Vibration Concept

Prepared by Toheed Ahmed

29 March 2015

What is Vibration ?

o Vibration the motion of a body about a reference point.

o At its simplest vibration is displayed as displacement over time.

No. 1

Machine Monitoring
Why do we need to Measure the Vibration ?
For Protection of machinery
To predict crucial machinery Problems
Imbalance
Misalignment
Shaft crack
Bearing Failures
Parameters to measure
Thrust
Vibration (varying gap measurement)
Speed

No. 2

How do we measure vibration?

Three types of sensors
Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration

Signal processor of some type (CSI 2130)

Local or portable display for field analysis
Remote
Software for viewing and storing collected vibration data

No. 3

The Units
Displacement accentuates
the low frequencies Mils
Velocity is consistent across
a larger range of frequencies
Acceleration accentuates
the higher frequencies (gs)
Most vibration is analyzed in Velocity since the energy level is consistent
throughout the frequency range,

No. 4

Displacement Probes
Typical Applications
Shaft vibration measurement
Key phaser marker
Shaft center line position
Best suited for 1 to 500 hz

No. 5

RECOMMENDED LOCATIONS OF SHAFT VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS AS PER ISO

Measuring
Amplifier

Measuring
Amplifier

45O

PROXIMITY
PICK-UP

45O

SHAFT

VERTICAL

OR

SHAFT

R
HORIZONTAL

No. 6

Velocity Pickup
Velocity Sensor Application

Mounted on case of machine for bearing and structural vibration

best suited for 10 to 1000 hz
depending on the application when integration to displacement is required

No. 7

Accelerometer
Accelerometer Applications

Case mounted or magnet mounted

Primarily Rollerelement Bearings and Gears
When analysis and diagnostics are important

No. 8

Signal processing

No. 9

Vibration Monitoring System Overview

Probe
Shaft

Radiates Magnetic
Field

Extension
Cable

Proximitor Barrier
Generate RF signal
Produce Amplitude
Demodulated output
with respect shaft movement

Monitor

No. 10

Units of Vibration

Average

RMS

0 - Peak

RMS
= 0.707 x (0-Peak)
Average = 0.637 x (0-Peak)
Peak to Peak = 2 x (0-Peak)

Peak - Peak

English and Metric units:

Frequency

Acceleration
(Peak or RMS)

Velocity (Peak)

Displacement
(Peak to Peak)

CPM

g pk
g RMS

in/s pk

mils pk pk

Hz

m/s2 pk
m/s2 RMS

mm/s pk

mm pk - pk
No. 11

Wiring Terminology

No. 12

Wiring Terminology

No. 13

Proximity Transducer System

No. 14

Proximity Probes

No. 15

Proximity Probes

No. 16

Proximity Probes

No. 17

Proximity Probes

No. 18

Vibration
Characteristics of vibration signal
AMPLITUDE
FREQUENCY

PHASE
ORBIT

No. 19

No. 20

Reasons of Vibration
If the measurement is healthy, following may be the reasons of vibration
problem
UNBALANCE
MISALIGNMENT
LOOSENESS
PIPE PULLS
SHAFT CATENARY / BEARING LOADING
RESONANCE
UNEQUAL FLOW PATH CLEARANCES
RUBBING
SHAFT BOW
OIL / STEAM WHIRL
DEVIATED OPERATING PARAMETERS
DEFECTIVE BEARING / ASSEMBLY OF BEARING
VIBRATION TRANSMITTION FROM OTHER SOURCE
GEAR INACCURACIES
CASING DISTORSTION
CAVITATION

No. 21

QUOTE OF THANKS
Efforts find their way towards success

No. 22