Dictionar Matematic de Fraze Uzuale R-E

Dictionar Matematic Roman-Englez de Fraze Uzuale
A
abia
The superscripts are hardly (or scarcely) visible.
abordare
A more careful approach is needed.
absolut analog
In complete analogy with the result, we may prove that ...
accentua atenie
se accentuiaz atenie asupra
In this section, emphasis is placed (or attention is

focussed) on autonomous systems.
accepta o ipotez
to accept a hypothesis
aceiai
The numbers +8 and +3 have like signs.

No two polynomials can have all their roots alike (or the
same) unless they differ by a numerical factor.
acelai
The preceding discussion may be summed up by saying that

the arithmetic for complex numbers is much the same as
that for real numbers.
acum
We now want to let j.

For the present we content ourselves with demonstrating
the assertions just made concerning the sets G and H.
arta
acum este uor de artat c
We can now easily show that ...
adecvat
adeveri
se adeverete c
s-a adeverit a fi
admite
la fel admite
adresa
ne adresm la
aduce
demonstraia este adus
aduna
adunm
afirma
afirm
afirmaie
afirmaie mai general
afirmaie necesar
afirmaie reciproc
The model fits the process under study adequately.
Thus the martingale (t) turns out to be a process with

independent increments.
This proved to be a bigger problem than originally
anticipated.
This value was found to be cos(/17).
The function (t) also admits decomposition of the form (4).
We now turn to the task of considering the continuousparameter supermarlingales.
The proof of the theorem is given in [8].
Now write down these inequalities for n, n+1, ..., n+m and
add them to obtain the estimation (6).
The fundamental theorem of arithmetic asserts that every

integer greater than 1 can be factored in one and only one
way, apart from order, as the product of positive prime
numbers.
Bohm [2] claims that there is such a thing as the primacy of
metaphysics in connection with biology.
A more general statement can be found in [15].

Approaching the limit as N we obtain the required
assertion.
The converse of (5) is false.
2
The converse of this statement is known to be false.

However, if we are concerned only with versions of a given
process, the converse holds in the following sense.
afla
a afla
ajunge
ajungem la ...
ajutor
cu ajutorul
alt
alt
We are now in a position to determine (or to find) the value

of x*.
Thus we arrive at the following conclusion [definition,

equation, theorem, assertion, result].
By means of the equivalence relation we get the

decomposition of the set of all oriented segments into
disjoint classes such that segments in the same class are
equivalent and segments in different classes are not
equivalent.
When formalizing the notions of probability theory, the first
fundamental assumption is that the results of experiments
can be described by means of a certain set .
The data were obtained with the help (or with the aid) of a
digitizer.
Both problems are solved by constructing a right-hand
inverse matrix Sr-1 of S.
Another way to approach the problem is to take a Taylor

series expansion of g(t).
Any term may be transposed from one member of equation
to the other, provided its sign is changed.
The random variable may have a different distribution.
altfel
This definition also makes use of the abstraction principle,

but in another way.
altfel zis
Otherwise speaking [fn(x)] = [gn(x)] if and only if

{fn(x)}~{gn(x)}.
amnunit
mai amnunit
ambele
ambele pri
These operations are discussed in more detail in next

section.
Both estimates are quite rough.

But the functions f and g are both continuous, and thus the
two functions coincide.
Multiplying the two sides of (4) by cosmx and integrating, we
obtain ...
The two sides of Young's inequality
are equal if and only if b=(a).
ambiguu
aminti
amintim c
analiza
pentru a analiza
este analizat
This ambiguity does not lead to misunderstanding.
We recall that the compensator n of the measure of jumps

n is non-negative.
Recall that L is generated by all processes whose
trajectories are right-continuous and have right limits.
To analyse the equation, it is convenient to go over to nondimensional variables.

To analyse the equation, it is convenient to go over to nondimensional variables.
The sum S is analysed analogously.
analogic
analogic cu ...
The proof of (11) is completely analogous to that of (10).

We shall introduce distributions in a way analogous to that
used in the Cantor theory when generalizing rational to real
numbers.
analogie
The analogue of the Fermat's theorem is also valid.
anume
In this particular case only one side of the triangle, namely

BC, has traces within the limits of the drawing.
If S consists of a single element x, then R(x), namely the
smallest subring containing x, is commutative.
The extended solutions have the property II, namely of
uniform continuity.
aparatul matematic
mathematical apparatus (or tools / techniques)

a body of mathematics
aparine
aparine la
care nu aparine
aprea
apare
aplica
s aplicm
pot fi aplicate
se poate de aplicat
aproape
aproape de
aproape peste tot
aproape toate
aproape toi
The process X(t) falls into one of the following three classes
depending on its asymptotic behaviour.
This equation falls among the so-called renewal equations.
This equation contradicts the assumption that G contains
points not belonging to D.
The problem arises of finding the conditions under which the

distribution p(u) is unimodal.
Let us apply this result to the case of an increasing process

At .
Formulas (1) and (2) may be employed on condition that
the contour C has no loops.
Since p is of the form 1+4m, Corollary 2.5 is applicable and
hence p=x2+y2.
The temperature was observed to be near zero.

The angle is closed to 45 deg.
The Lebesque-integrable functions are equal if and only if
they have the same values almost everywhere.
Nearly all scientific problems deal with quantities and
relations among them.
It is easy to verify that f(x)<C for almost all x.
aproximativ acelai
aproximaie
n prim aproximaie
aranja n ordine cresctoare

[descresctoare]
sunt aranjai n ordine cresctoare [descresctoare]
arta
arat
vom arta
este artat
pentru a arta c
cum este artat mai sus
As the numbers of the molecules moving in opposite

directions are much the same, it is natural to assume ...
As (or in) a first approximation, x(t) may be chosen to be

t2.
The jump moments t1, t2, ..., tn are arranged in ascending

[descending] order.
Fig.12 depicts the slope of the line x versus t.

We shall show that in this case p must divide b.
The slope of the line x versus t is shown schematically in
Fig.12.
To show that q and r are unique, suppose that q' and r'
is any pair of integers for which a=bq'+r', 0 r' < b.
As has been shown above, the process X t is a continuous
L2-martingale.
arbitrar
Let (t) be an arbitrary quasi-potential.

Suppose this is true for an arbitrary n.
argument
This is a convincing reason for the study of stochastic

equations of the form.
This reason suggests that the solution to Eqn (17) is unique.
There are doubtful points in the above reasoning.
argumente
aritmetic
asigura
asigur
Arithmetic is the elementary branch of mathematics dealing

with the properties of numbers and their operations.
Property 1o ensures the feasibility of the addition.

6
The MIS furnishes (or supplies) data for management.
asociat
asociat cu (referitoare la)
asociat la
astfel
astfel nct
astfel ... ca
astfel ... nct
The error is associated with (or is due to) the inaccuracy

in computations.
The study is concerned with linear functionals of
supercritical processes.
The first problem is directly related to partial differential
equations.
Further extension of the notion of a stochastic integral is
connected with the extension of the notion of convergence.
The polynomial R(t) corresponding to this function by (6) is
almost everywhere nonzero.
The space, S2k-1, and the projective metric, L(r,s),
associated with it will play an important part in the future.
It is convenient to replace k by a new factor related to k by
the relation =4k.
Thus the following theorem has been proved.
The factors and k are related as follows: =4k.
Let X be a space such that from every open cover we can
select a finite cover.
We break up the component a into several components in
such a way that A and B now belong to different
components.
We select a basis in the underlying space such that ...
Specifically, the parameter can be chosen so that the
distribution is unimodal.
The model is so constructed as to allow further modification
and improvement.
We take a point on the line such that ...
Applying Lemma 20.3 k times, we infer that there exists a
periodic function G0(x) with G0(k)=g(x).
aa numit
In applications we often come across the so-called

Heaviside function.
aa ... pentru care
aadar
Thus, the integral on the right-hand side of (5) can be

analytically continued to the whole domain.
The last formula becomes p(la+mq)=b, so that p|b.
Every element in T has norm at least equal to 1, so there
must be one of them, , which is of least positive norm.
Since p is of the form 1+4m, Corollary 2.5 is applicable and
hence p=x2+y2.
Therefore P(x,s,t,A) saitsfies the Chapman-Kolmogorov
equation.
Consequently,
ataa la
poate fi ataat la
atinge
atinge maximum [minimum]
atinge scopul
de a atinge scopul
este atins scopul
atinge
se atinge
atrage atenia
s atrag atenia
The process X(t) may be placed (or put) into one of the
following three classes depending on its asymptotic
behaviour.
The function (x) reaches its maximum [minimum] at

x*=3h/2.
Let b1(s,w) coincide with the z for which the minimum of the
function | B(s,w) z |, | z |=1, is attained and let b2(s,w)
coincide with z for which the above function attains its
maximum.
In order to attain the purpose, we shall not avail ourselves

of the methods of functional analysis.
This aim is attained (or objective is accomplished) by
introducing non-dimensional variables x' = x/x0 and y' = y/y0.
Evidently, if the inf in (1.5) is attained at a certain point

then the inf m(x,um) is also attained at that point.
The reader should take notice of the fact that the scale
8
se atrage atenia
atribui sens
pentru a atribui sens
se atribuie sens
atribui valoarea
atribuim valoarea
valori pot fi atribuite
parameter a does not enter into the expression for G(u).

It is necessary to pay special attention to the behaviour of
F(x) at infinity.
Recently much attention (or thought / consideration) has
been given to the study of the diffusion processes.
To attach a meaning to the solution of this stochastic

equation, we must define the measure more accurately.
Analogous meaning is attached to the notation D[0,).
We assign the value 0 to this state.

A variable is a quantity to which an unlimited number of
values can be assigned in an investigation.
automat
It follows automatically that these Rm-semisimple rings are

strongly Rm-semisimple.
auxiliar
As a preliminary to the proof of the theorem, we shall

discuss several auxiliary assertions.
avantaj
avantaje
avantaj principal
To appreciate the merits (or the advantages) of this theory,

it suffices to observe that ...
The main (or principal / major) advantage of this approach
is that it enables the results of the previous chapter to be
extended to the case under consideration.
avea
avem
nu are
Since a satisfies (1), we have Y 1=Y 2.

For instance, the function
has not a
derivative at the point 0.
The prime number p possess no factors other than 1 and
p.
9
poate avea
nu poate avea
avea de-a face

avem de-a face
avea intenia
vom avea intenia
avea loc
aceast nu poate avea loc
aceast are loc n cazul
avea maxim [minim]

are maxim [minim]
avea neajunsul
au neajunsul
are neajunsul
avea nevoie de
vom avea nevoie de
avea o form ...

are o form ...
It follows that the solution can have only a finite number of

zeros in D.
It follows that the solution cannot have more than a finite
number of zeros in D.
In this section we deal only with rational integers.
In this section we are going to modify our definition of

distribution so as to obtain a notion equivalent to that of S.
Sobolyev and L. Schwartz.
This cannot be, for l/p is not a rational number.

This happens to be the case for those equations in which
S increases.
The function (x) has a maximum [minimum] at the point

x*=3h/2.
These equations possess a fundamental defect (or demerit

/ draw back / disadvantage).
His hypothesis has limitations of its own.
In order to achieve this, we shall need some material from

elementary number theory.
Equation (3.2) is of the following form ...
avea o mare importan

10
are o mare importan
In applications the following theorem is of great

importance.
avea sens
dac are sens
nu are sens
avea soluie unic

are soluie unic
avea un caracter
are un caracter
avea valoarea
are valoarea
The symbol
, if it is meaningful, always represents
a number.
If the common part is empty, the difference has no sense.
Equation (7) has a unique solution.
Noise (t) is stochastic in character (or in nature).

Noise (t) is of a stochastic character (or nature).
The derivative F'(x) has the value 0 at the point 0.
B
baza pe
se bazeaz pe
The proof is based on the ideas of Kunita and Watanabe

[36].
The previous analysis proceeds from the assumption
that the class M* contains the class M2,.
bineneles
It is clear that the definitions and properties given

below can be extended to -algebras.
biunivocitate
Hence from (6) and the remark concerning the one-to11
one-ness of the correspondence, relation (8) yields F=0.
C
ca de obicei
As usual, we use continuous versions of (4).
ca i n
As in the example discussed above, we can easily

prove the following proposition.
ca i n cazul ...
In the same manner as in the case of convergence to

a Wiener process, one can easily deduce the following
result.
In the case of distributions, as in the case of functions,
the following properties hold true.
ca urmare
Such a solution does not exist in consequence (or on

account) of (6) and Remark 4.
calcula
sunt calculate
As is easy to calculate ...

The coefficients of expansion (9) are evaluated (or
computed) from formulas (5).
as is easy to calculate
as is easy to evaluate
cum este uor de calculat
calcula integral dea-lungul

curbei
to take the integral along a curve
calcula integral pe domeniu
to take the integral over a domain
care
In classical analysis there have been considered several

sequences of functions which are distributionally
12
crui
al crui
care este
convergent to (x).
Choose in D2 any function that tends to infinity as
x0.
A variable is a quantity to which an unlimited number
of values can be assigned in an investigation.
Let A be a strongly positive operator whose domain of
definition does not depend on t.
Consider the function (y), which is a periodical
distribution coinciding with (y) for | y | < 1/2.
caz
caz particular
cazul considerat
cuta
vom cuta
sunt cutate
cutat
care va fi cutat
cutare
n cutarea
cteva
This formula can be considered as a particular case of

formula (14).
In the case under consideration the process (t) is
continuous.
Let us generalize equation (6) to the case under
discussion.
We shall seek a solution to (12) in the form z(t,u) = x(t)

y(u).
It is convenient, in solving problems, to use letters for
the numders which are sought.
The sought-for quantity M is involved in the equation
reciprocally.
The desired value of m can be determined from
conition (4).
Consider the equation (3), where f(t) is the function to
be found.
Here v* is the value of v to be determined.
In looking (or in search) for the optimal solution we

discovered that ...
To see this, we shall prove several lemmas.

A few words should be said about physical meaning of
this parameter.
Some other examples of fundamental sequences will be
13
cteva modaliti
given after the following lemma.

There is more than one way to approach the problem.
ce
For instance, the Dirac delta distribution cannot be

identified with any continuous function, which will be
proved in Section 8.
cel mai bine
The nature of this problem can best be made plain by

examples.
cel mai mare divizor comun

(CMMDC)
The greatest common divisor (GCD) of two integers

h and k is the largest positive factor common to both h
and k.
cel mai mic multiplu comun

(CMMMC)
Twelve is the least common multiple (LCM) of 3 and

4.
cel mult
The set of the points of discontinuity of f(t) is at (the)

most countable.
cel puin
Formula (7) is true under the hypothesis that at least

one of the integrals on the left-hand side is meaningful.
cercetare
cercetare profund
cercetare ulterioar
the in-depth study

To determine whether these ideals coincide, we must
make a further study of the polynomials.
cere
se cere
se cere ntrebarea
It is required to estimate in the best possible manner

the value of a random variable .
It is therefore reasonable to ask for which classes of
"integers" the fundamental theorem holds, and for
which it does not.
14
cerin mai puternic
The process Mt, satisfies the conditions of (1) with the

stronger requirement that
be an L2-martingale.
chiar n cazul cnd
This example shows that the ordinary derivative does

not always coincide with the distributional derivative,
even when the ordinary derivative wrists everywhere
except at one point.
Thus we need not 8, but 9 parameters to describe the

system.
ci
ciocni cu
ne ciocnim cu

Heaviside function.
cititor
The reader will find it a useful exercise to supply the

details of the proof.
clasic
In classical analysis there have been considered several

sequence of functions which are distributionally
convergent to (x).
clar
este clar c
intuitiv este clar
coeficientul pe lng
coeficientul pe lng
termenul
superior
Clearly, the sum, difference and product of such

integers are of the same form.
It is clear that a and -a are both in the set A.
It is clear intuitively that every collection, finite or
infinite, of non-negative integers contains a smallest
one.
the coefficient of smth.

the coefficient multiplying smth.
A polinomial is monic if its leading coefficent is 1.
15
coincide
coincide cu
complet satisfctor
completa
este completat
For an arbitrary function F(x) satisfying conditions 1) 6) there exists a unique probability measure whose
distribution function coincides with F(x).
The characteristic through A is the same as the one
through B.
Completely satisfactory solution of the functional

problem is given in [6].
It is assumed that -algebra F0 is completed (or

augmented) by all P-null sets.
complicat
The problem of optimization is, in general, more

complicated.
Integration of equation (3.2) represents a rather
involved boundary-value problem.
conclude
From a>b and b>c we conclude that a>c.
condiie
condiia asupra
condiiile conform crora
condiie de convergen la
condiie de existen i
unicitate a soluiei
condiii exacte pentru
condiie mai fin
This result was established in another way under

somewhat weaker conditions on the diffusion
coefficients.
The problem arose of finding the conditions under
which the distribution p(t) is unimodal.
The condition for convergence to a Wiener process is
stated in the next section.
Let the coefficients of equation (9) satisfy the
condition for the existence and uniqueness of the
solution.
The exact conditions for equilibria to exist and be
stable are examined.
The tangent bundle of the manifolds provides a
sharper necessary condition.
16
condiii sunt verificate
alte condiii fiind aceleai
n condiia c
n condiiile teoremei
Assume that conditions (5) and (20) are satisfied.

If the conditions of Theorem 10 are satisfied and,
moreover, A(,t) is continuously differentiable, then ...
Let the conditions of Theorem 4 be satisfied and the
function be twice continuously differentiable.
The distinction between (14) and (15) is that the
variable x entering into (15) depends on , other
things being equal.
Thus, the function f(x) is uniquely determined,
provided that it exists everywhere.
Any term may be transposed from one member of
equation to the other, providing its sign is changed.
The abstraction principle can be applied to sets of
arbitrary elements provided there exists an equivalence
relation ~.
These functions are locally Riemann-integrable under
(or on) the condition that their values are equal at all
points of continuity.
Under the conditions of Theorem 6.1 the limit
exists and is differentiable.
conduce
conduce la ecuaia
This reasoning yields a simple equation.
confirma ipoteza
to verify a hypothesis
conform
conform algoritmului
conform criteriului
conform definiiei
conform ipotezei induciei
conform lemei
conform presurunerii
conform proprietii
The classes can be formed by the FLAMENCO

algorithm.
By the Eisenstein's criterion, the polynomial xn-2 is
irreducible over the field of rational numbers.
Then, by definition, ...
By the induction hypothesis, the theorem is true for
f(x).
By Lemma 2.3, the sequence {gn(x)} is fundamental.
By assumption, E(1)=0.
By the assumption of the lemma, the solution to (1) is
positive.
Since ... by hypothesis, (4) is a bounded sequence.
By property (4) of norms, every element in T has norm
17
conform teoremei
consecin
consecin din
este o consecin
consecutiv
considera
considerm
poate fi considerat
s considerm
sunt considerate
considerat
poate fi considerat ca
n lucrare se consider
considera acum
considerm acum
at least equal to 1, so there must be one of them, ,

which is of least positive norm.
By Theorem 1.1, we can find q and r so that b=dq+r, 0
r < d.
To complete the proof of the lemma, we use the

corollary of Lemma 2.
The inequality f(x)0 is a direct consequence of the
system fi(x)0, i=l, 2, ..., n.
When an expression contains parentheses within

parentheses, they may be removed in succession,
beginning with the innermost.
Consider the rational number a/b.

The problem can be approached in many different
ways.
Let us now consider the case a>1.
Consider now the case a>1.
Several other functions, very useful from the practical
point of view, are considered in the following section.
Some properties of the operator L are dealt with in the
next chapter.
An integral part of the creative approach to the problem
under consideration (or under study) is the analysis
of its similarity to and difference from the analogous
problems.
C (R+) can be regarded as a complete separable metric
space under the topology of uniform convergence.
The paper deals with the theory of distributions of

finite order.
We now consider the process (t).

18
Consider now the process (t).
considera de la nceput
vom considera de la nceput
considera util
considerm util
Consider first the simplest case where a=0.

We will first confine our attention to discreteparameter martingales.
We find it useful to define a new concept of conjugacy

and to discuss its relation to the old.
considerabil mai simplu
Theorems IV and VI are considerably simpler than the

analogous theorems in the differential calculus.
consideraie
We now turn to the task of considering the continuousparameter stochastic processes.

The consideration (or discussion) of this problem in
more detail shows that ...
We must now subject the concept of equivalence to a
somewhat closer scrutiny.
Further inspection (or examination) of Fig.1 discloses
that there are two points of inflection on the curve.
consta
const n ...
construcie
construi
pentru a construi
The abstraction principle consists (or lies) in the

identification of objects (mathematical entities) which
have a common property.
By a slight change in the method of (7), the

construction of such functions is easily carried out.
The abstraction principle is often applied in

mathematics to construct new notions.
19
continuu
continu din dreapta dup t

continuous at every point of the interval (c,d).
Ft is continuous from the right (or right-continuous)
in t if for all t 0
contrazice
ce contrazice
aceast contrazice
contrazice presupunerii
contribui
pentru a contribui la
rspndirea
conine
se conine
conine proprieti
convenabil
convenabil
mai convenabil
este convenabil
va fi convenabil
So is a unit, contrary to the hypothesis.

So p|L, contradicting the fact that L is prime.
This contradicts r 0.
This equation contradicts the assumption that G

contains a point not belonging to D.
This contradicts the hypothesis that k and that (6)
holds for all l<km.
This series of expository presentations of the best

thoughts and keenest researches in pure and applied
mathematics is intended to contribute to the
dissemination of mathematical knowledge.
The subgroup Pn is contained in the centralizer of the

element p in B.
The following list contains the fundamental properties
of the norm.
In some cases the following complex form of

trigonometrical series
is advantageous.
It is more convenient to break up the experiment into
three phases.
It is convenient to call two Gaussian integers
associates if =, where is a unit.
It will be convenient to define the convergence of fn(x)
in the following sense.
20
deseori este convenabil
conveni
vom conveni
converge
converge absolut
converge aproape peste tot
converge n medie
converge n probabilitate
converge uniform
convinge
ne convingem c
a se convinge n
trebuie s se conving c
pentru a se convinge n ...
pentru a se convinge n
aceasta
se poate de convins c
este uor de convins c
It is often convenient to establish the position of

points by giving their coordinates.
We shall agree to write A(x,t)S if A(x,t) is a process

with independent increments.
The series (1) converges absolutely.

to converge almost everywhere
to converge in (the) mean
to converge in probability
Thus the series (4) converges uniformly.
Make (or be) sure that the coefficients have no

common factors other than +1.
To complete the proof, check that ...
Before applying Theorem 10.7, check to see that there
is an in A such that ...
To prove the convergence X nM, it suffices to make
sure that ...
The investigator must assure himself that the errors
are within the admissible limits.
To see that if satisfies an equation anxn + an-1xn-1 + ...
+ a0 = 0, then there is a rational r such that r is an
algebraic rational, observe that an satisfies (3).
To be certain that c is the required element, check that
D[c,A]>0.
To see this, notice that Powell's frequency function is
identical with our function b(x).
Then, similarly as has been done in [1], one ascertains
that the limit function satisfies the equation (4).
It is easy to make sure that (x) is convex on [c,).
coordona
21
se coordoneaz
The theory checks well (or agrees / is in good

agreement) with experiment.
The hypothesis fits the experimental data.
This conjecture is in line with that of Seidenberg.
corect
This definition is correct; since the sequence {pn(m)(x)}

is fundamental.
corectitudinea definiiei
To verify the correctness of this definition, we must

prove that ...
coresponden biunivoc
The one-to-one correspondence established above

makes it unnecessary to distinguish between functions
f(x) and distributions [f(x)].
cresctor
cresctoare
strict cresctor
crete
crete monoton dup t
There is an increasing sequence of integers km such

that ...
Introduce a strictly increasing funstion g(x) defined on
[0,).
Ft monotonically increases in t, that is Fs Ft, for s<t.
cu ... ce tinde ...
Each summand on the right of (12) becomes

vanishingty small with (or as) n.
cub al numrului
When a is used three times as a factor, the product is

called the third power of a, or the cube of a.
cunoate
cum noi deja cunoatem
cunoscut cu
Since, as we already know, all these trigonometrical

integrals vanish, we obtain formula (5).
The reader acquainted with the Lebesgue integrals can
interpret formula (1) in a still wider sense, viz. as the
22
este cunoscut c
cum este cunoscut
equality almost everywhere.

It is well known that for an arbitrary function F(x)
satisfying conditions 1) - 6) there exists a unique
probability measure whose distribution function
coincides with F(x).
As is well known, the nth partial sum of the series
is nothing else
este bine cunoscut

este cunoscut ca
cuvnt
cu alte cuvinte
than the Dirichlet kernel

.
It is well known that there exist sequences {Tn} and
{Sn} such that n=Tn-Sn.
This relation is known as the Biot-Savart law.
To put it in another way, the gross weight W can be

represented as W=Wst+We+Wp.
D
da
d
dm
da posibilitate
d posibilitate
The repeated application of relation (2.1) yields ...

The following theorem provides the description of the
everywhere dense set E.
We give (or present) below a synthesis of various
approaches available.
The martingale approach enables us (or permits) to

suggest a new method for constructing solutions of
stochastic differential equations.
Knowledge of the numerical values of a and b offers a
means of (or makes possible) determining ...
This method makes it possible to tackle the boundaryvalue problem under discussion.
23
The main advantage of this approach is that it enables

the results of the previous chapter to be extended to the
case under consideration.
da restul de la mprire
d restul de la mprire
dac
dac acesta este cazul

dac acesta exist
dac este necesar
dac n-ar fi
dac nu
dac numai
Every integer a leaves a remainder r, 0 r < m, on

division by m.
In the course of the proof of the theorem we have

described the method for determining the functions n
(x0, ..., xn) if X is locally compact.
If this is the case, the deterministic approach is quite
suited for this purpose.
Hence, it follows that the representation of f(x) in the
form (4), if it exists, is unique.
The integer k can be, if necessary, replaced by any
greater integer.
Were is not for the discontinous coefficient,the problem
would be much simpler.
If there is no such , we write max f = .
Unless otherwise stated, condition (2) will always be
assumed to be in force.
Thus, the function f(x) is uniquely determined, provided
(that) it exists everywhere.
dac i numai dac

dac i numai dac exist
R is a realization of (t) if and only if ...

The martingale (t) is uniformly integrable if and only
if there exists a random variable such that E || <
and (t) = E { | Ft}.
dac ..., atunci
Evidently, if the inf in (1.5) is attained at a certain point

, then the inf m(x,um) is also attained at that point.
dac ... nu
Unless u is a power of 2, this can always be done.
dar
Element belongs to V, whereas (or and) belongs to

24
dar atunci
dar nu
W.
This value is negative not positive.
But then we could proceed from the pair (x, y) to a still
smaller in the same way as from (x1, y1) to (x2, y2).
With time the number of particles increases, rather
than remains constant.
date iniiale
the initial (or the input) data
datorit
Delacherie and Meyer are well known for their book

'Stochastic Processes and Potentials'.
Mathematics, due to (or owing to / because of) its
abstract nature, finds wide application in most spheres
of human activity.
de aceea
For this reason the points belonging to are called

elementary events.
Conversely, if N=1, we have a+b=1, so that either a=0
or b=0.
Every element in T has norm at least equal to 1, so there
must be one of them, g, which is of least positive norm.
de asemenea
Observe also that |Dn(s)| C logn.

From equation (3) we find, as well,
.
If and belong to F, so do and if
0.
de fapt
In fact, this follows from the consideration that the

sequence gn(x) is bounded for x>0.
Since these are continuous processes, we actually
have ...
de fiecare dat cnd
In stating rules, letters are used to represent not only the

numbers to be found, but also the numbers that must be
25
given whenever the rule is applied.
de k ori
Applying Lemma 20.3 k times, we infer that there exists

a periodic function G0(x) with G0(k)(x)=g(x).
Differentiating formula (8) k times, we obtain the
equality ...
de la
The Arab notation has been in use since the XVI

century.
Prof. Romanov is giving a course of lectures on chaos
and bifurcations in room 406, commencing October 1.
In order to start from the very beginning, we introduce
first the basic notions and concepts of the theory of
measurements.
From this time on, the density function decreases.
We shall start with the basic notions and concepts of the
theory of measurements.
de unde
Setting (*) we obtain (**), whence, in view of

inequality (1), ...
The author does not explain from whence the estimate
(7) emerges.
deduce
deducem
deducem ecuaia
defini
definim
definit
Applying Lemma 20.3 k times, we infer (or deduce)

that there exists a periodic function G0(x) with
G0(k)=g(x).
We derive (or deduce) the equation for the distribution
of cell size at division and the distribution of generation
time.
Define unit and prime just as we did for the Gaussian

integer.
The function h(x) is defined at every point of the
interval [c,d].
The variable, whose value is determined once the value
of the independent variable is given, is called the
dependent variable.
26
bine definit
definit anterior
pozitiv definit
definire
n definirea
definiie
din definiie
definiie echivalent
definiie exact
The integral
is well defined in accordance
with the above definition.
Using the Haar family {gn} defined above, we
introduce functions {hn}.
A complex-valued function f(x) is called positive
definite if for any n and complex numbers zj
In defining K(x) we have made use of our assumption

that b(x)=0 for x<a.
In the definition of the mth derivative we can replace

the polynomials pn(x) by functions fn(x).
From the definition it follows at once that G(u)
satisfies condition (2).
It is possible to give an equivalent definition of
integral (1) as the limit of sums (2).
A precise definition is given below.
demonstra
demonstreaz
pentru a demonstra
este demonstrat
pentru a demonstra
This proves that d is a factor shared by both a and b.

To prove the theorem, it suffices to show that ...
Since N<N, the inequality (3) is established.
To prove this, interchange the order of integration in the
double integral in (6), after which all the integrals
except (8) can be evaluated exactly by appropriate
change of variables.
To prove the theorem, note first that neither a nor b can
be zero.
nu este ce demonstra
If p|a, there is nothing to prove.
se poate de demonstrat c
It may be proved that if ...
de la nceput vom demonstra We shall first prove the following two lemmas.
nainte de a demonstra
Before proving the theorem we illustrate its
teorema
applications.
trebuie s demonstrm c
We must prove that the two factorizations differ at
most in the order in which the primes appear.
27
demonstrare
n procesul demonstrrii
demonstraie
fr demonstraie
In the course of the proof of this theorem we have

made use of the following lemma.
We shall assume without proof the following theorem.
denumire
The name 'distribution' is due to L. Schwartz, who

developed the theory in 1945 and later.
deoarece
This cannot be, for 1/p is not a rational number.

In the theory of distributions a distinction between the
trigonometrical series and the Fourier series is
unnecessary since each convergent trigonometrical
series is an expansion of a periodic distribution.
Because (3), we have ...
All numbers amn can be arranged in a sequence {bk}
convergent to b0, for otherwise it would suffice to
neglect a finite number of initial terms a1n, a2n, ..., apn to
get a contradiction to property (5).
Since the functions w are solutions of this equation, the
difference of any two of them may be regarded as the
solution of a certain linear differential equation.
deoarece n caz contrar
deoarece ..., atunci
deosebi
se deosebete prin
se deosebesc prin
The function f(x) differs from F(x)(k-1)by a constant.

We must prove that the two factorizations differ at most
in the order in which the primes appear.
se deosebesc una de alta prin The equation f'(x) = g'(x) holds if and only if the
distributions f(x) and g(x) differ from each other by a
constant function.
deosebire
spre deosebire de ...
The absolute value of a number a, as distinguished

from its algebraic value, is represented by |a|.
As opposed to (or as distinct from / in contrast to) the
real case, any polynomial always has a root in the field
28
of complex numbers.
In fundamental contrast to M. R. Stein, we have
preferred the algebraic approach.
deosebit
este deosebit de important The case of a linear substitution is especially important
(or is of particular importance) for us.
depinde
care nu depinde de
nu depinde de alegere
depinde esenial de
depinde monoton de t
deriva
deriva ... dup x
deriva ... n raport cu x
derivnd
derivnd de k ori
derivnd succesiv
derivata dup x
deschide
deschide posibiliti
deschiderea parantezelor
To this end, we establish first that there exists a constant

L not depending on s and n such that ...
The distribution (1) does not depend on the choice of
the indefinite integral (x).
In this new definition the fact that the choice of the
integer k depends on the interval [a,b] is essential.
Let (2) be a family of finite stopping times which are
monotonically dependent on t and right-continuous in
t.
To differentiate v(t,x) with respect to x.

To take the derivative of v(t,x,u) with respect to x.
In fact, by differentiating (3) we obtain ...
Hence, by successive differentiation we obtain ...
Differentiating formula (8) k times, we obtain the
equality ...
Hence by successive differentiation we obtain ...
A derivative of u(t,x,u) with respect to x.
The interpretative approach opens perspectives in that

direction.
the removal of parentheses
29
descompune n factori
to expand the number into factors

to factor the number
to present smth in a factor form
to factor smth into components
descompune n serie
descompunem n serie
Expand function (x) in a Taylor series.
descompunem n serie n
Expand function u(t,x,u) into a Taylor series about x.
raport cu x
poate fi descompus n serie Under certain conditions a continuous function can be
expanded into a Fourier-Bessel series.
Function f(x) can be expanded as an infinite power
series.
descompunere
descompunere n
descompunere n fracii
elementare
descompunere n serie
Any supermartingale (t) has exactly one

decomposition of the form (t)=(t)-(t).
6 = 2*3 = 3*2 are the only factorizations of 6 into
positive prime factors.
The decomposition of a fraction into partial fractions.
Hence, we obtain the expansion of ctgx: ctgx = 2(sin2x
+ sin4x + sin6x + ...).
descresctor
Let {an} be a decreasing sequence and {bn} an

increasing sequence of numbers.
descriere formal
A formal description of the basic notions is usually

based on the set-theoretical model of probability theory
developed by A. N. Kolmogorov in 1929.
descris
descris anterior
descris de ecuaie
We now show how the method described above can be

extended to move the existence of .
We will consider only those systems whose evolution is
given by the equation of form (8).
30
desemna
desemneaz
desen
pe desen
din desen se vede c
n limitele desenului
dei
detaliat
mai detaliat
detaliile
determina
determin
determinat cu exactitate de
The symbol Fn(x) will denote that the sequence

{Fn(x)} converges almost uniformly to a function.
In Fig.11 the planes 1 and 2 are shown as coinciding.

In Fig.10 it is seen that ...
In this particular case only one side of the triangle,
namely BC, has traces within the limits of the
drawing.
It is possible that the ordinary derivative does not exist,

although the distributional derivative has a value at this
point.
It is necessary to consider this problem in greater

detail.
The details can be found in most texts on the theory of

equations, for example in the book of Thomas listed in
bibliography.
The Introduction gives details concerning the
application of stochastic differential equations in natural
sciences.
Two sequences {fn(x)} and {gn(x)} determine the same

distribution if and only if they are equivalent.
The indefinite integral is determined up to a constant.

Integrating f(x) k times, we obtain a locally integrable
function F(x), which is determined up to a polynomial
of degree less than k.
deveni
31
devine
dezacord
diferen
unic diferen ntre
diferi
difer de
diferite de
dificil
este mai dificil
dificultate
dificultate poate fi trecut
The relation of equivalence is then transformed into

the usual equality.
With this terminology Theorem 1.5 becomes
meaningful for the Gaussian integers.
This explains the discrepancy in behaviour of the two

functions.
The only difference among them is the order of

appearance of the factors.
The function f(x) differs from F(k-1)(x) by a constant.

The proof is not like that of Theorem 5.6.
Consider the numbers which are different from 0 and
1.
The prime numbers p possess no factors other than 1
and p.
It is slightly more difficult to see that
This difficulty can be remedied by a slight restatement

of the fundamental theorem to include negative
numbers.
din nou
Now we can, once again, use the arguments analogous

to those presented in Section II.
direct
This inequality can be proved directly (or immediately)

using (7) and Lemma 9 in Section 1.
32
direcie
n aceea direcie
discontinuitate de spea ntia

[a doua]
discuta
discutm
nu va fi discutat
distinge
pentru a distinge
The interpretative approach opens perspectives in that

direction.
With probability 1 (t) has no discontinuities of the

first [second] kind.
In Chapter 8 we discuss the filtering problem.

The validity of this assumption will not be debated
here.

makes it unnecessary to distinguish between functions
f(x) and distributions [f(x)].
distingere

distribuie comun
the joint (or simultaneous) distribution
divide
se divid
se divide
se divide prin
divizibil
sunt divizibile prin
Then the numbers 1, 2, ..., p-1 fall into pairs such that
the product of any pair is congruent to 1 modulo p.
The procedure is then broken down (or divided /
subdivided) into the three steps: ...
Nine is a multiple of three.
All the terms on the right are divisible by p.
33
domeniu de definiie
Let A be a strongly positive operator whose domain of

definition does not depend on G.
dori
dorit
este de dorit
dup ce
Passing to the limit in (6) we obtain the desired result.

This is exactly the wanted decomposition.
It is desirable in many applications that the function Xt
be also measurable.

E
ecuaie
din ecuaia
ecuaie cu n necunoscute
ecuaie de gradul n
ecuaie iniial
ecuaie n raport cu
(necunoscuta) x
ecuaie rezolvabil n raport
cu x
editarea
efectua
pot fi efectuate
de a efectua transformarea
From equation (2) we find that ...

the equation in n unknowns
the equation of degree n
the input equation
the equation in (the unknown) x
the equation solvable for x
The publication of this monograph was made possible

due to ...
He has over 70 published works.
The calculations can be carried out (or performed) in

the same way as in Section 15.
On many occasions it is useful to take the Laplace
transform of equation (15).
34
egal
sunt egali
elabora
era elaborat
elementar
elibera
s ne eliberm de
The vectors and
are equal in magnitude.
The statistical theory has been developed quite

recently.
The solution of equation (5) is obtained in an

elementary manner by expanding function x(t) in a
Fourier series.
But here we need only free ourselves of the term

V(x)*.
enunul problemei
The most general statement of the problem can be

formulated as follows.
evident
A more exact answer to the question requires

apparently (or evidently) a refinement of the definition
of a system.
It is obvious (or evident) that Xt is progressively
measurable.
Obviously (or evidently / apparently), the above
theorem hot index set is taken to be a finite interval
[0,T ] instead of R+.
este evident
eveniment
eveniment sigur
We note that any subset of is called an event.

the sure event
evident
The proof of this property is obvious since b=0.

Applying Theorem 12.3 to the obvious equality (*) we
get ...
35
evita
pentru a evita confuzii
pentru a evita nenelegeri
pentru a evita repetri n
viitor
exact
exact unul
mai exact
exactitate
cu exactitate de
excepie
cu excepia
exclude
se exclude
To avoid possible confusion, the continuity condition

will be restated in each case.
To avoid misunderstanding, we may call the first kind
of intervals (including end-points) the closed intervals
and the second kind the open intervals.
To avoid repetitions in future, we present here basic
concepts and definitions.
Any prime divides exactly one positive rational

prime p.
More precisely, we shall assume that the following
condition is satisfied.
Then we can write for the division-size density function

(up to a normalization factor)
.
The factors in product (4) are determined uniquely
except for order.
Factorization of any positive integer is unique to within
the order of factors.
The fundamental theorem of arithmetic asserts that
every integer greater than 1 can be factored in one and
only one way, apart from as the product of positive
prime numbers.
The function possesses the property (1) for all and t

except for some sets of measure 0.
The second of these possibilities is excluded, for r(x) is

in T.
36
exclude posibilitate
exemplu
de exemplu
prin exemple
exemplu interesant
exemplu tipic
unele exemple
n calitate de exemplu
exista
exist limita
existen
explica
vom explica
pot fi explicate
pentru a explica
exponentul puterii
This approach excludes the possibility of considering

the equations having solutions which belong to a more
general class of numbers.
Another example of the abstraction principle is the

Cantor definition of a real number.
Let us first look at some simple examples.
For instance (or for example), the coefficient of
variation, CV, of size at division is typically 10% and
the CV of age at division is typically 20% or more.
As an example, let =5 and =1+2i.
The nature of this problem can best be made plain by
examples.
We shall explain it by means of examples.
We shall construct an interesting example of such a
process in this chapter.
The polynomials Bn(t) are typical examples of
generalized Brownian functionals.
Some other examples of fundamental sequences will be
given after the following lemma.
As an example, consider the primitive polynomials
x2+3 and 3x2+7x-11.
With probability 1 there exists the limit
The existence of the Wiener process follows easily

from the Kolmogorov's criterion.
We shall explain the essence of the problem by giving

several examples.
The variations are greater than can be accounted for by
chance.
Chance is unlikely to account for so great variations.
A figure or a letter placed a little above and to the right

of a number is called an index, or an exponent, of the
37
power thus indicated.
expresie algebric
exprima
exprima ... prin ...
s exprim recunotin
expunere
extinde
va fi extins
extindem ... asupra
de extins n cazul
extinde rezultatele
de a extinde rezultatele
rezultatele pot fi extinse
extinderile noiunii de
An expression composed of numbers, letters and signs

of algebraic operations and aggregation is called an
algebraic expression.
To express the solution of equation (2) in terms of w(t),

it is sufficient to observe that w(t) satisfies equation (3).
I wish to express deep gratitude to O. A. Oleinik for
her valuable advice and her interest in my work.
The exposition of mathematical subject is set forth in a

manner comprehensible not only to teachers and
students specializing in mathematics, but to all those
taking interest in mathematics and its applications.
The definition of a stochastic integral will be further

extended to cover the alternating functions.
We now extend the definition of a stochastic integral to
a wider class of random processes.
In 21 we show how to extend the basic definitions and
theorems to the case of distributions of infinite order.
The main purpose of this section is to extend the

results of the preceding section to the processes of a
continuous argument.
These results can be extended to all other cases.
As it is currently being recognized, similar extensions

of the notion of entropy are needed in the field of
biology.
extrage rdcin patrat [cubic] To extract the square [cube] root of a number.
38
extragere a rdcinei
extremitate
cu extremiti
Evolution may be defined as the process of finding a

root of a number, or as the inverse of involution.
In every closed subinterval with ends a and b there is at

most a finite number of poles.
F
face
de a face
This helps to make the proofs of all the theorems

elementary and very simple.
fcnd ...
Making (or letting) n along the subsequence nk, we

have ...
Before presenting the main results, we want to make a
few comments on the notion of entropy.
makes it unnecessary to distinguish between function
f(x) and distribution [f(x)].
s facem cteva observaii

referitor
face de prisos
face referin
de a face referin la
facem referin la
poate s fac referin la
fals
To complete the proof, it is sufficient to refer to the

Cantor theorem on uniform continuity.
For the proof of this theorem, we refer the reader to
Theorem 9.
For further information the reader is referred to
Chapter VI.
That such an impression is erroneous, we demonstrate

by exhibiting another simple class of "integers" for
which Theorem 8 is false.
39
familie (set)
M is a collection (or family / set) of processes mt , tT.
fi
poate fi
fi de prisos
este de prisos
fi n relaie
sunt n aa relaie nct
fi n stare
suntem n stare
fi recunosctor ... pentru ...

sunt recunosctor ...
pentru ...
fie
In case of right-continuity the condition (2) may be

replaced by the requirement (i).

When two variables are so related that the value of the

first variable is determined when the value of the
second variable is given, then the first variable is said to
be a function of the second.
We are now in a position to prove the fundamental

theorem stated in the opening paragraph of the chapter.
I am particularly indebted to Miss Leila R. Raines for

her painstaking assistance in the revision and
preparation of the manuscript for publication.
Put w=5.7.
Set v=t.
Let d be the smallest positive number in the set A.
Let G denote the set of all Gaussian integers, and J the
set of all rational integers.
acum fie
fie c este dat
fie dat
Now set
.
Let there be given a continuous increasing process (t).
Given point A,construct point B symmetrical to the
given point A in relation to plane .
40
Given any >0, we fix an index n0 such that | fn(x) - f(x)

|< for all n>n0.
fiecare
fiecare dintre care
pentru fiecare din
fix acelai
Let 1, 2, ..., n be a sequence of random variables each

of which is the sum of certain number of mutually
independent random variables.
M is the set of processes mt for each of which there
exists a random variable m such that ...
Precisely the same proof is valid for Gaussian primes

provided only that we can find one prime.
fixa
vom fixa
fixat
este fixat
folosi
se folosete
ne vom folosi acum de ...
We fix some tS.

Fix k points -1 x1 < x2 < ... < xn 1.
Indeed, let c>0 be an arbitrary fixed number.
A quantity whose value is fixed in any investigation is
called a constant.
In the order to construct the solution to (2), we can use

(or utilize / make use of / apply / employ) relation
(12).
The reader can draw on the data from [4].
century.
This property is utilized (or exploited) in numerous
technical applicarions.
The term "information" is sometimes used (or applied)
to mean "data".
Let us now make use of the fact that the trajectory of
process is right-continuous.
font aldin
The title should be printed in bold type.
forma
formeaz
The numbers 0, 1, 2, ..., p-1 form a complete residue

41
a forma ecuaia
formalizare
n formalizarea
form
de form
n form
n form explicit
ntr-o form concis
ntr-o form mai simpl
formula
s formulm
formulare
formul
formula schimbului de
variabil
formul iniial
funcie
funcii absolut continue
system modulo p.
to set up (or to formulate / to form / to write) the
equation
When formalizing the notions of probability theory, the

first fundamental assumption is that the results of the
experiments can be described by means of a certain set
.
The function (t) also admits decomposition of the

form (4.3).
An integral of this form can be evaluated by
substitution.
Write equation (3.2) as (or in the form) ...
To represent the solution of equation (12) explicitly, it
is necessary to solve equation (8) for u(t).
An equation that states a rule in a brief form is called a
formula.
More recently some of results were obtained in a
simplified form.
Let us formulate the conditions under which the

statement is valid.
The new statement of the Fundamental Theorem is

this.
Apply now the change of variables formula to (1).

the assumption formula
The class of indefinite Lebesgue integrals of locally

42
funcie caracteristic
funcie invers
integrable functions is the class of absolutely

continuous functions.
E(x) is the characteristic function of set , equal to
unity inside and to zero outside .
the inverse function
G
garanta
garanteaz
This condition ensures (or assures) the uniqueness of

the solution.
gsi
gsim
se poate gsi
greuti mari
genera
genereaz
generat
general
mai general
From (5), (6) and (7), we find ...

The facts used below can be found in [5]-[7].
The estimation of runs into severe (or great)

difficulties.
Here w(t) denotes the process which generates the

current {Ft}.
Fs is a -algebra generated by the events {(s)B}.
More generally, if a sequence {fn(x)} converges almost

everywhere, then it converges also in a distributional
sense.
If the function f(x) is sectionally continuous, or, more
generally, if it is Riemann-integrable, equation (1) is
also true except of the points of discontinuities of f(x).
43
generaliza
pentru a generaliza
poate fi generalizat
poate uor fi generalizat
generaliza ... pentru cazul
To generalize the theorem, it is necessary to modify the

definition of convolution.
We now show how the method described above can be
extended to prove the existence of .
Theorem 6 can be easily generalized.
Let us generalize equation (6) to the case under

discussion.
poate fi generalizat pentru This theorem may be generalized to the case of

cazul
multiplicative error.
generalizare
Distributions are a generalization of functions.
grad
de gradul n
grupa
grupm termenii asemenea
pn(x) is a polynomial of degree n.
To solve the equation 2x+x=12, unite (or group /

collect) similar terms in the first member to obtain 3x
and then divide both members by 3 to find the value of
x to be 4.
I
imediat
imita
vom imita
Using Lemma 2 we can prove at once that G(u) satisfies

condition (ii).
It follows at once from 12.4 that ...
In proving that Theorem 1.5 holds for the Gaussian

44
integers we shall imitate as far as possible the proof

already given for rational integers.
implica
aceast implic
This implies the completeness of {hn} in L01[0,).
important
foarte important
In applications the following theorem is of great

importance.
una din cele mai importante The concept of hierarchy is among the most important
in the theory of general systems.
importan
The importance of the primes is due to the fact that,

together with 0 and 1, all the other integers can be
constructed from them.
impresie fals
That such an impression is erroneous, we demonstrate

by exhibiting another simple class of "integers" for
which Theorem 8 is false.
impune
s impunem condiii asupra In order that the solutions converge, we must impose
the following conditions on the coefficients of
equations (2).
include
include (ind. prez. 3 sg.)
sunt incluse
inclusiv
It is obvious that the set F includes the set of rational

numbers.
Equation (8) incorporates normal losses.
The dictionary contains (or includes) some information
about the appropriate use of collocations.
Some elements of artificial intelligence are now
incorporated in system.
The function f(x,y) possesses bounded partial derivatives

up to the third order inclusive.
45
Let Ft be a -algebra of the events observed up to and

including the moment t.
independent
independent de
mutual independente
indica
indic c
indiferent
este indiferent
imposibil
este imposibil
inducie
dup inducie
inducie dup k
By a slight change in the method of [3] the reader can

easily prove the theorem by himself.
Let be a random variable independent of the algebra.
This is true irrespective of whether E is a Hausdorff
space or not.
We can always do this, no matter how many points
from D are contained in the sphere S.
After each moment of regeneration the process X(t)
evolves independently of its past.
The distance between two points is the same
irrespective of the direction in which it is measured.
The function ex remains unaltered regardless of the
number of times it is differentiated.
Let 1, 2, ..., n be a sequence of random variables each
of which is the sum of certain number of mutually
independent variables.
These results indicate (or suggest) that ...
It makes no difference whether we say that t is a

stopping time relative to {Ft} or {F't}.
But this is impossible for any pair of integers a and b is

in J.
It is impossible to represent 12 as m2 + n2.
Many of these questions are difficult if not impossible
to answer.
We shall prove the theorem by induction.

Define the random variables Mn inductively.
We shall prove the relation by induction in k.
46
infinit
la infinit
pn la infinit
infinit mic
The value of a function f(x) at infinity, written f(), is

the limit of this function as x .
to infinity
the infinitesimal (or the infinitesimal quantity / the
infinitely small quantity)
The limit distribution functions are determined by the
fact that they are the limits for sums of an increasing
number of independent random variables such that a
single summand becomes vanishingly small (or
infinitesimal) with n.
iniial
The distribution of the initial vector converges

weakly to a limit as u0.
The reader should be reminded that the initial value of
was chosen to be 0=7.18.
instructiv
This example is instructive because it displays the

structure of the process (P).
integra prin pri
to integrate by parts
integral
integral definit
integral improprie
the definite integral

If g(x) is a locally integrable function and the improper
integral nedefinit
integrant
integral
exists, then g()=0 provided g()
exists.
By an indefinite integral of a function f(x) we
understood each function (x) such that '(x) = f(x).
the integrand (or the expression under the integral

sign)
47
integrare
dup integrare
integrare prin pri
interesant
este interesant de observat
c
intra
intr n
care intr n ...
introduce
introducem
introducnd
a fost introdus
sunt introduse
Replacing x by x+t in (1), we have, after integration, ...

the integration by parts
It is interesting to observe that the above formula

remains true if the summation is understood according
to the method of arithmetic means.
This term appears in (or enters into) equation (9) in

parentheses.
The coefficient a*(x,s) entering into (or involved in)
the expression for I t can be assumed to be constant.
Introduce the sequence {an}n N of positive numbers.

Allow sinu within the differential sign.
Introducing 2n new variables i and i we deduced 2n
equations.
The notion of distribution was introduced to
mathematics by S. Sobolyev in 1936.
Data are entered (or fed) into the computer from the
keyboard.
intuitiv
The model emerged from the intuition that the notions

of hierarchy, complexity, stability, and entropy were to
be very important.
inutil pentru
If the coefficients of equation (2) do not satisfy the

Lipschitz condition, then the method of successive
approximations is unsuitable for the construction of
solutions.
invers
Conversely, formula (6) defines a measurable linear

functional for any sequence of numbers (z,ek).
48
ipoteza despre
Observe that if the hypothesis on the existence of

values of F(x) at a and b is not fulfilled, the equality
may be wrong.
The proof might have been arranged in a different way
if we had made no hypothesis about the value of G.
n
n acest scop
n afar
n aplicaii
n aa mod nct
n concordan cu
n conformitate cu
n continuare
n fond
To this end, we establish first that there exists a

constant L such that ...
For this purpose (or with this object in view / with
this in mind), an attempt will be made to generalize the
notion of entropy.
Heaviside function.
For the new distributions one can define addition,
subtraction, multiplication by a number or by a function
in such a manner that the fundamental properties are
preserved.
A variable x is said to vary continuously through an
interval [a,b] when x increases from a to b in such a
manner as to assume all the values between a and b in
the order of their magnitudes.
It follows from (1), (2) and (3) that the whole set is
decomposed into abstraction classes so that two
elements are in the same abstraction class if and only if
they are equivalent.
In accordance with the law of large numbers, a m =
x.
In accordance with (or by) the law of large numbers, a
m = x.
Next, define M as the limit of Mt , as t.
Basically, the difficulty with establishing inequality (6)
is that ...
49
n grupe
n interior
n ntregime
n loc de aceast
n mare msur
n realitate
n sfrit
n spiritul
n totalitate
n totalitate
n vigoare
n virtutea
n caz
n caz contrar
The cards may be processed singly or grouped (or in

groups).
All points of lie in the interior of y2<d.
We will not attempt here to solve the problem in its
entirety.
Though the macroscopic properties of the cell
population as a whole follow a deterministic growth
law, the descriptors of individual ceils (such as size at
division and age at division) are highly variable.
The contents of this book may not be reproduced either
in whole or in part.
Instead, we will assume that ...
The theory is based, to a large extent, on heuristic
considerations.
Actually, we shall prove somewhat more that we need
for the present.
Finally, to prove (5), suppose p is prime.
The paper is written in the spirit of the Wilkinson's
error analysis.
The graphs of these sequences do not intersect and in
totality there sequences absorb all jumps of the process
Z.
The graphs of these sequences do not intersect and in
totality there sequences absorb all jumps of the process
Z.
In view of Theorem V, the sequences from Example 2
converge.
By virtue of the basic assumptions, ...
Right-angle projection is most widely used because of
its comparative simplicity.
On account of the foregoing remark, the distributions
in the earlier sense can be identified with distributions
of finite order.
By 2.4, the limit of an(x) - gn(x) is also a polynomial of
degree less than l.
In the case discussed above the left-hand side of (1)

can also interpreted as ...
In the opposite case the point x0 is said to be singular.
50
n caz general
n caz particular
n caz special
n cazul acesta
n cazul cnd
n cazul considerat
n cazul dac
n cazul limit
n cazul mai sumplu
n acest caz particular
n cel mai bun caz
n multe cazuri
n mod
n mod analogic
n mod arbitrar
Moreover Np=0, for otherwise p0 so that =,

contrary to assumption.
This derivative is, in general, not a function, but a
distribution.
In the special (or particular) case where =1 equation
(3) can be solved explicitly.
In the specific case of Fig.12 the function B(u) has two
extrema.
In the special case where the L2-martingale is
continuous, the variation <M> will also be continuous.
In this case ...
In case where (or in the case when) a = 4k+3 equation
(2) assumes a more simple form.
In the case when measure is transferred from F into a
smaller space F0, the space F0 often turns out to be a
linear space.
continuous.
In the case of a negative determinant a quadratic
equation has no roots.
In the limiting case the stochastic process (t) becomes
a constant.
In the simpler case where =1 this relation takes the
form p=he2/3.
In this particular case only one side of the triangle,
namely BC, has traces within the limits of the drawing.
This problem has received at best only fragmentary
treatment.
For many purposes (or in many cases / on numerous
occasions) we shall need the following assumption.
Analogously (or similarly / likewise), it is sometimes

useful consider only positive solutions to Eqn (17).
This theorem can be proved in much the same way (or
manner) as Theorem 1.
A similar argument yields ...
The plane passing through the vertex A and the vertex
C can likewise be constructed.
The first term can be made arbitrarily small by an
51
appropriate choice of .
The variable, to which the values may be assigned at
pleasure, is called the independent variable.
The initial values of and may be chosen arbitrarily
(or at will).
n sens
n sens intuitiv
n sens larg
n sens uzual
n sensul
n sensul c
n sensul larg
n sensul nou
n sensul urmtor
n sensul vechi
ntr-un anumit sens
nainta
a fost naintat
Distributions may be, in an intuitive sense,

approximated by functions.
The reader acquainted with the Lebesgue integrals can
interpret formula (1) in a still wider sense, viz. as the
equality almost everywhere.
A sequence of constant functions converges in the
distributional sense if and only if it converges in the
usual sense.
More generally, if a sequence {fn(x)} converges almost
everywhere, then it converges also in the distributional
sense.
This process is unique in the sense that if {Bt} is any
process with properties (1) through (4), then At=Bt for
every t.
This process is unique in the sense that if {Bt} is any
process with properties (1) through (4), then At=Bt for
every t.
First of all, probabilistic methods are preferable in
biological studies in that they allow to take into
consideration the variability of the live matter.
in a broad (or wide / loose) sense
So has n conjugate in the new sense, but m in the old.
The converse holds in the following sense.
Sequences fundamental in the earlier sense are
equivalent in the new sense if and only if they are
equivalent in the earlier sense.
So has n conjugates in the new sense, but m in the
old.
A minimal, in some sense, current is obtained if one
observes nothing else, but the process (t) itself.
Here the solution is a non-decreasing function of the
drift coefficients and, in a sense, of the jump functions.
A new theory has been put forward this year.

52
nainta o ipotez
nc
nc mai mult
nc unul
ncepe
vom ncepe cu
se ncepe
nceput
de la nceput
ncheia demonstrarea
pentru a ncheia
demonstrarea
ndoial
fr ndoial
We were informed that a new idea had been advanced

at the closing session.
to advance a hypothesis
Many roadblocks must still be overcome before all the

subgroups of G are described.
These estimates could be further improved by
including additional data in the computation.
In order to improve the estimates still further,
additional data should be included in the computation.
Let us formulate one further assumption.
To conclude, consider one more example.
To find the sum of the series, we start from the known

formula (1).
Each command begins with a forward slash (/).
We first establish the necessity of the condition.

First let us define ...
To complete the proof, it suffices to observe that ...
Undoubtedly (or without a doubt), the introduction of

the theory ...
ndrepta atenia
vom ndrepta atenia asupra Let us take note of the fact that the portions of the
straight lines A1A2 and A3A2 are equal.
nlocui
este nlocuit
F is replaced by Ft if t[0,T ].
53
poate fi nlocuit prin

nlocuit ... prin
nlocui a prin b
se poate de nlocuit
putem nlocui prin
nsemna
nseamn
va nseamna
aceast nseamn c
ntmpina dificulti
ntmpinm dificulti
ntoarce
ne ntoarcem
ntre
The integer k can be, if necessary, replaced by any

greater integer.
Replacing in (2) by and afterwards x by x we
obtain ...
to replace a with (or by) b
to substitute b for a
to change a for b
In case of right-continuity the condition (2) may be
replaced by the requirement (3).
In the definition of the mth derivative we can replace

the polynomials pn(x) by functions fn(x).
A(C) denotes the completion of B(C) with respect to .

The letter M, with subscripts, will denote positive
constants.
'ln' signifies the natural logarithm.
The expression (a+b)c signifies that the sum of a and b
is to be multiplied by c.
In this equation X stands for the velocity to be found.
The subscript i identifies the number of the group.
This means that a is different from any of a1, a2, ..., an.
If we try to apply the principle of unique factorization

to negative integers, we encounter an obvious
difficulty in the possible presence of minus signs in the
factors.
We turn to the proof of the theorem.
We can restrict the variable so that it takes on only

values lying between a and b.
Denoting by p(x) the polynomial within (or between)
the signs | | on the left-hand side of (3), we can write ...
54
ntreaba
se ntreab
ntrebare considerat
ntrece
care nu ntrece
nelege
nelegem
prin ... vom nelege ...
prin ... se nelege
nelegere profund
It is asked what properties the limit distribution

function must possess.
These ideas can bring advantages in attacking the

problem under consideration, over the usual theories.
The distribution (x) is the derivative of the function

E(x/2), where the symbol E(a) denotes the greatest
integer not exceeding a.
Practically it suffices to understand integrability in the

sence of Riemann or of Lebesgue.
By the integral of the P-measurable function f we mean
the Lebesgue-Stiltjes integral.
By the product of a distribution f(x) = [fn(x)] by a
number we understand the distribution [fn(x)].
By an indefinite integral of f(x) we mean a function of
the form (2).
A current is understood to be an increasing family of
-algebras such that ...
This information is needed for a fundamental

understanding of (or a deep insight into) the
properties of ...
J
jos
mai jos
de mai jos
The operations introduced below will be identical with

the usual operations on functions.
The definitions given below are for the processes
55
defined on R+.
juca un rol
va juca un rol decisiv
joac un rol important
just
The following fact will play a decisive role in the

proof.
The class of normal functionals plays an important
role from the viewpoint of the causal calculus.
Let us formulate the conditions under which the

statement is valid (or true).
L
la fel
la fel ca n cazul
la fel ca i
This is proved in the same manner as in the case of

discrete-argument submartingales.
But then we could proceed from the pair (x,y) to a still
smaller pair in the same way as from (x1, y1) to (x2,
y2).
lsa
lsm
va fi lsat cititorului
The rest we leave to the reader.

The slight change in the original proof which is
needed here will be left to the reader.
este legat de
The estimation of runs into (or entails) great

difficulties.
lega
limita
ne vom limita la
Not striving for the greatest generality, we shall

confine ourselves to he study of martingales with
continuous characteristics.
56
este limitat de
ne vom limita la cazul
In this section, we shall restrict our attention to

integration over processes (t) with continuous
characteristics.
For the present we shall content ourselves with
demonstrating the assertions just made concerning the
sets G and H.
We will first confine our attention to discreteparameter supermartingales.
We will restrict ourselves to the simplest case of
=0.
Accuracy is limited only by that of the original data.
We shall restrict ourselves, in this paper, to the case
...
limit
n limit
In the limit, as n, the last term in (8) vanishes.
limit inferioar de integrare the lower limit of an integral
limit superioar de integrare the upper limit of an integral
literal
In the term 4x2y the numerical multiplier of the literal

part is the coefficient.
lua n consideraie
lum n consideraie
If we consider (or take into consideration) that the

series is a series of positive terms, we have ...
fr a lua n consideraie ...
The analysis has been made without reference (or
without regard) to heat losses.
Regardless of the last term which is sufficiently
small, equation (9) may be solved in radicals for x.
dac se ia n consideraie c
The statement becomes apparent when it is
considered (or if it is remembered) that ...
The statement becomes apparent when it is
considered (or taken into account) that ...
trebuie de luat n consideraie One should keep in mind (or it should be kept in
c
mind / it should be remembered) that the partial
sums of the series (2.2) are the Fourier transforms of
functions Bn(t).
lua n paranteze rotunde [patrate,

figurate]
to put (or to enclose) in parentheses [brackets,

braces]
57
M
mai
mai ales
mai mic dect
mai mult ca att
mai mult dect ...
mai multe ... dect
margine
margine inferioar exact
margine superioar exact
matematic
matematic aplicat
matemitic finit
matematic pur
material
material bogat despre
This chapter deals mainly (or chiefly /

predominantly) with semigroups.
Now p is in T and has norm less than N().
Moreover, every solution of (9) may be represented in
the form (3).
Over (or more than) two thousand scientists took part
in the 1st World Congress.
The set B contains much more elements than the set A.
The set B contains twice as many elements as the set
A.
the greatest lower bound

the least upper bound
applied mathematics
Finite mathematics is considered as superior tool to
use, over differential equations.
pure mathematics
In order to achieve this, we shall need some material

from elementary number theory.
This volume presents a wealth of material on
stochastic integrals.
matrice invers
the inverse matrix
maxim
We denote by xmax the point at which the function f(x)

58
has a maximum (or is at its maximum).
maximum
mrgini
putem mrgini
mrginit
Any polinomial of degree n 1 has at most n distinct

roots.
We shall make the most (or the best use) of the
notation proposed by Dynkin in [8].
We can restrict the variable so that it shall take on only

values lying between a and b.
The sequence gn(x)=1/(1+e-nx) is bounded by number 1.
mrimea erorii
The investigation of the magnitude of this error is

connected with profound properties of the geometry of
numbers.
membru al ecuaiei (parte a

ecuaiei)
Any term may be transposed from one member (or

side) of equation to the other, provided its sign is
changed.
meniona
n primul rnd trebuie de
menionat
menionm
vom meniona c
The first thing to notice is a wide variety of concepts

of entropy in the scientific literature.
We note that any arbitrary subset of is called an
event.
Observe that (t ,Ft) is a potential.
It should be observed here that this definition of
equality is usually adopted in the theory of the
Lebesgue integral.
metoda aproximrilor succesive
the method of successive approximations
minuios
The results reported by Dr. Evans need thoroughly be

checked.
59
modifica
puin modificnd
modificnd puin metoda
modificare a metodei
moment
din acest moment
pn la momentul
pn la acest moment
n momentul t n punctul x
We shall modify slightly the definition of ...

By a slight change in the method of (3) the reader can
easily prove the theorem by himself.
This is a modification (or an adaption) of the method

of steepest descent.
From now on, we assume B to be a complete separable

metric space.
From this time on, the density function decreases.
Define the -field of events prior to a moment (or a
time / an instant) as
Let Ft be a -algebra of events observed up to and
including the moment t.
Up till now no assumptions have been imposed
concerning the convergence of (t).
Let a(t,x) be a velocity of the particle at time t at point
x.
multiplu
multiplu ntreg
Twelve is a multiple of three.

12.6 is a whole (or an integer) multiple of 4.2.
mulime
mulime de msur 0
mulime dintr-un singur
element
The -algebra A is generated by the P-null sets.

We will assume in the future that the -algebra, N,
contains all single-element sets.
N
neajuns
To appreciate the demerits (or disadvantages) of the

theory, to observe that ...
60
neaprat
nu neaprat
necesar
necesar
este necesar
este necesar ca
necesar pentru ca
In general, e and * need not be identical.

Let (t) be an increasing (but not necessarily adapted)
integrable process.
Hence one of the factors of f(x) necessarily has the

same degree as g(x).
We are going to show that the function F(x) has the
required property.
In some problems of the filtering theory, it is necessary
to work with Wiener processes on R.
In order that two triangles be congruent, it is necessary
that two angles of the first triangle be equal,
correspondingly, to those of the second triangle.
G(x) is the time needed for a cell to grow from size a to
size x.
necesitate
By Theorem 2.1 it suffices to prove the necessity.
necunoscut
the unknown
the unknown quantity
the sought-for (or the desired) quantity
A number whose value is to be found is called an
unknown number.
Thus we obtained an equation in two unknowns.
cu dou necunoscute
nedescresctor
The comparison theorem for diffusion equations asserts

that the solution of these equations is a non-decreasing
function of the drift coefficient.
nici
nici o ... a crei
nici un
nici ...
nici ..., nici ...
Let be p-dimensional cycles, no linear combination

of which is homologous to zero.
No sD is an element of .
No linear combination of is homologous to zero.
The number 0 is neither positive nor negative.
61
nota
vom nota
s notm prin
este notat prin
sunt notate prin
pentru a nota
notaie
notaie standard
noiune
noiuni i definiii de baz
nu
We denote by the set of all points of discontinuity of

F(x).
Let us denote by C the completion of S in this norm
and by C* the corresponding conjugate space.
Denote the points by P1, P2, ..., Pn.
The area of the triangle FGH is denoted by S.
This volume is designated as V.
Variables are denoted usually by the later letters of the
alphabet.
The symbol f(x) is used to denote a function of x.
Let us introduce the following notation

where '(x) = f(x).
century.
The following designations are used: =1/a, =c/a, and
=b/a.
the standard notation
When formalizing the notions of probability theory, the

first fundamental assumption is that the results of
experiments can be described by means of a certain set
.
basic concepts and definitions
The line L does not intersect A or B.

Last time we were not appealing to Theorem 7.
But nothing in this definition indicates from whence the
class [x] is obtained.
This shows that this method cannot give all solutions of
the equation.
It is not a mere academic exercise to pick out the cases
of equality in such an inequality as Gronwall's.
Never did mathematicians worry much about the
foundations in algebra.
62
nu ..., ci ...
If there is no such , we write max f = .

Thus we need not 8, but 9 parameters to describe the
system.
numeraie roman
The Roman system uses seven capital letters to express

numbers, viz.: I(1), V(5), X(10), L(50), C(100), D(500),
and M(1000).
numai
We must prove that the two factorizations differ at most

in the order in which the primes appear.
Only then we can proceed to the limit in (14).
It was not until the beginning of this century that the
Euclidean geometry became completely axiomatized.
This fact was not known until 1947.
The process X(t) depends solely on u(t) and is
independent of (t) and (t).
Algebraic means alone is not sufficient to prove the
fundamental theorem of algebra.
numbers to be found, but also the numbers that must be
given whenever the rule is applied.
These factorizations differ not merely in the order of
the factors, but in the factors themselves.
nu numai
numr
numr ntreg
numr la cub
numr la ptrat
numi
vom numi
se numete
A unit or an aggregate of units is called a whole

number, or an integer.
A number a3 is read 'the cube of a', or 'the third power
of a'.
A number a2 is read 'the square of a', or 'the second
power of a'.
Let 1 and -1 be called units.

We shall call r the radius of the set D.
Such an instant of time is called (or is termed) a
random time.
Occasionally it is referred to as a random variable
independent of the future, as a Markov moment or as a
stopping time.
63
se va numi
Occasionally a stopping time is referred to as a random

time.
The method will be termed the method of imbedding.
This portion of the curve will be called (or be named)
the stable section.
O
oare
We don't know whether the limit law exists for such a

process.
If f(x) and g(x) are locally integrable functions, then the
symbol f(x)+g(x) has the same meaning whether we
interpret them as functions or as distributions.
obinuit
In the case where the distribution is a function, this

definition coincides with the usual one.
observa
observai c
se observ c
este util de observat c

de la nceput observm c
trebuie de observat c
obine
obinem
Notice that U is not unique.

It may be noted that the problem lies actually in
finding an such that M(t) C for all t.
To prove 2o, observe that ...
Observe that s is not uniquely determined.
Note that for s<t
.
It is useful to remark that the integer k which occurs
in the definition of fundamental sequences can be, if
necessary, replaced by any greater integer.
Observe first that ...
It is worth noticing that, in accordance with the law of
large numbers, a m = x.
It should be noted that R(t) is almost everywhere
nonzero.
Identifying equivalent oriented segments we obtain the

notion of free vector.
64
se obine
obine forma
obinem n rezultat
obine valori
ocupa
ocup poziie n spaiu
ocup un loc special
Hence, by the induction hypothesis, we infer that

a1=...=an=0.
Thus we arrive at a factorization m=p1p2...pn, where
each pi is positive and prime.
This function is obtained by application to expression
(4) a nonlinear differential operator .
In this case equation (7) becomes (or takes the form /
assumes the form) ...
After k similar steps we finally obtain ...
Let f(x,t) take on (or assume) values in Rm.
Two lines may occupy the following relative positions

in space: 1) they may be parallel, 2) they may be
intersect or, 3) not intersect.
The prime numbers occupy a special position among
integers.
omite
putem omite
omitem
este omis
operaie
operaii aritmetice asupra
operaie invers
ordine
n ordine aleatoare
ordinea integrrii
Since
and n > 200, we may drop the
last term on the right of (19).
It would take us too far afield to give a proof of this
theorem, so we omit it and content ourselves with
demonstrating some applications of the theorem.
The proof is omitted here.
It follows immediately from the definition of

convergence that the arithmetic operations on limits
of sequences of distributions can be performed in the
same way as on sequences of functions.
Evolution may be defined as the process of finding a
root of a number, or as the inverse of involution.
Division is the inverse of multiplication.
Numbers may be added in any order.

To prove this, interchange the order of integration in
65
the double integral in (6).
oricare n-ar fi
Whatever (or no matter what) t (may be), one can

always find a sufficiently large N to satisfy the
inequality N>t.
orict ar dori
Let be an arbitrary however small value.
orice
pentru orice
For each , the function is called the

sample path.
For every number >0 there exists an index n0 such that
| am - an |< for all m, n>n0.
P
pagin
la pagina
Powell's carrier distribution, C() on page 245, is our

distribution fm(T).
parantez
n paranteze
When numbers are collected by the sign of aggregation

( ), they are commonly said to be in parentheses.
The expression between (or in) the brackets is
precisely the Laplace transform of the function *(t).
paranteze rotunde [patrate, The signs of aggregation are the parentheses (), the
figurate]
brackets [] and the braces {}.
paranteze pot fi deschise
When an expression contains parentheses within
parentheses, the parentheses may be removed in
succession, beginning with the innermost.
parcurge
parcurge valorile
If x goes through the values 1, 2, ..., p-1, then, by

66
Theorem 2, ax goes through a complete residue system

modulo p, excepting 0.
parte
parte component
parte dreapt
parte ntreag
parte stng
partea fracionar
n partea dreapt
n partea stng
pe de alt parte
An integral part of the creative approach to the

problem under consideration is the analysis of its
similarity to and difference from the analogous
problems.
The right-hand side of equation (12).
The integer (or whole) part of a real number is the
greatest integer not exceeding the number.
The left-hand side (or member) of equation (12).
The fractional part of 5.6 is 0.6.
The term on the right-hand side (or on the right) of
(12) vanishes as k.
The term on the left-hand side (or on the left) of Eqn
(12) vanishes as k.
On the other hand, if [fn(x)] = f(x), then the first two
conditions of Theorem 1 are satisfied.
partiie
Let tk, k =1, ..., m, be a partition of the interval (s,t) into

subintervals of equal length.
patrat al numrului
When a is used twice as a factor, the product is the

second power of a, or the square of a.
pstra
pstreaz
vom pstra
sunt pstrate
Absolute constants retain the same value in all

problems.
Since distributions are a generalization of the notion of
functions, we shall retain for them the usual notation of
functions, i.e., f(x), g(x), etc.
For the new distributions one can define addition,
subtraction, multiplication by a number or by a function
in such a manner that the fundamental properties are
preserved.
primi
67
fi primit
pentru
pentru aceasta
pentru ca
pentru care
pentru comoditate
pentru nici un
pentru simplitate
It should be observed that this definition of equality is

usually adopted in the theory of the Lebesgue integrals.
The height of the triangle is taken to be 12m.
For this purpose we select first the Gaussian integers.

To this end it suffices for the first term in (1) to have
the distribution F(x) and for the others to be zero with
probability 1.
In order that the last property be valid, it is sufficient
that ...
In order to achieve this, we shall need some material
from elementary number theory.
To formulate the corresponding result, we consider the
following conditions which are the strengthened
versions of conditions of Theorem 8.
It is therefore reasonable to ask for which classes of
"integers" the fundamental theorem holds, and for
which it does not.
For convenience we define a continuous locally
increasing process to be an adapted process which has
properties (1) through (4).
The function cannot be constructed for any value of x.
For the sake of simplicity, consider the concentration
of particles at height x above a horizontal barrier.
periodic cu perioada
We say that a function f(x) is periodic with a period ,

if f(x+) = f(x).
peste
By the Eisenstein's criterion the polynomial xn-2 is

peste tot
peste tot dens
The function H(p(x)) is everywhere equal to 0.

To determine IT (Ft), it is sufficient to describe the
everywhere dense set IT2(Ft).
principial nou
We will describe a radically (or fundamentally) new

approach to the problem.
68
probabilitate
cu probabilitatea
polinom de
poseda
posed
posed o proprietate
With probability 1 there exists the limit

.
By a polinomial in x1, x2, ..., xn we mean a sum of the

form (6).
The derivative F'(x) has the value 0 at the point 0.

The stochastic integral (4) possesses finite moments up
to the (2m)th order inclusive.
The function possesses the property (1) for all and
t.
We are going to prove that the limits
and the function F(x) has the required property.
posibil
posibil
este posibil ca
este ntotdeauna posibil de
fcut
practic
precedent
precedent
nivele precedente
exist
To avoid possible confusion, we shall use this

notation ...
The error, if any, will be allowed for by visual
estimation.
It is possible that the ordinary derivative does not exist,
although the distributional derivative has a value at this
point.
This we can always do by choosing s and t as rational
integers nearest to A and B respectively.
Practically it suffices to understand integrability in the

sense of Riemann or of Lebesgue.
On account of the foregoing remark, the distributions in

the earlier sense can be identified with distributions of
finite order.
This follows from the previous theorem.
Here X(t) is the number of paths, by which we go from
the preceding levels of a hierarchy to the new level t.
69
precum i
Using this technique we can calculate the phase as well

as the amplitude of the process at time t.
preliminar
I think that my project is only tentative and subject to

continuous revision as the work makes a progress.
presupune
se presupune c
vom presupune c
presupunem contrariul
It is assumed that -algebra F0 is completed by all Pnull sets.

All stochastic processes considered in this book will be
assumed to be measurable.
{Ft} is assumed to be right-continuous.
We assume that F*G=H, the operation * being defined
by F*G=RS, where R=TV.
Suppose Xt is a continuous process.
Suppose that the theorem is true for k-1.
Suppose the conclusion of the theorem to be true for all
f(x) of degree between 0 and n-1 inclusive.
Suppose the contrary.
presupunere
presupunerea c
In defining K(x) we have made use of our assumption

that b(x)=0 for x<a.
This equation contradicts the assumption that G
contains points not belonging to D.
presupunerea conform crei The assumption under which formula (10) is valid can
be somewhat weakened.
presupuneri sunt fcute
The following assumptions are made concerning the
random process (t): 1) the process is Ft-adapted and 2)
it satisfies condition (1).
Up till now no assumptions have been imposed
concerning the convergence of n(t).
prezenta n forma
poate fi prezentat n forma
Any potential t can be represented in the form ...
70
prezenta un interes
prezint un interes
Of interest also are the induced statistics.

The results have encouraged (or aroused) a more
serious interest in precision methods of control.
va prezenta un interes
I hope this paper will be of interest to you.
prezint un interes aparte
To prove the existence of <a,a>t, the following lemma,
which is of interest in its own right, will be required.
care prezint un mare interes Another theoretical approach of great interest consists
in looking at the evolution toward equal phenotypic
fitness.
prin
prin alegere
probabil
puin probabil
This we can always do by choosing s and t as rational

integers nearest to A and B respectively.
These conditions are unlikely to occur in practice.
probabilist
There is presented below a glossary translating settheoretic notions into probabilistic notions.
problem de baz
We are now in a position to state the basic problem of

algebraic number theory.
proces coordonat
A random process (t), t 0, is said to be adapted to a

current of -algebras {Ft}t0 if for every t the random
variable (t) is Ft-measurable.
provine
provine de la
provin de la
The word 'school' has its origin in the Greek word

'schole' meaning 'leisure'.
The arithmetic symbols were derived from the Arabs
and the Hindus.
punct
71
n punct
n puncte
punct ce se mic dea-lungul
punct de vedere
din punct de vedere logic
din punct de vedere practic
punct de referin
pune n coresponden
operatorul pune n
coresponden
este pus n coresponden
purta numele
poart numele
putea
nu putem
nu se poate
The function
has no a
derivative at the point 0.
Such an identification can be extended to a wider class
of functions which have the poles at some points and
are locally integrable elsewhere.
In the equation of straight line
x and y are the
variable coordinates of a point moving along the line.
From the logical point of view, this generalization is

exactly of the same type as the generalization of rational
numbers in the Cantor theory.
Several other functions, very useful from the practical
point of view, are considered in the following section.
Here the starting point is the notion of fundamental

sequences of rational numbers.
Approximation is our starting point for the definition
of distributions.
The operator , assigns to (or associates with) any

function from D a function from D(,0].
A probability is assigned to each outcome.
It is instructive to study the Ito's method of defining the

stochastic integral that now bears his name.
If n=1, we cannot impose this condition.

If n=1, this condition cannot be discarded.
As regards the solution of equation (3), it may not be
argued that it satisfies Condition 2.
72
puterea a n-a a numrului
If a is used n times as a factor, the product is called the

nth power of the number.
puin
This definition will be somewhat generalized below.

The assumption under which formula (10) is valid can
be somewhat weakened.
R
raionament
raiona
raionnd analogic
raionnd ca
rdcin
rdcin cubic din
rdcin de ordinul n din
rdcin din numr
rdcin patrat din
rmnea
rmne
rmne de demonstrat
There are doubtful points in the above reasoning.

Following the argument of N. N. Bautin, we can
now easily show that ...
Reasoning similarly we convince ourselves that the

solution to Eqn (7) is also unique.
Reasoning as in the proof of Theorem 7, we can
prove, under suitable assumptions, that relation (1)
holds for s>N.
2 is the third, or cube, root of 8.

indicates the nth root of a.
When the factors of a number are all equal, any of the
factors is called the root of the number.
5 is the square root of 25.
It therefore remains only to verify that At is

uniformly integrable.
Much remains to be done in this area.
This relation remains valid when one passes from
functions to their differentials.
Theoretically, it still remains to prove for each
particular system considered that an equilibrium
73
rmne n vigoare
rspuns
reaminti
reamintim
reamintete c
trebuie de reamintit c
reciproc
i reciproc
reduce
reduce la
se reduce la
reduce ecuaia la form
reduce termenii asemenea

reducem termenii asemenea
actually exists and is stable.

Theorem 4 and Lemma 9.5 remain true.
This result holds true if we proceed from the group
G to any of its subgroups.
The answer to the question must be postponed until

later.
Because of its great importance in this book, we

recall the definition of a normal distribution.
The reader is reminded that the conjugates over F of
a number algebraic over F are the roots of the
minimal polynomial of over F.
It should also be recalled that R(t) is almost
everywhere nonzero.
Equal chords cut off equal arcs, and the converse.
This fact reduces the construction of the solution to

(2) to that of a process
such that
is a martingale.
Under these conditions equation (3) reduces to (4).
This investigation amounts (or boils down) to
finding the operator U such that U=UU.
to reduce the equation to the form ...
To solve the equation 2x+x = 12, unite (or group /

collect) similar terms in the first member to obtain
3x and then divide both members by 3 to find the
value of x to be 4.
74
referi
se refer la
nu se refer la
care se refer
ceea ce se refer
The Henry's Law refers only to the effect of pressure.

Evidently the Einstein's restriction does not apply to
the case under consideration.
We now state a number of results concerning
ordinary differential equations.
As regards (or in regard to / in respect to) the
solution of equation (3), it may not be argued that it
satisfies Condition 2o.
As for property (ii), suppose first that a is a unit.
regul
The rule for differentiation of a product.

The rule for the change of variables in integral
calculus.
relativ
As regards (or in regard to / in respect to) the

solution of Eqn (3), it may not be argued that it
satisfies Condition 2.
The process (t-) is a supermartingale with respect to
the family of -algebras (Ft-) t0.
Given point A, construct point B symmetrical to the
given point A in relation to plane .
For the present we content ourselves with
demonstrating the assertions just made concerning
the sets G and H.
In relation to , an experiment is completely
characterized by a certain class of events.
relativ la
remarca
este cazul de a remarca
repeta
poate fi repetat
repetat
It is relevant to remark that the diffusion

corresponds to the increase of entropy.
This procedure can be repeated with q2, q3, ... until

all the prime factors on one side are exhausted.
The repeated application of this procedure proves the
assertion.
75
reprezenta
reprezentat n form
Any potential t can be represented in the form (3).
poate fi reprezentat n form By the well-known Weierstrass approximation
theorem, every distribution can be represented in
the form [pn(x)], where pn(x) are polynomials.
de a reprezenta ... ca ...
To prove this statement, it suffices to present the
integral
as a limit of
.
respectiv
The largest -factors are 1 and 2 respectively.
respinge o ipotez
to reject the hypothesis
restrnge generalitate
fr a restrnge generalitate
restricie
We shall also assume, without restricting the

generality, that z0=s0=0.
We can assume, without any restriction of
generality, that all numbers amn can be arranged in a
sequence {bk} convergent to b0.
In our discussion we may assume, without loss of
generality, that M is a subset of the set of natural
numbers.
With this additional restriction the problem just

posed received an exhaustive solution in the papers of
Bawty and Khinchin.
a rezolva ecuaia n raport cu x

explicit [implicit]
to solve the equation for x explicitly [implicitly]
rezolva n raport cu x
to solve for x
76
rezolvare
la rezolvare problemei
rezulta
rezult din
rezult imediat
rezult nemijlocit
aceast rezult din
din cele spuse rezult c
din ... rezult c
de aici rezult c
nemijlocit rezult din
ridica
ridica la puterea n
ridica un numr la cub
ridica un numr la patrat
ridicarea la putere
It is convenient, in solving problems, to use letters

for the numbers which are sought.
The result follows from the induction hypothesis.

The term R/n results from the Bohr theory.
Much of the utility of the theorem stems from the
properties of the binomial coefficients.
The proof follows immediately if we observe that ...
Since u(t) is continuous, it follows at once that
x(u(t),t) satisfies condition (ii).
This results from the following lemma.
This follows from the fact that e i/2 = i.
From what has been said it follows that ...
It follows from what has been said that T>0 almost
surely on the set B.
It follows from (1), (2), and (3) that the whole set is
decomposed into abstraction classes without common
elements so that two elements are in the same
abstraction class if and only if they are equivalent.
From this it follows that A is consistently defined
except on a P-null set.
This implies that ...
It follows from this that ...
It follows that R(s) is a commutative ring.
It follows directly from the definition that ...
This assertion follows immediately from relation
(2).
to raise to the nth power

to cube a number
to square a number
The process of finding any required power of a

number is called involution.
77
S
satisface
se satisfac condiiile
sau ..., sau
schimb
schimb de variabil
schimb de variabil la
integrare
schimba
schimbm ordinea de
integrare
fr a schimba
este schimbat semnul
schimbare
schimbare mic
schimbarea ordinii de
integrare
fr schimbri
Condition (4) is equivalent to the following conditions

being satisfied.
Since a satisfies (1), we have that either a=1 or a=p-1.
Relation (8) follows from the general rule of the

change (or the substitution) of variables in integral
calculus.
the change of a variable in integration
To prove this, interchange the order of integration in

the double integral in (6).
The introduction of locally integrable allows us to
strengthen Lemma 6.8 without changing its proof.
equation to the other, provided its sign is changed.
A slight change in the original proof will be left to the

reader.
The main point of the proof is to justify the
interchange of the order of integration in (8.4).
With this transform the first term in (4) vanishes,
whereas the last one remains unaltered (or
unchanged).
scoate n afar parantezelor

scoatem n afar parantezelor Now factor out of the expression in parentheses the
largest positive factor common to all the bi.
Now take the largest positive factor out of the
brackets.
78
scop (obiectiv)
scopul acestei lucrri

scopul const n ...
The purpose (or objective) of this monograph is to

make available elementary parts of classical algebraic
number theory.
The aim of this section is to define the stochastic
integral for a wider class of predictable integrands and,
at the same time, to relax the restrictions on M.
The purpose of this paper is to present the
elementary exposition of the theory of distributions.
The purpose of introducing real numbers is to make it
always possible to carry out certain operations, e.g.,
the evaluation of roots or logatithms.
scrie
se poate de scris n form
putem scrie
scriind
vom scrie
scriem ... n form
scriere
n scrierea
semn
cu semn opus
semnul opus
sub semnul
sub semnul integralei
sens
The function F(x) can be written in the form ...

Then we can write for the division-size density
function (up to a normalization factor)
.
Writing down these inequalities for n, n+1, ..., n+m
and adding them we obtain the estimation ...
Write down the coordinates of the points A, B and C.
If there is no such G, we write max f = 0.
Write the equation as (or in the form) (2).
In writing numbers, the figures are separated into

groups of three figures each, called periods.
Subtracting any number is equivelent to adding it with

its sign changed (or with reversal of its sign).
The numbers +2 and -2 have unlike signs.
The number -2 is opposite in sign to +2.
The products under the sign of are the products of
continuous functions.
under the integral sign
In the last formula the symbol 0 has two different

79
meanings: on the left-hand side it denotes the number

zero and on the right-hand side the zero distribution.
serie absolut [condiional]

convergent
the absolutely [conditionally] convergent series
sfat
I wish to express gratitude to O. A. Oleinik for her

valuable advice.
similar
Progressive measurability of an S-valued process is

defined similarly.
Reasoning similarly, we convince ourselves that the
solution to Egn (17) is also unique.
The definition is the same as the one given above, but
with R instead of [0,T ].
similar ca
simplifica
simplificm
simplific
pentru a simplifica
poate fi simplificat
simplifica fracie prin a
simplifica prin
putem simplifica prin
sistem
sistem de notaii
sistem zecimal
Simplify 4a-(2a-2b).
Thus the introduction of distributions makes the
calculation easier.
To simplify the equation, make the substitution u=2x21.
This equation can be simplified by the substitution
u=2x2-1.
To reduce the fraction
by the factor a.
We can divide out (p-1)! from each side to obtain the

conclusion.
the system of notation

The Arabic system, which is a decimal system,
employs ten figures to express numbers, viz.: naught,
80
one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, and nine.
situa
situate aproape
This quantity may take on any values, however closely

spaced.
slbi
putem slbi
pentru a slbi restriciile
referitor ...
soluie
soluie unic
spaiu
spaiu de stri
spaiu metric separabil
complet
spaiu-faz
specifica
cum a fost specificat mai sus
dac nu este specificat
contrariul
spune
spune (ind. prez. 3 sg.)
Hence, we can weaken condition in the following

way.
The aim of this section is to define the stochastic
integral for a wider class of predictable integrands and,
at the same time, to relax the restrictions on M.
Equation (7) has a unique solution.
A function S is called an S-valued stochastic

process and S is called the state space of .
C (R+) can be regarded as a complete separable
metric space under the topology of uniform
convergence.
The values of (t) are sometimes called the states of a
stochastic system and the space S, the phase space
of the system .
As has been stated (or specified) above, the functions

pm(x) defined by (1.6) are bounded.
We agree to assume, unless otherwise specified, that
all processes are adapted.
The principle of mathematical induction says: "If P is

true ..."
81
se spune
vom spune
vom spune c ...
spunnd
spunnd mai exact
din cele spuse mai sus
stabili
stabilete
stabilim
a fost stabilit
a fost stabilit
de a stabili condiii
strict
studia
studiat
substitui
substituim
substituind ... n
The second law states (or reads): "If the same current
flows ..."
The theory holds (or states) that ...
Stated in a simple form, the hypothesis runs as
follows.
If conditions (i) and (ii) are also fulfilled, then the
current is said to satisfy the 'ordinary' conditions.
If the members of a pair are equal, say to a, then a2=1
(mod p).
We shall say that two integers a and b are relatively
prime if they share no factors except 1.
The function F is, so to say, the optimal cost of the
continuation of control.
To put it more exactly, ...
From what has been outlined (or said) above the
following conclusions may be drawn.
This requirement places (or sets) the upper limit on the

admissible error.
We first establish the necessity of the condition.
This fact was ascertained (or established) from
experience.
The average value was found to be 16 3.
Theorem 1.6 allows to lay down the conditions under
which the solutions to equations (6) are continuous in
parameter z.
Approximations, strictly defined, is our starting point

for the definition of distributions.
The experiments studied in probability theory are

carried out when a certain set of conditions Y is
satisfied.
For this we make the substitution t-x=s.

Substituting these numbers into (or in) (1), we find
that ...
82
substitui a cu b
to make the substitution of b for a

to carry out the change of a for b
substituia b cu a
the substitution of b for a
suficient
suficient de mare
This equation determines a sufficient condition.

Whatever t may be, one can always find a sufficiently
large N such that ...
Now ECt < /2, if n is taken large enough.
The term
can be made sufficiently small
by makingthe partition of the interval [0,T ] fine
enough.
By theorem 2.1, it suffices to prove the necessity.
It suffices to show that if is a Gaussian integer, so is
and hence .
Suffice it to say that ...
It suffices to say that ...
It is enough to say that ...
In order that the series (1) of independent random
variables converge, it is sufficient that the series (2)
and (3) converge.
To this end it suffices for the first term in (1) to have
the distribution F(x) and for the others to be zero with
probability 1.
suficient de mic
este suficient
este suficient de artat c ...
este suficient de spus c ...
este suficient pentru ca
pentru aceast este suficient
ca
suma parial
A series
is said to be convergent if the
sequence of its partial sums fn(x) = g1(x) + ... + gn(x)
converges.
sumar
supune
se supune legii
A survey of the general theory of stochastic processes

can be found in [4].
The distribution of errors adheres to the law of

probability.
83
se supune ecuaiei
The kinetics of the system obey (or follow) the ideal

gas law.
It the coefficients on the right of (2) satisfy the
Lipschitz condition, then the function w(t) obeys the
equation (3.1).
The equilibrium distribution of particles in a
gravitational field adheres to (or is governed by) the
Boltzmann equation.
sus
mai sus
It is easy to see that the relation of equivalence defined

above has the following properties.
de mai sus
The integral
is well-defined in accordance
with the above definition.
The definition is the same as the one given above, but
with R instead of [0,T].
T
tia
taie
trziu
mai trziu
teorem
teorema despre valoare
medie
teorema probabilitii totale
teorem preliminar
teorem reciproc
Equal chords cut off equal arcs, and the converse.
We shall show later on that this generalization contains

also class of non-continuous functions.
the theorem of the mean

the theorem of total probability
Some preliminary theorems will be established first.
The converse theorem in not true.
84
teoretic
teorie
teoria jocurilor
teoria mulimilor
teoria numerilor
teoria probabilitilor
teoria proceselor stocastice
teorie unitar
teoria ce va fi dezvoltat
termen
termen cu termen
termina
termin
am terminat
terminologie
n terminologia
Theoretically, it still remains to prove for each

particular system considered that an equilibrium
actually exists and is stable.
the theory of games

the theory of numbers (or the set theory)
the theory of numbers (or the number theory)
the theory of probability
the theory of stochastic processes
the unified theory
Continuous functions on a fixed interval are the starting
point for the theory to be developed here.

Roughly speaking, each convergent series can be
differentiated term by term (or termwise).
This completes (or concludes) the proof of Lemma 4

and also that of Theorem 2.
Then r=s and we are done.
{Ut} is the 'dual predictable projection' in the

terminology of Dellacherie and Meyer [42].
timp
n timp ce
tinde la
cnd ... tinde la
Thus 5 and 9 are relatively prime, whereas 6 and 9 are

not.
As the point x tends to a, the function g(x) approaches
the value g(a).
Each summand on the right of (12) becomes vanishingty

small with (or as) n.
85
cnd ... tinde la infinit
to let smth approach (or to let smth go to) infinity
tinde la infinit
to tend to (or to approach) infinity
tinde la zero (ind. prez. 3 sg.)
The limit distribution functions are determined by the

fact that they are the limits for sums of an increasing
number of independent random variables such that a
single summand becomes vanishingly small with
n.
toate
dup toate
Summing up these conditional probabilities over all the

newborn particles in the sample, we find that ...
tot (n ntregime)
Thus the integral on the right side of (5) can be

analytically continued to the whole domain.
The class of functionals of degree n covers the entire
space Hn(-n).
toi
When the factors of a number are all equal, any of the

factors is called a root of the number.
Every succeeding (or subsequent) member an must be
less than aN.
However, not all distributions can be represented in the
form [f(x)], i.e., not all distributions can be identified
with continuous functions.
The function possesses the property (1) for all and
t.
toi urmtorii
nu toi
pentru toi
transforma
a transforma ecuaia
s transformm la form
a se transforma n infinit
to rearrange the equation

Let us transform (1) to the form (2).
to become infinite
transformare invers
the inverse transform
86
trebui
trebuie
care trebuie
ceea ce trebuia
ceea ce trebuia de
demonstrat
The problem must be solved as soon as possible.

To ensure the existence of a solution to (14), additional
assumptions need be made.
Much needs to be done to complete the theory.
It should be particularly emphasized that condition (*)
is not essential and was introduced solely for the sake of
convenience.
To comprehend the main idea of my talk, it is essential
(or necessary) that the students be familiar with the
generalized Galois theory.
numbers to be found, but also the numbers that must
be given whenever the rule is applied.
But p is of the form 1+4n, so that a p=l+im, as
required.
It follows that the points C1 and C2 lie on the line of
intersection of the planes and , which is what had
to be proved.
However, by condition m>n/2 one has q>2, q.e.d.
trece
trecnd la limit
Approaching the limit as k and utilizing Fatou's

lemma we obtain (8).
Proceeding (or passing) to the limit in equality (5) we
convince ourselves that this limit is a solution of
equation (2).
de a trece la limita
To obtain equation (3), it is necessary to pass to the
limit in relation (1).
poate fi trecut dintr-o parte a Any term may be transposed from one member of
ecuaiei n alt
trecere
trecerea de la ...
trecerea la limit
la trecerea la limit
The identification of equivalent elements consists in the

passage from the elements of the set in question to the
abstraction classes.
This equation is obtained from relation (3) by passing
to the limit.
Inequality (7) becomes the exact equality if one passes
to the limit.
When passing to the limit, inequality (7) becomes the
87
exact equality.
ine minte
innd seam
trebuie s inem minte c
Considering (or taking into account) that the series is

a series of positive terms, we have ...
It is to be remembered (or it should be borne in
mind) that the specific properties of the limit
distribution functions are determined by the fact that ...
U
unul i numai unul
Hence there is one and only one x which satisfies the

congruence.
unde
We assume that F*G=RS, where R=TV.
uneori
Occasionally a stopping time is referred to as a random

time.
Sometimes a current is understood to be an increasing
family of -algebras.
unic
The element q is unique.

If S consists of a single element x, then R(x) is
commutative.
univoc
This set of conditions uniquely determines the results of

the experiment.
Thus, the function f(x) is uniquely determined
univoc determinat
88
provided it exists everywhere.
urma
aceast urmeaz din
This follows from the Fundamental Theorem of

arithmetic.
cum urmeaz din cele spuse As appears from the above, the cycle C determines a
curve L.
urmtorul
urmtoare
este urmtoare
Such an element is unique.

Making the change of variables x=acos and t+
the following relation may be obtained
.
The new statement of the Fundamental Theorem is this.
uor
este uor de ...
util
It is not difficult to establish the existence of an infinite

number of rational primes.
This property of martingales may be useful when

proving the existence theorems for stochastic
differential equations.
The following result will be very helpful in proving the
theorems of this chapter.
utiliza
putem utiliza metoda
va fi utilizat permanent
utilizate de obicei
In order to construct such a process, we can take such

an approach.
We shall prove below a very useful result which will be
constantly used in our work.
Using condition 2) of the theorem and commonly
employed estimates we assure ourselves that ...
89
V
valoare
cu valori
cu valori n
valoare n punct
valoare absolut
dup valoarea absolut
variabile aleatoare cu acelai

repartiie
vedea
vedei
este uor de vzut c
cum este uor de vzut
verifica
se verific
sunt verificate
The value of a function f(x) at x=x0 will be denoted by

f(x0).
The problem of interpolation consists in approximate
evaluation of a function f(x) at a given point x1<x*<xn
from its values on a finite set of points x1, x2, ..., xn.
Let (,t) be a random function with values in Rm.
The Dirac function (x) has the value 0 at each point

x0 and has no value at the point x=0.
The absolute value of b is greater that of a.
These numbers are equal in absolute magnitude.
Let j , j=1, 2, ..., n, be mutually independent

identically distributed random variables.
See, for example, the deduction of inequality (11) in

the proof of Theorem 1.
It is easy to see that {gn} is complete in L1[0,1].
It will readily be seen that that for any >0 the
sequence Z(n,) forms a Galton-Watson process.
As is easily seen, there exists a Borel function s such
that ...
In the case of distributions the following identities are

valid.
Since inequality (4.8) holds true, the function (x) is
non-negative.
Since the conditions (1), (2) and (3) are fulfilled,the
90
set of all fundamental sequences gets decomposed into

disjoint abstraction classes.
verific cetine
The functionals L and M satisfy (or meet) the
aforementioned requirements.
pentru a verifica
To verify that h(t) is the desired solution, observe
that ...
este uor de verificat c
It is easily verified that the polynomial xn-2 is
dac o serie de condiii este
The experiments studied in probability theory are
verificat
carried out when a certain set of conditions F is
satisfied.
verific condiia
Assume that the function B(,t) satisfies the local
Lipschitz condition.
verific ecuaie
We shall prove that the function F(x) satisfies (or
fulfils) equation (1).
vom verifica ipoteza despre ... We shall test the hypothesis that ...
viitor
n viitor
In what follows the notation 'm|n' means 'm divides n'.

Here and in the sequel the ai denote positive
constants.
Henceforth we shall adhere to the following model of
the probability theory.
In the future n will always be assumed to be
bounded.
In the future, when continuous local martingales are
discussed, the n will always be assumed to take
values from T.
voluminos
This method is too cumbersome (or awkward /

unwieldy).
vorbind n general
The results of the experiments will, generally, be

different.
Generally, Eqn (10) may have no solution.
91

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Dictionar Matematic Roman-Englez de Fraze Uzuale

The superscripts are hardly (or scarcely) visible.

A more careful approach is needed.

In complete analogy with the result, we may prove that ...

In this section, emphasis is placed (or attention is

The numbers +8 and +3 have like signs.

The preceding discussion may be summed up by saying that

We now want to let j.

We can now easily show that ...

The model fits the process under study adequately.

Thus the martingale (t) turns out to be a process with

The function (t) also admits decomposition of the form (4).

We now turn to the task of considering the continuousparameter supermarlingales.

The proof of the theorem is given in [8].

The fundamental theorem of arithmetic asserts that every

A more general statement can be found in [15].

The converse of this statement is known to be false.

We are now in a position to determine (or to find) the value

Thus we arrive at the following conclusion [definition,

By means of the equivalence relation we get the

Another way to approach the problem is to take a Taylor

This definition also makes use of the abstraction principle,

Otherwise speaking [fn(x)] = [gn(x)] if and only if

These operations are discussed in more detail in next

Both estimates are quite rough.

This ambiguity does not lead to misunderstanding.

We recall that the compensator n of the measure of jumps

To analyse the equation, it is convenient to go over to nondimensional variables.

The proof of (11) is completely analogous to that of (10).

The analogue of the Fermat's theorem is also valid.

In this particular case only one side of the triangle, namely

mathematical apparatus (or tools / techniques)

The problem arises of finding the conditions under which the

Let us apply this result to the case of an increasing process

The temperature was observed to be near zero.

aranja n ordine cresctoare

As the numbers of the molecules moving in opposite

As (or in) a first approximation, x(t) may be chosen to be

The jump moments t1, t2, ..., tn are arranged in ascending

Fig.12 depicts the slope of the line x versus t.

Let (t) be an arbitrary quasi-potential.

This is a convincing reason for the study of stochastic

Arithmetic is the elementary branch of mathematics dealing

Property 1o ensures the feasibility of the addition.

The MIS furnishes (or supplies) data for management.

The error is associated with (or is due to) the inaccuracy

In applications we often come across the so-called

aa ... pentru care

We take a point on the line such that ...

Thus, the integral on the right-hand side of (5) can be

The function (x) reaches its maximum [minimum] at

In order to attain the purpose, we shall not avail ourselves

Evidently, if the inf in (1.5) is attained at a certain point

parameter a does not enter into the expression for G(u).

To attach a meaning to the solution of this stochastic

We assign the value 0 to this state.

It follows automatically that these Rm-semisimple rings are

As a preliminary to the proof of the theorem, we shall

To appreciate the merits (or the advantages) of this theory,

Since a satisfies (1), we have Y 1=Y 2.

avea de-a face

avea maxim [minim]

avea o form ...