Digital Data, Digital Signal

Digital Data, Digital Signal
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http://web.cse.ohio-state.edu/~gurari/course/cis677/cis677Se12.html
4.2 Digital Data, Digital Signal

Receiver needs to determine bit information from the signal level, for instance, by sampling the signal
level at the middle if the time interval and comparing the value to a threshold.
Receiver needs to know the timing of each bit in transmitter through a

A common clock (expensive)
Mechanism based on the encoding of the transmitted signal
Interference and distortion can be reduced by
Avoiding direct current (dc) components
Concentrating the transmission power at the center of the bandwidth
Bit error rate increases with: Data rate, and (noise strength) / (signal strength) ratio
Data rate can be increased with: Bandwidth and Encoding
Nonreturn-to-Zero-Level (NRZ-L) Signal Encoding

Positive and negative voltage levels for binary digits.
Easy to engineer
Make efficient use of bandwidth
Suffers from the presence of dc component
Lack of synchronization capabilities due to potential of long runs of unchanged voltage levels.
Attractive for digital magnetic recording, but not for signal transmissions.
The spectral density graph shows that most of the energy spent between dc and half the bit rate
Nonreturn-to-Zero-Inverted (NRZI) Signal Encoding

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NRZI is a differential encoding in which the signal is decoded by comparing the polarity of adjacent
signal levels: 1 encoded by transition between levels and 0 encoded by a lack of transition.
Similar advantages and disadvantages as NRZ-L.
Bipolar-AMI Signal Encoding

A multilevel binary approach in which binary 0 is represented by a lack of pulse, and a binary 1 is
represented by a positive or a negative pulse. The binary 1 pulses must alternate in polarity.
Each 1 introduces a transition that can be used for synchronization

Error detection is possible for a single added or lost pulse.
Since 1 signals alternate in voltage, there is no dc component.
Bandwidth considerable smaller that in the NRZ encodings.
Long runs of 0's don't allow synchronization.
For low data-rate transmissions in ISDN the problem is overcome by inserting extra bits that force
transmissions. At high rates, scrambling is used.
The multilevel binary encoding has its overhead
Three levels can represent log 2 3 = 1.58 bits
Receivers need to distinguish more levels of signals, requiring 3dB more signal power for
three-valued signals compared to two-valued signals with the same error probability.
The spectral density graph shows that the bandwidth is smaller than for NRZ
AMI stands for alternate mark inversion, whereas mark and space historical references to binary digits 1
and 0.
Pseudoternary Signal Encoding

A multilevel binary encoding that complements the bipolar-AMI encoding: binary 1 is represented by a
lack of pulse, and a binary 0 is represented by a positive or a negative pulse. The binary 0 pulses must
alternate in polarity.
Manchester Signal Encoding

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Manchester encoding is a biphase encoding in which the transition takes place in the middle of the bit
period: a low-to-high transition for 1, and a high-to-low transition for 0.
Allows for clocking mechanism for both kinds of bits.

Modulation rate twice than that of NRZ, implying a greater bandwidth
The spectral density graph shows that there is not a dc component and the bandwidth is relatively
narrow
Noise on the line has to invert the signal before and after the inverted bit to avoid detection.
Has been specified for the IEEE 802.3 standard for baseband coaxial cable and twisted-pair
CSMA/CD bus LAN's.
Require high signaling rate relative to data rate, making it too costly for long-distance applications.
Differential Signal Encoding

A biphase encoding in which transition at the start of the bit period represents 0, and a lack of transition
at the start of the bit represents 1. In addition, a transition occurs at the middle of each bit period just for
the purpose of clocking.
Has been specified for the IEEE 802.5 token ring LAN, using shielded twisted pair.
Bipolar with 8-zeros Substitution (B8ZS) Signal Encoding

The bipolar-AMI encoding supplemented with a scrambling scheme, which uses two code violations to
ensure synchronization in runs of 0's.
Replace `00000000' with `000+-0-+', if the preceding voltage pulse was positive
Replace `00000000' with `000-+0+-', if the preceding voltage pulse was not positive
The amount of data remains unchanged.

The spectrum graph shows that there is no dc component, with most of the energy concentrating in
a relative sharp spectrum. Making the encoding suitable for high-rate transmissions.
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Used mainly in North America.
High-Density Bipolar 3-Zeros (HDB3) Signal Encoding

The bipolar-AMI encoding supplemented with the following substitution scheme for `0000' runs.
Number of bipolar pulses (ones) since last substitution
Polarity of preceding pulse
Odd
even
000-
+00+
000+
-00-
Used in Europe and Japan

Successive violations are of alternate polarity to avoid dc component.
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4.2 Digital Data, Digital Signal

Receiver needs to determine bit information from the signal level, for instance, by sampling the signal
level at the middle if the time interval and comparing the value to a threshold.
Receiver needs to know the timing of each bit in transmitter through a

A common clock (expensive)
Mechanism based on the encoding of the transmitted signal
Interference and distortion can be reduced by
Avoiding direct current (dc) components
Concentrating the transmission power at the center of the bandwidth
Bit error rate increases with: Data rate, and (noise strength) / (signal strength) ratio
Data rate can be increased with: Bandwidth and Encoding
Nonreturn-to-Zero-Level (NRZ-L) Signal Encoding

Positive and negative voltage levels for binary digits.
Easy to engineer
Make efficient use of bandwidth
Suffers from the presence of dc component
Lack of synchronization capabilities due to potential of long runs of unchanged voltage levels.
Attractive for digital magnetic recording, but not for signal transmissions.
The spectral density graph shows that most of the energy spent between dc and half the bit rate
01/11/2015 21:28
2 of 4

NRZI is a differential encoding in which the signal is decoded by comparing the polarity of adjacent
signal levels: 1 encoded by transition between levels and 0 encoded by a lack of transition.
Similar advantages and disadvantages as NRZ-L.
Bipolar-AMI Signal Encoding

A multilevel binary approach in which binary 0 is represented by a lack of pulse, and a binary 1 is
represented by a positive or a negative pulse. The binary 1 pulses must alternate in polarity.
Each 1 introduces a transition that can be used for synchronization

Error detection is possible for a single added or lost pulse.
Since 1 signals alternate in voltage, there is no dc component.
Bandwidth considerable smaller that in the NRZ encodings.
Long runs of 0's don't allow synchronization.
For low data-rate transmissions in ISDN the problem is overcome by inserting extra bits that force
transmissions. At high rates, scrambling is used.
The multilevel binary encoding has its overhead
Three levels can represent log 2 3 = 1.58 bits
Receivers need to distinguish more levels of signals, requiring 3dB more signal power for
three-valued signals compared to two-valued signals with the same error probability.
The spectral density graph shows that the bandwidth is smaller than for NRZ
AMI stands for alternate mark inversion, whereas mark and space historical references to binary digits 1
and 0.
01/11/2015 21:28
3 of 4
Pseudoternary Signal Encoding

A multilevel binary encoding that complements the bipolar-AMI encoding: binary 1 is represented by a
lack of pulse, and a binary 0 is represented by a positive or a negative pulse. The binary 0 pulses must
alternate in polarity.

Manchester encoding is a biphase encoding in which the transition takes place in the middle of the bit
period: a low-to-high transition for 1, and a high-to-low transition for 0.
Allows for clocking mechanism for both kinds of bits.

Modulation rate twice than that of NRZ, implying a greater bandwidth
The spectral density graph shows that there is not a dc component and the bandwidth is relatively
narrow
Noise on the line has to invert the signal before and after the inverted bit to avoid detection.
Has been specified for the IEEE 802.3 standard for baseband coaxial cable and twisted-pair
CSMA/CD bus LAN's.
Require high signaling rate relative to data rate, making it too costly for long-distance applications.
Differential Signal Encoding

A biphase encoding in which transition at the start of the bit period represents 0, and a lack of transition
at the start of the bit represents 1. In addition, a transition occurs at the middle of each bit period just for
the purpose of clocking.
Has been specified for the IEEE 802.5 token ring LAN, using shielded twisted pair.
Bipolar with 8-zeros Substitution (B8ZS) Signal Encoding

The bipolar-AMI encoding supplemented with a scrambling scheme, which uses two code violations to
ensure synchronization in runs of 0's.
Replace `00000000' with `000+-0-+', if the preceding voltage pulse was positive
Replace `00000000' with `000-+0+-', if the preceding voltage pulse was not positive
01/11/2015 21:28
4 of 4

Used mainly in North America.
High-Density Bipolar 3-Zeros (HDB3) Signal Encoding

The bipolar-AMI encoding supplemented with the following substitution scheme for `0000' runs.
Number of bipolar pulses (ones) since last substitution
Polarity of preceding pulse
Odd
even
000-
+00+
000+
-00-
Used in Europe and Japan

Successive violations are of alternate polarity to avoid dc component.
[next] [prev] [prev-tail] [front] [up]
01/11/2015 21:28

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Digital Data, Digital Signal

4.2 Digital Data, Digital Signal

Receiver needs to know the timing of each bit in transmitter through a

Nonreturn-to-Zero-Level (NRZ-L) Signal Encoding

Nonreturn-to-Zero-Inverted (NRZI) Signal Encoding