Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter
3.2
Linear Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3-3
3.1.1
3-3
3.1.2
Amplitude Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3-8
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.1.5
Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-46
3.2.1
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
3.5.2
Multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-63
3-1
3.6.1
3-2
3.1
Linear Modulation
3.1.1
1
fc / C Ac M.f C fc /
2
3-3
xc(t)
m(t)
M(0)
f
Xc(f)
1
A M(0)
2 c
LSB
USB
f
fc
-fc
DSB spectra
Coherent Demodulation
The received signal is multiplied by the signal 2 cos.2fc t /,
which is synchronous with the transmitter carrier
m(t)
xc(t)
xr(t)
d(t)
yD(t)
LPF
Accos[2fct]
Modulator
3-4
2cos[2fct]
Channel
Demodulator
ECE 5625 Communication Systems I
Lowpass
modulation
recovery filter
D(f)
AcM(0)
1
A M(0)
2 c
1
A M(0)
2 c
f
-W
-2fc
2fc
Typically the carrier frequency is much greater than the message bandwidth W , so m.t / can be recovered via lowpass filtering
The scale factor Ac can be dealt with in downstream signal
processing, e.g., an automatic gain control (AGC) amplifier
ECE 5625 Communication Systems I
3-5
1
cos2.fm
2
f /t C cos2.fm C f /t
LPF
yD(t)
xr(t)
( )2
BPF
divide
by 2
Acos2fct
very narrow
(tracking) bandpass filter
Spectrum
of m2(t)
f
2fc
3-7
m(t)
xc(t)
k << 1
Accos2fct
AcM(0)/2
f
fc
-fc
3.1.2
Amplitude Modulation
m.t /
j min m.t /j
j min m.t /j
A
ECE 5625 Communication Systems I
A + max m(t)
A + min m(t)
xc(t)
Ac(1 - a)
a<1
t
xc(t)
m(t)
Bias term
Accos[2fct]
d1 d2
d1 C d2
d1 d2
2.A C j min m.t /j/ .A
D
d1 C d2
2.A C j min m.t /j/ C .A
j min m.t /j
D
Da
A
3-9
The message signal can be recovered from xc .t / using a technique known as envelope detection
A diode, resistor, and capacitor is all that is needed to construct
and envelope detector
eo(t)
xr(t)
Recovered envelope
with proper RC
selection
eo(t)
0
The carrier is removed if 1/fc << RC << 1/W
Envelope detector
The circuit shown above is actually a combination of a nonlinearity and filter (system with memory)
A detailed analysis of this circuit is more difficult than you
might think
A SPICE circuit simulation is relatively straight forward, but it
can be time consuming if W fc
3-10
3-11
Ac
.f
2
fc / C .f C fc /
aAc
Mn.f
2
fc / C Mn.f C fc /
DSB spectrum
AM Power Efficiency
Low-cost and easy to implement demodulators is a plus for
AM, but what is the downside?
Adding the bias term to m.t / means that a fraction of the total
transmitted power is dedicated to a pure carrier
The total power in xc .t / is can be written in terms of the time
average operator introduced in Chapter 2
hxc2.t /i D hA2c1 C amn.t /2 cos2.2fc t /i
A2c
D
h1 C 2amn.t / C a2m2n.t /1 C cos.2.2fc /t i
2
If m.t / is slowly varying with respect to cos.2fc t /, i.e.,
hm.t / cos !c t i ' 0;
3-12
then
hxc2.t /i
A2c
D
1 C 2ahmn.t /i C a2hm2n.t /i
2
A2c
A2c
a2A2c 2
2
2
D
1 C a hm .t /i D
C
hmn.t /i
2
2
2
Pcarrier
Psidebands
a2hm2n.t /i also
hm2.t /i
D
D 2
1 C a2hm2n.t /i
A C hm2.t /i
hxc2.t /i
A2c a2A2c
D
C
hm2n.t /i
2
2
3-13
50
D 1515:15
33
and
1515
1
D 757:6 W
Pcarrier D A2c D
2
2
and thus
Psidebands D 1000
Pc D 242:4 W
The efficiency is
Eff D
242:4
D 0:242 or 24.2%
1000
The magnitude and phase spectra can be plotted by first expanding out xc .t /
xc .t / D Ac cos.2fc t / C aAc cos.2fmt C =3/ cos.2fc t /
D Ac cos.2fc t /
aAc
cos2.fc C fm/t C =3
C
2
aAc
C
cos2.fc fm/t =3
2
3-14
|Xc(f)|
Ac/2
0.8Ac/4
0
-fc
Xc(f)
fc-fm fc fc+fm
/3
f
0
-/3
t
-1
Tm/3
Tm
m.t /
m.t /
D
D m.t /
j min m.t /j
j 1j
The efficiency is
a2hm2n.t /i
ED
1 C a2hm2n.t /i
ECE 5625 Communication Systems I
3-15
2a2
ED
1 C 2a2
Eff
D D 0:67 or 67%
aD1
3
Suppose that the message signal is m.t / as given here
Now min m.t / D
hm2n.t /i D
2
1
1
. 1/2 C .1=2/2 D
3
3
2
.1=2/a2
a2
D
D
1 C .1=2/a2
2 C a2
3-16
where M is the number of sinusoids, fk values might be constrained over some band of frequencies W , e.g., fk W , and
the phase values k can be any value on 0; 2
To find mn.t / we need to find min m.t /
PM
A lower bound on min m.t / is
kD1 Ak ; why?
The worst case value may not occur in practice depending upon
the phase and frequency values, so we may have to resort to a
numerical search or a plot of the waveform
Suppose that M D 3 with fk D f65; 100; 35g Hz, Ak D
f2; 3:5; 4:2g, and k D f0; =3; =4g rad.
>> [m,t] = M_sinusoids(1000,[65 100 35],[2 3.5 4.2],...
[0 pi/3 -pi/4], 20000);>> plot(t,m)
>> min(m)
ans =
-7.2462e+00
-9.7000e+00
>> subplot(311)
>> plot(t,(1 + 0.25*m/abs(min(m))).*cos(2*pi*1000*t))
>> hold
ECE 5625 Communication Systems I
3-17
8
6
m(t) Amplitude
4
2
0
2
4
6
min m(t)
8
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025 0.03
Time (s)
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
xc(t), a = 0.5
xc(t), a = 0.25
2
0
2
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025 0.03
Time (s)
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
2
0
2
xc(t), a = 1.0
2
0
2
M
X
kD1
2
A2k
2j min m.t /j2
2 C 3:52 C 4:22
D
D 0:3227
2 7:2462
The maximum efficiency is just
Eff
aD1
0:3227
D 0:244 or 24.4%
1 C 0:3227
3-19
.fc
fk //
kD1
Ce
jk
.f C .fc
fk // (LSB terms)
Carrier with
Ac = 1
0.5
0.45
Amplitude Spectra (|Xc(f)|)
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
Symmetrical
Sidebands for
a = 0.5
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
1000 800
600
400
200
0
200
Frequency (Hz)
400
600
800 1000
Amplitude spectra
3-20
3.1.3
Single-Sideband Modulation
In the study of DSB it was observed that the USB and LSB
spectra are related, that is the magnitude spectra about fc has
even symmetry and phase spectra about fc has odd symmetry
The information is redundant, meaning that m.t / can be reconstructed from one or the other sidebands
Transmitting just the USB or LSB results in single-sideband
(SSB)
For m.t / having lowpass bandwidth of W the bandwidth required for DSB, centered on fc is 2W
Since SSB operates by transmitting just one sideband, the transmission bandwidth is reduced to just W
M(f)
XDSB(f)
f
W
XSSB(f)
XSSB(f)
fc - W
fc
LSB
USB
USB
removed
fc - W
f
fc+W
fc
LSB
removed
fc
f
fc+W
3-21
Chapter 3 back to Chapter 2 to briefly study the basic properties of this transform
Hilbert Transform
The Hilbert transform is nothing more than a filter that shifts
the phase of all frequency components by =2, i.e.,
H.f / D
where
j sgn.f /
f >0
<1;
sgn.f / D 0;
f D0
: 1; f < 0
! . j 2 t /h. t /
j sgn.f /, so
d
H.f / D
df
3-22
2j .f /
ECE 5625 Communication Systems I
Clearly,
F 1f 2j .f /g D
so
2j
1
2j
D
j 2 t
t
h.t / D
and
1
t
j sgn.f /
=2 phase
x.t /
j sgn.f /
1
j .f
2
1
.f
2
f0/ C .f C f0/
1
fc / C j .f C f0/
2
3-23
so from e j!0t ) .f
f0 /
1
1
j e j!0t C j e j!0t
2
2
j!0 t
j!0 t
e
e
D
D sin !0t
2j
x.t
O /D
or
2 2
cos !0t
x.t /
The proof follows for the case of energy signals by generalizing Parsevals theorem
Z 1
Z 1
x.t /x.t
O / dt D
X.f /XO .f / df
1
1
Z 1
D
.j sgn.f // jX.f /j2 df D 0
1
even
odd
3. Given signals m.t / and c.t / such that the corresponding spectra are
M.f / D 0 for jf j > W (a lowpass signal)
C.f / D 0 for jf j < W (c.t / a highpass signal)
then
Analytic Signals
Define analytic signal z.t / as
z.t / D x.t / C j x.t
O /
where x.t / is a real signal
ECE 5625 Communication Systems I
3-25
Zp .f / D X.f / C j
j sgn.f /X.f /
D X.f / 1 C sgn.f /
(
2X.f /; f > 0
D
0;
f <0
j x.t
O /
sgn.f /
Zn.f / D X.f / 1
(
0;
f >0
D
2X.f /; f < 0
3-26
X(f)
-W
Zp(f)
-W
Zn(f)
-W
Sideband
Filter
xSSB(t)
LSB or USB
Accosct
3-27
-fc
Formation of HL(f)
+1/2
sgn(f + fc)/2
fc
f
-1/2
+1/2
-sgn(f - fc)/2
f
-1/2
1
f
fc
-fc
fc /
fc /
1
XcLSSB .f / D Ac M.f C fc /sgn.f C fc /
4
C M.f fc /sgn.f fc /
1
Ac M.f C fc /sgn.f fc /
4
C M.f fc /sgn.f C fc /
1
D Ac M.f C fc / C M.f fc /
4
1
C Ac M.f C fc /sgn.f C fc /
4
M.f fc /sgn.f fc /
The inverse Fourier transform of the first term is DSB, i.e.,
1
Ac m.t / cos !c t
2
1
! Ac M.f C fc / C M.f
4
fc /
j sgn.f / M.f /
so
F
M.f C fc /sgn.f C fc / D j m.t
O /e
j!c t
! M.f fc /
Thus
1
Ac F 1 M.f Cfc /sgn.f Cfc / M.f fc /sgn.f fc /
4
1
1
D Ac j m.t
O /e j!c t
j m.t
O /e j!c t D m.t
O / sin !c t
4
2
ECE 5625 Communication Systems I
3-29
Finally,
1
1
xcLSSB .t / D Ac m.t / cos !c t C Ac m.t
O / sin !c t
2
2
Similarly for USSB it can be shown that
1
xcUSSB .t / D Ac m.t / cos !c t
2
1
Ac m.t
O / sin !c t
2
cosct
m(t)
H(f) =
-jsgn(f)
+
o
-90o
Carrier Osc.
cosct
xc(t)
+
-
sinct
LSB
USB
3-30
Demodulation
The coherent demodulator first discussed for DSB, also works
for SSB
d(t)
yD(t)
xr(t)
LPF
4cos[2fct + (t)]
'
m.t / m.t
O /.t /
The m.t
O / sin .t / term represents crosstalk
Another approach to demodulation is to use carrier reinsertion
and envelope detection
e(t)
xr(t)
Envelope
Detector
yD(t)
Kcosct
ECE 5625 Communication Systems I
3-31
e.t / D xr .t / C K cos !c t
1
1
D Ac m.t / C K cos !c t Ac m.t
O / sin !c t
2
2
To proceed with the analysis we must find the envelope of e.t /,
which will be the final output yD .t /
Finding the envelope is a more general problem which will be
useful in future problem solving, so first consider the envelope
of
x.t / D a.t / cos !c t
b.t / sin !c t
inphase
quadrature
D Re a.t /e j!c t C jb.t /e j!c t
j!c t
D Re a.t / C jb.t / e
Q
R.t/Dcomplex
envelope
In a phasor diagram x.t / consists of an inphase or direct component and a quadrature component
Quadrature - Q
~
Note: R(t) =
R(t)
b(t)
(t)
a(t)
3-32
In-phase - I
3-33
Q
complex envelope R.t/
3-34
Finally expanding the complex envelope into the real and imaginary parts we can find the real envelope R.t /
o2
hn 1
Ac cos!m C !/t C K
yD .t / D
2
n1
o2i1=2
C Ac sin.!m C !/t
2
1
' Ac cos.!m !/t C K
2
where the last line follows for K Ac
Note that the frequency error ! causes the recovered message signal to shift up or down in frequency by !, but not
both at the same time as in DSB, thus the recovered speech
signal is more intelligible
3.1.4
Vestigial-Sideband Modulation
3-35
f < Fc
<0;
jH.f /j D f .f2c / ; fc f fc C
:1;
f >f C
c
1
|H(f)|
fc -
fc +
fc
VSB can be demodulated using a coherent demod or using carrier reinsertion and envelope detection
Transmitted Two-Tone Spectrum
(only single-sided shown)
A(1 - )/2
B/2
A/2
0
f
f - f2
f - f1
fc
f + f1
f + f2
http://www.tek.com/document/primer/fundamentals-8vsb
3-36
3-37
Transmitter
Output
Video Carrier
Audio Carrier
0
-1.75 -0.75
2 interval
Receiver
Shaping
Filter
(f - fcv) MHz
-0.75
0.75
4.0
4.75
(f - fcv) MHz
3.1.5
BPF
at
f2
f
f2
Tunable
RF-Amp
IF Filt/
Amp
Local
Osc.
fIF
Env
Det
Automatic gain
control
Audio
Amp
For AM BT = 2W
Joint tuning
AM Broadcast Specs: fc = 540 to 1600 kHz on 10 kHz spacings
carrier stability
Modulated audio flat 100 Hz to 5 kHz
Typical fIF = 455 kHz
Classical AM superheterodyne receiver
We have two choices for the local oscillator, high-side or lowside tuning
ECE 5625 Communication Systems I
3-39
Potential Image
BRF
Input
455
560
Image
Out of
mixer
BIF
IF BPF
1015-560
This is removed
with RF BPF
f (kHz)
fIF
fIF
fLO
Mixer
Output
1470
1015
(560+455)
1470
1575
(560+1015)
f (kHz)
f (kHz)
f (kHz)
2485
(1470+1015)
455
0 1470-1015
3-40
Tunable
RF-Amp
10.7 MHz
IF BPF
1st
LO
2nd
LO
FM
Demod
Consider a frequency modulation (FM) receiver that uses doubleconversion to receive a signal on carrier frequency 162.475
MHz (weather channel #4 here in Colorado Springs)
Frequency modulation will be discussed in the next section
The dual-conversion allows good image rejection by using a
10.7 MHz first IF and then can provide good selectivity by
using a second IF at 455 kHz; why?
The ratio of bandwidth to center frequency can only be so
small in a low loss RF filter
The second IF filter can thus have a much narrower bandwidth by virtue of the center frequency being much lower
A higher first IF center frequency moves the image signal further away from the desired signal
ECE 5625 Communication Systems I
3-41
Mixers
The multiplier that is used to implement frequency translation
is often referred to as a mixer
In the world of RF circuit design the term mixer is more appropriate, as an ideal multiplier is rarely available
Instead active and passive circuits that approximate signal multiplication are utilized
The notion of mixing comes about from passing the sum of two
signals through a nonlinearity, e.g.,
y.t / D a1x1.t / C a2x2.t /2 C other terms
D a12x12.t / C 2a1a2x1.t /x2.t / C a22x22.t /
In this mixing application we are most interested in the center
term
ydesired.t / D 2a1a2 x1.t / x2.t /
Clearly this mixer produces unwanted terms (first and third),
and in general many other terms, since the nonlinearity will
have more than just a square-law input/output characteristic
3-42
VIN
VOUT
VLO
Mixer concept
+5V
R2
10
C3
47pF
C4
0.01uF
L3
L1
5 turns, 28 AWG
.050 I.D.
C1
0.5pF
LO
G1
G2
RF
C2
0.5pF
L2
5 turns, 28 AWG
.050 I.D.
L4
270nH
270nH
C7
D Q1
NE25139 42pF
S
R1
C5
47pF
IF
C8
82pF
C8
0.01uF
270
3-43
LO
input
D2
vp(t)
RG
RF source
RF
input
D1
vi (t)
D3
RG
D4
IF
out
vo(t)
IF load
RL
R3
5V
C8
C11
R4
L2
T1
IF OUT
4:1 (200:50)
TRANSFORMER
C1
RFIN
C2
GND
16
17
GND
IF18
15
GND
RFBIAS
R1
IF+
MAX9982
RF
TAP
C3
19
20
GND
C10
GND
14
13
12
11
LO2
GND
LO2
C7
GND
GND
LO1
LO1
C4
10
VCC
GND
LOSEL
7
GND
5V
VCC
C6
5V
C5
LO SELECT
3-44
VtSine
SRC4
Vdc=0 V
Amplitude=0.5 V
Freq=560 kHz
Signal Sum
R
R6
R=50 Ohm
R
R1
R
R=50 Ohm
Splitter_Resistive_6dB
X3 R8
R=50 Ohm
VtSine
SRC5
Vdc=0 V
Amplitude=1.0 V
Freq=10 kHz
V_out
R
I_Probe
R2
ap_dio_1N4148_19930601
I_Probe1
D1
R=50 Ohm
VtSine
SRC2
Vdc=0 V
Amplitude=2 V
Freq=1.015 MHz
TRANSIENT
Tran
Tran1
StopTime=400.0 usec
MaxTimeStep=10.0 nsec
PspecTran
PspecTran
PspecTran1
PspecTran1=pspec_tran(V_out, 0,I_Probe1.i,5kHz,200)
-10
Power (dBm)
-20
LO Mix
@ 1015 kHz
-30
10 kHz
sidebands
-40
-50
400
420
440
460
480
500
520
540
560
580
600
freq, KHz
3-45
3.2
Interference
3.2.1
Ac
Xr(f)
1
A
2 m
1
A
2 m
Ai
f
fc - fm
fc
fc + fm
fc + fi
If a single tone carrier falls within the IF passband of the receiver what problems does it cause?
Coherent Demodulator
xr .t / D Ac cos !c t C Am cos !mt cos !c t
C Ai cos.!c C !i /t
We multiply xr .t / by 2 cos !c t and lowpass filter
yD .t / D Am cos !mt C Ai cos !i t
interference
3-46
3.2. INTERFERENCE
Envelope Detection: Here we need to find the received envelope relative to the strongest signal present
Case Ac Ai
We will expand xr .t / in complex envelope form by first
noting that
Ai cos.!c C!i /t D Ai cos !i t cos !c t Ai sin !i t sin !c t
now,
j!c t
Q
D Re R.t /e
so
Q /j
R.t / D jR.t
h
D .Ac C Am cos !mt C Ai cos !i t /2
i1=2
2
C .Ai sin !i t /
' Ac C Am cos !mt C Ai cos !i t
assuming that Ac Ai
Finally,
yD .t / ' Am cos !mt C Ai cos !i t
interference
Case Ai >> Ac
Now the interfering term looks like the carrier and the remaining terms look like sidebands, LSSB sidebands relative to fc C fi to be specific
ECE 5625 Communication Systems I
3-47
3-48
3.3
Sampling Theory
nD 1
x(t)
x(t)
Sampling
-Ts
for f > W
then choose
Ts <
1
2W
or
fs > 2W
.fs D 1=Ts /
3-49
proof:
1
X
"
X .f / D X.f / fs
#
.f
nfs /
nD 1
but X.f / .f
nfs / D X.f
nfs /, so
1
X
X .f / D fs
X.f
nfs /
nD 1
X(f)
X0
-W
Lowpass
reconstruction
filter
Guard band
= fs - 2W
X(f)
X0 fs
...
...
fs > 2W
-W
-fs
fs-W
fs
Aliasing
X0 fs
fs < 2W
...
-2fs
-fs
...
fs
2fs
j 2f t0
t0 /
3-51
then
y.t / D
1
X
x.nTs /h.t
nTs /
nD 1
1
X
D 2BH0
x.nTs /sinc2B.t
t0
nTs /
nD 1
f > fu
2
X(f)
fu D 4
fu=W D 2 ) m D 2
so
fs D
2.4/
D4
2
will work
The sampled signal spectrum is
X .f / D 4
1
X
X.f
nfs /
10
nD 1
Recover with
bandpass filter
4
3
2
1
15
10
-3fs
X(f)
5
-2fs
-fs
fs
2fs
15
3fs
3-53
3.4
3.4.1
PAM produces a sequence of flat-topped pulses whose amplitude varies in proportion to samples of the message signal
Start with a message signal, m.t /, that has been uniformly
sampled
1
X
m .t / D
m.nTs /.t nTs /
nD 1
mc .t / D
m.nTs /
.nTs C =2/
nD 1
m(t)
mc(t)
Ts
2Ts
3Ts
4Ts
PAM waveform
3-54
It is possible to create mc .t / directly from m .t / using a zeroorder hold filter, which has impulse response
t =2
h.t / D
and frequency response
H.f / D sinc.f /e
m(t)
jf
mc(t)
h(t)
How does h.t / change the recovery operation from the case of
ideal sampling?
If Ts we can get by with just a lowpass reconstruction filter having cutoff frequency at fs =2 D 2=Ts
In general, there may be a need for equalization if is on
the order of Ts =4 to Ts =2
Lowpass
reconstruction
filter
sinc() function
envelope
-fs
mc(t)
-W
Lowpass
fs
m(t)
3-55
3.4.2
1
0.5
20
10
Analog input m(t)
t
0.5
1
10
20
3.4.3
Pulse-Position Modulation
With PPM the displacement in time of each pulse, with respect to a reference time, is proportional to the sampled analog
waveform
The time axis may be slotted into a discrete number of pulse
positions, then m.t / would be quantized
Digital modulation that employs M slots, using nonoverlapping pulses, is a form of M -ary orthogonal communications
3-56
1
0.5
20
10
t
0.5
1
10
20
3.5
3.5.1
3-57
m(t)
d(t)
(t)
xc(t)
-1
Pulse Modulator
ms(t) =
Control the
step size
m(t) (blue)
ms(t) (red)
0 = 0.15
0.5
0
Slope
overload
0.5
1
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025 0.03
Time (s)
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025 0.03
Time (s)
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
xc(t)
0.5
0
0.5
1
3-59
m(t)
d(t)
(t)
xc(t)
-1
Pulse Modulator
ms(t)
VGA
( )2
LPF
3.5.2
Sampler
Quantizer
Sample
&
Hold
Analog to
Digital
Converter n
Encoder
PCM
Output
Parallel
to Serial
Converter
Serial
Data
Equivalent
Views
m(t)
3-60
Quant. Encoded
Level
Output
7
111
6
110
5
101
4
100
3
011
2
010
1
001
0
000
0
Quantizer Bits: n = 3, q = 2n = 8
m(t)
t
Ts
2Ts
3Ts
4Ts
5Ts
6Ts
7Ts
Encoded Serial PCM Data: 001 100 110 111 110 100 010 010 ...
B ' kW n;
where k is a proportionality constant
When located on a carrier the required bandwidth is doubled
ECE 5625 Communication Systems I
3-61
Binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), mentioned earlier, is a popular scheme for transmitting PCM using an RF carrier
Many other digital modulation schemes are possible
The number of quantization levels, q D log2 n, controls the
quantization error, assuming m.t / lies within the full-scale range
of the quantizer
Increasing q reduces the quantization error, but also increases
the transmission bandwidth
The error between m.kTs / and the quantized value Qm.kTs /,
denoted e.n/, is the quantization error
If n D 16, for example, the ratio of signal power in the samples
of m.t /, to noise power in e.n/, is about 95 dB (assuming m.t /
stays within the quantizer dynamic range)
3.6. MULTIPLEXING
0.163 mm
Parity
(32 bits)
Parity
(32 bits)
3.6
Multiplexing
It is quite common to have multiple information sources located at the same point within a communication system
To simultaneously transmit these signals we need to use some
form of multiplexing
ECE 5625 Communication Systems I
3-63
3.6.1
3.6. MULTIPLEXING
Info.
Source 1
Synchronization
Required
Info.
Source 2
Info.
User 1
Info.
User 2
Channel
...
...
Commutators
Info.
Source N
Info.
User N
For equal bandwidth: s1s2s3 s1s2s3 s1s2s3 s1s2s3 s1s2s3 s1s2s3 s1s2s3 ....
An equivalent signal channel of bandwidth B would produce 2BT D ns samples in T s, thus the equivalent baseECE 5625 Communication Systems I
3-65
N
X
Wi Hz
i D1
3-66
3.6. MULTIPLEXING
Digital
No. of 64 kbps
Signal
Bit Rate
PCM VF
Sys. Number R (Mb/s)
Channels
DS-0
0.064
1
T1 DS-1
1.544
24
T1C DS-1C
3.152
48
T2 DS-2
6.312
96
T3 DS-3
44.736
672
DS-3C
90.254
1344
DS-4E
139.264
2016
T4 DS-4
274.176
4032
DS-432
432.00
6048
T5 DS-5
560.160
8064
Transmission
Media Used
Wire pairs
Wire pairs
Wire pairs
Wire pairs
Coax, radio, fiber
Radio, fiber
Radio, fiber, coax
Coax, fiber
Fiber
Coax, fiber
3-67
3-68