Well-made work shoes with a steel-box toe are available at slightly more
than the cost of other good work shoes. This safety feature is also available in most
Figure 5-2 Foot guards should be worn when handling heavy objects or using heavy tools.
33
rubber boots. To obtain more protection from very heavy impacts, thick flanged and
corrugated sheet-metal foot guards are recommended. With the flange resting on a
firm floor surface, the foot guard should resist impact of at least 300 ft lb without
damaging the undershoe or injuring the foot.
Hand Protection
Hands are often exposed to friction, minor scratches, and bumps, in addition to the
injuries caused by rough, sharp, or hot materials, and chemically active substances.
Hand leathers, heavy gloves, or mittens of chrome-tanned cowhide, often reinforced
with steel staples or wire, are usually worn for protection when handling lumber,
rough castings, or similar objects. Asbestos or asbestos and fabric best protect the
hands from hot materials. When handling or mixing acids, alkalines, oils, solvents,
and other chemicals, rubber, neoprene, or plastic gloves are required, depending on
the substance. Aprons or other clothing made of the same material as the gloves may
also be necessary.
Necessary wrist and forearm protection determines the style and length of a
protective glove, unless a separate gauntlet is worn. Always remember that wearing
hand protection around revolving machinery is dangerous.
Body Protection
Proper body protection not only includes suitable overcoats, pants, overalls, or fully
encapsulated suits for protection from chemicals but should also include suitable
protection from inclement weather. In many instances, there should be no exposed
body parts during the course of a job.
Head Protection
Hard hats should be worn when there is a danger from falling tools or materials.
They should also be worn by construction and distribution crews, as well as anyone
visiting a job site. Hard hats are made of metal, plastic-impregnated fabric, or
fiberglass crowns suspended on an adjustable fabric headband. Straps can be used to
keep the hat in position when the wearer is bending over. Hard hats should be
comfortable, water resistant, well ventilated, and have great strength against impact.
Metal hats should not be worn where there may be an electrical hazard.
In addition to its use as a piece of personal protection equipment, the hard hat
serves as an eye-level warning to motorists and is, in reality, an adjunct to the
work-area protection. Hard hats also dress up a work crew and create a good public
image (Figure 5-3).
Safety Belts
Safety belts provide steady support for workers working in high places, on unstable
platforms, or with other unsuitable footing by carrying only a low static load. They
also protect workers from dangerous falls; the safety belt may be subjected to many
times the weight of the worker. When using safety belts, the length of free fall should
be held to an absolute minimum because of the internal damage that may be done by
a sudden jolt. To prevent this type of injury, shock absorbers are available. If possible,
a chest harness should be used instead of a waist belt.
34
Figure 5-3 Hard hats should be worn at all job sites.
RESPIRATORY EQUIPMENT
Utility workers are exposed to the following respiratory hazards:
nuisance dusts from rock, cement, coal, and wood;
dusts of toxic materials such as lead, arsenic, asbestos, and fluorides;
mists and fumes from chemicals and heated metals;
vapors and gases such as chlorine, ammonia, and carbon monoxide; and
oxygen-deficient atmospheres created by chemical action or displacement by
other gases or vapors.
Respiratory problems from these hazards range from mild irritation to death.
Because some of the most lethal gases and atmospheric conditions give few, if any,
clearly recognizable warnings to the unsuspecting worker, the worker must be aware
of all possible hazards so that the correct respiratory protection can be used.
Adequate ventilation and elimination of the hazardous process producing the
contamination are the preferred methods of reducing or eliminating a respiratory
hazard. If these steps are taken, respiratory equipment will provide an extra factor of
safety for the stray or reduced concentration of contaminants still present. This
equipment should be available to effect shutoffs in case of accidental leaks or for
emergency rescues. Recommendations from the National Institute of Occupational
Safety and Health (NIOSH) should be followed when selecting respiratory protection.
There are two types of respiratory protection. The first type removes contaminants from the ambient air and is called an air-purifying respirator. The second
35
type of respiratory protection provides air from a source other than the surrounding
atmosphere. These are called atmosphere-supplying respirators.
Air-Purifying Respirator
Air-purifying respirators are available for protection against vapor and gas
contaminants. These respirators are designed for protection against specific
contaminants.
Vapor- and gas-removing respirator. Vapor- and gas-removing respirators
normally remove the contaminant by interaction of its molecules with a granular
porous material, called the sorbent. There are several types of gas- and vapor-removing respirators, such as chemical cartridge respirators, gas masks, particulate vaporand gas-removing respirators, and power air-purifying respirators. Other respirators
use catalysts that react with the contaminant to produce a less toxic gas or vapor.
Particulate-filtering respirator. Particulate-filtering respirators are used for
protection against dusts, fumes, and/or mists (Figure 5-4). A dust is a solid,
mechanically produced particle. A fume is a solid condensation particulate, usually of
a vaporized metal. A mist is a liquid condensation particle. Presently, all particulatefiltering respirators use fibrous material (a filter) to remove the contaminant. As the
particle is drawn into the filter, it is trapped by the fibers.
Atmosphere-Supplying Respirator
The two basic types of atmosphere-supplying respirators are the supplied-air
respirators and the self-contained breathing apparatus.
Supplied-air respirator. Supplied-air respirators consist of either a helmet or
a facepiece, covering the nose and mouth, to which air can be supplied through a hose
from an uncontaminated source. The air can be furnished by a mechanical air
compressor with pressure reducer, a low-pressure hand blower, or the lung action of
Figure 5-4 A particulate-filtering respirator protects against dusts, fumes, and/or mists.
36
the wearer. A supplied-air respirator is suitable for use in tanks or other close spaces
where work can be done near the air source.
Self-contained breathing apparatus. The distinguishing feature of all
self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) is that the wearer need not be connected
to a stationary breathing gas source, such as an air compressor. Instead, enough air
for up to four hours, depending on the design, is carried by the wearer. A great
advantage of an SCBA is that it allows comparatively free movement over an
unlimited area. The disadvantages are bulk and weight as well as the limited
service life.
FIRST AID
Any injury, no matter how slight, should receive prompt first-aid attention. If an
injury is serious, it should be treated as soon as possible by a physician. If there is
absolute certainty that movement will not be harmful, the individual should be
assisted to the aid station or hospital. If the injury is serious or there is any doubt as
to whether movement would aggravate the condition, medical assistance should be
brought to the patient.
Various studies have shown that personnel prepared to give first aid are less
susceptible to accidents than those not so prepared. Consequently, all employees, to
the maximum extent, should complete an approved first-aid safety course. This helps
ensure that no employee will ever be out of reach of someone prepared to take care of
an injury until professional medical attention is available. A first-aid certificate, good
for a limited time period, is issued upon completion of the course, which must
thereafter be repeated for renewal of the card.
Every utility, regardless of size, should establish standing orders and procedures
for first-aid treatment of injured employees. In large organizations, this can be done
by the medical staff. For smaller utilities, advice can be obtained from local chapters
of the Red Cross, industrial accident insurance carriers, and local and state health
departments.
First-Aid Equipment
Proper first-aid treatment requires availability of well-equipped first-aid chests or
kits, which should be prominently displayed throughout the plant and provided in all
utility vehicles. The location can be marked by placing a decal on the door or
compartment containing the kit. All employees should be made aware of their location
and use, and someone should be made responsible for upkeep of the kit to ensure that
it is in serviceable condition.
Whenever possible, standard first-aid equipment should be supplemented with
special materials, such as a stretcher and splints, to meet particular needs. Oxygen is
not normally considered a first-aid supply, but it should be available in laboratories
where poisoning may occur. Wherever toxic substances may come in contact with the
skin or be swallowed, specific antidotes should be available.
The contents of a first-aid kit or chest will vary with the location and type of
work being performed. Kits for general and specific uses are available through
vendors of safety equipment and supplies. However, kits should be assembled under
the direction of a physician or other competent authority having an understanding of
the needs on the job, or they may be assembled under ANSI Standard Z308.1-1978,
Minimum Requirements for Industrial Unit-Type First Aid Kits.
37
GENERAL SAFETY PROCEDURES

Hundreds of safety rules and procedures apply to the water industry employee. No
one person can be expected to know all the safety rules for the entire industry.
However, some general safety procedures should be known by all. These are discussed
below.
Lifting or Lowering
The right way to lift by hand is to:
1. Get a good footing.
2. Place feet about shoulder-width apart.
3. Bend at the knees to grasp the weight.
4. Keep the back straight.
5. Get a firm hold.
6. Keep the back as upright as possible, lifting gradually by straightening the
legs.
7. Turn the whole body, including the feet. Do not twist the back to change
direction while holding a heavy weight.
8. Get help when a load is too heavy or bulky for one person to lift comfortably.
A worker should use mechanical handling equipment whenever possible and
follow these steps:
1. Check the load against the capacity of the equipment.
2. Use safety slings properly applied; never use frayed rope or wire, which
should be destroyed.
3. Stand clear while lifting with mechanical equipment.
4. Wear a hard hat for construction work or whenever there is danger from
falling objects.
When lowering anything, apply the same rules used for lifting.
Fall Prevention
In order to prevent falls, a safety belt must be used on roofs and surfaces that slope
more than 15. Their use should be considered when working on slippery surfaces at
lesser angles or in strong winds. A safety belt should always be used when working on
elevated objects such as towers, stacks, platforms, and tanks.
To prevent falls when traveling about the utility buildings, the worker should:
1. Walk, never run, especially on stairs and inclined surfaces.
2. Keep aisles and work areas clear of obstructions.
3. Develop safe habitsbe neat and orderly in housekeeping; wipe up oil and
grease spots; pick up nails, rocks, and other stray objects.
4. Be able to see ahead when carrying a load.
5. Keep at least one hand on handrails when using stairs or ramps.
6. Use a flashlight when traveling in the dark.
7. Refrain from climbing over obstructions; use the safest route available.
8. Ascend and descend slowly from a vehicle; avoid getting in and out while a
vehicle is in motion; require that all passengers be seated properly and that no one
stands or hangs on the outside; use safety belts and/or a harness where provided.
38
Running and Walking

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Do not run except in extreme emergencies.

Do not run or jump across ditches, scaffolds, or platforms.
Do not jump into or climb out of a trench; use a ladder.
Always keep eyes open and walk cautiously.
Never run up stairs or down stairs.
Do not jump over piles of material; walk around them instead.
Structural Safety Features

Stairways.
1. Never run on stairs. Take time to be safe and use the handrails provided.
2. Keep stairs free from grease, other wet or slippery substances, or conditions
that could cause a fall.
3. Inspect handrails frequently to be sure they are free of splinters or loosened
nails and that they are not working loose from moorings.
4. Never store tools, supplies, or other materials on stairways. Keep stairways
neat and clear.
5. Always watch the steps just ahead. Never carry a load in such a way that
vision is obstructed.
6. Take only one step at a time.
7. Be sure that stairways are properly lighted when used at night or on dark
days.
8. Look carefully in the direction of movement. If attention is distracted, stop
until vision can be directed back to the stairway.
9. Report all loose treads, risers, and handrails for immediate repairs.
Walkway aisles.
1. Temporary walkways, at least two planks wide, should be cleated underneath
to prevent spreading.
2. The span between bearing points of planks 2-in. (50-mm) thick and 8-in.
(200-mm) wide should not be over 8 ft (2 m), and the planks should be tested before
being placed in use.
3. Semipermanent walkways over trenches or openings should be at least three
planks wide with suitable guardrail protection.
4. Aisles and walkways should be kept clear of obstructions.
Handrails. For handrail safety, the following procedures are imperative:
1. Handrails should be of solid and durable construction. No guard or railing
should be installed or used that could be broken, collapsed, or displaced by the weight
of a persons body. The top rail should withstand a 200-lb (90-kg) load applied in any
direction.
2. Handrails for stairs should be 3034 in. (0.80.9 m) high and consist of three
rails. Toeboards should be in. (6 mm) above the floor. Railings around openings
should be 42 in. (1 m) high.
3. Railings without a midrail should not be permitted.
4. Toeboard spacing above the floor may be increased to in. (13 mm) where
snow or hazardous materials may collect.
5. Wood railings should be built of sound materials. Handrails and midrails
should be dressed on all four sides and the edges of the handrail beveled.
AWWA MANUAL
Chapter
6
Small Tools
and Equipment
HAND TOOLS
According to the National Safety Council, hand tools, used by most utility employees,
are responsible for nearly 10 percent of all compensable injuries. In distribution
system operations, the percentage of injuries attributable to hand tools is more than
twice that percentage. It is important that both employers and employees learn the
proper care and handling of tools. By following the safety precautions in this section,
a major cause of injury can be reduced.
Basic Rules
1. Always select the appropriate tool for the job; never use makeshift tools.
2. Check the condition of a tool frequently and repair or replace it if defective.
3. Avoid using tools on moving machinery; stop the machine before making
adjustments.
4. Check the clearance at the workplace to make sure there is sufficient space
if the tool should slip.
5. Have a good support underfoot so that there is no hazard of slipping,
stumbling, or falling.
6. Protect hands by wearing gloves in confined places, except when using
hammers. Do not wear rings.
7. Carry sharp or pointed tools in covers, or point them away from the body in
case of a fall.
8. Wear eye protection when using impact tools on hard, brittle material.
9. After using tools, wipe them clean and put them away, thus keeping the
workplace orderly.
39
40
10. Do not lay tools on top of stepladders or in other high places from which
they could fall.
11. Learn and follow the correct way to use all hand tools.
12. Use tools made of nonsparking material where fire is a hazard.
Axes and Hatchets

1. Keep cutting edges sharp.
2. Clear away overhanging brush or tree limbs and be sure that no nearby
obstruction can deflect the tools path.
3. Place feet firmly, swing naturally, and keep one or both hands on the handle
as necessary.
4. Swing a hatchet like a hammer.
5. Swing an axe like a baseball batnot like a pendulumaway from the body
toward the place of cutting.
6. Use eye protection and other body protective devices to prevent injury by
flying chips.
7. When the axe or hatchet is not in use, place it in plain view, a safe distance
from the work area with the blade down or flat, never up. After work, store in a rack
or case.
8. To carry a double-bit axe properly, grasp it by the handle just in back of the
head, with the blades vertical beside one leg. Carry a single-bit axe or hatchet the
same way, with the blade down or pointed away from the leg.
9. Never use the blunt edge or end of a hatchet as a hammer.
Chisels and Punches

1. Use only tools in good condition. Never use a burred chisel or a hammer
with a mushroomed head.
2. If the chisel is not properly tempered or sharpened for the job, or if it is
defective in any way, return it to the tool room for repair.
3. Wear goggles to protect eyes from flying particles.
4. Hold a cold chisel between the thumb and forefinger, with the palm up. If
the tool is gripped in the list, a blow that misses the chisel head is almost certain to
result in painful and sometimes permanent injuries to knuckles and hands.
5. Do not hold a chisel if hands are numb with cold, as control of the chisel
may be lost.
6. Always use a holder for a chisel when another person is swinging the
hammer or sledge.
7. Protect other persons from flying chips by placing suitable screens around
the work area. Two persons chipping the same material should work back to back.
8. When using a bull chisel, hold it with tongs, never with hands. Take a
position that is clear of the swing of other hammers and to one side of the arc of swing
of the one being wielded.
9. Never push wood chisels toward any part of the body.
Files
1. See that there is a securely fitting, substantial handle on each file used.
2. If any files have particularly sharp-pointed tangs, round them off to avoid
injury when reaching into the tool box.
SMALL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
41
3. When filing close to the chuck in a lathe, change hand positions so the
extended arm or clothing will not be caught in the chuck jaws or dog. Short-sleeved
shirts are usually recommended for such work.
4. Never hit a file with a hammer, because pieces of the hardened steel are
likely to fly off.
5. Do not make a center punch or a chisel out of an old file, because the metal
is too brittle.
6. Do not use a file as a pry, because it breaks easily and may send pieces of
jagged metal flying about.
7. Do not carry a file in a pocket unless a handle is over the tang, because in
case of a fall the tang might cause injury.
8. Keep files clean and sharp to minimize the chance of slipping and causing a
wound.
9. Keep a supply of good file handles on hand, because the sharp tang of an
unprotected file can make a painful and disabling wound.
Hammers
1. Select a hammer that is heavy enough and suitable for the job. Make sure
the head is wedged securely on the handle and that neither is chipped or broken.
2. Keep the hammer clean and free from oil or grease to prevent slipping,
which might mean a dangerous loss of control.
3. When using a hammer, grasp the handle firmly near the end, watch the
place of impact, and strike a true blow.
4. Always hammer with the tools face, which is especially hardened for this
purpose.
5. When starting a nail, hold it near the head to prevent smashed fingers.
6. Do not use a hammer with a hardened face on a highly tempered tool such
as a drill, file, or die, because small chips may break loose and be propelled at
dangerously high velocity.
7. When drawing nails that are hard to remove, place a wood block under the
hammerhead to increase leverage.
Picks
1. Make sure that the pick handle is smooth, free from splinters, and straight,
and that it fits tightly in the head.
2. When swinging a pick, make sure no one is near enough to be hit.
3. Avoid striking toward or close to the feet.
4. Leave adequate clearance in trenches for the swing, to avoid striking
unintended objects or user.
Saws
1. Keep the saw sharp and clean and the teeth properly set.
2. Use a crosscut saw for cutting across the grain, a ripsaw for cutting with the
grain.
3. Start the cut with two long, slow strokes toward the body, guiding with the
thumb, then remove the hand before beginning work.
4. To prevent sticking, keep the blade true with the cut. In wet or gummy
wood, a little oil or paraffin may help.
42
5. Do not ride the saw. If it does not cut well, sharpening or setting may be
necessary.
6. If one knee is used to steady the work, watch the balance carefully.
7. Handle saw teeth carefully, because they can make a worse cut than a sharp
knife.
Screwdrivers
1. Never use screwdrivers with split or splintered handles.
2. Always use a screwdriver that fits the screw.
3. Dress the point if it is worn, bent, or broken.
4. Use an awl, auger, drill, or driven nail to start each screw. On rough work,
use a hammer.
5. Never hold work in the hand; place it on a flat surface or in a vise.
6. Use screwdrivers with insulated handles for electrical work.
Shovels and Spades

1. The handle should be strong and smooth, free from splinters, checks, and
splits. The blade should be smooth, sharp, and free from twists.
2. When shoveling, leave enough clearance between the user and others to
avoid striking them with the tool or material. When working in a ditch, keep a good
clearance in front of and behind the worker.
3. Use the ball of the foot, not the instep, to press the tool into clay or other
stiff material. Steel foot irons will help protect the instep.
4. Avoid strains when digging and lifting by using the leg muscles as much as
possible. Be sure of footing and balance when shoveling.
5. Never throw or toss a shovel or spade toward another person; pass it over
with the handle forward.
6. Never leave a shovel or spade where others may stumble over or strike
against it. Hang it up, place the blade securely in the ground or some material, or
stand the tool in a corner.
Wrenches
1. Use wrenches that are the right type and size for the job. Never use a pipe
or other extension on the handle to get more leverage.
2. Use only wrenches having jaws in good condition. Keep pipe wrench and
chain tong jaws sharp and clean. Inspect chain links closely for defects.
3. Never use a shim to make the wrong-size wrench fit a nut.
4. Do not use a wrench as a hammer.
5. Always place the wrench on the nut so that the pull on the handle tends to
force the jaws further onto the nut. (Move the handle in the direction in which the
jaws open.)
6. Pulling on a wrench is safer than pushing, but if the latter is necessary,
keep the knuckles out of danger.
7. To avoid falls, see that the footing is good before applying pressure.
8. Do not place a pipe wrench on a nut to be reused.
9. Adjust a pipe wrench to bite the work near the middle of the jaws, so that
there will be teeth in front if the wrench slips.
43
PORTABLE POWER TOOLS

Portable Electric Hand Tools
Electric shock is the chief hazard when using electrically powered tools. Electric-flash
burns, falls caused by a minor shock, and stumbling or tripping over electrical cords
are other dangers.
Electric tools used in wet areas or in metal tanks expose the operator to
conditions favorable to the flow of current through the body, particularly if the
operator is wet with perspiration.* Insulating platforms, rubber mats, and rubber
gloves provide additional safety in wet locations.
The following precautions should always be taken when using electric hand
tools:
1. Only tools listed by Underwriters Laboratories should be used.
2. Keep tools in safe conditioncleaned, oiled, and repaired. Most shocks are
caused by the failure of insulation between the current-carrying parts and the metal
frames. Because such deterioration is harder to detect than worn or broken external
wiring, frequent inspection and thorough maintenance are necessary. Care in
handling the tool and frequent cleaning will help prevent the wear and tear that
cause defects.
3. Ground the tool when in use. This protects the operator from shock. If there
is any defect or short inside the tool, the current, drained from the metal frame
through the ground wire, does not pass through the operators body Electric tools
having a third ground wire built into the cord are recommended or required by many
codes. This wire may terminate in a jack, battery clip, or a special three-prong
receptacle in the wiring system. The last device eliminates the possibility of the
operator forgetting to attach the ground wire. Double-insulated power tools may also
be used to reduce the shock hazard.
4. Handle the tool carefully to avoid dropping it.
5. Use only approved and inspected extension cords.
6. Examine both the cord and connection carefully before use.
7. Suspend cords over aisles or work areas, where possible, to avoid the danger
of stumbling or tripping.
8. Do not hang an extension cord over nails or other sharp edges, allow it to
become kinked, or leave it where a vehicle may run over it.
9. Protect the cord against contact with oil, hot surfaces, and chemicals.
10. Store extension cords in a clean, dry place where they can lie loosely coiled.
11. Never patch any serious damage to cord insulation with tape; shorten the
line or get a new one.
12. Do not use the cord as a line to raise or lower the tool from one elevation to
another.
13. Disconnect the power line before accessories are changed and replace guards
or correctly adjust them before use.
14. In the presence of flammable vapors or gases, use pneumatic hand tools
rather than electric ones.
15. Do not, under any circumstances, allow a flexible shaft of a portable power
tool to form a loop, as this will make a knot, jerking the tool out of the operators
hand.
*In damp locations, the use of low-voltage equipment not exceeding 24 V or GFIs is
recommended.
44
16. Wear goggles or a face shield while using electric hand tools if there is any
danger of flying particles.
17. When using a portable grinder, always wear goggles and keep out of line
with the wheel. Use with proper ventilation.
18. When using portable grinders or buffers on toxic materials, such as lead,
zinc, or brass, use adequate respiratory protection.
19. Do not wear loose clothing when using portable power tools.
20. Do not insert nails or other objects into the ventilating openings to hold a
fan while tightening the chuck or performing any other operation.
Pneumatic and Hydraulic Tools

The same danger of tripping or stumbling is presented by a hydraulic hose as by an
electric cord. Persons or material accidentally striking the hose may unbalance the
operator or cause the tool to fall from an elevated location. When working with hoses,
the following precautions should be taken:
1. When lying on the ground, the hose should be protected from vehicles and
pedestrians by two boards laid on either side of it or by a runway built over it. It is
preferable, however, for the hose to be suspended over aisles and work areas.
2. Accidents sometimes occur when the hose, becoming disconnected, whips
about. Approved safety-type hose connections that do not readily come apart should
always be used. A short chain attached to the hose and the tool housing will prevent
such a hazard if the coupling should break.
3. Keep the hose away from sharp objects that may weaken or cut it.
Other safety precautions apply to pneumatic and hydraulic tools in general. The
following points should be noted:
1. Do not, under any circumstances, wear loose, bulky, or torn clothing when
operating portable drills or reamers.
2. Keep tools in good condition and be especially careful that bits are ground
correctly, with uniform flutes and proper clearance.
3. Avoid feeding the machine too fast to prevent the bit from sticking.
4. Line up the drill straight with the hole; if tipped, the bit is almost certain to
stick.
5. Have two persons operate larger tapping machines.
6. Install and maintain safety setscrews on all shaft collars.
7. Keep shaft collars tight while tapping machines are in operation or when
they are being carried to and from jobs.
8. Wear foot guards when operating tampers, pavement breakers, or similar
equipment.
9. Never use oxygen from a cylinder without reducing the pressure through a
suitable regulator intended for that purpose.
10. Do not permit sparks or flame from the welding or cutting torch to come in
contact with the cylinder.
11. Do not use compressed air to dust off clothing or any part of the body.
12. Routinely check all hose clamps for tightness.
Metalizing and Sandblasting

1. Protect the skin against the deposit of free metal discharged from the gun
when operating a metalizer.
2. Wear eye and face protection when operating a metalizer.
3. Wear an approved respirator when toxic metal fumes or silica dust are being
discharged.
45
4. Keep the sand-blast booth closed while blasting.

5. Wear a face-mask assembly with forced-air supply at all times when
blasting. Only workers properly dressed should be admitted to the work booth.
Grinding Wheels
1. Choose the right wheel and speed of rotation for each grinding job. Consult
the wheel manufacturer for detailed recommendations.
2. Apply work gradually, allowing the wheel to warm slowly.
3. Never operate a wheel that is loose on its spindle, out of balance, or nicked
or cracked.
4. Never place a wheel partly immersed in water, because the water-soaked
portion may throw the wheel dangerously out of balance.
5. Keep the tool rest as close to the wheel as possible (not more than 1/8 in.
[3.2 mm] away) without touching it. Make adjustments when the wheel is not in
motion.
6. Place the tool rest at or slightly above the wheels centerline.
7. Grind objects only on the face, not on the side, of the wheel, regardless of
pressure required and regardless of their weight, size, or shape.
8. Be aware that a glove may become caught and draw the hand into the
grinder or buffer.
9. Equip all grinders with protective glass shields. This shield is in addition to
goggles or a face shield that should be worn during all grinding or buffing operations.
10. Avoid striking the side of the grinding wheel, because a sudden blow could
create a fault that might result in a broken wheel.
11. Immediately report and replace any grinding wheel that seems to be unsafe.
12. Do not open guards to expose wheels or nuts.
Soldering Irons
1. Keep hot soldering irons away from wood or other combustible material. Set
the tools on fireproof racks or holders when not in use.
2. Turn off electric soldering irons before leaving the workplace.
3. Never test the temperature of a soldering iron by holding it close to the face.
4. Avoid snapping or throwing surplus solder from the iron or wiping it on a
trouser leg; keep a prepared pad handy for this purpose.
GAS AND ARC WELDERS

Use of Compressed Oxygen
1. Never permit oil and grease to come in contact with oxygen cylinders,
valves, regulators, gauges, and fittings, because oxygen combines explosively with
such substances.
2. Do not handle oxygen cylinders or apparatus with oily hands or gloves.
3. Never use oxygen from a cylinder without reducing the pressure through a
suitable regulator intended for that purpose.
4. Keep the protective cap in place until the cylinder is secured and ready to be
connected.
5. After removing the valve cap, twist the valve handle for an instant to clear
the opening of dust or dirt.
6. If a valve is difficult to twist, point the valve opening in a safe direction and
apply greater force. Avoid using a wrench on valves equipped with hand wheels.
46
7. Release the adjusting screw of the regulator after attaching it and before the
cylinder valve is opened.
8. Never permit oxygen to enter the regulator suddenly. Open the cylinder
valve slowly.
9. Before the regulator is removed from a cylinder, close the cylinder valve and
release all gas from the regulator.
10. Do not permit sparks or flame from the welding or cutting torch to come in
contact with the cylinder.
11. Never interchange oxygen regulators, hoses, or other appliances with
similar equipment intended for use with other gases.
12. Be certain that where oxygen cylinders are connected to manifolds or
headers, the manifolds are properly designed and equipped with one or more pressure
regulators. (Oxygen manufacturers can furnish specifications for construction and
installation of proper oxygen manifolds and pipelines.)
13. Open the cylinder valve fully when the cylinder is in use.
14. Never mix gases in an oxygen cylinder.
15. Never use oxygen as a substitute for compressed air. (It is dangerous to use
oxygen for pneumatic tools, to start diesel engines, for imposing pressure in oil
reservoirs, for paint spraying, for blowing out pipelines, or for other such
applications.)
Storage of Compressed Oxygen

1. Do not store cylinders near flammable material, especially oil, grease, or
any substance likely to cause or accelerate fire. (Oxygen is not flammable, but it does
support combustion.)
2. Do not store reserve stocks of cylinders containing oxygen with reserve
stocks of cylinders containing combustible gases; separate the two lots by 20 ft (6 m)
or with a noncombustible barrier.
Use of Acetylene
1. Use and store acetylene cylinders in an upright position to avoid the
possibility of spilling acetone.
2. Keep sparks and flame away from acetylene cylinders. Avoid hanging lit or
unlit blowpipes or torches without having a suitable regulator attached to the
cylinders.
3. Never pass acetylene from cylinders through blowpipes or torches without
having a suitable regulator attached to the cylinders.
4. After removing the valve cap, open the valve for an instant to clear away
dust or dirt.
5. Release the adjusting screw of the regulator after it has been attached and
before the cylinder valve is opened.
6. Close the cylinder valve and release all gas from the regulator before
removing it from a cylinder.
7. Never interchange acetylene regulators, hose, or other appliances with
similar equipment intended for use with other gases.
8. Never transfer acetylene from one cylinder to another and do not mix
acetylene with another gas in the cylinder.
9. Never use manifolds for acetylene cylinders unless the former are properly
constructed.
10. Keep the wrench for opening the valve on the valve spindle whenever the
cylinder is being used.
47
11. Never subject acetylene to a working pressure over 15 psi.

12. Close the valves and put the caps in place to prevent leaks when returning
empty cylinders.
13. Never attempt to refill an acetylene cylinder.
14. Be aware that the pressure in an acetylene cylinder does not accurately
indicate the amount of gas contained. (The quantity of gas is determined by the
weight of the cylinder and its contents.)
15. Never test for acetylene leaks with an open flame; use soapy water for this
purpose.
16. Never bring acetylene into contact with unalloyed copper, except in a
blowpipe or torch.
17. Keep cylinders secured at all times.
Storing Acetylene
1. Do not store reserve stocks of acetylene cylinders with reserve stocks of
oxygen cylinders; separate the two.
Arc Welding Equipment and Welding Circuits

1. Keep welding leads and primary power leads clear of ladders, passageways,
or doors. Do not place leads and cables used to conduct power to portable welding
units where machines or trucks may run over them.
2. Repair or replace defective cable immediately. Use locking joint-insulated
cable connectors with capacity equal to or exceeding that of the cable. Disconnect the
power before splicing any cable.
3. Do not allow the power-supply cable used for portable welding units to
become tangled with the welding cables or to be near enough to the welding operation
to sustain damage from sparks or hot metal.
4. Do not start welding unless all electrical connections, the power supply, the
welding leads, the holder, and the ground clamp are secure and the welding machine
frame is well grounded. Securely attach the work clamp before beginning to weld.
5. Disconnect the welding machine from its power supply when the welding
machine is to be left unattended.
Personal Protection
1. Do not strike an arc unless face shields or helmets are worn by everyone
nearby
2. Wear a skull cap under the welding helmet.
3. Be certain the face shield or helmet is light-tight, and that it adequately
protects the eyes, head, face, and neck.
4. Always wear eye protection when chipping slag.
5. Wear good leather gauntlet-type gloves that are loose enough to be easily
removed.
6. Wear high-top shoes, preferably the unlaced-boot type, to prevent weld-spatter burns on the feet and ankles.
7. Weld only in a dry place and with dry equipment. (If conditions are
otherwise, supervising personnel with proper authority should approve the
operations.)
8. Keep shirt sleeves buttoned and pockets closed to avoid catching dangerous
weld spatter.
9. Inspect personal protection equipment before beginning to weld.
10. Treat all electric devices, such as welding machines, portable electric tools,
lights, and blowers, with respect. Do not remove light bulbs without turning off the
48
current. (Exposure to electricity does not develop immunity.) Keep the body dry and
use special precautions to insulate the body when clothing is wet from perspiration or
other moisture.
11. Weld with a fully insulated electrode holder.
12. Remove electrode stubs from the holder only when the body is not in contact
with the work.
13. Before welding in a confined space, check the area for an explosive
atmosphere as well as for oxygen deficiency and toxic atmosphere. Provide adequate
ventilation to assure a good supply of fresh air.
14. When welding or cutting brass, bronze, galvanized steel, cadmium-coated
steel, or metals coated with lead- or zinc-bearing paint, either indoors or outdoors,
make sure that unacceptable levels of the fumes are not breathed. (An exhaust
system to remove toxic gases or fumes at their source is recommended. If this
procedure is not possible, adequate respiratory protection must be supplied.)
15. Place holders that are not in use where they will not come in contact with
other metal objects or workers.
16. Do not weld any kind of tanks, open or closed, until they are steam-cleaned
and tested to eliminate the danger from flammable gases.
17. Either remove all flammable material from the area in which welding or
cutting is to be done, or cover and shield vulnerable objects from sparks. Have a fire
extinguisher conveniently located.
GENERAL EQUIPMENT
Wheelbarrows
1. Do not overload a wheelbarrow; it should be easy to handle.
2. Always push a wheelbarrow, never pull it.
3. Place the load as far forward as possible so that the wheel will carry the
bulk of the weight.
4. Do not underestimate the weight of a wheelbarrow when using planking or
runways.
5. Keep pneumatic tires properly inflated.
6. Wear gloves in close quarters or have the handles equipped with hand
protectors.
Hand Trucks
1. Load hand trucks properly to prevent materials from tipping.
2. Refrain from riding on trucks or engaging in horseplay.
3. Proceed slowly and estimate the clearance, especially on platforms, to
prevent overturning.
4. Use metal hand protectors on handles.
5. Watch out for other employees to prevent a mishap.
6. Report any mechanical defect for repair.
7. Do not use seriously defective hand trucks.
Scaffolds
The following are some types of scaffolding that are permissible: (1) carpenters
horses decked with safe planks (chairs, boxes, barrels, or other improvised supports
are not safe); (2) A-frames (do not stand on the top rung), preferably two planks wide
and two planks thick for heavy loads (A-ladders one plank wide are permissible);
49
(3) tubular steel or aluminum scaffolding, safety-plank decked, with needed toeboards
and handrails.
1. In the absence of state safety orders or other applicable laws, the minimum
standard for safety scaffold planking requires planking to be either 2 in. (50 mm)
thick by 10 in. (250 mm) wide and 8 ft (2 m) or 12 ft (4 m) long, or 3 in. (76 mm) thick
by 10 in. (250 mm) wide and 15 ft (5 m) long.
2. Scaffold planks should extend over their end supports not less than 6 in.
(150 mm) nor more than 12 in (300 mm).
3. There should be a maximum overhang of 8 in. (200 mm) on every scaffold.
4. In the absence of safety planks, only class A lumber should be used for any
span or temporary decking of supports. Recommended types of wood are Douglas fir,
southern pine, Norway pine, tamarack, and Sitka spruce.
5. Planks should have cleated bottoms to prevent slipping on tubular
scaffolding.
6. Inspect all scaffolding material upon installation and thereafter every four
months.
7. Comply with all state safety orders when scaffolds are built.
8. Design every scaffold and its supporting members to carry a given load with
a safety factor of at least four.
9. Use a handline to raise or lower tools and materials.
10. Do not jump on or off a scaffold.
11. Use adequate signs or barriers to protect scaffolds against moving objects,
such as hand or power trucks.
12. Do not use a scaffold for any other purpose than that for which it was
designed.
13. Do not paint scaffold planking, except for necessary identification marks,
because paint might hide defects. For protective and preservative purposes, apply
several coats of linseed oil on new planking. Apply additional coats depending on age
and condition.
Swinging Scaffolds
1. Hoist the scaffold 1 ft (0.3 m) off the ground and test with four times the
working load before use.
2. Fasten the scaffold to a building wall to prevent sway.
3. When in use, do not combine two swinging scaffolds by a bridge.
4. Do not permit more than two workers on a swinging scaffold at the same
time.
5. Keep excess scaffold rope coiled in a drum on the ground.
6. As additional protection, use a life belt and a safety line when working from
a scaffold.
7. Work only within the convenient reach of a scaffold.
8. Permit only experienced workers to erect and remove scaffolds.
Ladders
1. If straight and extension ladders are not chained or roped at the top, they
must be held by someone.
2. Snap spreaders should always be engaged on stepladders.
3. Make someone responsible for ladders and their maintenance.
4. All ladders should conform to ANSI standards.
5. Use stepladders instead of short straight ladders where possible.
6. Test ladders for defects using the ANSI method. Test rungs with a wood
mallet.
50
7. Before a ladder is used, carefully examine it for defective side rails and
rungs. If the rope on an extension ladder is not in first-class condition, replace it
immediately.
8. Store and protect ladders from the weather.
9. Do not take apart extension ladders in order to use two sections separately.
10. Destroy ladders that cannot be repaired. Repair or destroy ladders with
weak, cracked, or missing rungs or weak or cracked side rails. Do not use homemade
ladders.
11. Do not paint ladders, except for necessary identification marks, because
defects in wooden ladders may be concealed. Instead, apply several coats of linseed oil
to new ladders.
12. If a ladder is placed over a doorway, rope off the doorway and erect warning
signs.
13. Always face ladders when ascending or descending.
14. Only one worker should be on a ladder at one time.
15. Do not use a stepladder as a straight ladder.
16. Do not use the top of a stepladder as a platform on which to stand.
17. Ascend only to the third rung from the top of a straight or extension ladder
and the second step from the top of a stepladder.
18. Place straight ladders so that the distance from the base of the ladder to the
wall is 25 percent of the length of the ladder.
19. Place nonskid ladder feet on straight ladders used on a hard, smooth base,
such as concrete. Use spiked ladder feet when the ladder is on a soft or loose base,
such as earth. In other words, use proper nonskid ladder shoes on all ladders.
20. Establish a level, stable base for all ladders.
21. Do not use ladders as skids, braces, or scaffolding members or for any
purpose other than that for which they are intended.
22. Always check to be sure a ladder is safe before using it.
Machine Guards
1. Do not remove protective guards while the machine is running.
2. Keep guards in good repair.
3. Projecting shaft ends should have a smooth edge and should not project
more than one-half the diameter of the shaft, unless guarded by a nonrotating cup or
safety sleeve.
4. Cut off all projecting keys, setscrews, and other unguarded projections of
moving parts and make them flush or guard them with a-metal cover.
5. Avoid the hazard from bolts, nuts, setscrews, or other projections on
revolving surfaces of shaft couplings. Equip shaft couplings with hood guards.
6. Where oiling must be done frequently, provide openings with hinged or
sliding, self-closing covers.
7. Where oiling must be done while a machine is in operation, use extension
fittings.
8. Use guards that do not interfere with the machine operation and that give
maximum protection to the operator.
AWWA MANUAL
Chapter
7
Large Tools
and Equipment
POWER SHOVELS AND DRAGLINES

1. Allow only authorized personnel to operate power shovels or draglines.
Operators must wear hard hats.
2. Inspect equipment and be certain that it is in safe operating condition.
3. Do not allow anyone to stand, walk, or work under suspended loads or
booms. Be sure that people will not be caught by the swing of the machine cab or
counterweight.
4. Avoid overloading buckets or booms. Know the safe load limit of the
equipment. Post the manufacturers limitation for loads at various angles of the boom
in the cab and strictly observe these limits.
5. Do not undercut the bank when moving earth.
6. Be certain that the driver of the truck or engine has dismounted and is in
the clear before swinging a load over the equipment.
7. Load dump trucks or cars evenly so that material does not overhang the
sides.
8. Shut off the power and secure all movable parts before leaving the machine.
Keep floors and running boards free of grease, oil, and debris.
9. Lower the boom and rest it on a horse or suitable support if the machine is
to be idle for long periods of time.
10. Use a handhold for getting off or on the equipment.
11. If a signal person is needed, appoint one and follow only that persons
signals. Use standard signals.
12. When operating near electric-power transmission lines or apparatus, follow
local, state or provincial, and federal regulations.
13. Keep the crane or dragline as close to level as possible before lifting heavy
loads, in order to prevent overturning the equipment.
51
52
14. When leaving the equipment, set the brakes, secure the boom, lower the
dipper and bucket to the ground, and take the engine out of gear.
15. Before lifting an unusually heavy load, test the brakes by trying a short lift
to make sure the load is under full control.
16. If a load does not ride properly when raised, lower it and have the sling or
slings adjusted.
17. Never allow anyone to ride on loads or buckets.
18. Do not allow people to come near enough to be hit by swinging loads.
19. Use a tagline to prevent the load from spinning.
CONCRETE MIXERS
1. Before towing a concrete mixer, securely fasten the hitch and secure the
safety chain.
2. Get help to handle the tongue when connecting or disconnecting the mixer
from a trailer hitch. Move mixer in tow backwards only when a signalperson instructs
the driver to do so.
3. Keep mixers level to prevent tipping. On a hill, block mixer wheels.
4. After starting the engine, close the engine cabinet to cover all belts and
pulleys.
5. Be certain everyone is out of danger before the drum is moved up or down.
When working on a mixer, be sure the drum is in a lowered position.
6. Before cranking the motor, make sure hands, fingers, and clothing are clear
of belts, pulleys, and gears.
7. Keep away from the drum opening when the mixer engine is running.
Guard belts, gears, pulleys, flywheels, and rollers.
8. When exposed to cement dust, wear proper respiratory equipment and
tight-fitting clothes.
9. Wear goggles when cleaning hardened concrete from drums.
10. Stop the engine and lock the drum before making repairs.
11. To prevent burns or scalds, do not refuel the mixer engine while it is
running or hot.
12. Keep the mixer clean, and do not allow waste material to accumulate in or
around it.
HOIST OPERATIONS
Air Hoist
1. Permit only authorized personnel to operate air hoists.
2. Before operating a hoist, be certain that it is in good working condition, that
the wire rope or chain is not defective, that the hook is not bent, and that spring rope
or chain retainers on the hooks are working.
3. Display the safe load capacity of each hoist in conspicuous figures on the
hoist body of the machine. Do not exceed the weight limitation.
4. Always try to center the hoist over the load before lifting.
5. Allow for any possible swing when the load leaves its resting place, and
stand to one side when making the lift if the load is attached at an angle to the hoist.
6. Manipulate the controls to lift the load slowly.
7. Do not stand or allow anyone else to work or stand under suspended loads.
LARGE TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
53
8. Never lift a load on the point of the hook. Equip hooks with spring-loaded
latches.
9. When moving a hoisted load, always push, rather than pull it, in order to
keep feet out of danger if the burden should fall.
10. Keep hands from places where pinching is likely to occur.
Mobile Cranes
1. Permit only authorized personnel to operate a crane or hoist.
2. Display the safe load capacity of each hoist or crane in conspicuous figures
on the hoist body of the machine. Do not exceed the weight limitation. Check crane or
hoist to be sure it is in good operating condition. Inspect visible critical components
daily.
3. Test hoist limit controls and brakes before each shift, as well as boom
supports and clevis pins.
4. Before handling an unusually heavy load, test the brakes to make sure full
control is available.
5. Appoint a signalperson and move the load only at the standard signals
(Figure 7-1).
6. Be certain that everyone is safely out of the way before moving or swinging
a load.
7. Lower a load that does not ride properly when raised. Adjust signals and
rigging as necessary.
8. Do not carry loads over workers, and do not let anyone walk or stand under
a suspended load or the crane boom.
9. If possible, avoid uneven ground when walking a crane that has a load on
the boom.
10. Never allow anyone to ride on loads or hooks.
11. Avoid proximity to electrical conductors or apparatus.
12. All personnel working with lifting equipment must wear hard hats.
13. If a crane or other equipment makes accidental electrical contact with an
energized line, do not touch the crane or equipment.
14. If possible, use synthetic fiber slings in lieu of wire when operating near
electrical conductors, or ground the crane.
15. Securely lock outriggers and place outrigger pads properly on timbers or
steel or aluminum plates to secure footing for safe operation of the crane.
16. Use extreme caution when working cranes on unstable ground or adjacent
to an open excavation.
Overhead Traveling Crane

1. Display the safe load capacity of each hoist or crane in conspicuous figures
on the hoist body of the machine. Do not exceed the weight limitation. Permit only
authorized personnel to operate a traveling crane.
2. Use both hands when climbing onto or descending from the crane cab. Lift
tools and materials to the cab with a handline.
3. Lock out and tag the main power switch of a crane if repairs are to be made.
4. Keep unauthorized persons off the crane.
5. Ensure that controls are in the off position before opening or closing the
main switch.
54
6. Inspect all crane equipment before each shift. Make sure that circuit
breakers, limit stops, brakes, and all other safety devices are operative. Check the
condition of the hook and associated rigging.
7. If the power should fail, move the controls to the off position at once; wait
until the signal lamp lights before turning the controls to the on position.
8. Never depend on a limit switch to stop a motor; use the controls for this
purpose.
9. Be certain that all signals are clearly understood. Observe the details of
loads being moved, and, if anything seems unsafe, stop the crane until the situation
is corrected.
Figure 7-1 Standard signals for mobile cranes.
LARGE TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
Figure 7-2 Standard signals for overhead traveling cranes.
Figure 7-3 Overhead traveling cranes are used to lift and move large, heavy objects.
55
56
10. Use only standard signals to control crane operations (Figure 7-2).
11. Do not move loads over the heads of workers or allow them to walk, stand,
or work under a suspended load. When moving loads in populated areas, sound a
warning signal to make sure that everyone moves to safe locations.
12. Whenever the crane is left, place all controls in the off position, open the
main switch, and set the brakes so that they are secure.
13. Require all personnel to wear hard hats.
14. Use only approved equipment for lifting all types of material (Figure 7-3).
AWWA MANUAL
Chapter
8
Operating and
Maintaining Vehicles
MOTOR VEHICLE OPERATION

The Driver
1. Develop the knowledge and skills required to make defensive and safe
driving practices a habit. Check and maintain the vehicle properly, use all safety
equipment, show courtesy to the other driver, signal well in advance of any directional
change, and take pride in developing driving skills.
2. Know and observe all traffic regulations.
3. Give each newly employed driver a road test, using the type of vehicle that
will be driven regularly. Give additional road checks after any accident to determine
and correct any unsafe driving habits.
4. Refuse to drive unsafe vehicles and be responsible.
Checking and Equipping the Vehicle

1. Check vehicle safety daily. Check lights, horn, muffler, glass defroster, tires,
wipers, and oil and fuel levels. Adjust mirrors, seat belts, and seats to a comfortable
position.
2. Equip trucks with flares, flags, and fire extinguishers as required by local
law. Use suitable lights and reflectors that outline the truck.
3. After starting the engine, slowly move the vehicle while the brakes and
steering are tested. Drive the vehicle only after proven safe.
4. Do not overload vehicles or load them so that vision is obstructed. Identify
objects extending beyond the truck bed with appropriate flags.
5. Equip each vehicle with the respective forms for reporting accidents and
needed mechanical repairs, and instruct the driver how to use them.
6. Equip all vehicles used after daylight hours with adequate blinker warning
lights so that the vehicles will be visible from either direction.
57
58
7. Do not transport employees on trucks unless seats are installed. Do not

stand on the trucks running board or bed.
Avoiding Accidents
1. Because intersection accidents occur frequently, use extreme caution while
approaching and entering an intersection.
Approach intersections with foot off the throttle and poised over the brake. This
is particularly important if the light is stale green or if the intersection is
blind.
First look left, then look right, then look left again.
Never assume the right-of-way; always yield it.
2. Pass other vehicles with caution.
Check for clearance from behind, as well as ahead, before passing.
Tap your horn to alert the driver of the car you are passing.
Accelerate and pass, and return to your own lane as quickly as possible.
3. Backing accidents are preventable motor vehicle mishaps. Backup alarms
are required on most trucks. To eliminate most backing accidents, take these simple
precautions.
If possible, park in a position that will not require backing.
Leave a safety cone at the rear of the vehicle when parked.
Circle the vehicle before moving it, retrieve the cone, and check for obstructions.
If backing is necessary, be sure it is possible to do so safely Use mirrors and also
turn head and look. If any doubt exists, get out and look.
If rear vision is restricted, have someone direct, using prearranged signals you
both understand. Stop if the guide is no longer visible.
4. Bad weather driving has its own built-in hazards that can be overcome by
observing the following safety suggestions:
Remember, the first few minutes of a storm are likely to produce slippery
pavement because the oil film on the road has not yet washed away.
Slow down.
Pump brakes when stopping. Use them gently.
To recover from a skid, ease up on the gas. As traction is gained, steer gently in
the direction of the skid. Add power smoothly, and steer gently to original lane.
Front-wheel drive vehicles may require some pressure on the gas pedal to
recover.
5. Following other vehicles too closely is another major cause of accidents.
Always avoid it. Use the defensive-driving two-second interval rule to maintain a safe
distance from the car ahead. Also, drive ahead by watching the cars ahead of the
one being followed. Because driving behind a truck or camper precludes driving
ahead, follow such vehicles at a longer distance. When safe to do so, pass the vehicle
that blocks visibility.
Additional information appears under Refueling Motor Vehicles, and Truck and
Car Tire Inflation in this manual.
OPERATING AND MAINTAINING VEHICLES
59
SERVICING DIESEL AND GASOLINE ENGINES

Storing Gasoline and Oil
Agencies interested in fire prevention control the storage of flammable liquids.
Because safety requirements vary with different localities and even different sections
of the same locality, the following organizations should approve storage facilities:
Local fire department;
State fire marshals office;
Fire insurance examiners office;
Fire insurance rating inspection bureau; and
Local and state building inspection bureau.
Store gasoline, diesel, and oil using extreme caution according to the following:
1. Store large quantities of gasoline and diesel fuel outside of buildings. Store
oil in small tanks or drums aboveground in open-faced buildings with adequate
ventilation.
2. Transport or store small quantities of gasoline or diesel fuel in approved,
properly marked safety containers.
3. Always adequately ventilate storage areas or facilities where flammable
liquids are used.
4. Never fill tanks or small containers to capacity. Allow space of at least three
percent for expansion due to increased temperature.
5. Keep all tanks and containers closed, except when filling or emptying.
6. Do not place small containers within 10 ft (3 m) of stairways, exits, or
passageways.
7. To avoid igniting gasoline or oil:
Arrange a standard procedure for filling and emptying containers.
Control static electricity by grounding and bonding tanks, hoses, and receivers.
Maintain constant contact between the nozzle and the gas tank.
Do not transfer gasoline during electrical storms.
Use explosion-proof lighting and electrical equipment.
Prevent excessive rise in temperature; do not store flammable liquids in the sun.
Keep gasoline away from open flames or heating units,
8. Practice meticulous housekeeping:
Avoid spilling liquids, and wipe up all overflow immediately.
Store waste in covered metal containers until disposal.
Do not accumulate flammable materials.
9. Do not permit smoking; display prominent No Smoking signs.
10. Know the location of all exits.
11. Use an approved pump to dispense fuel to gasoline engines. Do not use
gravity-flow equipment.
12. Know the location and type of fire-fighting equipment and how to use it.
Provide approved fire extinguishers, and post signs indicating their locations.
Check fire extinguishers regularly to ensure proper working order.
Do not block or obstruct the area around extinguishers.
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13. Keep a portable fire extinguisher near any gasoline storage area. (See
Chapter 17, Fire Protection and Handling Emergencies in this manual.)
Starting an Engine
1. Before starting an engine:
Make sure that all guards around moving and rotating parts are in place.
Remove all tools that are near the engine.
Make sure that the floor near the engine is clean, orderly, and free from all oil,
grease, gasoline, and water spillage.
Ensure that all personnel are clear of danger.
Inspect for the presence of gasoline or oil vapors.
2. Make certain that the compressed-air equipment used for diesel starting
has the proper pressure. If compressed air is not available, never use other bottled
gases to start a diesel engine.
3. Make certain that battery connections are secured on engines with electric
starters. If jumper cables are used, properly attach them where sparks will not ignite
battery or gasoline vapors.
Operating the Gearshift

1. Be thoroughly familiar with the manufacturers instructions for operating
and servicing machinery.
2. Place the shift in neutral before starting the engine.
3. Keep guards in place at all times.
4. Determine that equipment to be operated by the engine is in proper running
condition before engaging gear shift.
Managing Exhaust
1. Have all exhaust from engines vented to the outside by a properly installed
manifold and exhaust system. Periodically check this system to ensure that it is in
good operating condition and is free of leaks.
2. Make sure that the outside exhaust does not recirculate back into buildings
through open windows or ventilators.
3. Carefully investigate all pits and depressions in the building for accumulations of hazardous vapors.
4. Upon entering a building, immediately check for the presence of exhaust or
other gases; use only approved test instruments and methods.
5. Maintain ventilating equipment in good condition.
General Rules of Repair

1. Be properly clothed for the job:
When using or working close to revolving power tools, rotating shafts or drums,
or machines with moving parts, never wear rings, neckties, loose or torn
clothing, or shirts with loose, floppy sleeves.
Wear a cap or hairnet to keep hair away from moving parts.
Keep shoes in good repair. Avoid rubber heels; use a nonslip material such as
neoprene.
61
Keep a complete change of work clothes available. Wash clothes frequently, and
separate them from street clothes.
Do not wear oil- or gasoline-soaked clothing, even for a short time; do not place
such articles in hot water for cleaning because vapors may reach open flames
and explode.
Never use compressed air to clean work clothes.
2. Set up and follow a regular, tested procedure for maintaining and repairing
engines.
3. Do not oil, adjust, or repair an engine while it is running or while its
exhaust manifold is hot. Stop the motor, and make sure that no one else can start it
while work is being done.
4. Do not use gasoline, carbon tetrachloride, or other highly toxic cleaning
agents. (See the Repairs and Solvents section under Pumping Stations for information on solvents for cleaning engines.)
5. Wipe machine frequently, and keep the used rags in covered metal
containers until disposal. (See the Repairs and Solvents section under Pumping
Stations for additional information on solvents.)
6. Do not smoke while working on an engine.
7. Get help to raise heavy objects, or use a chain hoist or other lifting
equipment.
8. Secure heavy, unbolted engine parts if it becomes necessary to leave the
work area.
9. Practice good housekeeping; keep the floor around engines clean, dry, and
free of slippery materials and other obstructions. Wipe up spillage immediately.
10. Use nonsparking tools where flammable and explosive vapors may be
present.
11. Know where an emergency shower is for use if clothes catch fire.
12. Know where fire extinguishers are, and be familiar with their use. (Periodic
training for all employees in the use of fire extinguishers is recommended.)
13. When repairs are complete, remove all tools, portable lamps, planks, ropes,
and other objects, and clean up carefully. Before starting the engine, follow the
recommendations presented earlier in this section.
AUTOMOTIVE EQUIPMENT
Employ safe working practices to avoid the hazards involved in the maintenance, use,
service, and repair of the automotive equipment of waterworks plants. The following
sections cover particular hazards and preventive measures found effective by other
industries dealing with automotive equipment. These standards also apply to
automotive equipment used in the water industry.
Heavy-Duty Equipment
Follow these rules or precautions when working on, with, or around heavy equipment,
such as dump trucks, backhoes, trenching machines, sidebooms, bulldozers, gas
shovels, air compressors, and front-end loaders:
1. Place substantial blocking under any chain-hoist-suspended or jacksupported equipment under which people must work. (The operator of trenching
equipment should never leave the controls while shovels are suspended without
blocking.)
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2. Keep feet clear of passing automobiles or moving machinery when it is

necessary to work underneath a car or other equipment. Wear safety shoes.
3. Do not inhale excessive carbon monoxide gas from exhausts of running
engines. Provide proper ventilation.
4. Do not keep gasoline in open containers or pits.
5. Use a reasonably nontoxic solvent with a high flash point for cleaning parts.
Never use gasoline or carbon tetrachloride.
6. Get help or use a hoist to lift unusually heavy loads.
7. Keep wrenches or other tools clean and in safe working condition.
8. Secure unbolted heavy parts or engines if necessary to leave the work.
9. Wear goggles when eye protection is needed.
10. Keep aisles and open spaces on floor free of tools and parts.
11. Change clothes that become soaked with oil or gasoline; do not risk a fire.
12. Check that all lock washers and cotter pins are in place before deeming the
maintenance work complete.
13. Always keep a suitable fire extinguisher ready. Inspect fire extinguishers
regularly, and keep them in good operating order.
14. Enforce no-smoking rules.
15. Ground electric appliances, keep them in good working condition, and
ensure that sparking will not ignite gases or vapors. Do not permit live cords to touch
workers.
16. Put oily rags in closed metal containers for disposal after use.
17. Review personal-protection stipulations for arc welders (see section on Gas
and Arc Welders) before attempting such work.
Refueling Motor Vehicles

1. Stop the engine before refueling.
2. To avoid static sparks, insert the hose nozzle firmly in the tank, and, make
metallic contact. Hold the nozzle throughout the delivery to prevent overflow.
3. Maintain tight connections on the hose and nozzle to eliminate all leaks.
4. Do not permit the tank to overflow.
5. Drain the hose before removing the nozzle.
6. Hang the nozzle securely, and cap the tank tightly.
7. Change gasoline-saturated clothing immediately to prevent burns or skin
injury.
8. Use a reasonably nontoxic solvent with a high flash point for cleaning parts.
9. Prohibit smoking when delivering or receiving gasoline.
Grease Pits and Hoists

In plants without pits or hoists, most of the following rules are applicable where
equipment is greased or oiled:
1. Keep floors, steps, or walkways free of spilled oil or grease.
2. Keep shoes free of oil and grease. Do not wear shoes with rubber heels.
(Neoprene or other nonslip soles and heels are suitable.)
3. Control tools or other objects that might fall on or strike passersby
4. Keep hoses, cans, and other objects off driveways and walks.
5. Keep out of danger when guiding a car to a hoist or pit.
6. Do not allow anyone to remain in or near the car while it is being raised or
lowered.
7. Hold the lift control valve while a car is being lowered or raised.
8. Never shoot a grease gun into the hand or point it at anyone.
63
9. Use tools correctly.

10. Clean tools daily using a reasonably nontoxic solvent with a high flash
point, and wipe them frequently.
11. Make certain that the differential plate and the front-end plates will not
strike an obstruction and that no one is endangered when the car is backed away.
When the hoist is in a raised position, insert a clearly visible safety bar or rod
through fluted holes to prevent the hoist from descending.
Steam and Wash Racks

Many waterworks plants do not have elaborate areas or apparatus for steam or water
cleaning automotive equipment. The following rules generally apply, however, to both
complete, temporary, or makeshift cleaning procedures.
1. Fill the coils to the proper level before igniting a steam cleaner.
2. Be certain that the nozzle outlet is unobstructed.
3. Secure the hose connections at the nozzle and the machine.
4. Provide adequate heat insulation at the nozzle handle and along the portion
of the steam hose touched by the operator.
5. Protect eyes and face with a face shield or goggles. Wear moisture-repellent
clothing and footwear. Ensure that the ventilating system is properly removing the
fumes/vapors.
6. Carefully ground the noncurrent-carrying parts of a steam-cleaning
machine.
7. Bond the steam nozzle to the container when steaming any container that
previously contained a flammable liquid.
8. To prevent caustic burns, carefully handle and prepare steam- or watercleaning soap or compounds.
9. In oil-fired cleaners, use fuel with a sufficiently high flash point to prevent
accumulations of volatile vapors.
10. Clean the firebox before ignition to prevent flarebacks.
11. Periodically check the blowoff gauge for proper functioning. After the burner
flame is off, keep the water supply on until coils are cool.
12. When the steam hose is not in use, secure it in its container.
13. Periodically inspect steam hoses, especially at sharp bends.
14. Prohibit horseplay in the area, especially with the steam-cleaning
equipment.
15. Remove the coil cover before lighting the fire under the coil.
16. When car or truck tops and hoods are being washed or polished, use a low
platform or portable scaffold, when practicable, to prevent slipping.
17. Watch out for sharp edges when using a sponge or chamois.
18. Do not use flammable solvents on the wash or steam racks.
19. Keep all oily and greasy rags in closed metal containers.
20. Always practice good housekeeping.
Jacks
1. Always make sure that the footing is substantial and at right angles to the
direction of lift.
2. Center the jack head to prevent its slipping out of place under load.
3. Protect hands, particularly the knuckles, by placing the jack so that there
will be a free, unobstructed swing of the handle.
4. Avoid leaning over a jack handle while it is under load. (If something should
give way in the jack, the handle may fly up and cause injury.)
64
5. Remove jack handles from their sockets while jacks are under load so
workers will not fall over them or knock them out of position.
6. Brace or support all jack-lifted loads diagonally to prevent the jacks from
tipping over.
7. Install adequate blocking under all jack-lifted loads before attempting to
work under them.
8. Use good judgment in selecting jacks for a particular job; choose only a jack
that is safe and strong enough.
9. When lowering, maintain a firm grip on the jack handle, and stay to one
side.
Chain Binders
1. When using chain binders to secure a load, stand so that they are pulled
rather than pushed to apply tension on the handle.
2. Protect hands when a handle breaks over the center.
3. Do not extend the handle of a chain binder; use two binders if necessary.
4. Do not use defective binders. Have them repaired.
5. Place binders so that the handle does not extend beyond the edge of the
truck.
6. Secure the handle with an approved fastener.
Inflating Truck and Car Tires

1. Always set the hand brake, and turn off the motor before inflating a
vehicles tires.
2. Thoroughly inspect tires before inflating. Take extra precautions if obvious
weak spots exist in the casing; a blowout may cause blindness.
3. Know and use only the pressure recommended for the size and kind of tire.
4. Use a reliable pressure gauge. (Rough handling can easily throw a gauge
out of adjustment, and, in cold weather, some gauges do not work well.)
5. Place all tires mounted on multipiece wheels in a restraining device such as
a cage that can withstand the maximum force that would be transferred to it during
a rim wheel separation occurring at 150 percent of the maximum tire specification
pressure for that type of rim wheel. Place a single-piece wheel into a retaining device
or barrier unless it is bolted to the vehicle during inflation. Permit only qualified
personnel to do this task.
AWWA MANUAL
Chapter
9
Procedures for
Construction and
Related Activities
WORKING IN CONFINED SPACES

Underground structures, such as valve and meter manholes and vaults, may have
contaminated air. Records show that people have died in manholes contaminated by
gas from a leaking gas main or by methane from decaying organic matter. In one
incident, a man died in a valve manhole with a soil floor because substances (such as
vegetable matter) in the subsoil depleted the oxygen in the air so that animal life
could not exist. Do not enter an underground structure without first assuring that the
air is safe. Follow these precautions:
1. Use proper tools for opening the manhole or vault and handling the cover to
prevent foot and back injuries.
2. Exercise every precaution to protect the work area from traffic hazards
(Figure 9-1). Barricades, signs, high-level warning devices, and lights should meet
local and state or provincial regulations to adequately warn traffic. (See section on
Posting Barricades and Warning Signs.)
3. Do not enter until a proper entry permit is completed. The permit should
contain the following information (see Figure 9-2).
Specify the minimum acceptable environmental conditions for entry and work in
the confined space.
Assure and certify that the specified requirements are met.
Specify by name or job title the person authorizing or in charge of entry.
Name the attendant, if required.
65
66
Establish rescue procedures to summon assistance.

Describe hazards known or reasonably expected to be present in the confined
space.
Specify means of isolating, cleaning, purging, or inerting necessary before entry
to remove or control hazards.
Describe additional hazards that might be generated by entrants activities.
Specify personal protective equipment, including respiratory protection, clothing, etc., necessary for entry or rescue.
Where hot work is necessary, authorize it either as part of the entry permit or by
a separate permit.
Specify rescue equipment that must be readily available.
Describe type of air monitoring done, time, date, and readings.
4. Train all employees working in or near confined spaces in proper work
procedures, confined space hazards, and rescue procedures.
5. Use approved equipment and methods to verify the absence of harmful or
toxic gases in an underground chamber before personnel enter. Do not consider safe
any underground or confined structure until it has been demonstrated to be free of
harmful gases and to contain sufficient oxygen to sustain life. Use an approved device
to determine oxygen deficiency and concentrations of toxic or flammable gases.
Periodically calibrate all monitoring or indicating equipment, and maintain records.
6. Provide adequate and continuous ventilation to ensure sufficient fresh air
for personnel within a vault or manhole. When a blower is used for this purpose, place
the discharge end near the bottom of the manhole to force the air up and out.
7. Prevent surface water or debris from accidentally entering the vault or
subsurface during work.
Figure 9-1 Barricades should be used around manholes and other work sites.
PROCEDURES FOR CONSTRUCTION
Figure 9-2 Sample permitconfined space entry.
67
68
Figure 9-2 Sample permitconfined space entry (continued).
PROCEDURES FOR CONSTRUCTION 69
8. Use proper shoring and bracing to prevent cave-ins while vaults or similar
openings are under construction. (See Constructing Trenches in this section.)
9. Never endanger personnel safety with improper use of tools. Because falling
tools are hazardous, subsurface workers should always wear hard hats.
10. Use mechanical lifting aids to raise, lower, or suspend heavy or bulky
material to personnel working in manholes or vaults.
11. Always use a ladder for entering or leaving a manhole, vault, or pit over 4 ft
(1 m) deep.
12. Prohibit smoking in or about a manhole.
13. Continually station an attendant at the manhole entrance, and manhole
entrants should wear a lifeline and harness.
14. Train the attendant to apply first aid and CPR. He or she should have
immediate access to rescue respiratory equipment and should maintain communication with the person inside the confined space. A two-way radio is handy for obtaining
emergency help, if needed.
WORKING IN EXCAVATIONS
Hand Digging
1. Wear approved hard hats when working in or around excavations.
2. Use only tools that are sharp and in good condition.
3. Keep a safe distance from other workers to avoid striking them with tools.
4. Do not jump into an excavation. If the excavation is shallow, sit on the
shoulder and slide in. Use ladders where required.
5. When requiring employees to be in excavations 4 ft (1 m) deep or more,
provide an adequate means of exit, such as a ladder or steps. Locate it so no more
than 25 ft (8 m) of lateral travel is required. Extend the ladder from the bottom of the
excavation to at least 3 ft (0.9 m) above the top. Before climbing out of an excavation,
look all ways for traffic.
6. Remove earth and other material to avoid overhanging banks. If undercutting is necessary, provide adequate bracing. Restrict the public from all braced areas.
7. Do not place excavated material closer than 2 ft (0.6 m) from the edge of an
excavation. Keep all tools, working materials, and loose objects orderly and away
from the excavation shoulder.
8. Keep tools, equipment, and excavated material out of open traffic lanes.
Continually remove pebbles and small stones from, or prevent them from lodging on,
a hard-surface roadway where tires may pick them up and throw them.
9. If possible, keep the spoil bank and/or the vehicle between workers and the
traffic.
10. Provide and maintain all necessary barriers, temporary bridges, walks,
warning signs, flags, flares, lights, and, when necessary, watchmen and flaggers to
protect workers, vehicles, and pedestrians (Figure 9-3).
11. Take all necessary measures to prevent accidents to personnel and damage
to equipment. (See Shoring in this section.)
12. Do not go under an overhanging bank; when working near one, be very
cautious.
13. If it is necessary to remove an overhanging bank, work from one side toward
the center, always facing the point of danger.
14. If the walls of an excavation contain glass, wire, or other sharp objects,
carefully remove them.
70 SAFETY PRACTICES FOR WATER UTILITIES
15. When resuming excavation after heavy rains or freezing weather, inspect all
banks for cracks. These may indicate earth movement and the probability of cave-in.
16. Frequently inspect the sides and rim of all open excavations to guard
against cave-in. Operate earth-moving equipment from a position that will not
imperil personnel or property by a cave-in due to vibration, stress, or dead weight.
17. When making tunneled openings, be certain that the soil is either suitably
braced or compact enough to prevent cave-in.
18. If it is absolutely necessary to work above an overhanging bank, use a safety
belt and a lifeline. Have a helper nearby to assist in an emergency.
19. If caught in a landslide, jump or run up, never down, the bank.
20. Avoid striking electric or telephone conduits, gas lines, or other substructures, particularly when using a pick, sharpshooter, or air gun. Locate other utility
installations before starting work.
21. Require workers to wear adequate eye, ear, and foot protection when using
a jackhammer or when exposed to flying particles or falling objects. Protect passersby
and property with canvas screens around impact work.
22. Always face machinery such as clam shells, backhoes, or trenching
machines, and stay beyond one shovel length from the sweep of buckets or extended
booms.
23. If another worker will strike or sledge impact tools, hold the tools by tongs
or toolholder, not by hand.
24. When possible, provide a safe area for onlookers away from the work site.
Always keep children away from work areas.
25. Take rests at designated locations away from the excavation.
Figure 9-3 Installation of a water main requires necessary barriers, warning signs, and other
protective measures.
71
Trenching Machines
The following rules apply equally to all mechanical devices used to dig trenches
and/or make excavations including various types of trenchers, backhoes, buckets,
scoops, and similar pieces of equipment.
1. Operators should always wear hard hats.
2. Never attempt to oil or grease a mechanism or repair or adjust any moving
part of a trenching machine while it is in operation. Only qualified personnel should
operate a trenching machine.
3. Guard all moving parts. Before starting the conveyor, make sure that no
person is endangered by it.
4. To remove obstructions from the conveyor mechanism or buckets, stop the
machines.
5. Be alert for falling material that might roll from the conveyor.
6. When practicable, drop dirt between the excavation and the highway to act
as a barrier.
7. Cautiously fill gasoline or diesel tanks. Keep spout in metallic contact with
the machine to prevent static sparks from bridging the gap and igniting the vapors.
Do not smoke. Keep proper fire extinguishers available when refueling construction
equipment. Use only approved containers when storing flammables on the job site;
clearly mark and define storage areas.
8. Use flags by day and flashing lights or flares by night to warn the public of
the trenching machine and its operations. Liberally use these precautions on all
highway or street work. Plan the warning system before the work is started.
9. Operate the machine vertically to prevent undercutting the trench walls.
10. When loading or unloading trenching machines or other heavy equipment
from truck beds, lowboys, or other conveyances, provide suitable skids and ample
blocking to prevent movement of the conveyance.
Shoring
Proper shoring cannot be reduced to a standard formula. Each job is an individual
problem and must be considered under its own conditions. Federal and state or
provincial standards list specific recommendations for shoring of excavations
(Figure 9-4). The worker should take the following general precautions:
1. Do not take chances that may lead to injury or stop work.
2. Either use tight sheet shoring to guard against the caving in of sandy soil or
loose material when the depth of the excavation exceeds 5 ft (2 m), or cut back the
bank to the proper slope. Keep shoring at or near the bottom of the ditch as it is
excavated and follow with bracing to ensure safety Trench shields are also acceptable
as a protective system. A trench shield does not protect the environment, only the
worker.
3. The placement of shores will depend on the type (classification) of soil
encountered. Local, state or provincial, and federal laws mandate the distances and
sizing of shoring support systems.
4. Extend shoring of any type below the excavation bottom whenever possible,
and brace it thoroughly using timbers, wedges, and cleats, or a pipe/screw-jack
combination. Place all bracing at right angles to the sheeting or uprights and rigidly
wedge, bolt, or cleat it to prevent movement. Hydraulic units are being used in many
types of utility-trench construction. (See Figures 9-5 and 9-6 for proper procedure.)
72
Figure 9-5 Proper installation of trench bracing prevents serious accidents.
Figure 9-6 A properly braced trench can save lives.
73
74
5. Use only full-sized lumber that is assessed to be sound and straight.

6. Install the upper braces or screw jacks first, and remove them last for best
protection.
7. Also consider excavation dimensions, soil stability, variable weather and
moisture conditions, proximity of other structures, weight and placement of soil and
equipment used on the job, and sources of vibration when choosing the type of shoring
to use, if any. The decision must rest with the engineer or foreman in charge.
8. Use hydraulic jacks temporarily only, and replace them with properly sized
screw jacks or solid bracing.
Blasting Operations
Only authorized and experienced employees may use explosives. These employees
must conduct blasts in accordance with nationally recognized good practices. Always
heed the following principles for avoiding accidents when using explosives:
1. The fewest possible people should handle explosives to reduce the risk of
accident.
2. Choose only those with good judgment to handle explosives. Train these
people properly.
3. Rigidly enforce all safety regulations.
4. Do not use a two-way radio near blasting areas, as it might prematurely
detonate a charge.
5. Have the explosive manufacturers technical representative instruct the
field crews in all blasting practices.
Storing Explosives
1. Always purchase, possess, store, transport, handle, or use explosives in
accordance with local, state or provincial, and federal regulations.
2. Store explosives only in a magazine that is dry, well ventilated, properly
located, substantially constructed, and securely locked. Keep the area within 25 ft
(8 m) of magazine clean and clear.
3. Keep explosives away from children.
4. Prohibit smoking, carrying of matches, open lights, or other fire or flame in
or near a magazine or while explosives are being handled.
5. Prohibit the use of firearms near of a magazine.
6. Store only explosives in a magazine; leave all other materials outside.
7. Replace the cover on a partially used package or case of explosives.
8. Store all cases of dynamite so that cartridges lie horizontally.
9. Store blasting caps or electric blasting caps in a box, container, or magazine
separate from other explosives.
10. Protect blasting caps or electric blasting caps from the direct rays of the
sun.
11. Store fuse or fuse lighters in a cool, dry place, away from any flammable
liquids.
Handling Explosives
1. Handle explosives carefully and with respect.
2. Open kegs or cases of explosives only outside and away from the magazine.
3. Use wooden, rubber, or fiber tools to open cases of explosives.
4. Burn empty explosives cases in the open to prevent them from being used
as fuel.
75
5. Keep explosives out of clothing pockets.

6. Do not allow sparks from construction machinery or welding operations to
fall in or near explosives or into drilled holes being loaded with explosives.
7. Permit only essential persons near the blasting area.
8. When destroying any explosives, strictly adhere to the methods recommended by the manufacturer.
9. Keep surplus quantities of explosives out of the tunnel or shaft during
blasting operations.
10. Use fingers only to remove blasting caps from the box. Keep wire, nails, or
other instruments out of the open end of blasting caps.
11. Do not tamper with or remove the wires of an electric blasting cap.
12. Never tamper with or change the circuit of a blasting machine.
13. In cold weather, warm the fuse slightly before uncoiling to avoid cracking
the waterproof coating.
Using Explosives
1. Properly dispose of explosives that have become obviously deteriorated by
water or aging.
2. Do not make up primers in a magazine or near explosives.
3. Do not force cartridges of any explosives either into a bore hole or past any
obstruction in one.
4. Avoid springing a borehole near another one loaded with explosives.
5. Be sure the hole has cooled sufficiently before springing a second time.
6. Use only a wooden rod for tamping.
7. Use only noncombustible material for stemming.
8. Before firing a charge, ensure that all surplus explosives are in a safe place
and that all persons and equipment are at a safe distance or under sufficient cover.
Give adequate warning before firing a charge.
9. Allow smoke and fumes to dissipate before returning to the blast area.
10. Recharge a misfired explosive with a new detonator, and make another
attempt to set it off; do not drill, bore, or attempt to pick out the explosive.
11. Use only one manufacturers blasting cap in a circuit.
12. Discontinue all blasting operations during electrical storms. Be careful
during a high wind, as it may produce sufficient static to detonate charges.
13. Use a blasting galvanometer to test all electric blasting caps before using
and when connected in a circuit.
14. Use no. 14 gauge single-conductor copper blasting wire. Be certain that the
wire ends are bright and clean before making electrical connections.
15. Do not cut cap leg wires unless absolutely necessary.
16. Insulate or isolate blasting circuits from all possible sources of current or
paths of leakage.
17. Eliminate from the blasting area all electric wire or cable that is not
required to set off the charge.
18. Use waterproof electric blasting caps and lead wires when blasting in wet
conditions.
19. Use delay electric caps for setting off charges in footing holes.
20. Operate a blasting machine at its maximum force.
21. Cut the fuse only when ready to insert it into a blasting cap. With a clean,
sharp blade, squarely cut off an inch or two of the fuse to ensure a dry end. Without
twisting, seat the fuse lightly against the cap charge.
76
22. Cut the fuse long enough to extend at least 2 ft (0.6 m) beyond the collar of
the hole to allow time to get safely away. The minimum length of a safety fuse is
36 in. (1 m).
23. Use a standard cap crimper, making sure that the cap is securely fastened
to the fuse.
24. Under wet conditions, thoroughly waterproof the joint between fuse and cap.
25. Always keep the fuse free of kinks.
26. Use sufficient stemming to protect explosives from the end spit of a fuse or
flying matchheads.
27. After a blast, permit only an experienced powderman to work in the area
until it is definitely proved safe.
Posting Barricades and Warning Signs

1. Place advance warnings, instructional signs, barricades, and delineators
well ahead of the construction area to warn motorists and pedestrians of the area and
safely take them through or past it. All such protection devices must meet the
appropriate federal, state or provincial, or local specifications for size, shape, color,
and placement.
2. Protect the work area with barricades, barriers, or planks to provide a safe
working space. If necessary, use flaggers to direct and slow down traffic. When used,
place trucks or air compressors between the work and the traffic (Figure 9-7).
3. During periods of reduced visibility, use adequate lighting on all barricades.
4. When no work is in progress, place adequate barriers, barricades, flashing
lights, and signs to warn and divert traffic. Use reflecting tape on all barricades.
5. In winter, divert traffic, if necessary, from streets covered with surface ice
resulting from a main break until sanding or scarifying restores safe driving
conditions.
6. All personnel should wear protective clothing including hard hats and high
visibility traffic vests.
Figure 9-7 Trucks or air compressors should be placed between the work and traffic.
AWWA MANUAL
Chapter
10
Using Pipe
and Leaded Joints
PIPE
Proper Handling
Handling pipe is no job for an amateur; assign only trained professionals using proper
equipment to this task. Safe, successful completion of work involving pipe handling
also rests on following a proven method. Do not take undue risks with the safety of
the crew by trying unconfirmed shortcuts; the time saved is not worth the chance of a
serious accident. Carefully follow tested procedures for handling pipe:
1. Ensure that members of each crew work together in moving pipe by hand.
Accidents sometimes result because one person lifts or lets go of the load before the
others are ready. Use standard signals.
2. Use a U-shaped carrying bar, carrying tongs, or pipe sticks that are
adequate for the pipes size and weight. Do not use makeshift tools.
3. Firmly grip the lifting bar or tongs; be sure hold will not slip.
4. When lifting or lowering a weight, bend the knees, place the load on the leg
and thigh muscles (not on the abdominal and back muscles), and keep the back fairly
perpendicular.
5. Lift and lower when the person in charge signals so that all crew members
move together. Avoid sudden starts or stops.
6. Ensure that skids are of ample strength, and securely place them.
7. When unloading pipe from trucks or cars, lower individual pieces by snubs
all the way down the skids (Figure 10-1).
8. Do not stand between the skids while pipe is being lowered.
9. Before snubbing operations begin, carefully inspect the ropes for defects.
10. Wear gloves for all snubbing operations, as slipping rope may burn bare
hands.
11. Prevent the uncontrolled rolling of pipe. Use wood chocks when necessary.
77
78
12. When manually lifting or lowering pipe in an excavation, use two or more
rope slings looped under the pipe and handle from each side of the excavation. To
prevent a heavy pipe from pulling workers into the excavation, anchor one end of each
rope sling to a massive object such as a truck.
13. When aligning pipe in the excavation either manually or mechanically, keep
hands and fingers away from ends of pipe and other substructures that could crush.
14. Govern crane operations by the signals of a qualified worker only.
15. Never try to catch and hold a length of pipe that slips from a crane or hoist
sling.
16. Be alert to unsafe excavation sides when measuring, testing, or inspecting
pipe in place on an excavation bottom.
17. When cutting sections of pipe, keep feet in the clear and use adequate
blocking, chocks, or pipe vises to prevent pipe movement. Wear safety goggles.
18. Keep tools and appliances in good condition for handling, cutting, threading,
or treating pipe. Always use the right tool for the job.
19. Do not let tools or materials become stumbling hazards where pipe is being
handled.
20. Avoid shortcuts and makeshift methods that may increase the hazards of
handling pipe.
21. When cutting, sawing, or milling asbestoscement pipe, take special
precautions, and follow local, state or provincial, and federal regulations.
Proper Storage
1. Store small pipe in racks according to length and size.
2. Always block pipe to prevent it from rolling or falling.
3. Carefully handle threaded pipe, because threads are sharp and can cut
flesh.
Figure 10-1 Individual pieces of pipe should be lowered from trucks or cars.
USING PIPE AND LEADED JOINTS
79
4. Store pipes larger than 2 in. (50 mm) in diameter by stacking them with
spacing strips placed between each row.
5. Arrange and block each row of stacked pipe to prevent it from rolling from
the pile (Figure 10-2). Use reasonably permanent material, such as chemically
treated wood, for blocking.
6. Always withdraw pipe from the top rows.
7. In pipe-storage areas or where cranes handle allied pipe material, teach
workers the signals used by the operator, and stay clear of the loads path. Use
standard signals.
8. Always keep pipe yards and walkways clean and orderly (see Figure 10-3).
Handling Accidentally Energized Water Meters

Electric current will flow only through a closed circuit. Electrical utilities commonly
ground a service via a driven ground rod at the transformer pole or via the service
grounds, where there are three or more services. These services are usually grounded
to the water pipe.
In the event of an electrical fault or defective neutral, the current can flow
through the water-service system and return to the electrical source through another
route such as the neutral wire of other electrical services in the area.
Everything is safe so long as the water system circuit is neither interrupted
nor opened, such as when the water meter is removed. In this case, anyone who
touches the pipe where the meter was removed can complete the electric circuit and
have the current flow through his or her body.
To protect the employee removing or installing a meter, bypass the meter by
attaching an insulated jumper wire of adequate current-carrying capacity to the pipe
at both sides of the water meter. The jumper clips should penetrate any coating of dry
Figure 10-2 Pipe should be stacked so as to prevent it from rolling.
80 SAFETY PRACTICES FOR WATER UTILITIES
Figure 10-3
Storage yards should be kept clean and orderly.
soil, rust, or corrosion that acts as insulation and make good electrical contact with
the metal of the pipe. The jumper is a better conductor than the human body, and the
current will flow through it, rather than through the employee working on the meter.
After the meter is removed, use a clamp-on ammeter to measure the amount of
current flowing through the cable. If any current is detected, notify the local electric
utility immediately, as well as the homeowner if a residential meter is being replaced.
LEADED JOINTS
Melting Lead
1. When melting lead, minimize actual contact with, or spillage of, hot
material. Take special precautions whenever the work is done where spillage could
endanger workers in vaults, excavations, or other excavations.
2. Do not put wet material or water into the molten lead or suddenly add large
quantities of lead to the melting pot. Such actions frequently cause explosions in the
lead pot.
3. While the lead is melting, heat the ladle to evaporate any moisture in it.
4. Preheat new lead before adding it to already molten metal.
5. When adding or drawing lead to or from the pot, always wear gloves or
mittens, roll down sleeves, use a face shield, and wear high-top shoes (Figure 10-4).
6. When pouring lead, secure footing, wear gloves, roll down sleeves, and wear
a face shield. Stand in back of the bell or sleeve opening (Figure 10-5). If the joint
contains moisture, pour in a small amount of oil before the lead.
7. Do not obstruct the path between the lead-melting operation and the point
where the lead is to be poured. Warn all workers along the route to be alert and to
stand clear when hot material is being carried.
USING PIPE AND LEADED JOINTS
Figure 10-4 Proper protective clothing should be worn when adding lead to a melting pot.
Figure 10-5 Stand in back of the bell or sleeve opening when pouring a joint.
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82
8. Do not breathe any fumes or vapors from melting pot. Use respiratory
protection if airborne concentrations of lead exceed acceptable limits.
9. Exercise personal cleanliness to help reduce the hazard of lead poisoning.
Wash hands and face before eating or drinking.
10. Wear adequate clothing (with sleeves rolled down), gloves, and eye shield
while handling molten metal.
Caulking
1. Permit only those workers actually engaged in caulking in the immediate
area.
2. Keep a caulking operation free from distractions or unsafe conditions that
could contribute to an accident.
3. Maintain and use only tools that are approved and in good condition.
4. Wear adequate eye protection when using impact tools.
5. Provide adequate work space around the joint to be caulked.
Melting Compounds
1. When melting calking compound, avoid unnecessary contact with primer or
compound fumes, especially when using bitumastic or phenolic compounds. To reduce
the hazard of burns from fumes retained in clothing, change and clean clothing every
day.
2. When carrying the hot material in buckets, use buckets with riveted
construction for additional protection.
3. Carry hot compounds in closed buckets constructed for that purpose. For
safetys sake, each worker should carry only one bucket at a time, using only one
hand. Keeping the other hand free may help prevent accidents by providing better
balance.
4. Use handlines to raise or lower buckets containing hot material.
5. Open the kettle valve slowly to avoid splashing the hot compound.
6. Never leave the kettle unattended while the contents are hot.
AWWA MANUAL
Chapter
11
Water Storage Areas
PUMPING STATIONS
Danger is always present where machinery, such as pumps and motors, is operating
and where high-voltage electricity is used. Undoubtedly, pumping station operators
have the highest respect for the hazards involved in their occupation. Unfortunately,
familiarity tends to breed carelessness and complacency Pay attention and remain
alert to avoid injury. Never be caught off guard. Carefully follow the safety
precautions presented in this section.
Warm-Weather Operation
1. Place gates across door areas to allow ventilation while excluding unauthorized persons.
Oiling Machinery
1. Stop machinery before cleaning, oiling, or adjusting it.
2. Lock out and tag the switchgear so that no one can start a machine being
worked on.
3. Before starting a machine, be certain that personnel are clear of danger and
that working parts are free to move without damage.
4. Apply enough oil or grease to lubricate adequately without overflow.
5. Immediately wipe up all spilled oil or grease.
6. At each lubrication, inspect the condition of all visible machine parts.
Immediately report unsafe conditions.
7. Replace all guards immediately after lubrication and before starting the
machine.
8. Never point a grease gun at anyone or shoot grease into the hand.
9. Handle tools properly.
10. Never leave tools where someone may trip over them.
11. When lubricating moving machines or machine parts, locate the lubricant
fittings at least 12 in. (0.3 m) from dangerous moving parts, unless a pipe extends
from the fitting outside a guard.
83
84
Repairs and Solvents

1. Lock out and tag the controlling switchgear before beginning work so that
another person cannot start the machinery.
2. Before commencing work, place substantial blocking under any equipment
suspended or supported by jacks or a chain hoist.
3. Properly ventilate the work area. Use mechanical ventilation, if necessary,
to increase air circulation. When working in a confined space, follow the applicable
rules for testing and ventilation.
4. Use only solvents having flash points of l00F (38C) or higher. (Petroleum
solvents, such as Stoddard solvents and kerosene, have high flash points and are
sufficiently effective for cleaning operations involved in maintaining automotive
equipment. The volatility of such agents is low enough to prevent them from reaching
hazardous concentrations in ordinary size workrooms at normal temperatures.)
5. Do not use solvents in confined places, such as tanks and pump pits,
without good mechanical ventilation. Use a respirator, if needed, for comfort and
protection when working in high solvent concentrations. (Petroleum solvents have an
anesthetic action in high concentrations, and all commonly used volatile solvents are
toxic to some degree. Benzol [benzene] is highly toxic, although its kindred substances
toluol [toluene] and xylol [xylene] are less toxic and, therefore, less dangerous. Wood
alcohol, or methanol [methyl], is a strong poison. Other alcohols vary widely in
toxicity but, in general, are less poisonous than methanol. Petroleum solvents, such
as the naphthas and many trade name compounds, such as Stoddard solvents, are
less toxic.)
6. Be careful when using solvents whose complete composition is not presented
on the container. (Trade name compounds may contain benzol or other highly toxic
substances. Commercial grades of relatively nontoxic solvents may contain considerable amounts of highly toxic materials as impurities.)
7. Bead material safety data sheets (MSDS) before using any solvent. The
MSDS will provide information on toxicity, flammability, and other useful
information.
8. Wear nonpermeable gloves to protect against possible skin irritation from
solvents.
9. Do not use gasoline, carbon tetrachloride, or other highly toxic or low flash
point cleaning agents. (Kerosene, Stoddard solvents, petroleum naphthas, and methyl
chloroform [1,1,1-trichloroethane] are reasonably safe. The last-named substance is
nonflammable.)
10. Change clothes that become soaked with oil or gasoline rather than risk
a fire.
11. Keep a suitable fire extinguisher handy and ready for use.
12. Maintain sufficient labor and hoisting equipment to handle heavy objects.
13. Examine tools and keep them in safe working condition.
14. Secure unbolted heavy objects if leaving the workplace.
15. Wear goggles when eye protection is needed.
16. Keep aisles and open spaces on the floor free of tools and other objects.
17. A job is not completed until after it is certain that lock washers, cotter pins,
and safety devices are in place.
18. Safely dispose of used solvents and solvent-soaked rags according to
applicable hazardous waste disposal regulations.
WATER STORAGE AREAS
85
Machinery Guards
1. Adequately secure guards to shield, fence, rail, enclose, or otherwise guard
prime movers, power transmission equipment, and machines and machine parts.
(Such procedures will protect employees against exposure to, or accidental contact
with, dangerous moving parts.)
2. Where it is necessary to change belts, make adjustments, or add lubricants,
provide guards with hinged or removable sections.
3. Where the guard or enclosure is within 4 in. (100 mm) of a moving part, the
maximum opening in the screen should not exceed in. (13 mm).
4. Where guards are located more than 4 in. (100 mm) and less than 15 in.
(0.4 m) from a moving part, the maximum opening should not exceed 2 in. (50 mm).
5. Place standard railing guards not less than 15 in. (0.4 m) or more than
20 in. (0.5 m) from moving parts.
6. Use guards strong enough to provide real safety. Construct guard structures
so that they cannot be pushed or bent against moving parts.
7. Remove and replace guards for maintenance only when the machinery is not
in operation.
Electric-Switch Panels
1. Locate and construct switchboards so that fire hazard is minimized.
2. Locate switchboards where they will not be exposed to moisture or corrosive
gases.
3. Adequately illuminate the front and back of all switchboards when
adjusting, replacing, or repairing parts.
4. Maintain a clear, adequately sized working space with secure footing around
all switchboards and motor-control equipment.
5. Place special insulating mats on the floor at all switchboards.
6. Properly guard or screen open switchboards, make them accessible only to
qualified and authorized personnel.
7. Sufficiently ground all electric equipment, including switchboard frames.
8. Post permanent and conspicuous warning signs for panels carrying more
than 600 V.
9. Secure areas screened off because of high voltage with locks that open from
the inside without keys.
10. Open and properly lock out and tag switches when personnel are working on
equipment.
11. Use fully enclosed, shockproof panels when possible. Use interlocks on such
equipment so that it cannot be opened while the power is on.
TRANSFORMER STATIONS
1. Familiarize water-utility employees with the layout and construction of
transformer stations so that they can safely do routine inspections and minor
maintenance and recognize and report major damage, dangerous conditions, and
other problems needing correction by power company personnel. Provide plans of the
electric system at each station. Following are the types of stations normally found in
waterworks installations:
A two-pole structure consists of two 35-ft (11-m) poles with horizontal timbers
mounted approximately 12 ft (4 m) aboveground to support transformers.
Associated equipment, such as disconnects and lightning arresters, is normally
86
installed on the crossarms of one pole. No enclosure is required in the two-pole

type of station.
A ground platform consists of a concrete pad or base with two 35-ft (11-m) poles
at either end of the pad. Transformers are placed on the pad below the
high-voltage bus, which is normally 8 ft (2 m) above the base. Associated
equipment is installed on the crossarms of the incoming-line pole. The station is
enclosed with a chain-link fence of sufficient dimensions to give required inside
clearances (Figure 11-1). The gate provided on one side has a lock. The
structures and the fence are grounded. Warning signs are placed on all sides of
the enclosure. If a building wall forms one side of the area, all windows and
openings are screened and barred.
A vault consists of a fireproof roomgenerally within a buildingwith
minimum dimensions of 8 ft 3 20 ft (2 m 3 6 m). Ventilators to the outside
provide adequate cross-ventilation. Entry is by an approved fire door without
self-locking devices. A sign warning of high voltage is prominently displayed on
the outside of the door. The high-voltage bus generally extends from one end of
the vault to the other, in the form of a strain bus (with protecting fuses) mounted
on stanchions. The incoming line to the vault may enter either overhead from a
pole and down a standpipe or underground from a manhole. All low-voltage
equipment is located outside the vault.
Figure 11-1 Transformer stations should be enclosed with a chain-link fence.
WATER STORAGE AREAS
87
2. Instruct employees to report any dangerous or defective conditions or

vandalism immediately. If a hazard is found, guard the area or take other action to
prevent accidents and injury to others. Report fallen cables, wires, timbers, or other
objects immediately.
3. Familiarize all employees with the location and use of fire extinguishers.
Never use water or foam extinguishers near live conductors; carbon dioxide or
dry-powder extinguishers are recommended. Extinguishers should contain only
nonconducting materials. Regularly inspect extinguishers to ensure good condition.
4. Securely lock enclosure gates and vault doors at all times except when entry
is required. Only qualified employees should have keys.
5. Use a sharp, pointed tool or bar to periodically examine poles for decay at
the ground line. Tap poles above the g-round line with a hammer for evidence of decay
or dry rot.*
6. Regularly inspect structures and fences to ensure that they are in place,
undisturbed, and undamaged.*
7. Keep the area within and near enclosures clear of tall grass, weeds, and
brush.*
8. Always practice good housekeeping. Keep approaches and aisles to gates
and doors clear. Never use enclosures and vaults for storing tools and materials.*
9. Periodically check all warning signs and keep them in good repair.*
10. Inspect vaults for vapors and abnormally high temperatures. Check all
types of stations for leaking oil.*
11. Be extremely careful when working about installations. Assume that the
transformer is energized unless it has been tested and proved otherwise. In absence
of such proof, observe all safety precautions for presence of full voltage.
12. Keep disconnect sticks clean and free from oil and grease and free of
cracks.*
13. Wear gloves that meet approved standards when making disconnects
around high voltage.*
14. Visually check gloves before each use, and have qualified personnel inspect
them annually for leaks.*
15. Report any leaking transformer immediately.
16. Regularly inspect transformers known to contain PCB materials, and
maintain permanent records.
WELLS
Drilling
Generally, utility personnel do not drill wells. Rather, the drilling is handled by
contract with specialized, knowledgeable individuals doing the work. Drilling should
comply with applicable federal, state or provincial, and local regulations and safety
provisions.
1. Before moving in or setting up the drilling rig, inspect the proposed site to
ensure it is free of overhead and underground electrical hazards and other utilities.
2. Restrict the drilling area to authorized people only; do not allow the public
closer than 50 ft (15 m).
*Restrict these duties to employees of the power company, unless the water utility has a
competent electrical staff and the electric company agrees to allow the inspection.
88
3. Require the driller on each shift to ascertain that all machinery and
equipment, such as tools and cables, are in safe working condition before drilling
begins.
4. Construct a suitable working platform at the drill hole, and safely arrange
the materials or tools that must be stored or used on the platform.
5. Substitute wire rope for chains where possible.
6. Use wire rope to lift the cap; never drive the casing while the cap is
suspended above.
7. Maintain all machinery clutches in good condition to ensure that the release
mechanism will function properly.
8. Install and maintain all necessary guards for mechanical power
transmission.
9. Stop the engine while repairs are being made.
10. Permit only experienced personnel to work on the dynamiting of wells.
Always provide separate storage facilities for explosive caps and dynamite. (See
Blasting Operations in this manual for additional information on explosives.)
11. Safely handle and store gasoline on a drilling job; provide gasoline drums
with locked spigots.
12. Take adequate measures to prevent explosions and asphyxiations from
subterranean gases. Amply ventilate all enclosures.
Housing Wells
1. When wells are located within a building, amply ventilate them to assure all
toxic or flammable gases are exhausted to the outside. Securely lock the building at
all times, and allow only authorized personnel on the premises.
2. Collect well-head gases and vent them to the outside of the well house.
Liberate them at an elevation above the roof.
3. All electrical equipment should be explosion-proof. Prohibit smoking within
the well house.
4. Consult engineers at the department of health if the well house is believed
to contain toxic or flammable gases. The engineers can test the air for hazardous
substances or for the lack of oxygen. (The common gases to be investigated are carbon
dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, and hydrogen sulfide.)
5. Properly fence in wells and associated electrical equipment not housed in
buildings to keep out unauthorized persons. Post signs warning of high voltage and
other dangers in or about the fenced areas.
ELEVATED TANKS
Climbing Tanks
Permit only trained, experienced workers to work on standpipes and elevated tanks.
Such occupation is hazardous and not suited to the water-utility employee untrained
in this type of activity Do not employ nonprofessionals to conduct the necessary
periodic tank inspections. Observe the following precautions:
1. Use a safety belt wherever possible.
2. Keep shoes in good repair at all times. Before climbing, inspect shoes, and
remove oil, grease, mud, or other slippery material.
3. Face the ladder when ascending or descending; always use both hands. Do
not permit more than one person on a ladder at the same time.
WATER STORAGE AREAS
89
4. Keep ladder rungs free of oil, grease, mud, or other slippery material.
5. When using a ladder for the first time:
Carefully inspect it for defective rungs, loose weldings or rivets, and other
dangers.
Test each rung before putting full weight on it.
Note carefully the width and spacing of the rungs.
Be extra careful if rungs are staggered.
6. Step on every rung. Use a ladder with safety feet.
7. Protect ladders set up in alleyways, walkways, and roadways by proper
placement of barricades.
8. Do not place ladders on slanting, oily, or slippery surfaces; if unavoidable,
secure the ladder thoroughly or have another employee hold it.
9. Do not remain on a tank during an electrical storm.
Repairing Tanks
1. Follow these personal safety measures:
Do not wear loose, bulky, or torn clothing.
Wear a hard hat when underneath overhead work.
Use a safety belt aboveground if both hands are needed for the work.
Wear an approved respirator when spray painting or when exposed to hazardous
vapors, fumes, and dust.
Wear safety goggles, respiratory protection, and face shields when wire
brushing, chipping, dusting, sand blasting, welding, burning paint, or
disinfecting.
2. Properly use and maintain tools and equipment.
Keep tools clean and in good repair.
Do not use matches or other open flames in tank interiors. Use explosion-proof
flashlights or electric lights.
Ground all electric equipment. Use three-pronged plugs with a third long ground
lug.
Use only extension cords that are listed by the Underwriters Laboratories and
labeled to show compliance with National Electric Code requirements. Regularly
inspect cords before using.
Provide only rubber-sheathed cords for equipment in tanks and other grounded
structures.
Use low-voltage equipment, GFIs or 24 V, in damp locations and in tanks that
are wet or that will cause excessive perspiration.
Use bronze tools if there is any danger from flammable or explosive gases.
3. Before entering a tank:
Use approved equipment and methods to check for toxic and explosive gases and
vapors or absence of oxygen.
Inspect the ventilation. Provide ventilating equipment if natural ventilation is
not adequate.
90
Sufficiently light dark interiors.

Place portable generators, compressors, and other equipment where their engine
exhaust gases will not enter the tank.
Before starting work in the tank, cover the riser opening with timbers, grating,
or other protection if there is no permanent grating.
4. Keep a firm grip with one hand if it is necessary to work briefly from a
ladder. Do not reach farther than an arms length from the ladder. Use a safety belt if
work at one location will take a lot of time.
5. Do not work from a ladder in a high wind.
6. Do not inspect or work alone on or inside a tank. Workers entering a tank
should wear harnesses to hold them upright. Fasten the harnesses to a safety line.
Station a helper on the outside to hold the line, and keep rescue equipment available.
7. Securely fasten all temporary planks and scaffolding.
8. Carry tools in tool box, bag, or tool belt; never carry tools, particularly
sharp-edged or pointed tools, in pockets or pants belt. Minimize the number of tools
in a tool belt.
9. Haul tools, equipment, and materials with a handline and tool bucket.
10. When descending, bring the tools. Do not leave tools on elevated ledges,
angle irons, or roofs.
11. Take all possible precautions against dropping tools.
12. Inspect all rope and tackle and wire rope before using. Do not load such
tackle beyond rated capacity.
13. Never look at the direct light of an arc welder without protective goggles.
(Even reflected light from an arc welder is sufficient to injure eyes.)
14. When using rope for slinging purposes, keep it away from sharp edges,
which could fray or cut it. Apply blocking and padding where needed.
Handholds and Railings

1. For fixed ladders over 20 ft (6 m) in height, refer to local, state or provincial,
and federal regulations regarding cages or climbing devices (Figure 11-2). All ladders
should extend 3 ft (1 m) above the landing.
2. Provide handholds or grips above the tops of all ladders.
3. Provide railings for balconies and stairways.
4. When working around tanks for the first time, carefully check all railings,
handholds, and gratings. Do not assume that they are in good condition, and do not
use or lean against them until they are proven reliable.
5. Before using, ensure that handholds and railings are free of grease, oil, ice,
or other slippery material.
6. Do not use railings to carry weights and loads from block and tackle.
Fencing
1. To protect equipment and personnel and to deter trespassing, enclose all
distribution system facilities, including tanks, with at least a 6-ft (2-m) chain-link
fence or equivalent.
WATER STORAGE AREAS
91
Figure 11-2 Elevated tanks should be equipped with approved cages or climbing devices.
RESERVOIRS AND LAKES

General Precautions
1. All employees should watch carefully for unusual and unsafe conditions,
such as leaks in dam structures, defective machinery, unsafe practices, etc., and
report them immediately to the employee in charge.
2. Post warning signs and guard railings where the public may approach any
hazardous place. Warn the public of any unusual hazards.
3. Where a water hazard exists, install, in an accessible location, cork or kapok
life rings attached with a 3/8-in. (10-mm) Manila or nylon line.
4. At work sites near open water or dams along canals, at forebays, and at
other structures, provide life rings, vests, snub lines, and other suitable precautions.
5. Establish a system of hydraulic and mechanical work clearances to ensure
that employees doing maintenance or construction work around dams or reservoirs
will be safe. Hydraulic clearances promote awareness that people are working where
an unexpected flow of water may endanger their safety.
92
Power Boat Safety

1. Examine bilge for excess water.
2. Ventilate compartments; leave compartments and bilge open until engine is
running. Run bilge blower 5 min before starting engine.
3. Check all emergency gearlife jackets, cushions, ring buoys, fire extinguisher, boat hooks, oars, etc.before using boat.
4. Run engine long enough to reach normal operating temperature. Check
instrument panel. Stop engine if oil-pressure gauge fails to indicate sufficient
pressure.
5. Report weak battery or any other difficulties in starting engine.
6. Check bow and stern mooring lines. Be certain one end of each line is
secured to substantial fitting on the boat.
7. Run engine at least once weekly, and bring up to normal operating
temperature to dry out internal condensation.
8. Shut off fuel line at tank when finished with boat.
Using Emergency Gear

1. Supply a life jacket or cushion for each person on board.
2. Except in large boats with sufficient freeboard, all persons who must walk
about in the boat, handle material, or lean over the side, should wear life jackets.
3. Everyone aboard should wear life jackets during operations at night or
when in choppy water.
4. Equip boats operating at night with lights, mooring lines, boat hooks, and
two oars.
5. When boats are operated at night, notify someone on shore of departure
time and estimated return time.
6. Cork ring buoys, if supplied, shall have 50 ft (15 m) of 3/8-in. (10-mm) Manila
line or equivalent attached.
AWWA MANUAL
Chapter
12
Operating and
Maintaining Buildings
CLEANING WINDOWS
Make window cleaning, a hazardous occupation, safe by following these rules:
1. Inspect the safety harness each day before use. Make sure that all metal
parts, ropes, and straps are in good condition.
2. Examine window anchors before using them. If an anchor is loose or badly
worn, do not use it, and tell the supervisor immediately.
3. If acid or alkaline cleaning solutions are used, inspect the safety rope
frequently for chemical deterioration, and wear rubber gloves.
4. Before climbing outside, put one belt terminal in place on the anchor, and
anchor both terminals, without twists, before starting work.
5. Tell the supervisor if extreme cold or wind is creating a hazard. Operations
should then be shut down.
6. Also inform the supervisor if work going on above window cleaning
operations creates a hazard from falling objects.
7. Always keep one belt terminal anchored until inside the sill.
8. Work with one hand only and stabilize with the other to place less strain on
the safety belt.
9. Firmly grip and use one tool at a time to avoid dropping it. Prevent water
from falling on pedestrians or vehicles.
10. A competent person should inspect the safety belt at least once every three
months.
CLEANING, SCRUBBING, AND WAXING FLOORS

All cleaning chemical solutions and waxes should have mixing, storage, and safe
handling instructions. All containers should be well marked for contents. Never mix
93
94
different solutions together if their containers do not provide instructions. Avoid

mixing chlorine-based cleansers with other compounds.
1. Use only the proper containers for soap, powders, and other cleaning
materials.
2. When scrubbing old or splintered woodwork or flooring, use only longhandled scrub brushes or mops.
3. Use wringers to prevent hand injuries from pins, pieces of glass, or other
sharp objects that the mop may pick up.
4. Remove exposed nails, tacks, or splinters from the woodwork surface before
scraping or cleaning.
5. When using steel wool or sandpaper, wear gloves.
6. Post signs to warn all persons of the dangers of slipping on wet or waxed
floors. Use only floor waxes that contain nonslip ingredients.
7. Frequently inspect handles of mops, brooms, or other long-handled tools.
Repair splintered handles, and discard split handles.
8. Wear approved rubber gloves when using a strong washing solution,
cleaning water closets or urinals, and disinfecting toilet seats.
9. Keep mops, brushes, pails, and other utensils out of hallways, doorways, or
stairways, unless the equipment is being used there.
10. Remove loose objects before dusting tops of lockers, tall cabinets, or similar
furniture.
11. When working at a doorway, secure the door, either open or closed.
PAINTING WITH BRUSH

1. When painting indoors or in closed areas, provide sufficient ventilation.
2. When working with lead, zinc, or other toxic-based paint, keep hands away
from the mouth. Wash hands before handling food or tobacco.
3. Avoid excessively using solvents to remove paint from the skin. Avoid using
carbon tetrachloride. Use protective creams to help reduce skin contact with paint or
solvent.
4. Prohibit smoking or open flames when a hazard of fire or explosion from
solvent or paint vapors exists.
5. To reduce fire hazard, discard rags containing oils or paints in closed metal
containers.
6. Conform the furnishing, construction, and use of ladders or scaffolds to
either existing safety regulations or ANSI safety recommendations. (See chapter 5,
General Safety Practices and Equipment.)
SPRAY PAINTING
1. Use an approved respirator to reduce the hazard of inhaling vapors, fumes,
or mists. When purchasing a respirator, obtain the correct apparatus for protection.
2. Wear gloves and other protective equipment to reduce unnecessary contact
of excessive paint material or solvent with the skin.
3. Prohibit smoking and open flame anywhere near the painting.
4. Use only explosion-proof lights within the spray booth.
5. Do not use any electric switch, outlet, or appliance capable of producing a
spark inside the booth. Do not make or break an electrical connection for infrared
drying within the booth.
OPERATING AND MAINTAINING BUILDINGS
95
6. Do not use compressed air to clean spray-booth interiors.

7. Consider using falling water or a water spray immediately behind a paint
spray operation in the booth to trap and remove any excess paint and to reduce the
danger of fire or vapor explosion. Combine the use of water with the proper and
adequate flow of air required to direct and convey the excess spray toward the water
curtain.
OPERATING ELEVATORS
1. Do not operate a freight elevator without proper authorization.
2. Close and latch the gates or doors, and make sure that people and objects
are out of the way before starting.
3. Know the safe capacity of the car, and stay within that limit.
4. Before the doors or gates are opened, always be sure that the control is in a
neutral position and that the elevator is completely stopped.
5. Require all passengers to face the front of the car. If scuffling or horseplay
starts, stop the car.
6. Do not permit material other than elevator equipment on the top or cover of
any elevator car.
7. Never reverse an elevator without fully stopping it first.
8. Take an elevator out of service if it does not work properly; report the defect
immediately.
9. Make an inspection trip each morning before admitting passengers.
10. Do not carry passengers or freight while inspections, repairs, or adjustments are in progress. Do not move the car when any one person is in the pit or on
top of the car, except as that person directs.
11. Be sure that the locking device and safe-hoisting attachments are in place
before any heavy, concentrated loads are moved on or off.
12. Withdraw the locking device before raising the car more than a few inches.
13. Keep the car gates, if any, closed while the car is in motion. If there are no
gates, keep passengers away from the open edge of the car platform.
14. If the power goes off while the car is moving, set the control at the stop
position; start the car as usual when the power returns.
15. Conduct an annual pressure test, as recommended by ANSI Standard A17.1
(1978) Sec. 213, on all hydraulic elevators to determine if there are any leaks in the
underground casing.
16. Do not use elevators designated for freight to carry passengers.
AWWA MANUAL
Chapter
13
Operating Storerooms
and Stockrooms
To operate a storeroom, stockroom, or other storage facility safely and efficiently,
always keep the premises safe and orderly In other words, good housekeeping must
prevail. Take every precaution to prevent injuries to employees handling the stored
materials. Carefully observe the safety rules presented in this section.
GOOD HOUSEKEEPING
1. Keep all aisles and walkways clear. Passageways should be wide enough to
transport materials to and from storage (Figure 13-1).
2. Keep passageways clear to permit access by fire-extinguishing equipment.
3. Keep floors clear of all loose objects and free of water and oil.
4. To minimize fire hazards, do not accumulate wastepaper, scrap lumber, or
other waste material.
5. Clearly designate storage areas and aisles (Figure 13-2).
PROPER STORAGE
1. Never overfill storage bins. Do not let materials protrude into the aisle.
2. Do not store round objects up high unless they are completely contained in
a bin or box.
3. Store glass, glassware, and other fragile material where they are easy to
reach.
4. Properly stack materials on a firm, even foundation. Avoid stacking to a
hazardous height. Where possible, crosstie the tiers for mutual support.
5. When storing heavy materials in buildings, stay within the floors safe load
limit.
6. Whenever possible, all materials stored in bins and racks should be visible.
96
OPERATING STOREROOMS AND STOCKROOMS
97
Figure 13-1 Aisles and walkways should be kept clear to allow easy access to storage bins.
Figure 13-2 Aisles and storage areas in the water utility stockroom should be clearly designated.
98
7. Store heavy or bulky materials in bins and racks so that personnel can
easily get them without reaching or using a ladder.
8. To avoid spills, do not store corrosive materials on upper shelves.
9. To prevent toppling, properly secure and fasten storage bins and racks to
floors or walls.
SAFE HANDLING PRACTICES

1. Wear gloves, especially when handling wooden crates or metal containers.
Safety shoes are also recommended.
2. When uncrating materials or opening boxes or barrels, remove all metal
straps and projecting nails before actually unpacking.
3. Do not overload hand trucks. Carefully balance the load to avoid excess
strain on the operator. Keep trucks in good repair.
4. Securely fasten skids and runways before use. Pin the dock plates to
prevent shifting.
5. Properly dispose of broken glassware.
HANDLING DRUMS
1. Wear gloves when handling drums.
2. Keep hands at top center while rolling drums. To change direction, grasp the
chimes and apply force.
3. Upending a full drum that weighs over 200 lb (91 kg) requires two people.
Two workers should stand with the container between them, grasp both chimes, and
lift one end while pressing down on the other. As the drum is brought to balance,
release the bottom, and straighten up with the drum.
4. To upend a drum that weighs less than 200 lb (91 kg), the worker should
stand close to the top end of the drum, place feet close together, grip the underside of
the drum end with hands about 8 in. (0.2 m) apart, bend knees so that hips are lower
than shoulders, and apply the lifting effort with the legs.
5. To tip a drum, grasp the nearest chime with both hands, push the drum to
a balance, and then ease it down; use a rocker type of drum tilter.
6. Slide drums endwise down skids.
7. Use a parbuckle to pull drums up skids if the work must be done alone.
8. To loosen or tighten a bung, always use a proper bung wrench with a long
handle; never use a pipe wrench.
OPERATING POWER TRUCKS AND FORKLIFTS

1. Before using a truck, test the brakes and be sure the truck is in good
operating condition.
2. In crowded passageways and when approaching intersecting aisles, drive
slowly and cautiously.
3. Face in the direction of travel and be alert for danger, particularly when
backing.
4. When leaving a truck, lower forks, shut off the power, and set brakes.
5. Be sure that people can hear the trucks warning signals, but use them only
when necessary.
6. Stop a safe distance from other trucks or pedestrians. Always give
pedestrians the benefit of the doubt, as they may be deaf or wearing hearing
protection.
OPERATING STOREROOMS AND STOCKROOMS
99
7. When approaching an elevator, fully stop the truck at least 6 ft (2 m) from

the gate, and set the brakes. Ring for the elevator, and wait until it completely stops
before moving the truck.
8. Be sure the total weight of truck and load does not exceed the safe capacity
of the elevator.
9. Insist that loads be stacked or trimmed for proper clearance before lifting or
hauling.
10. Keep to the right of aisles, and permit no one to ride on truck or trailer.
11. Allow only authorized maintenance and repair-persons to work on the truck
mechanism.
12. Do not ride in a truck whose control mechanism is installed in the tongue.
Such placement indicates the vehicle was not designed to carry a person safely.
13. When transporting a load, always keep it as low as possible and tilted
toward the body.
14. Never travel sideways on an incline, with or without a load.
15. Equip forklifts with rollover protection, backup alarms, and seatbelts.
AWWA MANUAL
Chapter
14
Identifying Hazardous
Chemicals
THE EMPLOYEES RIGHT TO KNOW

Employees who work with chemicals have the right to know what harmful or
detrimental effect those chemicals might have on them.
Follow these steps to establish a right-to-know program for your employees.
1. First, conduct an inventory of hazardous chemicals in the workplace by
listing those chemicals that are hazardous. Read product labels, and look for words
such as caution, danger, or warning, which indicate that the product is
hazardous. Several other organizations, such as the American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) and OSHA, provide information on
hazardous materials.
2. Properly label all incoming hazardous chemical containers. (Manufacturers
and importers are required to do this, but part of your program is to make sure.)
Label should at least do the following:
Identify the hazardous chemical;
Indicate the chemicals specific hazard, including the part of the body affected, if
known;
List the manufacturers, importers, or responsible partys name and address.
The name on the label should allow you to cross-reference the hazardous
material with its material safety data sheet (MSDS).
3. Obtain MSDS for each chemical from its manufacturer/importer. These data
sheets provide the following information:
chemical identity;
physical and chemical characteristics of the hazardous chemical (i.e., flash
point);
100
IDENTIFYING HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS 101
physical hazards of the hazardous chemical, including the potential for fire,
explosion, and reactivity;
the chemicals health hazards, including signs and symptoms of exposure and
medical conditions that generally are aggravated by exposure to the chemical;
the primary route(s) of entry;
the OSHA permissible exposure limit, AGGIH threshold limit value, and any
other exposure limit used or recommended by the manufacturer or importer;
whether NTP (National Toxicology Program) lists the chemical as a carcinogen;
precautions for safe handling, including hygienic practices, protective measures,
and procedures for cleanup of spills;
control measures, such as engineering controls, work practices, or personal
protective equipment;
first-aid procedures;
date of preparation;
the manufacturers name, address, and telephone number; and
emergency phone number.
The MSDS should be available for each chemical in the workplace. Provide
employees on each workshift easy access to the MSDS. If employees must travel to
more than one geographical location, keep the MSDS in one central location, for
instance, in a dispatch office (different states or provinces may have different
regulations). Local fire departments may require these sheets as part of federal
regulations concerning emergency response.
4. Train employees about hazardous chemicals when the employees receive
their initial work assignments and whenever a new chemical is introduced to the
workplace. Also train employees about:
operations where hazards are present;
location of MSDSs and the written right-to-know program;
methods and observations used to detect presence or release of hazardous
chemicals;
physical and health hazards of chemicals in the workplace;
measures employees can take to protect themselves;
details of hazard communication program and MSDSs; and
explanation of labeling system.
AWWA MANUAL
Chapter
15
Handling and Storing
Chemicals and
Administering First Aid
Employees handling acids, caustics, or other corrosive or toxic chemicals should not
have any exposed skin. Wear appropriate gloves, aprons, and eye and face protection
to prevent personal injury. Also adopt the following safety procedures for each
chemical to minimize or eliminate hazards.
ACTIVATED CARBON
Handling and Storage
1. Prohibit smoking at all times wherever carbon is stored and whenever it is
handled and unloaded.
2. Wear proper respiratory protection when bags of carbon or bulk material are
unloaded or otherwise handled (Figure 15-l). Avoid excessive dust and inhalation of
carbon dust.
3. Store carbon in a clean, dry place, in single or double rows, with access
aisles around every stack for frequent fire inspections. This arrangement will
augment easy removal of burning carbon in an emergency.
4. Never store carbon in large stacks.
5. The storage area should be fireproof, with self-closing fire doors separating
the carbon room from other sections.
6. Storage bins for dry bulk carbon should be fireproof. Equip the bins for fire
control by installing carbon dioxide equipment or arranging them so that a fine spray
of water can flood them.
102
HANDLING AND STORING CHEMICALS
103
7. Protect carbon storage areas from contact with flammable materials.

(Carbon dust mixed with oily rags or chlorine compounds can ignite by spontaneous
combustion.)
8. Do not store carbon where a spark from overhead electric equipment could
start a fire. If a fire occurs, realize that carbon monoxide is a potential hazard. (See
Carbon Dioxide, Providing Ventilation, in this section.)
9. Clean electric equipment frequently and protect it from carbon dust.
Preferably, use explosion-proof electric wiring and equipment. (The heat from a motor
may ignite the accumulated carbon dust; this material, especially when damp, is a
good conductor of electricity and could short-circuit the mechanism.)
Controlling Fires
Contrary to the behavior of some dusts, airborne mixtures of activated carbon dusts
are not considered to be explosive. Tests conducted by carbon manufacturers have
failed to indicate any explosive tendency in activated carbon dust.
Activated carbon, like ordinary charcoal, burns without producing smoke or
flame and glows with the release of intense heat. Such fires are difficult to detect and
when found are equally hard to handle. Fires in large storage bins or stacks may exist
for some time before being discovered. The smell of charred paper from the bags or
the scorching of paint on the side of the bin indicates that a carbon fire is in progress.
Follow these tips to control carbon fires:
1. Never douse burning carbon with a large, straight stream of water, as the
fire will spread when burning particles of carbon scatter because of the intense heat
Figure 15-1 Protective clothing is required for handling carbon.
104
and the formation of steam. Use hoses equipped with controllable spray nozzles.
Carbon dioxide extinguishers will help check an open carbon fire, but will not put it
out; carbon dioxide is effective in enclosed storage bins but acts rather slowly. To
avoid the carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide hazards of a carbon fire, instruct
personnel in the area to wear self-contained breathing apparatus.
2. Remember that the pores of activated carbon have sufficient absorbed
oxygen to support combustion without outside air. Carbon will start to burn without
atmospheric oxygen if a temperature of 350F450F (175C230C) is reached,
depending on the type of material. The best way to combat a large carbon fire is to
soak the burning substances thoroughly with cold water from spray nozzles to reduce
the temperature below the ignition point.
3. To control small fires (consisting of one to three bags of carbon), remove the
burning material to a safe place using long-handled shovels and a steel wheelbarrow.
If the carbon is properly stacked, such fires can be controlled quickly and with little
manipulation.
Using Protective Equipment

1. Provide an approved respirator for all personnel handling or working with
activated carbon. If dust is excessive, wear chemical goggles. Also wear loose-fitting,
dust-proof clothing, with the collar closed and the ankles tied at the shoe tops
(Figure 15-1).
2. Provide adequate shower facilities for all personnel handling carbon. Use
liquid soaps that are rather mild and compounded especially for removing carbon
blacks. Avoid harsh soaps and detergents.
3. Provide dust-collecting equipment where carbon is being unloaded into bins
or hoppers. Similar gear is advisable in transferring bulk carbon from hopper cars to
bins or tanks, not only to prevent excessive dust, but also to release air pockets.
ALUM AND FERROUS SULFATE

1. Workers should wear proper respiratory equipment and chemical goggles
(Figure 15-2) wh en handling or exposed to aluminum sulfate or ferrous sulfate dust.
Both chemicals irritate the skin and mucous tissue because of their acid and
anhydrous nature. Also, the dust can seriously injure eyes.
2. Wear loose, denim-quality, dust-proof, long-sleeved clothing and a bandana
and a cap. Tie trousers at the ankles. Apply protective cream to exposed skin.
3. Store the material in a clean, dry place because moisture can cause caking.
When cleaning storage bins, hoppers, and other containers, observe the same
precautions as when handling the chemicals.
4. Electric equipment exposed to ferrous sulfate dust should be dust-proof.
Because this chemical readily absorbs moisture, particularly on humid days, and
conducts electricity when damp, it may cause short circuits and corrosion that can
ruin essential equipment.
5. Do not use compressed air to clean dry-feed machines and appurtenances;
an industrial, water-chamber vacuum cleaner is much safer.
6. When handling the chemicals, use an effective dust mask, and keep handy
an adequate supply of filter pads. (The mask is not operating properly if its wearer
can taste the materials.)
105
Figure 15-2 Protective dress is required for handling dry chemicals.
7. Remember that mixtures of dry alum and quicklime can generate heat and
explode if confined. Do not use the same conveyor or dust-collecting equipment for
both materials unless it is properly cleaned after each use.
8. Use mechanical dust-collecting apparatus at handling points to minimize
dust. Cover equipment and connections as tightly as possible.
9. When handling liquid solutions, take proper individual protective measures,
particularly for the skin and eyes. Face shields, boots, gloves, and a rubber apron
offer good protection from liquid splashes or sprays (Figure 15-3). A quick action
eyewash fountain provides the best way to quickly wash any chemical from the face
and eyes.
10. Equip solution (chemical) pumps with antisplatter shields around the
stuffing box to protect personnel against leaks (Figure 15-4).

1. Treat skin irritations and mild burns in the same way as any acid burn:
wash with plenty of warm water and soap, never allow prolonged contact of the dust
with the skin, and thoroughly shower as soon as possible. For dry, cracked skin, apply
a good-quality hand cream or lotion on the hands and face.
2. If aluminum or ferrous sulfate gets in the eyes, wash the eyes out with large
quantities of warm water. If irritation continues, consult a physician.
3. Irrigate irritations of the mouth and nasal passages with warm water.
106
Figure 15-3 Protective equipment is required for handling chemical solutions.
Figure 15-4 A chemical solution pump should be equipped with a splash shield.
107
ANHYDROUS AMMONIA
Handing and Storage
1. Handle cylinders and containers carefully. Never drop cylinders or permit
them to collide with one another. Move cylinders with light hand trucks equipped
with safety chains. When unloading cylinders from a truck to ground level, it is best
to use a hydraulic lift gate or suitable skid with a rubber bumper at the bottom.
2. Avoid hoisting containers. If lifting is necessary, do so with safety-tested
clamps or cradles. Try not to use ropes, cables, and chain slings.
3. Store cylinders where heavy articles cannot fall on and damage them.
Shield the containers from mechanical disturbance or contact with moving objects.
Ammonium chlorite can develop as a result of this mixture.
4. Do not store ammonia near chlorine or in the same room with chlorine
cylinders.
5. Store tube-type cylinders (usually 1-ton containers) on their side, on a level
rack or platform, with suitable blocks to keep them from rolling. Place cylinders
upright, and support them by clamps or guard chains to prevent falling.
6. Store cylinders and containers in a cool, dry place away from heat, and
protect them from continued dampness. Do not keep them outdoors in the direct
sunlight where they may overheat. (Storage near radiators, steam pipes, or other
sources of heat may raise the pressure to a dangerous point, and dampness may cause
excessive corrosion.)
7. When transporting containers, securely fasten them to the carrying vehicle,
so that even under unusual strain they will not shift from their mountings or fall
over.
8. During transportation and storage, always keep the cylinder and container
caps in place until cylinders are ready to be connected. The unloading valves are not
designed to withstand accidental shocks. If the valve ruptures, the cylinder could
become a deadly missile.
9. Weigh cylinders or containers, including caps, before connecting for use, and
cross-check with the gross weight shown on the tag. Repeat when cylinders are empty.
10. Ventilate the storage room, and arrange the cylinders so that a leaking
container can be easily removed. Use fireproof storage and equipment rooms that are
equipped with an exhaust ventilating system.
Controlling Leaks
1. Immediately attend to leaks in the ammonia valve, valve connections,
ammonia feed lines, and in the ammoniator, which are indicated by the characteristic
odor of ammonia. Shut off the flow of ammonia first at the container.
2. Detect the exact leak location by holding an open bottle of hydrochloric acid
or a cloth swab soaked with hydrochloric acid near the leak. This will generate a
cloud of ammonium chloride mist near the discharge. (The old method of using sulfur
tapers is not recommended, as the tapers may ignite escaping ammonia.)
3. If the ammonia leak is heavy, take every precaution to avoid a flash fire or
serious explosion. Ammonia gas will burn if it is blended with the proper amount of
air. The flammable limits of such a mixture are between 15 percent and 28 percent of
ammonia, by volume.
4. Gaseous ammonia is lighter than air and rises; therefore, ensure that
ventilating systems exhaust the air from the ceiling of a room and bring fresh air in
at the floor level.
108
5. Permit only authorized persons (preferably two employees, with one

standing by in case of an accident) equipped with proper respiratory protection to
investigate leaks and make repairs; prohibit everyone else from the affected area.
6. Open cylinder or container valves slowly and only with the special wrench
provided. (Leaks around cylinder valve stems can usually be stopped by tightening
the packing-gland nut, which has a left-hand thread.) Use only the tools furnished by
the ammonia suppliers, as the leverage obtained with longer wrenches may damage
the valve and worsen the leak.
7. If a serious leak develops and cannot be controlled, drop the container or
cylinder into a vat of water. A total of 53 lb (24 kg) of ammonia may be dissolved in
100 lb (45 kg) of water at 68F (20C). Do not discharge water that has been used to
absorb ammonia into separate or combined sewers, unless greatly diluted. Pour water
from a hose on the leak to absorb a considerable portion of the leaking ammonia.
8. Use self-contained breathing apparatus in instances of serious leaks, where
oxygen levels may be deficient.
9. The injector-type suction hose, with a large rubber funnel placed above the
leak, will often help to control ammonia fumes while repairs are being made.
(See Chlorine, Controlling Leaks in this section.)
10. Never neutralize liquid ammonia with an acid because this method
generates a great amount of heat and accelerates the liberation of gaseous ammonia.
11. If possible, turn a leaking container so that the leak is on top. In this way,
only gas will be discharged, and the water will have a better chance of absorbing the
ammonia.
12. Use shutoff valves, relief valves, and pressure-reducing valves especially
made to handle ammonia. Never use copper or copper-bearing fittings or valve seats,
as they can corrode rapidly. Fittings should be schedule 80 black iron or forged steel.
Piping should be extra-heavy black iron on the supply side of the pressure-reducing
valves and of standard black iron on the discharge side. All piping and fittings should
meet the recommendations of ammonia manufacturers. Never use galvanized pipe,
and welded joints are preferable to threaded joints. Never use brazed joints because
they deteriorate rapidly.
13. Whenever an ammonia line possibly may be closed at both ends while being
filled with liquid, protect the line by a hydrostatic relief valve.
14. When cylinders are manifolded (set up in a battery) to increase the rate of
gas flow, install a check valve between each cylinder and the manifold. If this is not
done, a venturi effect created by the manifolding arrangement will result, and one of
the manifolded cylinders will completely fill with liquid ammonia. If the valves are
then closed, a slight increase in pressure could cause the cylinder to burst.
15. Never apply direct heat to an ammonia cylinder. If it is necessary to heat it
to increase the rate of withdrawal, place the cylinder in a water bath. Never expose
cylinders to temperatures of more than 110F (43C).
16. If a fire occurs, make every effort to remove the ammonia cylinders from the
premises. If they cannot be removed, inform the firefighters of their location and
contents and of any explosion hazard that may be involved.
Using Gas Masks and Protective Equipment

1. Always provide gas masks approved for protection against ammonia. These
should have a full face piece and green ammonia canisters. The canisters will protect
for about 15 min at an ammonia concentration of 3 percent and for 5 min at a
concentration of 15 percent. When ammonia fumes begin infiltrating the canister,
109
secure a new one. Use self-contained breathing apparatus or supplied-air respirators

in the event of a serious leak.
2. Anticipate where in an ammonia system leaks can develop, and place the
masks and protective equipment where they can be safely reached in an emergency.
Also strategically locate the controls for the ventilating system.
3. No one can remain in an atmosphere containing 1.52 percent ammonia for
longer than 15 min without developing severe skin burns. Ammonias high solubility
in water causes irritation to any skin surface where moisture has accumulated. To
provide some protection, apply petroleum jelly to neck, armpits, crotch, wrists, and
ankles.
4. Employees who work with ammonia and may be exposed to the liquid or gas
should wear gauntlet-type rubber or neoprene gloves, rubber aprons, gas masks, and
cotton clothing and underwear.
5. When necessary to work on leaks with a high concentration of ammonia,
wear a rubber or neoprene one-piece suit sealed at the ankles, wrists, and around the
face, and a supplied-air respirator with full face shield or a self-contained breathing
apparatus. This equipment will adequately protect for about 30 min, except against
the freezing effect of ammonia.
6. Thoroughly train workers how to use masks and other protective equipment. Urge employees to report defective gear. Always maintain these devices in
first-class condition.

1. If ammonia touches the skin, remove it as soon as possible, take off
contaminated clothing, and flood the affected skin areas with large amounts of water
for 15 min. Consult a physician immediately.
2. Use extreme care in taking off clothing that has become frozen, as forcible
removal may tear the skin. Thaw the clothing first with water at room temperature.
3. Locate safety showers with a capacity of at least 30 gpm (2 L/s) where
possible ammonia fumes will not make them unusable.
4. When ammonia has been removed from the skin, treat the burn the same as
any heat burn. Lightly bandage it. Do not apply salves or burn ointment unless
directed by a physician.
5. Remove ammonia from the eyes immediately; maintain and use a treadle or
brow-operated eyewash fountain for this purpose. Force open the eyes, and turn back
the lids, and flood with water for 15 min. (Any delay in such treatment may result in
serious loss of vision.)
6. After thoroughly washing the injured eyes, immediately consult a physician.
Do not put nonwater-soluble oil or other preparations in the eyes.
7. Immediately take to fresh air anyone overcome by an ammonia atmosphere,
and summon a doctor. Keep the victim warm with blankets, and do not allow him or
her to get up. Start artificial respiration if the victim is not breathing.
8. Completely immobilize and give oxygen to anyone exposed to ammonia who
is breathing in short, shallow breaths. Immediately obtain medical assistance. If the
victims breathing is short and shallow; and if the victim has a tight chest, bloodshot
eyes with swollen lids, and a cough that may discharge bloody mucus, she or he is in
a serious condition.
9. Thoroughly wash nose and throat burns with water. Urge the victim to
drink large amounts of milk.
10. Instruct in first aid all who work with ammonia. Conveniently locate a
first-aid cabinet containing all necessary supplies for treating ammonia injuries.
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Include a copy of the ammonia first-aid instructions of this section and the names and
phone numbers of physicians.
AMMONIUM SULFATE
1. Do not store ammonium sulfate in damp or humid places because ammonia
fumes will be evolved and the material will cake.
2. Do not store ammonium sulfate near steam pipes, hot walls, and other
sources of heat or where it can come in contact with chlorine.
3. Never allow ammonium sulfate to mix with quicklime or lime dust; such
combinations can produce sufficient heat to explode. Ammonium sulfate, by itself, is
not explosive.
4. Do not handle ammonium sulfate in confined areas because it slowly emits
ammonia fumes. When handling the material under dry or dusty conditions, wear
proper respiratory equipment, dust goggles, and loose-fitting clothing.
5. If allergic to ammonia compounds, wear sufficient protective clothing to
avoid bodily contact, and apply an ointment or petroleum jelly to exposed skin.
6. Protect eyes against splashes of ammonium sulfate solutions. If the dust or
liquid gets into the eyes, wash them immediately with large amounts of water.
Ammonium sulfate is mildly acidic, and a strong solution can irritate skin.
CARBON DIOXIDE
Production
1. Keep the premises continually clean. Prohibit smoking wherever combustible gas is present.
2. Locate generating equipment as close to the point of application as
practicable.
3. Locate generators and auxiliary equipment in a well-ventilated space large
enough to permit personnel to move freely on all sides of it. Use explosion-proof
lighting, particularly if combustible gases supply the carbon dioxide.
4. Use preventive maintenance to ensure that the system will always be free
from leaks and that all safety devices and alarms will function properly.
Using Compressors and Blowers

1. Adequately supply the compressor with free air.
2. Provide equipment with suitable guards to prevent injury from moving
parts and burns from hot surfaces. Electric interlocks to prevent the removal of
guards while compressors and blowers are operating may be advisable in some
installations.
3. Do not service compressors and blowers while they are in motion. If
circumstances demand such servicing, extend lubricators to preclude injury from
moving parts.
4. Keep all materials, such as rags, paper, and other light objects, away from
compressor air intakes.
5. Take all excelsior and other filter material removed from scrubbers to a safe
location, and destroy it.
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Providing Ventilation
1. Install in a well-ventilated space to reduce danger in the event of leaks.
2. Adequately vent the carbonation basin or chamber to prevent excess back
pressure in lines. (Such protection is particularly important in the submerged-combustion carbonator units.)
3. Take extreme care in dealing with the danger of carbon monoxidethe
greatest hazard in the generation and handling of carbon dioxide. Carbon monoxide,
a very toxic gas, is a product of incomplete combustion. If coke is used for carbon
dioxide generation, carbon monoxide is always present in the gas; more carbon
monoxide is present if the percentage of carbon dioxide is high.
4. If the plant is designed such that water must be recarbonated in enclosed,
covered basins that have been dewatered for cleaning or making repairs, thoroughly
ventilate the basins. Before allowing workers to enter the basins, use a suitable
carbon monoxide tester to check if the atmosphere in these basins (and in any others
to which they are connected and which have been simultaneously dewatered) is below
the maximum permissible concentration. Until the concentration of carbon monoxide
is within the permissible limits, wear appropriate respiratory equipment. Appropriate
equipment is based on the CO concentration found in the area.
5. Carbon dioxide, heavier than air, has a surprising ability to flow unexpectedly to empty basins and flumes. Portable blowers with canvas ducts are very useful
for ventilating such areas before and during cleaning. Carbon monoxide poisoning
occurs almost entirely by inhalation of the gas and may come on practically without
symptoms in an individual who is comparatively inactive. The most common
symptoms of complete asphyxia are pounding of the heart, dull headache, flashes
before the eyes, dizziness, ringing in the ears, nausea, and sometimes (but not often)
convulsions.
CHLORINE
1. Do not handle chlorine cylinders roughly. Never drop cylinders or permit
one to collide with another. Use hand trucks equipped with safety chains to move
cylinders up to 150 lb (68 kg). Use specially designed electric hoists fitted with the
proper lifting bar for l-ton containers. When unloading cylinders from a truck to
ground level, use a hydraulic lift gate or suitable skid with a rubber bumper at the
bottom.
2. Avoid hoisting cylinders. If such action is necessary, work with safe lifting
clamps or cradles; avoid using ropes, cables, and chain slings. To move cylinders from
storage to the chlorine feeding room, carry them with a properly balanced hand truck,
preferably with a clamp support or safety chain at least two-thirds of the way up the
cylinder to hold it in place. Move l-ton containers using the same type of safety
equipment used for unloading freight cars (Figure 15-5).
3. Store cylinders weighing up to 150 lb (68 kg) upright where heavy materials
cannot fall on or against them. Support the cylinders so that they cannot fall over.
Shield stored cylinders from mechanical disturbances, especially by moving objects.
Do not store cylinders below ground level or in the chlorine feed room. Store l-ton
containers on their sides on a level rack or platform with adequate safety blocks to
prevent rolling.
4. Always keep the protective caps in place when the cylinders or containers
are not in use and are being handled because the discharge valves and fusible plugs
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Figure 15-5 Approved chlorine handling clamp should be used when handling chlorine containers and an emergency repair kit should be kept nearby.
are not designed to take shocks. As soon as a cylinder or container is empty and
disconnected, replace the protective caps. Always tag or mark the empty cylinders or
containers immediately. To avoid confusion, store full containers or cylinders
separately from empty ones.
5. Store chlorine containers and cylinders in a cool place, and protect them
from exposure to external heat sources. Never permit the temperature of the contents
to approach 140F (60C). Store outdoor containers and cylinders away from direct
exposure to the sun and the weather. Keep them clean, and inspect them regularly for
leakage.
6. Do not store containers or cylinders near flammable materials or expose
them to continuous dampness.
7. Make certain that the storage area is well ventilated, and arrange
containers or cylinders so that a leaking unit can be removed with minimal handling
of other containers. The storage room should be noncombustible and equipped with a
proper type of exhaust ventilating system. A shatter-resistant inspection window
should be available in the door or wall if allowed. Some jurisdictions (i.e., Alberta,
Canada) do not allow ventilation to the outside. Some fire codes require all exhaust of
leaking chlorine gas to be scrubbed prior to discharge.
8. Place containers and cylinders in the order in which they are received so
that the oldest are used first.
9. Install electronic chlorine detectors in the chlorinator room, in the chlorine
storage room, and in the withdrawal room, with a sounding alarm and warning light.
Check these devices regularly.
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Controlling Leaks
1. The slightest odor of chlorine may indicate a leak; immediately attend to a
leak because small leaks can grow rapidly
2. Assign two workers to repair a chlorine leak, with one acting as a safety
observer. Provide both with self-contained breathing apparatus or supplied-air
respirators while making repairs.
3. Carefully make connections to the cylinder valve. When threaded connections are used, ascertain that the threads on appliances and unions are the same as
those on the container-valve outlets. If connections that do not fit are forced together,
they will leak.
4. Unless the apparatus is designed to handle liquid chlorine, keep the valve of
the 1-ton container in the proper position to withdraw gas. The two identical valves
on the 1-ton container are connected to eductor pipes inside the container. When a
container is lying on its side and the valves are in a vertical line (one above the other),
the lower valve will discharge liquid chlorine, and the upper valve will discharge
chlorine gas from above the liquid level. Most plants using 1-ton containers have the
cradles holding the containers on scales or in scale tanks 12 in. (2550 mm) higher
at the valve end, thus elevating that portion to ensure that gas instead of liquid will
be drawn when chlorine is taken from a full container.
5. Never alter or repair containers or valves, except for tightening the packing
nut to stop gas leaks around valve stems. Never tamper with the safety devices on the
containers. The fusible plug on cylinders below the valve seat cannot be controlled by
the valve. The l-ton container is equipped with six (three on each end) fusible metal
plugs designed to soften or melt at 158F165F (70C74C) thus allowing the
contents of the container to discharge.
6. Open container valves slowly Do not use a wrench longer than 6 in.
(150 mm) because use of large wrenches or pipe wrenches will damage the valves.
One complete turn of the valve stem counterclockwise will open the valve sufficiently
to permit maximum discharge.
7. To test for chlorine leaks, attach a small cloth or swab soaked with ammonia
water (10 percent NH3) to one end of a stick, and apply it to the suspected area.
(Some operators prefer to use a small bottle fitted with an aspirator.) A white cloud of
ammonium chloride will result if there is any leakage.
8. Supply all employees handling and using chlorine with an approved chlorine
respirator, preferably a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), and instruct
them how to use it. Conduct chlorine gas drills at least monthly to familiarize
personnel with working while wearing SCBAs and in using chlorine-leak safety
devices. Keep SCBAs, thick, loose-fitting gloves, and aprons of nonporous material in
lockers outside of the chlorine equipment area where they can be reached quickly in
an emergency.
9. All installations using chlorine should keep a chlorine-leak repair kit
consisting of suitable clamps, drift pins, hammers, wrenches, and other tools for
emergency service on cylinders where leaks cannot be otherwise stopped (Figures
15-5 and 15-6). Drift pins should be of brass or steel and of suitable size to fit the
usual fusible plug containers. Drift pins are not suitable for packing holes in the
cylinder walls; instead, use wooden plugs and clamps.
10. If the installation uses liquid chlorine, carefully assess whether the
installations location makes it necessary to have absorbing tanks. These tanks can be
sufficiently flooded in depth and volume with a solution of caustic water or alkali to
completely absorb the contents of the container or cylinder. Isolated treatment plants
have less need for absorbing tanks than installations in populated areas. Locate the
114
Figure 15-6 All installations using chlorine should be equipped with chlorine emergency
equipment.
115
caustic soda or alkali tank next to the storage or use area. Equip such receptacles
with suitable anchor clamps to keep the chlorine cylinder or container from floating
when it is nearly empty. Table 15-1 presents recommended quantities of alkaline
solutions for absorbing chlorine.
11. When a chlorine leak occurs, immediately turn on the chlorine-room
ventilating system, if installed.
12. Permit only authorized and trained personnel equipped with SCBAs to
investigate chlorine leaks. Keep all other persons away from the affected area. If the
leak occurs on the outside of the building, keep everyone to the windward side of the
leak and, if possible, at a higher elevation.
13. When a leak occurs in equipment in which chlorine is being used, close the
chlorine container valves first.
14. If a leaking chlorine container is positioned so that liquid chlorine is
escaping, turn or raise the container so that only gaseous chlorine is discharged.
15. Never apply water to a chlorine leak because the leak is worsened by the
corrosive action of chlorine and water.
16. It should prove helpful to use a 2-in. (50-mm) water ejector connected to a
high-pressure water-supply system and equipped with at least a 50-ft (15-m) 2-in.
(50-mm) rubber garden hose that has an enlarged rubber funnel for sucking up most
of the chlorine gas. The discharge from the ejector can be in the raw-water channel or
to a point where the chlorine water will not create harmful conditions.
17. If dry ice is available, pack it around a leaking container to greatly reduce
the rate of evaporation. If the leak cannot be stopped, place the entire cylinder in an
absorbing tank.
18. Because it is unlawful to return a leaking cylinder to the supplier, remove
its contents before shipping (Figure 15-7). Immediately notify the cylinders supplier
of the defective cylinder, and ask the supplier to dispose of it.
19. Never directly apply heat to a container, as it could rupture from internal
pressures. If it is necessary to heat a container, use a water bath controlled not to
exceed 80F (27C). (See Field Chlorination in this section.)
20. Never use grease or oil on fittings that will be in contact with chlorine.
21. Before disconnecting the flexible leads between containers to gas headers,
close the cylinder valve, and draw the gas under pressure from the header and
flexible leads before closing the header valve. Turn on and operate the exhaust system
while the cylinders are being disconnected and the chlorine lines and equipment are
repaired.
22. Put the plastic, protective cover for the rotameter tube in place before
operating chlorine equipment provided with rotameters.
Table 15-1 Recommended Alkaline Solutions for Absorbing Chlorine
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Figure 15-7 Chlorine transfer must be performed with extreme care.
23. If fire breaks out, make every effort to protect the chlorine cylinders or
containers or to remove them from the danger area. Inform firefighters of the
cylinders location and poisonous nature.
Using Respiratory Equipment

1. Respirators should preferably be self-contained, supplied-air breathing
apparatus. Use canister-type gas masks for escape only. The concentration of chlorine
gas in air during a leak will probably be unknown. Some jurisdictions have prohibited
the use of canister masks for protection against chlorine.
2. Store and use respiratory equipment according to manufacturers recommendations for shelf and service life. Dispose of canisters when they reach the
expiration dates marked on them.
3. Store SCBAs in cabinets located conveniently near (but not in) the chlorine
room so that they may be obtained for emergency use without going through the
chlorine-gas area (Figure 15-8).
4. Preferably, assign a separate SCBA to each employee who will be involved
with chlorine leaks, including mechanics and pipe fitters required to work on chlorine
apparatus. In this way, each mask can be fitted to its wearer, and no time will be lost
adjusting masks in an emergency.
5. Make and record monthly inspections of all emergency respiratory equipment. Conduct semimonthly drills, and require all employees to test their masks for
leaks through loose eyepieces, faulty tubing connections, defective or worn spots, and
loose canisters.
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Figure 15-8 Emergency equipment should be located near (not in) the chlorine room.
6. Permit only specially trained employees to repair respirators. Keep on hand

repair parts, as well as extra canisters for emergency use. Frequently inspect each
respirator in service.
7. For emergency use in heavy concentrations of chlorine in confined spaces,
all chlorine-using installations should maintain either a supplied-air respirator with
a 5-min egress pack or a self-contained breathing apparatus.
8. Warn all employees to avoid carelessness and foolhardy exposure to chlorine
gas and that no one is immune to chlorine gas.
9. If trapped in a chlorine gas area without a respirator, leave immediately,
avoid panic, keep the mouth closed, do not cough or breathe deeply, and keep the head
as high as possible until fresh air is reached.
10. Always maintain an adequate supply of ammonia solution (10 percent) to
test for chlorine leaks.
11. Conspicuously exhibit all chlorine safety instructions just outside the
chlorine room and in the first-aid kit.
Ventilating Exhaust
1. Each chlorinating plant or room should have an adequate ventilating
system that is designed to remove leaking chlorine gas.
2. Because chlorine gas is heavier than air and tends to concentrate near the
floor, locate the vents or grilles for removing contaminated air in the floor or scale pits
or as near the floor as possible. Such openings should be near the center of the room
or at the end of the room opposite the entrance. The exhausts from this system should
exit through the roof or to a suitable outside location. Exhausts should never be
situated near other ventilating systems. Station motors and fans for the installation
outside the chlorine room, preferably on an upper level.
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3. Familiarize every employee using or handling chlorine with the location of

the switches for starting the ventilation system. Conveniently locate switches outside
the rooms where chlorine equipment is used. Clearly mark them with large lettered
signs and directional arrows. The best procedure is to have the ventilation system
interact with the detection system. When the detection system finds a problem, the
ventilation equipment will start.
4. Do not equip chlorine-ventilating systems with covers that must be removed
before the system can be effective. Locate exhaust openings so that covers are not
required.
5. Ventilation can be achieved with a combination fresh-air and exhaust
system consisting of fans that force fresh air into the room through openings near the
ceiling and other fans that draw off chlorine-contaminated air from the room through
floor vents. Such installations should be designed to completely change the air in the
chlorine room at least every 3 min. The inlet and exhaust fans should be coupled
electrically so that exhaust fan failure will not cause the inlet fan to blow the chlorine
gas to other rooms.
6. Conduct frequent drills for all employees who work with ventilating
systems. Maintain equipment in good condition, and test that all apparatus are
operating properly.
7. Room arrangement is a prime function of personnel safety and equipment
protection. If a choice of arrangement is available, construct the chlorine room so that
it can be entered only from outside. Provide no interconnecting door between the
chlorine storage area or the chlorine feeders and the rest of the plant.
Room Temperature
1. If the chlorine scale room is separate from the chlorine feeder room, keep
the air temperature in the latter about 5F (15C) higher than that in the former.
2. Lower temperatures in feeding equipment may cause the gas to condense to
form liquid chlorine, creating trouble with the feeding equipment. The so-called
slugs of liquid chlorine have been known to burst rotameter tubes and thin-walled
gas lines on feeders.
3. Maintain temperatures in chlorine equipment rooms or buildings between
70F80F (21C27C).

1. Immediately take the injured employee to open air, away from chlorine gas.
2. Call a physician immediately.
3. Place the victim flat on his or her back, with head and back slightly
elevated. Supply blankets if necessary. Keep the victim warm and quiet because rest
is essential.
4. Because splashes of liquid chlorine and chlorinated water destroy clothing
and may cause irritation and acid burns. remove or cut away contaminated clothing.
5. If the victim is unconscious and breathing has apparently ceased, start
artificial respiration immediately. Call the fire department rescue squad. The
breathing victim may be greatly aided by application of oxygen with proper
equipment. Start oxygen delivery immediately, and, if the victim has stopped
breathing, start artificial respiration.
6. Give nothing orally.
7. If the eyes are slightly irritated, wash them with water.
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8. To treat skin affected by liquid chlorine, neutralize the chlorine with large
amounts of water for at least 15 min.
9. Conspicuously post a copy of the first-aid instructions near the first-aid kit,
and always keep and conveniently locate proper first-aid supplies for emergency use.
Field Chlorination
1. Know the rules and regulations for safe handling of chlorine and first-aid
treatment for chlorine gassing.
2. Be sure that respirators and all other safety equipment are available before
beginning a field chlorination job.
3. If possible, set up equipment for water-main disinfection a safe distance (at
least 100 yd [91 m] from the nearest occupied building.
4. Observe all safety precautions when connecting apparatus and equipment,
and use approved fittings.
5. Ensure that hoses are in good condition before connecting them to the
cylinder and the main.
6. Ensure that the water in the main is flushing before the chlorine is added.
7. After the equipment is connected, open the chlorine valve of the cylinder,
and test for leaks.
8. Open rotameter or gas header valve, and again test for leaks.
9. To avoid water backup into the chlorine apparatus and the cylinder when a
vacuum chlorinator is not being used, make sure that the chlorine tank pressure is
approximately 25 psi (172 kPa) more than the operating pressure desired. Also, be
certain that the operating pressure is approximately 5 psi (34 kPa) more than the
backpressure from the water main.
10. After all equipment has been tested for pressure and leaks, open the
discharge valve, and adjust the feed for proper operation; continue testing for leaks
while disinfecting.
11. Never repair a chlorine hose with tape or clamps; always use a new
replacement. Pressure test hose with CO2, and keep it dry. Obstructions or kinks in a
hose line may cause it to burst.
12. When necessary, particularly in cold weather, to raise the temperature of
chlorine cylinders to increase gas pressure, heat the cylinders in a suitable iron drum
that is kept approximately half full of water. Do not rest cylinders on the bottom of
the drum; use cradle or stand that will hold them at least 3 in. (76 mm) above the
bottom of the drum. Apply heat to the bottom of the drum only with torches or other
equipment. Do not allow the temperature of the water bath to exceed 7080F
(2127C). Keep the cylinder of heating gas on the windward side and at least 10 ft
(3 m) away from the chlorination equipment.
13. Equip field chlorinating equipment with proper pressure gauges so that
hose lines and lightweight connections are not subjected to excessive pressures
(Figure 15-9). Connecting a chlorine cylinder directly to a chlorination cock is very
unsafe.
14. After the proper chlorine dosage is obtained, shut off the chlorine gas at the
tank, and keep the main flushing valve open for not more than 1 min. If the vacuum
apparatus is not being used, flush the hose and equipment immediately with carbon
dioxide gas before shutting the chlorination cock and disconnecting the hose.
15. Watch out for a chlorine gas pocket in the main when removing the silver
delivery tube from the corporation cock. Wear a proper respirator.
120
Figure 15-9 A field chlorination unit should be equipped with proper pressure gauges.
16. During chlorination, check a hydrant or a suitable sampling place ahead of

the point of chlorination for possible backup of chlorinated water in the main.
17. Take every precaution to prevent chlorine gas from escaping to the air,
particularly in residential areas. If the foregoing precautions are observed and direct
gas feed equipment is properly flushed with carbon dioxide before disconnection, no
noticeable release of chlorine should occur.
18. When using high-test hypochlorites for solution feeding, wear rubber gloves
and aprons, a dust respirator, and goggles and a face shield. If a considerable amount
of dust arises, wear a SCBA.
19. Use caution in handling high-test hypochlorites, both dry and liquid. Protect
the eyes, and do not breathe hypochlorite dust. Remove contaminated clothing
immediately.
20. Use proper warning devices to keep unauthorized persons away from the
area.
21. Always have respiratory equipment and other protective and first-aid
equipment ready on the windward side of the chlorination apparatus.
FLUORIDES
1. Give all personnel handling fluorides detailed safety instructions.
2. Avoid breathing fluoride dust, wash thoroughly after handling fluorides, and
clean up spillage.
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3. Wear respirators, chemical goggles, rubber gloves, and protective clothing

whenever handling or exposed to sodium fluoride or sodium silicofluoride dust. Wear
rubber boots and acid-proof aprons if handling hydrofluoric, fluosilicic, and
hydrofluosilicic acids. Thoroughly wash protective equipment before and after use.
Install an eyewash fountain and emergency shower in the immediate vicinity in the
event of acid splashes or sprays.
4. Prevent dust or acids from entering open cuts, sores, or lesions.
5. Equip all fluoride-handling equipment, such as storage bunkers, weight
hoppers, and dry-feed machines, with devices to keep the dust hazard to a minimum.
Furnish acid pumps with clear plastic shields around glands and parts to protect
personnel from acid spray.
6. Store fluorides in an area specifically designed for that purpose; to avoid
mistaken identity of fluoride, do not store it in different locations. Cover and
adequately vent all acid containers, and store them where there is no fire hazard.
7. Have personnel, protected as described above, safely dispose of containers
that have held fluoride compounds.

1. For internal poisoning, have the victim drink, as soon as possible, a glass of
lime water (saturated solution of calcium hydroxide), 1 percent solution of calcium
chloride, or a large quantity of milk.
2. Wash external injuries with large amounts of warm water.
3. Immediately flush eyes affected by the chemicals with warm water, and
then consult a doctor.
LIME
1. Quicklime is similar in action to that of a strong caustic and is primarily an
irritant. Protect persons exposed to dust with chemical goggles and suitable
respirators because lime is very irritating to the eyes, mucous membranes, and upper
respiratory tract and can cause lung damage after prolonged exposure.
2. Store quicklime in a dry place where it will not be exposed to moisture. This
chemical has a great affinity for water, and a great deal of heat evolves when the two
come in contact. Storage under damp conditions may start fires in nearby flammable
materials.
3. Never mix dry quicklime with dry alum or similar materials. In certain
preparations, the quicklimes reaction to the water of hydration (18 H2O in the case
of alum) will generate heat and cause an explosion in confined spaces.
4. Sufficient contact with lime dust can cause dermatitis or skin burns,
particularly at perspiration points. To protect the skin as much as possible, wear
heavy denim clothing with long sleeves, bandana, and trousers tied around the shoe
tops. Cover exposed skin, such as the hands and neck, with protective cream. When
clothing becomes permeated with lime dust or splattered with liquid lime, remove and
thoroughly launder it immediately. Even if there is no dust, wear protective clothing
in case bags break or the dust-collection system fails.
5. Use an efficient dust-collecting system whenever dust is present at handling
points. Use a quick dry-pickup vacuum cleaner to remove dust around unloading
equipment and slakers.
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6. Instruct personnel always to thoroughly shower immediately after handling

quicklime, whether or not dust was present.
7. Always wear dust goggles and face shields when inspecting or operating
lime slakers. Spattering of the hot lime suspension can severely burn and injure eyes.
The hot mist from lime slakers is also dangerous, as it usually carries lime dust.
8. Closely monitor the water supply to lime slakers, as an interruption of the
water supply while lime continues to feed may create explosive temperatures. A dial
thermometer, properly located, or a temperature-sensitive warning device should be
standard equipment.
9. Be aware that hydrated lime has a less caustic reaction and is therefore less
irritating to the skin, but it can seriously injure the eyes. In the form of dust,
however, this material is as industrially hazardous as quicklime. Thus, wear dust
respirators and chemical goggles.

1. Treat lime burns the same as any caustic burn. Thoroughly wash with large
quantities of soap and water.
2. Immediately wash affected eyes with a large amount of warm water for at
least 15 min. Consult a physician immediately. If a liquid lime slurry is spattered into
the eyes, treat them at once, as serious injury can result in a few minutes.
3. If the throat and nasal passages are irritated from prolonged exposure to
lime dust, consult a physician immediately.
OZONE
Use and Exposure
1. Ozone is used as a disinfectant in some water utility operations. Most ozone
systems that are used in water treatment are air-fed systems and consist of four main
componentsfeed-gas preparation, ozone generation, ozone contacting, and ozone
destruction.
2. Ozone is a colorless, pungent gas that is extremely corrosive. It is
incompatible with all oxidizable materials.
3. Employees should not be exposed to ozone above levels of 0.1 ppm.
Using Protective Equipment

1. Unless the concentration of ozone is known, employees should use
respiratory protection of the highest level possible (SCBA or supplied air).
2. Due to the pungent odor, employees will not be able to stay in an
atmosphere of high concentration.

1. An employee exposed to ozone should be immediately removed from
the area.
2. If unconscious, the employee should be given artificial respiration.
3. Medical aid should be summoned immediately.
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POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE
1. When handling this material, wear gloves, respirators, eye protection, and
protective clothing.
2. Do not bring this strong oxidant into contact with organic or other readily
oxidizable substances, such as lubricants, carbon dust, etc., as explosions may occur.
3. Do not store it in open containers.
4. Diluted solutions are mildly irritating, and high concentrations are caustic.
SODA ASH (SODIUM CARBONATE)

1. Store soda ash containers in a cool, dry place where they will not be subject
to moisture. Moisture causes caking, which leads to difficulties in handling.
2. Use ventilating and dust-collection systems where dust is present.
3. If exposed to dusts or mists of soda ash, wear protective equipment
including chemical safety goggles to protect eyes, a close-fitting dust respirator, and
protective clothing to avoid skin contact. Because light soda ash (made by the
ammonia process) usually emits a slight amount of ammonia, persons allergic to
ammonia compounds should take the same precautions recommended in the handling
of ammonium sulfate.
4. Cover exposed skin surfaces, such as the hands and neck, with a suitable
cream or petroleum jelly to minimize effects from soda ash dust.
5. When handling soda ash solutions, take the same precautions as when
handling dust. Wear goggles or face shields and rubber aprons, gloves, and boots if
conditions warrant.
6. Equip pumps and equipment that handle soda ash solutions with suitable
spray or splash guards. Mark danger points and soda ash storage areas with warning
signs.

1. Soda ash in finely divided form, such as dust or a mist of concentrated
solutions, is intensely irritating to the respiratory tract and mucous membranes and
is particularly irritating to the eyes. Prolonged exposure can cause ulceration of the
nasal passages.
2. Immediately wash from the skin with large quantities of water for at least
15 min.
3. Immediately remove clothing contaminated with soda ash dust or solution;
wash before reuse.
4. Immediately irrigate eyes affected with soda ash dust or solution with warm
water for at least 15 min. If the exposure is severe, consult a physician immediately.
5. Consult a physician if the victim inhaled dust or mist into the nose and
upper respiratory tract; gargling or spraying with warm water will reduce the
irritation.
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SODIUM CHLORITE
1. Sodium chlorite products are buff-colored salts shipped as a flaked solid in
lithographed steel drums (100 lb [45 kg] net weight) equipped with flowed-in rubber
gaskets (Interstate Commerce Commission Specification 37-D). According to ICC
regulations, these drums are single-trip containers and cannot be reused for chlorite
products. All shipments carry a yellow label that reads Oxidizer and must be
shipped by freight (rail or truck) or by railway expressnever by parcel post or
air express.
2. Sodium chlorite products are powerful oxidizing agents that have equivalent
available chlorine contents of 110130 percent. The dry material is extremely stable
under ordinary atmospheric conditions. The product itself is not sensitive to
mechanical shock and is nonexplosive, but the dry or moistened solid forms a
dangerously explosive and combustible mixture with organic matter, such as oil,
grease, alcohol, aldehydes, wood, paper, and clothing. The dry or moistened solid
reacts vigorously with sulfur and sulfur compounds, such as sulfides, sulfites, and
hydrosulfites, and even with rubber that has been vulcanized with sulfur.
3. Both the dry product and solutions react with acids to liberate chlorine
dioxide gas (greenish yellow to reddish yellow in color), which in air mixtures at
concentrations of more than 3035 mm Hg (4.04.7 kPa) partial pressure may explode
as a result of sparking or exposure to heat or sunlight. The odor of chlorine dioxide is
evident at approximately 1014 ppm and is sufhciently irritating at 45 ppm to
produce a headache. The gas is more insidious than chlorine, as chlorine dioxide does
not have the choking effect that chlorine has and therefore does not immediately
cause violent coughing. Thus, persons will allow themselves to be exposed to ClO2
much longer than to chlorine, causing final symptoms to be much more severe. The
physiological effect of ClO2 is similar to that of chlorine in that the mucous
membranes are irritated, resulting in edema. Symptoms are usually similar to those
of a common cold but in severe cases may resemble a quick pneumonic crisis.
4. Use approved SCBAs or supplied-air respirators to protect against chlorine
dioxide gas.
5. When handling either the dry material or solutions, avoid spillage. If
sodium chlorite solution touches a wooden floor, a deposit of small, finely divided
crystals in intimate contact with the wood fibers will occur on drying. Friction caused,
for example, by running a hand truck over the floor or by scuffing of a workers shoe
may cause ignition.
6. Carefully wash clothing contaminated with chlorite in water. Do not allow it
to dry while the chemical is still present in the fibers. Locker fires have occurred
because of failure to observe this precaution.
7. If a fire breaks out in a drum of chlorite, control the fire by adding a few
shovelfuls of soda ash or sand. Do not spray water into a burning drum because of the
hazard of explosion. When possible, remove the drum to where no damage can be
done. Allow the fire to burn itself out. Use an 8-in. (0.2-m) steel rod to which is welded
a steel ring approximately 2 in. (50 mm) larger in diameter than the OD of the
chlorine drum for handling drums under such dangerous conditions.
8. Use a stream of water to control a small quantity of burning chlorite, such
as a few pounds on the floor. If water is not available, use a shovelful of soda ash to
help confine the fire.
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9. Store chlorite products only in their original containers in a cool, dry area,
out of contact with oxidizable materials, reducing compounds, sulfur and sulfur
compounds, and acids. Keep covers in place to avoid contamination. Handle the
chemical with only absolutely clean, all-metal equipment, used only for such service.
Spills of either the salt or solution should be avoided. In case of an accidental spill,
the flakes should be swept into an all-metal container and flushed down a drain with
large amounts of water. The area where the spill occurred should be washed free of all
traces of chlorite solution.

1. Although chlorite has no noticeable effect on the skin, wash exposed areas
as soon as possible.
2. Immediately wash contaminated eyes with large amounts of water for at
least 15 min.
AWWA MANUAL
Chapter
16
Procedures for
Bacteriological and
Chemical Laboratories
GENERAL LABORATORY PRECAUTIONS

1. To minimize exposure to chemicals, work in well-ventilated areas, and
always wear protective laboratory garments. Regularly inspect protective clothing
and other safety equipment.
2. Always wear protective safety glasses or plastic face shields when in the
laboratory, especially when working with corrosives or when there is danger of flying
particles or spattering of liquids.
3. Never touch any chemical with bare hands; always use the proper spatula,
spoon, or tongs.
4. Use tongs and protective tight-fitting gloves when handling hot solutions or
residues.
5. Wear a protective hat in areas where the head room is minimal.
6. Because contact lenses can increase injury from chemical splashes, never
wear them in laboratories where chemicals are handled. Wear safety glasses instead.
7. A safety shower and eye bath should be standard equipment in every
laboratory.
8. Locate a well-stocked first-aid kit in an easily accessible part of the
laboratory Follow the posted first-aid instructions, and learn how to use the kit.
9. Do not neglect any accident, no matter how insignificant; apply first aid and
then notify the laboratory supervisor.
10. Immediately clean up and put all chipped, cracked, or broken glassware into
containers marked For Broken Glass Only for final disposal. Do not put this
material in regular wastebaskets. In sinks used for washing glassware, place
126
PROCEDURES FOR LABORATORIES
127
removable rubber mesh to minimize breakage and to prevent cut fingers by allowing
smaller pieces of broken glass to fall through to the sink bottom where they can be
removed when the sink is drained.
11. Immediately clean up all broken glassware, spilled water, and chemicals.
Dispose of discarded chemicals so that they cannot injure anyone. Refer to the
laboratorys chemical hygiene plan and the MSDS for the proper disposal for any
chemical.
12. Work with volatile acids, bases, or solvents under a hood. Wear a face shield
when changing apparatus or inspecting such operations.
13. Do all ether and chloroform extractions under a hood, with the door down
and the fan on; do not inhale vapors.
14. Work with flame under a hood with door down; never reach over a flame.
Leave the hood on when not in use or if it is uncertain whether the laboratory will
remain adequately ventilated when the hood is off. Do not store chemicals in hoods.
15. Do not work with flames and flammable solvents under the hood at the
same time. Keep all open flames away from flammable chemicals.
16. Never work in a poorly ventilated area. Use appropriate respiratory
equipment when air contaminant concentrations are not sufficiently restricted by
engineering controls.
17. Conveniently locate fire hoses, fire blankets, and fire extinguishers
appropriate for the potential fire hazard within easy reach of any work area. Instruct
all laboratory personnel how to use them.
18. Do not work alone if the procedures conducted are hazardous. Be alert to
unsafe conditions, and correct them. Avoid horseplay or other behavior that might
confuse, startle, or distract another worker.
19. When diluting acid with water, always add the acid slowly to the water
while stirring. Adding water to concentrated acid causes spattering, evokes heat, and
may cause acid burns of skin and clothing.
20. Do not discharge such liquids as oil, grease, mercury, gasoline, ether, and
other solvents into laboratory drains. The drainage system may pocket vapors and
present an explosion hazard. Nitric acid and mercury will quickly destroy lead pipe
traps and fittings. Use a polyethylene sink trap to catch accidental mercury spillage.
21. Dilute acids and alkalies, and flush them down the sink drains with large
amounts of water.
22. Always use suction bulbs on pipettes to avoid chemical burns, poisoning, or
infection; never create suction with the mouth.
23. Use an instrument only after completely studying its instructions.
24. Never try to repair or tinker with apparatus or instruments that are not
thoroughly understood.
25. Never use laboratory apparatus for storing, preparing, and serving food or
drink. Do not eat, smoke, chew gum, or apply cosmetics near chemicals. Wash hands
and leave the laboratory before doing those activities.
26. Provide safe water for drinking. Avoid all physical cross-connections
between the drinking water supply and the piping or facilities containing sewage,
sludge, or other fill. Do not allow cross-connections, even if temporary.
27. Provide small, portable stepladders; stepping or climbing on stools to make
adjustments or readings limits the workers ability to move rapidly and therefore is
dangerous.
28. For efficiency and safety, always keep the laboratory neat and clean. Return
all equipment not being used to the cupboards or stockrooms. Always keep aisles,
benches, and floor clean and clear.
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29. Keep all bench and desk drawers closed in order to avoid tripping and
collisions.
30. Watch out for tripping hazards, particularly when carrying glassware.
Watch out for steps when entering and leaving walk-in refrigerators and incubators.
31. Plan the setup of laboratory apparatus. Avoid blocking access to the main
control valves or switches. Reaching through a complicated apparatus to shut off the
gas or water valve or heat switch may upset the equipment and cause personal injury.
32. As part of the regular laboratory routine, clean up at the end of each shift or
workday. Remove trash at least once daily.
33. Protect all workers in bacteriological laboratories with antityphoid vaccine,
and keep immunization effective with the necessary booster shots.
34. Do not take chances with bacteria. Use proper sanitary practices at all
times, particularly when working with pathogenic or unknown bacteria. Do not leave
containers of harmful bacteria accessible to unauthorized persons. Store such bacteria
in locked cabinets when not in use.
35. Thoroughly swab working surfaces with an effective bactericidal agent
before and after planting samples. Use generous amounts of the agent for cleaning up
spills.
36. Instruct workers to place safety chains around pressurized cylinders to keep
them from falling over (Figure 16-1).
Figure 16-1 Safety chain should be placed around pressurized cylinders.
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GENERAL APPARATUS PRECAUTIONS

1. Never use weak, damaged, or imperfect apparatus. As soon as a piece of
equipment is found to be defective, remove it from service and either repair or destroy
it. Regularly maintain and inspect all laboratory equipment. Use equipment only for
its designed purpose.
2. Carefully connect rubber to glass. Support long lengths of glass tubing while
they are being inserted into rubber. Fire polish the ends, and use a lubricant (water,
glycerine, or a water-soluble lubricating jelly). Never use grease or oil to lubricate
glass-to-rubber joints.
3. Wear gloves or use a towel when making a glass-to-rubber connection. Hold
the tubing close to the end being inserted, to prevent bending or breaking. Never force
a glass tube into a rubber stopper hole that is too small, as the glass may splinter and
cause severe injury.
4. Clamp connections of rubber tubing to glass; reinforce the tubing at kink
points, or protect it with wire spirals.
5. Use a wired or shatterproof glass shield with all glass equipment when
there is danger of collapse or explosion. Even though a shield is used, the operator
and other persons in the area should wear safety glasses.
6. Do not heat by flame flasks and beakers larger than 1 L. Heat such
equipment in a water or steam bath or by an electric mantle or hot plate.
7. Empty and rinse all glassware before setting it aside for cleaning. If the
container has held particularly toxic or corrosive materials, the chemist should clean
it before washing. Never use strong oxidizing agents for removing organic residues.
(See Table 16-1 for a partial list of hazardous chemicals, and see Handling Chemical
Reagents in this section for mention of some strong oxidizing agents.)
Using Pressure Equipment

1. Because all pressure equipment is potentially dangerous, test it regularly,
and never use it for other than its prescribed use without the laboratory supervisors
approval.
2. When desiccators are used for vacuum work, enclose them in wire or metal
baskets.
3. Use solid desiccants in desiccators. If concentrated sulfuric acid must be
used, reduce the splash hazard by putting glass wool or diatomaceous earth into the
desiccator well.
Using Heating Equipment

1. Materials that may liberate flammable vapors when heated should be dried
in steam-heated ovens.
2. Air baths are adequate for many purposes for which oil or metal baths are
commonly used. When solid oil, salt, or metal baths are used for high-temperature
heating, prevent water or organic materials from falling into the bath. A fire may
result or bath materials may be scattered about and cause serious burns. Regardless
of the bath materials, wear heat-resistant gloves, a laboratory coat or apron, and
safety glasses.
3. Whenever applying heat to an apparatus for a long time, use steam or
electricity instead of flame.
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Table 16-1 Partial List of Incompatible Chemicals

Chemical
Prevent Contact With:
Acetic acid
chromic acid, nitric acid, hydroxyl compounds, ethylene glycol,

perchloric acid, peroxides, and permanganates
Acetylene
chlorine, bromine, fluorine, copper, silver, and mercury
Alkaline metals (such

as powdered aluminum
or magnesium, sodium,
and potassium)
carbon tetrachloride or other chlorinated hydrocarbons, carbon

dioxide, or halogens; do not add water to sodium or potassium
Ammonia, anhydrous
mercury (such as in manometers), chlorine calcium hypochlorite,

iodine, bromine, and hydrofluoric acid (anydrous or aqueous)
Ammonium nitrate
acids, metal powders, flammable liquids, chlorinates, nitrates,

sulfur, and finely divided organic or combustible materials
Aniline
nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide
Bromine
ammonia, acetylene, butadiene, butane, methane, propane

(or other petroleum gases), hydrogen, sodium carbide,
turpentine, benezene, and finely divided metals
Carbon, activated
calcium hypochlorite and all oxidizing agents
Chlorates
ammonium salts, acids, metal powders, sulfur, and finely

divided organic or combustible materials
Chlorine
ammonia, acetylene, butadiene, butane, methane, propane

(or other petroleum gases), hydrogen, sodium carbide,
turpentine, benzene, and finely divided metals
Chlorine dioxide
ammonia, methane, phosphine, and hydrogen sulfide
Chromic acid
acetic acid, naphthalene, camphor, glycerine, turpentine, alcohol, and

flammable liquids in general
Copper
acetylene and hydrogen peroxide
Cumene hydroperoxide
organic or inorganic acids
Flammable liquids
ammonium nitrate, chromic acid, hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid,

sodium peroxide, halogens, and oxidizers
Fluorine
everything except special containers
Hydrocarbons (such
as butane, propane,
benzene, gasoline,
and turpentine)
fluorine, chlorine, bromine, chromic acid, and sodium peroxide
Hydrocyanic acid
nitric acid and alkalies
Hydrofluoric acid,
anhydrous
ammonia (aqueous or anhydrous)
Hydrogen peroxide
copper, chromium, iron, most other metals and their salts,

alcohols, acetone, organic materials, aniline, nitromethane,
flammable liquids, combustible materials, powdered carbon,
or fuel dust
Hydrogen sulfide
fuming nitric acid and oxidizing gases
Iodine
acetylene, hydrogen, and ammonia (aqueous or anhydrous)
Mercury
acetylene, fulminic acid, and ammonia

Table continues next page.
131
Table 16-1 Partial List of Incompatible Chemicals, continued

Chemical
Prevent Contact With:
Nitric acid, concentrated
acetic acid, aniline, chromic acid, hydrocyanic acid, hydrogen

sulfide, flammable liquids and gases, and hydrochloric acid
unless called for, then use appropriate caution
Oxalic acid
silver and mercury
Ozone
all oxidizable materials, both organic and inorganic
Perchloric acid
acetic anhydride, bismuth and its alloys, alcohol, paper, wood,

and hydrochloric acid
Potassium
carbon tetrachloride, carbon dioxide, and water
Potassium chlorate
sulfuric and other acids (see also chlorates)
Potassium perchlorate
sulfuric and other acids (see also chlorates)
Potassium permanganate
glycerine, ethylene glycol, benzaldehyde, sulfuric acid, and

combustible dust
Silver
acetylene, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, fulminic acid, and

ammonium compounds
Sodium
carbon tetrachloride, carbon dioxide, and water
Sodium peroxide
ethyl or methyl alcohol, glacial acetic acid, acetic anhydride,

benzaldehyde, carbon disulfide, glycerine, ethylene glycol,
ethyl acetate, methyl
Sulfuric acid
potassium chlorate, potassium perchlorate, and potassium

permanganate (or similar compounds of such other light
metals, sodium and lithium), and hydrochloric acid
Adapted from the Dangerous Chemicals Code, Bureau of Fire Prevention, Los Angeles, Calif. (1951).
Using Electric Equipment

1. Cords to all electric apparatus should have acid-proof and waterproof
insulation. Frequently inspect the cords for deterioration, loose contacts, or shock
hazards.
2. Special power-driven equipment, such as ball mills and vacuum pumps, may
accumulate static electricity; install static eliminators on all such equipment.
3. Provide belts, drive shafts, gear trains, and other exposed moving parts of
laboratory machinery with safety guards.
4. Install all electric equipment in accordance with current codes. Electric
circuits should be of sufficient size and capacity to permit maximum delivery from all
outlets simultaneously Overloaded circuits have seriously injured workers and
equipment.
5. Equip electric outlets and conduits with a separate grounding wire or
connection so that all equipment can be grounded. Provide vapor-proof or explosionproof switches and fixtures in all hoods and rooms where corrosive fumes are present
or flammable gases and solvents are used.
6. Use adequate lighting for all laboratory work, particularly where a hazard
is involved.
7. Wear heat-resistant gloves with gauntlets when handling hot materials
from ovens and sterilizers. Handle sterilizers carefully to avoid strain or damage to
the temperature-sensitive units and to prevent the contents from spilling out when
the door is reopened.
132
8. Shut off electric sterilizers and let them cool for 45 min before removing the
contents. Use a cart to transport hot materials in wire baskets or heavier containers.
9. Do not leave electric equipment at night while turned on unless it is
equipped with a reliable temperature control and is located in a completely
fire-resistant section of the room. Do leave on a pH meter to prolong the life of the
electrodes and instruments. Turn off the switches on the electric sterilizers and
drying ovens at the end of each day.
10. Avoid the possibility of serious burns by labeling hot materials HOT
immediately after removing them from ovens or sterilizers.
Storage Apparatus
1. Properly store all apparatus when not in use.
2. Keep heavy equipment on lower shelves or pallets. Store containers of
chemicals below eye level.
3. Store glass tubing horizontally with its ends protected. Do not allow other
glass equipment to project beyond the supporting shelves. All shelves that hold small
apparatus or equipment likely to roll should be fitted with retaining lips or bars.
4. Label as defective any damaged equipment that is stored until it can be
repaired or destroyed, and keep it away from items in good condition.
SPECIFIC APPARATUS PRECAUTIONS

Adopt the following safety procedures to minimize or eliminate hazards:
Using Autoclaves
1. Permit workers to use autoclaves only after they are trained how to safely
operate them.
2. Frequently maintain autoclaves. Because many components of an autoclave
are subjected to superheated steam under extreme pressure during each use,
accelerated corrosion and wear of certain parts is likely.
3. Load the autoclave according to the space needed for the material to be
sterilized and so that hot material will not fall out or spill when the door is reopened.
4. Because steam leaking from around worn or cracked door gaskets and valve
stems can burn and scald, ensure that door gaskets are smooth and without cracks,
and replace leaking valve stems immediately.
5. Avoid many corrosion problems by using demineralized or deionized
feedwater. Whenever possible, place an autoclavable tray underneath flasks or
vessels that contain liquid that might boil over and thus cause corrosion.
6. Close the autoclave door snugly, and turn the wheel to tighten the lugs
firmly to prevent steam pressure from escaping out the door gasket.
7. Before turning on steam, tightly close the waste valve and widely open the
exhaust valve.
8. When sterilization is complete, always close the steam supply valve first,
and then drop the pressure to zero before opening the autoclave door.
9. When opening the autoclave, slowly turn the wheel to loosen the door lugs
completely A tight wheel may indicate the presence of steam pressure. Wait
12 min before trying the wheel again, open the door slightly, and stay out of danger
while the steam vapors dissipate. Then open the door completely, and let the
apparatus cool for a few minutes. Mount a steam pressure gauge on the autoclave to
help indicate the presence of steam pressure.
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10. To avoid burns, wear heat-resistant gloves when closing the exhaust valve,
opening the autoclave, and unloading the contents of the autoclave, and handling the
hot materials. Wear a protective apron so that droplets or spilled materials will not
cause injury.
11. Do not place liquid-filled vessels that have just been autoclaved onto hard
countertop surfaces so that a sharp impact causes the hot liquids to bump and boil
over. This is especially important when handling test tubes or flasks with narrow
necks because a sudden boilover can cause the hot liquid to be forcefully ejected. Do
not point the open mouths of these containers toward people, and gently place them
on an impact-absorbing surface such as paper towels or a rubber mat.
12. Exposed steam supply or exhaust lines should be insulated to prevent burns
from accidental contact.
13. Do not leave the autoclave door ajar after use because it remains hot for
a while and can present a hazardous obstacle to the workplace and walkways.
Using Pipette Cleaners

1. Always wear a rubber apron, rubber gloves, and safety goggles or a face
shield when operating a pipette washer unit; the soaking jar contains corrosive acid.
2. When transferring pipettes from the acid jar to the rinsing unit, drain the
pipette completely over the acid jar or hold an agateware or plastic vessel under the
pipette container while moving it.
3. Always place the pipette container into a rinsing unit that has been
completely drained of rinse water; placing the pipette into a rinser that already
contains water can propel droplets of acid, which remain in the pipette tips, for
several feet. Immediately rinse the dipper with large amounts of water.
4. Avoid dripping or spilling the acid. Immediately clean up all acid that has
come in contact with protective clothing or the countertop.
5. If acid from the unit touches skin or clothing, immediately wash the area
with large amounts of water and notify the person in charge.
Using Water Stills

1. Before any operation, always turn on the water entering the unit, and
regulate it for proper flow control. Fill the still with water before turning on the
heating unit. If the boiling unit is not filled with water to the proper level, the heating
coils will burn out unless the still is equipped with a low-water control. This control
also makes the unit reasonably safe to operate since the electric circuit is complete
only when the water supply is adequate. A two-valve system is recommended, in
which one valve regulates the flow and is left stationary and the other valve is used
to turn the water supply off and on. Accidental water loss on an unprotected still can
destroy the water chamber. For these reasons, a low-water control is highly
recommended for any water still. Never leave an unprotected still unattended.
2. If the still is operating improperly or is not distilling water, always turn off
the electric circuit before investigating. Plug electrically operated water stills into a
receptacle equipped with a GFI (ground fault interrupter). The heating unit may be
burned out or shorted. An open circuit could electrocute a person who touches the still
if it is not properly grounded.
Using Flame Spectrophotometers

1. Some flame spectrophotometers use a 6-V, wet-cell, automobile-type battery,
which contains sulfuric acid. When inspecting the battery, avoid getting acid on
134
hands, clothing, or equipment. Never check the specific gravity while the charger is in
service, as acid may spatter from the cells during the charging period.
2. Be absolutely certain that the charger leads are connected to the battery
correctly before the charger is attached to the 110-V circuit. A wrong connection will
burn out fuses and may ruin the charger.
3. The flame spectrophotometer uses an oxygen, air, and gas mixture to
produce an open flame; follow the detailed instructions in their proper sequence.
Improper mixtures of oxygen and other gases may explode and backfire.
4. Turn on the cooling water for the chimney before lighting the flame.
5. To avoid explosions, always start the flame either with the automatic
igniter, or, on older units, with a gas light, and immediately check that the
oxidant/fuel mixture is burning at the proper rate.
6. Many spectrophotometers have a waste drain tube that directs excess
aspirated sample into a waste collection vessel. It is important that the drain tube
always remain below the surface of the waste liquid in the container, or the lack of a
backpressure in that tube may allow the oxidant/fuel mixture to fill the waste
container, which can pose a serious explosion hazard. When necessary to empty the
waste container, shut down the spectrophotometer, and do not restart it until the
drain tube has once again been placed below the surface of some water in the
container.
7. During operation, a layer of carbon may build up on the burner head and,
occasionally, a glowing carbon ember will dislodge and travel. Keep all flammable
substances out of any area where the embers might land.
8. Because oxygen gas is dangerous in confined spaces, observe the following
rules in its handling and use:
Never store oxygen cylinders near other compressed gases or combustible
material.
Frequently check connections and equipment using the soap bubble test to locate
leaks.
Never use oil or grease to lubricate valves or connections, as these substances
may explode. Be sure that the leads from the oxygen cylinder valves to the
instrument in use are safe and will withstand a pressure of at least 50 psi
(340 kPa). Do not use rubber tubing for conducting oxygen because these two
materials may ignite.
Never allow the pressure-reducing valve to deliver oxygen at a pressure
exceeding 35 psi (240 kPa).
When stopping the equipment, first close the main valve on the oxygen cylinder
and allow oxygen to bleed through the flame burner until the gauge indicates
that there is no pressure, then shut off the fuel supply and close the
pressure-reducing valve. During this procedure, occasionally check if either
pressure gauge on the oxygen tank shows a reading. If pressure is noted, the
cylinder valve is not closed tightly. A leaking cylinder valve can create sufficient
pressure to blow out the safety disc in the pressure-reducing valve and allow
escaping gas to accumulate in the room, possibly producing a fire hazard.
Using Hot Plates

1. Never use a bare hand to determine if a hot plate is turned on; always
assume it is hot until determined otherwise.
2. Always turn off hot plates when they are not in use.
135
3. Use hot plates under a hood where fumes or released gases or vapors can be
drawn off to avoid contaminating the air.
4. Never place cool flasks or containers directly on a hot plate. Follow
procedures and make sure that the laboratory test can be safely done on a hot plate.
5. To avoid serious burns, always use tight-fitting heat-resistant gloves or
tongs for handling materials from the hot plate.
6. Always wear a face shield, a rubber apron, and heat-resistant or rubber
gloves when removing spattering acid or caustic containers from the hot plate.
7. Prohibit smoking and open flames near the hot plate when combustible
gases or vapors are being produced on it. Never allow smoking in the laboratory.
Using Muffle Furnaces

1. Muffle furnaces normally operate at high temperatures. When putting in or
removing hot materials, wear heat-resistant gloves, and use long-handled furnace
tongs to protect against burns.
2. Firmly grip the tongs on the hot materials when transferring them from the
furnace to the desiccator or other container.
3. Set the furnace for the proper temperature before putting in any materials.
Turn off the furnace when it is not in use.
4. Never burn volatile substances that may explode in the furnace; the inside
of a furnace is a confined area.
5. Never burn materials that will produce acid or alkali vapors in the furnace.
Such materials will corrode the heating elements and eventually burn them out.
Using Instruments for Testing Radioactivity

1. Instruments for testing radioactivity are similar to television sets in that
both operate at high voltages. Shut off the instrument, and disconnect all electric
power connections before repairs or adjustments are made inside the cabinet.
2. Thoroughly instruct laboratory personnel in the proper sequence of
operation before allowing them to use these instruments and/or operate the
instruments controls. (The delicate instruments can be easily thrown out of
adjustment by turning the wrong knob.)
3. Use proper precautions in handling radioactive materials. Post warning and
Hands Off signs to protect other personnel. Strictly follow laboratory instructions
for storing and disposing of radioactive substances.
Using Centrifuges
1. Because the centrifuge is high-speed equipment, always ensure that it is
properly balanced before using it. Match all vials placed inside the centrifuge in size,
shape, material, and volume of sample. All vial holders should swivel freely.
2. Securely anchor the centrifuge to a countertop. Rubber suction cups or
mounting on a rubber mat usually will prevent the unit from walking off the
countertop. Ensure that glassware or other apparatus on wall shelving will not fall off
due to vibration during centrifuge operation.
3. Always set the centrifuge for the proper speed for the material and
container being used.
4. Before placing glass containers in the centrifuge, check them for chips or
cracks. A cracked vial or bottle may fly apart at high speeds, throw the instrument off
balance, create a serious hazard, and ruin the centrifuge.
136
5. Excessive vibration during centrifuge operation indicates that something is

wrong. Do not expect the vibration to go away as the rpms increase. Increasing speed
may temporarily dampen severe vibration, but the danger of an unbalanced condition
also increases with the speed of the centrifuge. Stop the centrifuge immediately, and
investigate the problem. Most centrifuge accidents occur because of balance problems
such as a frozen swivel, lack of ballast, or mismatched vials.
6. Always close the cover when the centrifuge is in motion; completely stop the
rotor before lifting the cover.
HANDLING CHEMICAL REAGENTS

1. Minimize the supply of all reagents kept in the laboratory workroom.
Return to the storeroom all reagents not actually being used.
2. Clearly label all containers with identity of the contents, date received at
the laboratory, date opened, and any appropriate warning (flammable, corrosive, etc.).
Label reagents made up in the laboratory with the concentration, date made, and the
name of the technician who made the solution.
3. Have the laboratory safety officer promptly and appropriately dispose of
unlabeled chemicals and solutions.
4. Obtain MSDS for each chemical in the laboratory inventory.
5. Do not smell or taste chemicals.
6. Never mouth pipette chemical reagents. Always use a suction bulb.
7. Store reagents out of direct sunlight, and use explosion-proof lighting
fixtures.
8. Keep shelves low and uncrowded. Store chemicals according to class, not
alphabetically. Reagents likely to react together should be stored apart from one
another.
9. Store and handle strong oxidizing agents, such as nitrates, nitric acid,
permanganates, peroxides, perchlorates, chlorates, and perchloric acid so as to avoid
mixing them with easily oxidized materials, such as sulfur, sulfides, and glycerine. If
pressure-sensitive materials, such as perchlorates, must be kept in the laboratory
workrooms, store only small quantities in wide-mouthed bottles filled with loose,
soft-rubber stoppers. Isolate large amounts of perchloric acid in storage outside the
laboratory. Store ammonia away from halogens.
10. Store containers of flammable or caustic materials in crocks or lead trays
large enough to confine spills or leaks.
11. Keep metallic sodium and potassium in stone or glass containers under
kerosene; keep phosphorus pentoxide containers tightly closed; supply anhydrous
aluminum chloride in small quantities, and, once opened, do not store it longer than
three weeks.
12. Cautiously handle and store finely divided magnesium or zirconium,
dimethylamine, triethyl bismuth, bromates, nitrogen halides, Grignard reagents, and
organic zinc compounds.
13. When powdered, the alkaline metals (magnesium, sodium potassium, and
aluminum) will react with carbon dioxide; therefore, never use carbon dioxide
extinguishers on burning alkaline metals.
14. Minimize the quantity of ordinary flammable chemicals kept in a laboratory
workroom. Limit it to a one-day supply. Even if flammable solvents are often used, do
not use workroom containers that hold more than 5 gal (19 L). Usually, 1-gal (4-L)
containers will be large enough. Use safety-type containers listed by the Underwriters
Laboratories, the Factory Mutual Companies, or other such testing organizations.
137
15. Conduct operations involving volatile flammables under exhaust hoods and
within troughs or large trays with raised edges. If a fire starts, it will be easier to
control if the burning material can be confined. Never use flame to heat a flammable
compound.
16. Forbid smoking in laboratory workrooms, storage rooms, and wherever a
fire or explosion is possible. Designate smoking areas, and keep them clean and
comfortable.
17. Use extreme care when storing ethers to prevent the formation of explosive
peroxides. Use activated charcoal or aluminum oxide in ether storage cabinets to
absorb the peroxide. Specific inhibitors can be used with some ethers to prevent the
formation of explosive peroxides. Reducing volume to below 10 percent when distilling
ether may cause a peroxide explosion. Never underestimate the serious explosion
hazard involved in distilling or refluxing ethers.
Using Toxic Chemicals

1. Treat all laboratory reagents as toxic material. To minimize exposure, use
protective equipment and apparel and proper technique. In laboratories where highly
toxic material is handled, policy may require a shower and complete change of
clothing at the end of each workday and recommend periodic medical examinations.
Use the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) to become familiar with each
compounds toxicity and other hazards.
2. The toxic effect of many chemicals is underestimated. Following are a few
examples of the serious effects of some chemicals:
Hydrogen sulfide in concentrations greater than 20 ppm is toxic and produces
respiratory paralysis. Do not depend on the intense, characteristic, rotten-egg
odor of this gas to function as a warning because the nose may lose sensitivity to
the odor after a very short exposure. Mixtures of air with this gas (in the range
of 446 percent by volume) are explosive.
Under normal conditions, an exposed surface of mercury can produce a toxic
concentration in a small workroom after a few minutes. Therefore, use mercury
only in well-ventilated rooms. If the exposed surface is large, as when several
manometers are used, constantly monitor the work area.
The effects of exposure to the oxides of nitrogen are sometimes not manifested
for 4872 h. A single cough when exposure occurs may be the only warning of a
situation that may result in serious lung edema and death.
3. Handle mercury over trays with raised edges to completely recover spills.
Sprinkling powdered sulfur over a contaminated surface converts the mercury to
mercuric sulfide. This prevents the mercury from vaporizing and facilitates cleanup.
A high speed aspirator fitted with a trap and fine nozzle is useful in recovering
mercury caught in small cracks. Commercially prepared absorbent sponges and spill
kits are also available. A HEPA-filtered vacuum cleaner is preferred for larger spills.
Using Corrosives
1. Wear chemical goggles and face shields, tight-fitting gloves, and aprons
whenever transporting or transferring acids or alkalies. Wherever these materials are
used, keep large quantities of bicarbonate of soda. Immediately neutralize and clean
up spilled acids and alkalies.
2. Use polyethylene and plastic-coated glass reagent bottles to greatly reduce
spillage and splashing from accidental breakage. Use bottle carriers for transporting
acids and bases.
138
3. Segregate acids from caustics and from active metals such as sodium,
magnesium, and potassium, and from chemicals that can generate toxic gases such as
potassium cyanide and iron sulfide. Keep oxidizing acids separate from organic acids
and flammable materials.
Using Compressed Gases

1. Store compressed gases according to local fire codes and manufacturers
recommendations. Secure all cylinders upright by chain or clamp to avoid possible
upset. When gas cylinders are not in use, securely fasten the cylinder cap to protect
the valve stem and valve. Always ground flammable gas containers.
2. Do not store flammable gases near oxygen cylinders. Store flammable or
toxic gases at or above ground level, never in basements. Isolate gas storage areas
from laboratory workrooms and other storage areas. Limit the number of cylinders in
the laboratory to those currently in use.
3. If cylinders are stored outside, shade the tanks or provide some other means
of cooling (water spray) to keep the cylinders internal pressure within safe limits.
4. Use a cylinder cart to move compressed gas cylinders. Do not roll on end.
5. Do not use reduction valves, gauges, and other fittings designed for oxygen
cylinders on other cylinders. The threading on cylinder fittings usually prevents their
interchange, but it is quite possible to exchange fittings on homemade installations
and small cylinders with clamp-on adapters. Prevent this from being done. Keep
fittings for oxygen cylinders free from oil and grease.
6. Buy and store extremely corrosive gases, such as chlorine and hydrogen
bromide, in small quantities only, unless they are to be used quickly. Valves on
corrosive-gas cylinders deteriorate rapidly. Instruct employees what to do when a
valve fails. Include an emergency plan, including emergency repairs, evacuation, and
decontamination in the laboratorys chemical hygiene plan.
Maintenance and Personnel

1. Establish a regular safety inspection and maintenance schedule for all
laboratory equipment. Have a trained team conduct and record inspections using a
prepared checklist. Consult the supervisor whenever doubt arises about procedure or
equipment safety or when equipment deficiencies are found.
2. Instruct all laboratory personnel of all procedures that are performed in the
laboratory and the subsequent hazards present in the laboratory. Maintain an
ongoing training program to keep personnel abreast of state-of-the-art changes.
3. Thoroughly explain the use and the hazards of new or unusual equipment.
4. Properly instruct new workers in the use of personal protective equipment
and fire-fighting apparatus. A thorough first-aid course is essential, even though the
laboratory policy may require that a physician treat all injuries. Train all laboratory
personnel to apply artificial respiration and CPR.
AWWA MANUAL
Chapter
17
Fire Protection and
Handling Emergencies
GENERAL SAFETY RULES

1. A neat, well-ordered plant represents good safety policy. Promptly dispose of
all empty crates, cartons, packing materials, papers, and other debris. Conveniently
locate suitable containers for discarded, soiled wiping cloths. The personnel on duty
should be responsible for eliminating obvious fire hazards.
2. Analyze each plant area to determine what possible types of fires could
result. Use this analysis to choose fire extinguishers of the appropriate size and type
(see Table 17-1).
3. Conspicuously locate fire extinguishers in hallways near workroom doorways. If several extinguishers are needed in a particular workroom, have them easily
accessible from all parts of the room. Use lights, signs, and arrows to indicate the
location of the extinguishers.
4. Inspect portable fire extinguishers monthly, and maintain them according to
the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Standard for Portable Fire
Extinguishers or applicable state or provincial laws. Tag each extinguisher with the
date of the last inspection or recharge.
5. Recharge extinguishers after every use.
6. Consult the fire-prevention service of the local fire department and/or fire
insurance underwriters for advice on how to choose and use equipment.
7. Conspicuously post the telephone numbers of the fire department and police
department at every telephone station for quick reference in an emergency.
8. Provide several exits so that personnel will not get trapped in case of fire.
Consult the local fire department.
9. Distinctly mark all exits, and light them with reliable fixtures. Open all
doors in hazardous locations outward, and provide them with panic bars.
10. Store flammable materials in isolated structures if possible. If circumstances compel storage of such items in the plant, keep them in rooms built with
139
140
Table 17-1 Fire Extinguisher Selection Chart
FIRE PROTECTION
Table 17-1 Fire Extinguisher Selection Chart, continued
141
142
noncombustible materials and equipped with fire doors, alarms, and automatic
extinguishers. Supplement the automatic extinguishers with other equipment that
can be operated from outside the fire door.
11. In larger plants, connect alarms from the various installations into a central
panel, and monitor this panel 24 h a day.
12. Use explosionproof lights and other electrical fixtures in flammable storage
areas, and, if necessary, ground the floor and use only spark-proof tools.
13. Prohibit welding and smoking in flammable storage areas.
14. When transferring flammable liquids from one container to another, bond
the two containers by using a bonding jumper and/or by having the spout in
metal-to-metal contact. Plastic containers need not be bonded but can be, if desired.
15. Mark flammable storage areas with distinctive signs. During the night,
illuminate signs at all entrances.
16. Instruct all employees in the proper use of the different types of fire
extinguishers and in the general rules of fire fighting. Ask the local fire department
for help.
17. Conduct fire drills periodically, and assign employees responsibilities should
a fire occur. Train all new employees immediately.
18. Have the local chapter of the American Red Cross instruct all employees in
first aid, including artificial respiration, treatment for shock, and control of severe
bleeding. Training in CPR is also recommended.
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
Fires are not the only emergencies that occur in our industry. Two other types of
emergencies commonly occur: man-made emergencies, such as release of hazardous
materials, fire, bomb threats, and intrusions; and, natural emergencies, such as
floods, earthquakes, tornadoes, or hurricanes.
To plan and prepare for such emergencies, follow these rules:
1. Establish a policy that details the plan of action for any given emergency.
Develop the plan with the help of local fire and police departments.
2. Post emergency phone numbers and procedures in every work area.
3. Training is critical. Conduct monthly drills to help sharpen emergency skills
and reduce panic should a real emergency occur.
4. Identify facilities that would be affected by specific emergencies (i.e., raw
water supplycontamination by accidental spill).
5. Assign one employee as the emergency coordinator. Use a member of top
management to ensure that he or she has the authority to put personnel and
equipment into action.
6. Prepare evacuation plans for both in-plant and the surrounding locations.
Specify the duties of each department/section as well as employees involved. Address
how to shut down operations in case of emergency and how to use emergency
equipment, such as lighting, communications system, and portable generators.
Employees should know where to find food, water, clothing, and sandbags.
AWWA MANUAL
Chapter
18
Office Worker Safety
Office workers can avoid injury by being careful and using their judgment while doing
their daily jobs. Adopt the following safety procedures to minimize or eliminate
hazards:
1. All video display terminal work stations should be ergonomically designed
to reduce stress and repetive motion injuries.
2. Desks and cabinet drawers are potential tripping, collision, and stumbling
hazards. Keep them closed and out of the way. Be careful not to pinch fingers when
closing drawers.
3. Never tilt a chair backward; persons have been injured by chairs that
slipped or broke under the added strain of tilting.
4. Use clips instead of ordinary pins to fasten papers together to avoid
scratched and pricked fingers. If necessary to use pins, handle them carefully.
5. Be careful when handling paper because it may cause painful cuts. Do not
lick envelopes, as their edges may cut the tongue; use a sponge or water wheel.
6. Carefully handle pencils, pens, and other pointed instruments to avoid
puncture wounds. Point pencils downward when in the pocket. Do not carry them
between fingers with the points in the palm or extended toward others.
7. Report defective chairs and desks to the supervisor, as these may injure
employees.
8. To prevent tripping and falling, place cords from telephones or electrically
operated office machines along the wall or in flat metal housings.
9. Keep doors totally closed or opened to prevent workers from colliding with
them.
10. Practice good housekeeping; keep desks clean and orderly.
11. Sharp-pointed, vertical paper files on desks are dangerous; bend such points
horizontally.
12. Prohibit horseplay and skylarking (including shooting paper wads, paper
clips, and rubber bands).
13. Take care when using standard four-drawer correspondence file, as it may
upset and cause injury if an overloaded top drawer is pulled out.
14. Because electric fans can seriously injure hands, keep fans off desks and out
of reach. Use specially designed fans for the floor.
143
144
15. Do not rush from rooms into corridors. Keep to the right, especially at
corners.
16. Do not keep combustible materials closer than 6 in. (150 mm) from steam
pipes or radiators.
17. Do not heat stoppered bottles on radiators or steam pipes, as the heat may
cause the containers to explode.
18. Never hurry when using stairways. High heels are particularly dangerous.
Always hold onto handrails.
19. Never place articles on window sills, filing cabinets, lockers, and other
elevated positions from which they may fall and injure someone.
20. Keep hands out of the way when opening or closing windows, doors, and
gates.
21. Do not leave knives and razor blades in desk drawers with their cutting
edges exposed.
22. Have qualified helpers move heavy objects; improperly lifting or shifting
equipment and supplies can cause hernias, sprains, strains, and splinters.
24. Never put oily cloths, photographic film, glass, and razor blades in
wastebaskets, because such objects can injure maintenance workers. Place hazardous
materials in receptacles used solely for that purpose.
24. Be careful when using broken porcelain faucet handles and when walking
on slippery, waxy, or wet floors and loose materials.
25. Observe No Smoking signs.
26. Be sure electrical receptacles are grounded, and equip electric office
equipment with ground plugs. Inspect receptacles and equipment for faulty grounds
at least once a year.
27. Use stepladders when placing or removing objects beyond normal reach.
Inspect ladders regularly and keep them in first-class condition.
28. Keep paper cutters in good condition, and use them carefully. Leave the
blade down when not in use.
29. Do not adjust or clean machines while power is on. If a machine jams during
use, turn off the power before removing the obstruction.
30. Report all injuries to the supervisor.
AWWA MANUAL
Appendix
A
AWWA Award Programs
A primary function of the AWWA safety program is to collect, analyze, and report
statistical data on accidents and their causes. Reports of annual accident-and-severity
frequency figures are solicited from water utilities throughout the United States and
Canada. These statistics are compiled and form the basis for determining accident
rates in the water utility industry.
To encourage utilities to participate in the compilation and collection of these
safety statistics, the AWWA Accident Prevention Subcommittee administers, through
AWWA section safety committees, a safety award program. Several awards are
presented by the sections on an annual basis to utilities within their geographical
region. The award program, established in 1956, encourages water utilities to
establish safety programs where none exist, keeps established safety programs
operating at high efficiency, and gives recognition to utilities having good safety
records or showing substantial improvement.
Award Criteria
In order for the criteria for granting awards to be in line with those used by other
organizations, such as the National Safety Council, the accumulation of a specific
number of consecutive employee-hours without a disabling injury is the prime basis
for consideration. In the past, awards were granted solely on the basis of records
attained in a calendar year. This resulted in many inequities, especially among
utilities with fewer than 100 employees. It logically follows that the greater the
number of employee-hours of exposure to the work environment, the greater is the
accident potential. Also, in the case of small utilities, usually the more hazardous
operations, such as construction, are performed by outside contractors and the
employees are not exposed to the same accident potential as are employees of large
utilities.
To minimize these inequities, the award plan was revised in 1988.
Two-Part Award Plan

The award plan is divided into two parts: one related to the AWWA sections and the
second to the parent association. Awards at the section level are given to all utilities
that earn them on an annual basis. AWWA awards are also given annually, but the
number is limited to four.
145
146
Award plan for sections. The safety award plan for sections is based on four
awards: (1) certificate of commendation, (2) award of merit, (3) award of honor, and
(4) award of excellence.
The merit, honor, and excellence awards consist of 8 3 11-in. certificates
appropriately designated and signed by the section chairman, section secretary, and
section safety chairman. The certificate of commendation is signed by the executive
director of AWWA. These awards are based on accident rates as compared to the
national average. If a utility falls into a specific accident rate parameter, an award is
issued through the appropriate AWWA section. The awards are based on accident rate
statistics reported by the utility to AWWA.
AWWA award plan. Four awards per year are available at the parent-association levelone for each class size of utility. The four class sizes are: Iutilities
employing fewer than 10 people; IIutilities employing 10 to 100 people; IIIutilities
employing 101 to 500 people; IVutilities employing over 500 people.
These awards were established in honor of Wendell R. LaDue and are granted
for outstanding accomplishment in safety. The winners are selected by the AWWA
Accident Prevention Subcommittee from nominations submitted by various sections.
Only section nominees are eligible for the AWWA awards, and only one nominee from
each class size may be submitted by a section. When submitting nominees on the
forms provided, sufficient supporting information should be attached to assist the
committee in selecting winners.
Index
Accident review board, 4--5
Accidents
causes, 28
costs, 16
handling, 26, 28
report, 6, 10
Acetylene, 46--47
Activated carbon, 102--104
Air hoist, 52--53
Air-purifying respirator, 35
Alum and ferrous sulfate, 104--105
American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), 100
American National Standards Institute
(ANSI), 14
(AWWA)
award programs, 145--46
Loss Control Committee, vii--viii
Ammonium sulfate, 110
Anhydrous ammonia, 107--110
Arc welding equipment and welding
circuits, 47
Atmosphere-supplying respirator, 35--36
Autoclaves, 132--33
Axes and hatchets, 40
Construction, 65--76
Corrosives, 137--38
Diesel and gasoline engines, 59--61
Disabling-injury frequency rate, 15
Disabling-injury severity rate, 15--16
Drums, 98
Education and training, 17, 19--20
Electric equipment, 131--32
Electric-switch panels, 85
Elevated tanks, 88--90
Elevators, 95
Employees
duty status, 28
insurance and compensation, 28--29
new, 25--26
office workers, 143--44
orientation, 26
recognition, 21, 24
rehabilitation, 28
responsibility, 3
right to know, 100--101
Energized water meters, 79--80
Equipment
See Names of different types of
equipment
Excavations, 69--71, 74--76
Explosives, 74--76
Barricades and warning signs, 76

Blasting, 74
Files, 40--41
Fires, 103--104, 139, 142
First aid, 36
for alum and ferrous sulfate, 105
for anhydrous ammonia, 109--110
for chlorine, 118--19
for fluorides, 121
for lime, 122
for ozone, 122
for soda ash, 123
for sodium chlorite, 125
Flame spectrophotometers, 133--34
Fleet safety, vii
Floor cleaning, 93--94
Fluorides, 120--21
Carbon dioxide, 110--11

Caulking, 82
Centrifuges, 135--36
Chain binders, 64
Chemicals
activated carbon, 102--104
alum and ferrous sulfate, 104--105
ammonium sulfate, 110
anhydrous ammonia, 107--110
carbon dioxide, 110--11
chlorine, 111--13, 115--20
fluorides, 120--21
lime, 121--22
ozone, 122
potassium permanganate, 123
reagents, 136--38
right to know, 100--101
soda ash, 123
sodium chlorite, 124--25
toxic, 137
Chisels and punches, 40
Chlorination, 119--20
Chlorine, 111--13, 115--20
Compensation
See Workers compensation
Compressed gases, 138
Compressed oxygen, 45--46
Compressors and blowers, 110
Concrete mixers, 52
Confined spaces, 65--66, 69
Gas and arc welders, 45--48

Grease pits and hoists, 62--63
Grinding wheels, 45
Hammers, 41
Hand digging, 69--70
Hand tools, 39--42
Hand trucks, 48
Heating equipment, 129
Hot plates, 134--35
Housekeeping, 96
Incidence rate, 15
Inspections, 20--21
Insurance, 28--29
147
148
Jacks, 63--64
Job safety analysis (JSA), 17
Laboratory, 126--28
apparatus, 129, 131--36
chemical reagents, 136--38
Ladders, 49--50
Leaded joints, 80, 82
Leaks
anhydrous ammonia, 107--108
chlorine, 113, 115--16
Lime, 121--22
Machine guards, 50, 85
Management
committee, 3--4
responsibility, 2
Material safety data sheet (MSDS),
100--101
Melting compounds, 82
Metalizing and sandblasting, 44--45
Method of Recording and Measuring
Work Injury Experience, 14--15
Mobile cranes, 53
Motor vehicles
See Vehicles
Muffle furnaces, 135
National Institute of Occupational Safety
and Health (NIOSH), 34
National Toxicology Program (NTP), 101
Occupational-injury report, 6--7, 10
Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA), 15, 100
incidence rate, 15
Organizational safety, vii
Overhead traveling crane, 53--54, 56
Ozone, 122
Painting, 94--95
Particulate-filtering respirator, 35
Personal protective equipment, 31
arc welding equipment and welding
circuits, 47--48
body, 33
face and eye, 31--32
foot, 32--33
for activated carbon, 104
for anhydrous ammonia, 108--109
for ozone, 122
hand, 33
head, 33
safety belts, 33
Picks, 41
Pipe, 77--80
Pipette cleaners, 133
Pneumatic and hydraulic tools, 44
Portable electric hand tools, 43--44
Portable power tools, 43--45
Potassium permanganate, 123
Power boats, 92
Power shovels and draglines, 51--52
Pressure equipment, 129
Public injury report, 10
Public safety, vii
Pumping stations, 83--85

Radioactivity testing instruments, 135
Records and reports, 6--7, 10
uses of, 13--14
Reservoirs and lakes, 91--92
Respiratory equipment, 34--35
air-purifying respirator, 35
atmosphere-supplying respirator, 35--36
for chlorine leaks, 116--17
Right to know, 100--101
Safe work attitude, 25--26
Safety
definition, vii
measuring, 14--16
types, vii
Safety belts, 33
Safety department
responsibility, 2
Safety manual, 17, 19
Safety meetings, 19
Safety newsletter, 24
Safety officer, 2
Safety posters, 20
Safety practices and procedures
before beginning job, 30--31
buildings, 93--95
chemicals, 100--105, 107--13, 115--25
construction, 65--76
elevated tanks, 88--90
general, 37--38
laboratory, 126--29, 131--38
large tools and equipment, 51--54, 56
leaded joints, 80, 82
pipe, 77--80
pumping stations, 83--85
reservoirs and lakes, 91--92
small tools and equipment, 39--50
storerooms and stockrooms, 96, 98--99
structural, 38
transformer stations, 85--87
wells, 87--88
Safety programs
committees, 3--5
education and training, 17, 19--20
employee recognition, 21, 24
inspections, 20--21
organizing, 1--3
policy, 3
Safety suggestions, 24
Safety talks, 19--20
Saws, 41--42
Scaffolds, 48--49
Screwdrivers, 42
Self-contained breathing apparatus
(SCBA), 36
Shoring, 71, 74
Shovels and spades, 42
Soda ash, 123
Sodium carbonate
See Soda ash
Sodium chlorite, 124--25
Soldering irons, 45
Solvents, 84
INDEX
Statistics
uses of, 13--14
Steam and wash racks, 63
Storage, 96, 98
Supervisor
responsibility, 2--3
Supplied-air respirator, 35--36
Vapor-removing respirator, 35
Vehicles
accident report, 10
diesel and gasoline engines, 59--61
equipment, 61--64
operation, 57--58
power trucks and forklifts, 98--99
Tires, 64
Toxics, 137
Transformer stations, 85--87
Trenching machines, 71
Water stills, 133

Wells, 87--88
Wheelbarrows, 48
Window cleaning, 93
Workers compensation, 29
Working committee, 4
Wrenches, 42
149

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Manual de La Norma AWWA M03

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Safety Practices

for Water Utilities

American Water Works Association

Copyright 1956, 1963, 1977, 1983, 1990

Printed on recycled paper

Chapter 2 Safety Records, Statistics, and Reports . . . . . . . . . .

Organizing a Safety Program, 1

Records and Reports, 6

Education and Training, 17

Developing a Safe Work Attitude in the New Employee, 25

Before Beginning a Job, 30

Chapter 8 Operating and Maintaining Vehicles

Motor Vehicle Operation, 57

Chapter 10 Using Pipe and Leaded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Working in Confined Spaces, 65

Chapter 13 Operating Storerooms and Stockrooms . . . . . . . . . .

The Employees Right to Know, 100

Potassium Permanganate, 123

General Laboratory Precautions, 126

General Safety Rules, 139

Appendix A AWWA Award Programs

Safety in the Industry

ORGANIZING A SAFETY PROGRAM

SAFETY PRACTICES FOR WATER UTILITIES

manager or superintendent. The officers safety responsibility should be a staff

Responsibilities of the Safety Professional

Safety Departments Responsibility

COMMITTEES FOR SAFETY

SAFETY PRACTICES FOR WATER UTILITIES

Accident Review Board

RECORDS AND REPORTS ___________________________________

RECORDS, STATISTICS, AND REPORTS

An occupational injury is defined as any personal injury sustained by an employee

REPORT OF FIRST-AID INJURY

Date & Time of Injury ___________________________________ 19 ______

Nature of Injury _________________________________________________________________________________

Figure 2-1 Report form for a not-too-serious injury.

SAFETY PRACTICES FOR WATER UTILITIES

SUPERVISORS REPORT OF ACCIDENT

Injured Employee __________________________________

Time ____________ a.m./p.m.

Employees Occupation _____________

Place of Accident _______________________________________________________________________________

What job was employee doing? _______________________________________________________________

What tools, materials, and/or equipment were being used? _________________________________________

What specific action caused the accident? ______________________________________________________

How did the employee contribute to the accident? ________________________________________________

Were the proper safety protection devices being used? ____________________________________________

What work methods or acts caused the accident? ________________________________________________

What safeguards should have been used? ______________________________________________________

What steps will you take to prevent similar injuries? _______________________________________________

What other steps should be taken to prevent a recurrence? ________________________________________

Did you see the accident?

Date of report __________________________

(form continues on next page)

Figure 2-2 Report form used when a doctor will be involved.

RECORDS, STATISTICS, AND REPORTS

FOR SAFETY DEPARTMENT USE

Date Investigated ____________________________

Remarks Concerning Investigation __________________________________________________________________

Length of Service _____________________

SAFETY PRACTICES FOR WATER UTILITIES

Vehicle Accident Report

Date & Time of Injury _____________________________ 19