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1
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ajzqdkedkifcJhavonf?

2
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vnf; q&mawmfu pmoif&efrvdkawmhbl;/ igar;or# cJcuf&mwdk@udk ajzedkifpGrf;&SdjyD; xdk@tjyif tm*k%frsm;
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pmcsGefawmfyg csD;jrSifhvdkufrnf[k rdefawmfavonf/
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um udk;uG,fcJh=uonf/ awmifausmif;Y qufcHaom OD;Om%onf r&Snf=umcJhbJ vlxGufcJhavonf/
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3
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(70)/ 0gawmf (51)0gajrmufcJhavonf/
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touft&G,f=uD;&ifhI avema&m*g ESdyfpufzdpD; cHae&vifhupm; &cdkif&mZ0iftjynfhtpHkr&Sdonfudk
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1? OwkabmZe oHaygufusrf; 1258
2? yÉdporky`g'f yumoeDusrf; 1261

4
3? em&' ZgwfawmfvuFmusrf; 1262
4? uy`0dedp>, usrf; 1270
5? a0&mr%doDv0dep>,usrf; 1273
6? 0domckaygoxokwf ed\,opf 1273
7? orRm0g''Dyuusrf; 1274
8? apm'um 0dedp>,usrf; 1275
9? owWm, y[meusrf; 1274
10? o&%*k%f0dedp>,usrf;
11? 0d*~[e,usrf;
12? ZrŠL'Dy tdENd,e,fyHkusrf; 1282
13? a0&mr%d oacFy orm'geusrf;
14? umvdu 0dep>,usrf;
15? ywWedukZ…eusrf;
16? &mZuUr oacFyusrf; 1282
1&? &cdkif&mZ0ifopfusrf; (y-'k) 1293
18? yk*~vESifh "rR"dXmef 0dep>,yumoeDusrf; 1285
(jynf=uD;r¾dKifpmyHkESdyfwdkuf/ ppfawGjrdK@)
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1? 4if;q&mawmf.pmtkyfrsm;/
2? a&$apwD q&mawmf. r[mrked &mZ0if (t&SifpuUdEN- &cdkifjynf)
3? q&mawmf OD;okre (yOPrajrmuf &rf;jAJ@jrdk@awmifausmif;)

trSmpum;csyf?
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txufrSmaz:jycJjyD;jzpfygonf/ jrifzl;atmifvnf; q&mawmf."gwfyHkudkyg wygwnf;az:jyxm;ygonf/
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wtkyfjzpfygonf/
(pmay0goem&SifwOD;)

5
 &cdkif&mZ0ifopfusr;f
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av./ 'vpm; teENodefvnf; xdkta}umif;udk}um;avv#if Trif;um; rif;jzpfumr#om&Sdao;onf/
rif;jzpfpOfuyif igwdk@rsufESmudk zsufcJhjyD/ umv&Snfvwfv#if tb,foludk tm;emtHhenf;[k jrefrmjynf
tif;0rif;aqGrnfaom yXrrif;acgifxH ppfyefapv$wfvdkufavaomf tif;0rif;acgifvnf; om;awmfrif;&J
ausmfpGmudk AdkvfrSL;cef@v#uf ppfaool&J (3000)ESifh csDvmI jydkif;wdkifawmif&if;a0 a&mufvm./ xdkodk@
ta&S@jynfrS ppfonfwdk@vmonfta=umif;udk 'vpm; teENodefodavv#if 0rf;omtm;&jcif;&SdonfjzpfI
rif;apmrGefodk@ apwrefapv$wfjyD;v#if jcm;em;ykefuefav./ rif;apmrGefuv$wfvdkufaom opfckwf avSckwf
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vwfI teENodefESr apmykndkudk ac:iif,ljyD;v#if ppfxdk;tHh[koGm;av./ 'vpm;vnf; tusGEfkyfudkppfxdk;I
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jrefrmppfa&mufrSef;odI jyefcJh./ avmif;=uufjrdJk@Yvnf; rdzk&m;/ oCF&mZm rl;rwfwdk@onf nDnGwfwdkifyifI
ckcHqD;qdk@ wdkufcdkufav=upOfwGif rif;apmrGefvma&mufv#uf 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om ckcHwdkufcdkuf=uaomfvnf;
rcHedkifacsaoma=ukmifh ouU&mZf (768)ck eawWmfvqkwf (5)&uf paeae@wGif avmif;=uufjrdk@onf ysufavI
jrefrmwdk@ avmif;=uufjrdk@udk&av./ rif;apmrGefvnf; eef;wuf (2)ESpfwGif taemuf ol&wefjynfodk@
xGufajy;&av./ (Tum;&mZ0ifa[mif;tvdkwnf;)?
q&mirnf; &mZ0ifYum; eawWmfvqkwf (5)&uf wevFmae@wGif avmif;=uufjrdk@ysufI apmrGef
taemufodk@xGufajy;ESifhqdkonf/
rif;apmrGefvnf; avmif;=uufjrdK@rSxGufajy;aomtcg trSL;trwf tawmftwefomygavonf? rdef;rum;
yef;,mapmOD;ESifh apmOD;orD; apmrGef&Sifomv#if ygavonf/ c&D;vrf;wGif tvkyftausG; usnf;ajrmif;pGm
aoma=umifh yef;,orD;apmrGef&Sifudk tvkyftausG;jyK&av./ xdkapmrGef&Sifonf (P-3) tvGeft&nftaoG;
ESifhjynfhpHkonf[k=um;avv#if oufrif;ZEWmwfonf vk,lrnf[k=uHav./ ,if;odk@ =uHaomtjzpfudk
rif;apmrGefodavv#if ppfwaumif;odk@oGm;av./ ppfwaumif;OD;pdrod&atmif ol&wefrif;jynfawmfodk@
oGm;avjyD;aomf udk,fwdkifoGm;Ivk,lav./
rif;apmrGefum; ppfwaumif; OD;pDrod&atmif ol&wefrif;jynfawmfodk@oGm;avjyD;aomf ol&wefrif;xH jrJpGm
cpm;Iaeav./ ol&wefrif;vnf; oem;awmfrlI om;toGifuJhodk@ xifrSwfawmfrlv#uf arG;jrLIxm;

6
av./ rif;apmrGefvnf; ol&wefjynfodk@xGufajy;avaomf rif;&JausmfpGmeSifhwuG jrefrmppfonfwdk@onf
t&yfxuf0ef;usifrlum; r&/ x&Humavmif;=uuf wjrdK@udkr#om tpdk;w&jyKI ae}uavukef./
xdkta}umif;udkav#mufxm;I bk&ifrif;acgif=um;awmfrlv#if uav;jrdk@udk pm;aom aemf&xmrif;udk
rif;ajrSmufwefqm (5)yg;ESifh igwdk@ &cdkfifjynf avmif;=uufjrdk@udk ay;awmfrlI om;awmfrif;&JausmfpGmudk
jyefcJhap./ aemf&xmESifh a&$jynfcsrf;omrl;rwfwdk@onf vGefpGmqdk;oGrf;onfjzpfI jrdk@oljrdK@om;wdk@udk
nSif;yef;uvljyKonfjzpfI apmrGefESifh tzwlnDjzpfaom oHwGJjrdk@pm; rif;c&D tvDcifonf yJcl;rif; &mZm"d
&mZfxH0ifavI aemf&xma&$jynfcsrf;om rl;rwfwdk@onf qdk;oGe;f edkifx jrdk@oljrdk@om;wdk@udk ESdyfpufa=umif;ESifh
av#mufxm;ppfyefavaomf &mZ"d&mZfrif;u oH&Sifpm; trwf'deu f dk tif;0edkif[laomtrnfjzifh
AdkvfrSL;cef@I wvdkif;ppfonfaygi;f (50000)ESifhwuG rif;c&DtvDcifudk eef;wif&efapvdkuf./ tif;0edkif
trwf'dev f nf; ol&Jaygif; ig;aomif;ESifh csDvmI avmif;=uufjrdk@udk 0ef;&Hydwfqdk@v#uf wdkuf avaomf
aemf&xmrif;ESifh rl;rwf w&mausmfwdk@udk pD&ifjyD;rS rif;c&DtvDcifudk eef;wifI aemf&xm rdzk&m;
a&$jynfcsrf;omudk ,ljyD;v#if armifcGif[laom wvdkif;trwfudk ouU&mZf (769)wGif tapmifhxm;I
jyefavonf/ wzefwkHvnf; ouU&mZf (P-4) (769)wGif jrefrmwdk@onf csDvmIwdkufjyefav./ trwf
armifcGifESifh rif;c&Dwdk@onf &_H;I armifcGifvnf; wvdkif;jynfodk@ajy;avonf/ rif;c&DtvDcifvnf; up>ye'D
jrpftnmodk@ajy;I aoaX; tao,xH cdkuyfykef;v#dKaeavonf/ umv=umjyD;rS ta=umif;t&mudkodv#if
rdrdorD;ESifh xdrf;jrm;Ixm;avonf//
jrefrmwdk@vnf; avmif;=uufjrd@k wGif jrifpdkif;pm;trwfudk xm;cJhIjyefavonf/ wzefwkHvnf;
wvdkif;wdk@onfcsDvmI jrefrmwdk@udk wdkufjyefavaomf jrifpdkif;onf ajy;cJhav./ wvdkif;wdk@onf Tavmif;
=uufjrdk@a0 igwdk@wm&SnfpGmaeedkfifrnfr[kwfjyD[k igwdk@&cdkifjynfom;tcsdK@udk odrf;,lI wvdkif;jynfrSm jrdK@&Gm
wnfxm;av./ ouU&mZf (770)wGif jrefrmtrwf abmif;vif;pm; vusfmonf iacG;oif;awmifjrdK@udk
wnfvm./ oHk;ESpf&Sdv#if wvdkif;wdk@onf wdkufjyefvmv#uf abmif;vif;pm;vusfmudk&avonf/ xdk@aemuf
ouU&mZf (775)ckwGif jrefrmtrwf uspmG onf iacG;oif;awmifjrdk@udk wnfIaevmjyef./ xdkuspGmudkvnf;
ouU&mZf (778)wGif &ckdifom;wdk@wdkufcdkufv#uf uspGmudk owfav./ xdk@aemuf ouU&mZf (788)wGif
rdzk&m; &Sifbdk@r,fESifh uav;aus; awmifndkrif;wdk@onf jydkif;awdkifawmifajc&if;0,f cs&if;pGJaevmukef./
xdkuav;aus;awmifndkudkvnf; ouU&mZf (788)wGif &cdkifom;wdk@wdkufcdkufojzifh ta&S@jynfodk@ajy;av./
Todk@v#if 19-ESpfESifh 7-vwdkifatmif jrefrmESifhwvdkif;wdk@onf tjyeftvSefwdkufcdkufae=uavukef./
xdkodk@wdkufcdkufaexdkif=uaomfvnf; wdkif;jynfc&dkif edkifiHt0Srf;vHk;udkrydkifbJ rif;ae avmif;=uufjrdk@udkom
vk,ufaexdkif=uavonf/
xdktcg0,f ol&wefjynf&Sdrif;apmrGefonf ol&wefrif;tm; ta=umif;udkav#mufavv#if ol&wefrif;vnf;
igwGif ppfruf&Sdao;I rtm;vyfa=umif;ESifhajym=um;av./ w&Ha&mtcg ol&wefjynfudk 'DvDrif;onf
rsm;pGmaom qif jrif;&xm; ajconfol&JESifhwuG EGm;yrm&Sdaom acG;wdk@udkvnf; rsm;pGm,laqmifcI Jh
ppfuyfvmavaomf ol&wefrif;rSpI jynfom;jynfolwdk@onf (P-5) xdkufvSef@wHkv_yf=uav./
rif;apmrGefvnf; xdkodk@wkefv_yf=uonfudkjrifv#if ol&wefrif;tm; Todk@av#mufay./ crnf;awmfrif;=uD;
tusGEfkyf tpDt&ifudkem;axmifawmfrlyg/ T&efppfudk edkifygvdrfhrnf[k av#mufay./ ol&wefrif;vnf;
ighom;awmf&cdkifrif; Todk@aumif;aomtpDt&ifudk wwfedkifwjyD;um; =uHygavm/ T&efppfudk atmifedkif
awmfrlonf&Sdaomf ighom;t&yfjzpfaom &cdkifjynfudk jyefIpdk;pH&atmif ig=uHawmfrlrnf[k qdkay./
rif;apmrGefvnf; oHk;cG&Sdaom oHuwWK ql;rsm;udk rsm;pGmvkyfap./ ppfc&D;jzpfaom jyif=uD;jyifi,fwGifvnf;
qifjrif;usGHavmufatmif wGif;csnf;wl;apv#uf tay:u aumuf&dk;ajrr_H@wdk@udk zHk;v$rf;apjyD;v#if xm;av./
ppfxdk;=utHhaomtcgjzpfvwfv#if t&mtaxmifaom EGm;wdk@udkowfI om;wdkufcsnf;jyKjyD;aomf oHuwWK
ql;wGifxnfhI ajrjyifwGifypfav./ xdkodk@jyKjyD;rS ppft*Fgjydkif=uavv#if 'DvDrif;onf EGm;yrm%&Sdaom

7
acG;rsm;wdk@udk a&S@wnfv#uf qifvHk; jrif;&Hwdkufvwfv#if acG;wdk@oabmonf om;wdkufudkcifonfjzpfI
oHuwWKql;0,f xnfhIxm;aomf om;wpfudk wckr=uGif;aumufv#ufpm;=u av&m v#mESifhtmudk
xdIcsif;pl;avIrudkufedkifbJ jzpfvwfv#if jyefIcsnf; ajy;cJh=uukef./ qif jrif;wdk@vnf; wGif;0,fcsnf;
usGHavukef./ xdkodk@jzpfpOfwGif ol&wefrif; ppfonfrsm;pGm owfjzwfvdkuf&ukef./ ol&wefrif;vnf;
'DvDwdkifatmifwdkufav./ 'DvDjrdK@udk ppfxdk;jyefavaomf 0g;&kHyiftwd jcH&Hv#uf&Sdaom a=umifh r0ifom
rckwfomI rif;apmrGefudk ar;jyefavaomf rif;apmrGefvnf; waomif;ESpfaomif;aom '*fg;
udkomusGeaf wmfodk@ay;yg/ T0g;&Hkawmudk 0ifedkifygpdrfhrnf[k av#mufayaomf igom;tvdktwdkif;,lawmfr[l l
Iay;tyfav./ rif;apmrGefvnf; 0g;&HkjcHkawmodk@ csnf; '*Fg;udk=uJcJhI ol&wefjynfodk@ jyefvwfcv Jh #if
vlrsm;wdk@onf xdkOpPmypPnf;udkvdkcsifaomtm;jzifh wa,mufw&Hk ckwfxGifwl;az:I &Sm=uav&m
T0g;&Hkawmonf &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;pifav./ xdkodk@pifaomtjzpfudk ol&wefrif;=um;avv#if ol&wefrif;
onf 'DvDjrdk@udk wdkufI&av./ (P-6)
ol&wefrif;um; tvGef 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omonfjzpfI rif;apmrGeftm; rsm;pGmqkv'fay;avonf/
qkv'fay;jyD;v#if ighom;um; rif;pifppfjzpfonf/ TrSwyg; tb,ftwwfudkwwfoenf;[kar;avaomf
rif;apmrGefvnf; Tol&wefjynfY qifwdk@udk a&ul;wwfonfrxifI a&odk@rcsbJ a&udkcwfv#ufomv#if
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apv#uf ygwfvnf0ef;usif usHK;ajrmif;wl;apjyD;v#if qifwdk@udkoGif;yHk zrf;yHkwdk@udkjyavaomf ol&wefrif;rSpI
jynfoljynfom;taygif;wdk@onf csD;r$rf;tHh=o=uukef./
xdktcg ol&wefrif;vnf; Tighom; &cdkifapmrGefrif;onfum; ZrBL'DygusGef;tjyif0,f rif;wumwdk@ rwifbl;
aomaus;Zl;udk ightm; wifay;onfjzpfaoma}umifh ighom;apmrGefESifh igonf udk,fom;ESpfck toufum;
wckwnf;omjzpfonf/ ESvHk;vnf;wckwnf;omjzpf=uavonf/ ig.jynfol&wefESifh ighom;&cdkfifjynfonf
vnf; wjynfwnf;omjzpfap[lI uwdu0kwfajymqdkv#uf rsm;pGmaom qifvHk;jrif;&H &JrufAdkvfygwdk@ESifh
OvHkciftrwfudk t=uD;trSL;jyKI ighom; &cdkifrif;apmrGefudk eef;wifacs[k ouU&mZf (790)jynfh waygif;
vwGif apv$wfvdkufay./ OvHkcifvnf; &cdkifjynfodk@csDvmjyD;v#if rif;apmrGefudkum; eef;rwif rdrdomv#if
avmif;=ufjrdk@wGif rif;jyKv#uf rif;apmrGefudk oHajccsif;cyfI Ag;AlawmifY csKyfxm;av./ up>ye'D jrpfnmY
ykef;csdKcdk0ifI aeol nD rif;c&DtvDcifonf tpfudk rif;apmrGefa&mufa=umif;udk =um;I tpfudxHodk@
vmvwfaomf tpfudkudk oHajccsif;cyfI Am;blawmifY csKyfxm;onfudkjrifI idkav./ tpfudk rif;apmrGef
vnf; idkonfudkjrifv#if vuf0g;umI ridkESifh[kwm;jrpfI nD rif;c&DtvDcifonf trwfi,fudkowfv#uf
tudkem;csnf;uyfjyD;v#if pum;pjrnfajymqdkv#uf rdrdaetdrfodk@jyefcJhI a&mufv#if idkIomaeav./ idkonfh
ta=umif;udk r,m;ar;jref; (P-7) &m ta=umif;udkajymqdkav./ r,m;vnf; rdrdbcif aoaX;tm;
ajymavv#if bcifaoaX;ac:I ae;jref;v#uf ta=umif;udk ao, aoaX;=um;avv#if oGrf;&nfowWd&Sd
aomolwdk@udkac:I OpPmypPnf;ay;jyD;aomf rif;apmrGefudk cdk;,lI ol&wefjynfodk@ajy;=uavuke.f /
rif;apmrGefvnf; ol&wefjynfodk@a&mufavv#if ol&wefrif;tm; ta=umif;udkav#mufavaomf
ol&wefrif;onf jyif;pGmtrsufxGufI 'efygplrmefygpl [laom vufsmtrwf vuf0Jtrwfwdk@ESifh trwf=uD;
qwsmcwf &mZr%dwdk@udk t=uD;trSL;jyKI a&S@xufxrf;ydk;wdk;I qif;vHk;jrif;&H &JrufAdkvfygwdk@udkay;vdkufI
ighom;apmrGefudk eef;wifcJh&rnf/ Ovlcifudkum; OD;acgif;udkjzwfI t&nfudkqkwfjyD;v#if pnf=uuf
I ,lcJH&rnf[k trdef@awmfcsvdkufavonf/ qwsmcwf &mZr%dwdk@vnf; vmvwfI a&mufavv#if
Ovlcif.OD;acgif;udkjzwfI t&nfudkqkwfI pnf=uufjyD;v#if ouU&mZf (790) uqkefvjynfhausmfw&uf
=umoyaw;ae@Y rif;ajrmufwHqmig;yg;ESifhwuG oif;yif;rsm;pGmay;I rif;apmrGefudk avmif;=uufjrdk@Y
eef;wifav./ rif;apmrGefvnf;xdkolwdk@tm; qkvyfrsm;pGmay;vdkufI jyef=uav.//

8
xdkrif;apmrGef. tdrfedrfh arsmufom;awmfolwdk@tm; apmajymuf apmppf[lI ESpfa,muf&Sd./ apmajymufwGif
rif;ausmfESifh rif;rEWmwf ESpfa,mufudk zGkm;jrifawmfrl./ apmppfwGifum; rif;rGefoif[laomom;awmfESifh
apyka&$[laom orD;awmf ESpfa,mufudk zGkm;jrifawmfrlonf/
xdkrif;apmrGefonf taemufol&wefjynfodk@ajy;avaomtcg arsmufom;awmf apmppfudk ukvm;wdk@ &av
onfudk armifawmf uwWolESifh oD[olwdk@onf nSif;rSkwfI awmif;pm;[efjyKv#uf &Sm=uavaomf
awG@IxGufonfudk armifawmfwdk@,lI ykqdk;xkyt f [efjzifh oayghoifzsL;ESifh vdyfjyD;aomf xrf;ydk;ESifhxrf;v#uf
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I r,m;udkawG@avv#if vifudkcGgypfap (P-8) I rdzk&m;ajrmufrnf[k qdkavaomf apmppfonfrdzk&m;rjyk
qif;&JvifESifhom aevdkygonf[k jiif;uefav#mufxm;jcif;jykavaomfvnf; rvGwf/vifudkrD;acsmif;zsm;odk h
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wdk htm;aumif;pGmrpcsD;jrSifhawmfrlv#uf pD;yGgcsrf;omudk&Gufaqmifawmfrlaoma=umifhjynfolowW0gtaygif;
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onf,ufaohyvdkif;ufldayG hcsDv#ufrdfef;ra,mufaqmifjyD;aomf xdkacsm;.awmufzufajrmufzufae=uv#uf
awmufzufurdef;ronffajrmufzufrdef;rudk [,fa&mufr ajrmufOD; ig;&.avm[kar;jref;aomf/ &.[kjyef
ajymav./ wzefajrmufzufurdef;ronfawmufzufurdef;rudk [,fa&mufr 0oJ ig;&.avm[kar;jyef
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avaom Tbufum;ajrmufOD;/ Tbufum;0oJ [kod=uavuke. f /od=ujyD;v#ifajrmufOD;zuf0,f
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awmodk@a&mufavv#if acs jyefIvdkufav./
Todk@vdkuf=uajy;=uonfudk jrifv#if Tt&yfwGif jrdj@wnftHh[k=unfh&_av&m carmif;yif=uD;wyifawG@I
ckwfvSJavv#if carmif;yif=uD;acgif;Y awmufwJhjzl ig;aumif&avonfudk [l;&m;wwfynm&Sdwdk@u
oabFmrjywf a&muftHh[k w&if;bwf=uukef./ Tae&mY eef;awmfudk wnfth[k &Sif;vif;ackwfxGifpOf
ouf=uD;oltdkwa,mufvmI Tae&mwGif aumif;onf[k jyvmay./ xdkjyvmaomajrY &Sif;vif;
okwfoif&m awmifzufem;u ajrjzLwpOhftdk; &jyefonfudk xD;jzLaqmif;aom rif;wdk@csnf;jzpfvwHh [k
w&if;bwf=uukef./ ajrufzufuvnf; ajreDwpOfhtdk;&jyef./ &ionfhtvdk Tjrdk@udk ta&S@taemufu
rif;rsm;wdk@tydkifvnf; jzpfvdrfhrnf[k w&if;bwf=uukef./

9
Todk@ edrdwftwdwfw&if;wdk@udk jrifavv#if rif;ESifhwuG rl;rwf [l;&m;ynm&Sdwdk@onf Tt&yfum;
blrdewfoef atmifajrrSefayjyD/ jrdk@wnftHh[k tcgudk =unfh&_avaomf ouU&mZ (792)ck awmfovif;
vqef;wdwday: w&uf we*FaEGae@0,f jrdk@wnfaomrif; =umoyaw;om;jzpfaoma=umifh rdefvuf uefprf;
ESifh (P-10) jrdk@wnfrl rif;touf&SnftHh/ jrdk@um; touf (3)ESpfwGif ysufvwHh/ uefvuf uefprf;ESifh
jrdk@wnfrl rif;touf (3)ESpfom &SnftHh/ jrdk@oufum; wpf&musnf;&tHh[lI [l;&m;wwfwdk@av#mufayaomf
ightoufum;wdkygap/ jrdk@touf&Snfygojzifh aemufom;aemifvm ig.om;ajr;tpOftquf jynfwdkif;um;
wdk@onf =uD;yGg;xGef;vif; &Snfv#m;ygap[lI qdkawmfrlI uefvufuefprf;Y jrdk@ESifh eef;udk wjydkifeuf
ouU&mZf (792)-ckwGif wnfawmfrlavonf/
xdkjrdk@wnfawmfrlaomtcg awmifndkawmif/ ukuUm;awmif/ ESpfvHk;udk wl;/ jzdk/ nSd edrfhonfum; a&$Oa'gif;
Oudk arsmufapmifhIaeonfudkawG@aoma=umifh jrdk@.trnfudk ajrufOjrdk@[lI trnfonm orkwfawmf
rlav./
4if;ajrmufOD;jrdk@udk t&yf&SpfrsufESmrS cyfodrf;aom &efolwdk@onf rESdkifESif;pOfhaomiSg ewf=uD;&Spf&yfwdk@udkvnf;
wnfay./ rsufarSmifawmf apwDpaom bk&m;ig;qlwdk@udkvnf; aumif;rGefpGm pD&ifI wnfawmfrlonf/
eHpef;oifhatmif xdkxdkaomt&yfwdk@Y tum=uD;tumi,f waxmifwdk@udkvnf; aumif;pGmpD&ifIxm;ay./
xdkodk@jyKjyifpD&ifIxm;avaoma=umifh ajrmufOD;jrdk@udk wpf&musnf;xm;I wnfaomfvnf; jrdk@ouf
qufvufonf&Sdaomfum; tESpfwaxmif/tESpfwaomif;v#ifvnf; pnfyifom,mtHh[lI ewfrsufpd
tjrifudk &aom[l;&m;wwfynm&Sdwdk@onf qdkcJhukef./
rif;apmrGefum; jrdk@wnfIjyD;ajrmufv#if r[krkedbk&m;txHodk@ oGm;avI obif=uD;pGmcHv#uf tvSL=uD;udk
ay;awmfrl./ jynfolwdkif;om; twkwftcGefudkvnf; av#mfuefr#wv#uf aumuf,lawmfrlI =unfjzL
&$ifvef; ay;uef;pGef@a=u;/ csD;jrSifh rpjcif;udk jyKawmfrlonf/ eef;wufI (3)ESpf&Sdv#if tema&m*g onf;xefpGm
jzpfvwfaomf om;awmf&if;jzpfaom rif;ausmfESifh rif; (P-11) rE<mwfwdk@ &Sd=uukefv#uf jynf. pD;ygG;udk
aqmif&Gufjcif;iSg pGrf;edkiftHhrxifI rdrEd Sifhwbwnf;jzpfaom nDawmfrif;c&DtvDcifudk jynfolwdk@.
tusdK;pD;yGg;tvdk@iSg rSmxma;wmfrlv#uf rif;pnf;pOfudk aqmufESif;awmfrl./ rSmxm;jcif;jyKawmfrlonfrSm
ighom;awmf rif;ausmfESifh rif;rE<mwfwdk@onf rdkufrSm;onf&Sdaomfvnf; t0wfjzLEGrf;;ESifh 0rf;0&Hk&Sdygap/
toufqHk;&H_;rpD&ifygvifh[lI vufawmfjzifhudkifI tyfESif;rSmxm;awmfrlcJhjyD;rS rif;apmrGefonf tdrfedrfh (24)
eef;pH avmif;=uufjrdk@rS (2)ESpf/ ajrufOD;jrdk@rSm (3)ESpf/ ESpfpkoufawmf (53)ESpf/ ouU&mZf (795)wGif vGefawmf
rlavonf/ (q&m irnf;&mZ0if &mZ0ifvuFm &mZ0ifa[mif;wdk@udk qifjcifaxmufxm; a&;om;jyqdk
tyfaom rif;apmrGefta=umif;wnf;?
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&mZ0iftapmifapmifwdk@rnDay? tif;apmuf&mZ0iftvdkrl ouU&mZf (792)ckrS apmrGefeef;wufa=umif;
ygavonf/ aemufjyefI eef;&onfhouU&mZfxufyif (2)ESpfaemufusavonf/ "n0wDta&;awmfyHkYum;
rif;xD; om;awmf &mZol oufawmf(60)wGif crnf;awmf &dyf&mudk tkyfpdk;awmfrlonf/ 0&"rR
[laomtrnfudkcHawmfrlonf/ xdkrif;tusifhoDvaomfum; eef;wufawmfrlv#if rl;rwfjynfolwdk@tm;
trdef@awmfydkif;jzwfawmfrlonfrSm a&S; bD;awmf/ bdk;awmf/ crnf;awmfwdk@vufxufawmfu ay;oem;
awmfrlcJhonfh taqmift&Guf pm;aus;jrdk@&Gm ol=uD;uvef tpdk@ tief;om;wdk@rSm om;pOfajr;quf
=uD;pdk;aqmif&GufjrJ&Sdonftwdkif; =uD;pdk;xrf;&Gufap/ wkwfcGef/ b¾mcGef ,loHk;aqmif qufoGif; onfrsm;
rSmvnf; tonfom;wdk@rSm tdrf=uD; q,fojym/ tdrfi,f ig;ojym/ t&dkif;rSm "g;w pif; ,mwcif;v#if
oHk;ojympDom awmif;cHjrJ xHkpH&Sdonfhtwdkif; twdkif;udkom ch,loHk;aqmifqufoGif; ap/ tr_xrf;/
oif;udk&HrSpI 0if;om;/ 'dkif;om;/ [&D/ pD&Dwdk@udk tcGeftwkwf raumufcHapESifh/ tpdk@&if;rSmom
xrf;&Gufaexdkfifap/ rif;rdzk&m;/ rif;om;El;rwfwdk@rSmvnf; a&S@rif;toD;oD; ay;zGJ@xm;cJhI&Sdonfhvludkom
apoHk;ap/ tjcm;olwdk@udk uyfcdkvufchrxrf;r&GufapESifh/ w&m;wabmif vuf&if;ESyfvGef ajrr_/ a&r_/ tdrfr_/

10
aiGr_ (P-12) rsm;pGmrSmvnf; w&m;aqG (4)a,muf/ jynfpdk;=uD; (4)a,mufwdk@ jrdk@ (4)rsufESmu w&m;
r¾yfESifh pD&ifjrJpDudkpD&ifap/ jyD;ajyv#if tr_=uD;I,fudkaxmufI ig;tjymwefonf ESpfojymwefonfudk
pD&ifolu cH,loHk;pm;ap/ rif;&mpdk;xl;qdkI rukefrusapESifh/ w&m;aqGjynfpdk;wdk@pD&ifIrjyD;aomf trwf
av;a,mufpHknD qHk;jzwfap/ rjyD;rl tr_onfESpfOD;udk twGif;odk@0ifap/ cdk;r_ a,mr_rsm;rSmvnf;
&dkufykwfaxmif;owfI rppfraq;apESifh/ ynmjzifhom ay:atmifppf/ cdk;onfrSefv#if pmxdk;I [&Dtpdk@rSm
jznfh/ toufaoqHk;v#if rnfolrqdk aopm;aoap/ rl;rwfr,m;udk jypfrSm;olwdk@rSm rsufESmawmfaq; a&;I
armif;vnfjyD;v#if rdef;r a,musfm;ESpfa,mufudk a&cyfpD&Dtpdk@rSmjznfh/ bdwfodwfq r*FvmykÀm;ESifh
tjcm;ykÀm; ra&mapESifh/ &[ef;oCFmwdkrSmvnf; jrwfpmG bk&m; a[mawmfrl&if;w&m;udk &Snf=umxGef;vif;
atmif oD[dkÉfusGef;/ 0Ã*gr%dvufxuf oD[Ë bmomjzifh tuQ&mwifcJhonfh ydÉduwf oHk;zHkudkom
oif=um;avhvm&rnf/ ykxkpOfwdk@jyKvkyfaom usrf;uefrsm;udk ravhrvmoifh/ aemufudkvnf; usrf;uef
rvkyfapESifh/ 0denf;xdk q&mawmfu edkifatmifjrpf[lI tm%mpum; ydkif;jzwfom;em; xm;awmf
rlavonf/
oufawmf (63)ESpfa&mufaomtcg cspfjrwfedk;awmfral om trwf=uD;tEk[morD; jrwfukef;udk awmifnm
ESif;I bdodyfcHawmfrlrnf/ ynm&SdtrwfrsdK;/ ppfwaumif;pm; 0drvtrwf=uD;udkar;awmfrlav&m trwf-
uD;av#mufxHk;awmfum; t&Sifrif;jrwf rdef;raumif;vuQ%mudk a&S;ynm&Sdwdk@ qdkcJhonfum; ÁwÎdb&d,m
t*FgnDnGwf rdef@rjrwfwdk@ vif0ifvifr_ tEkt&ifh tcGifhtvdrfrm o'Ng&uf&uf &rufenf;yg;
pum;wnf=unf qdkonfwcsuf xGufonfemzG,f ajcmufjypfoG,frl qdkzG,fr&Sd [D&d=ouwf apmifh=uuf
udk,f0,f ysuf&nfoGef;r_ rjyKajzmifhajzmifh trsdK;apmifh./ raxmifhvdrfvuf tdypf 0wfpm; toGm;tae
taptoHk; a&S;xHkESdkif;nSd uwdrvdkuf p&dkuf&kef@=urf; rdef; (P-13) roGef;ESifh rjyGrf;a&maESm oabmwnfhrwf
ol@xufjrwfonf rE<mwfrif;ESifh xdkuf&maom0f?
[lI unm&Sdwdk@rdef@qdkawmfrlaoma=umifh xdkodk@ t*FgvufQ%mESifh nDnmjynf@pHkaom rdef;rjrwfudk
rE<mwfrif;wdk@aomfvnf; bdodyfcHtyfyga=umif; xHk;a[mif;vm&Sdygonf/ avmuDvuQ%musrf;wGifvnf;
&mZa'0Drdzk&m;=uD;onf oDvpm&H oDvtusifhjrJjcif;/ auor,SH qHyifeufIaumif;jcif;/ [dwÎyg' rk'kuH
ajcvufao;oG,fEknHhjcif;/ ta&ta=umif;eufjcif;/ &lyH tqif;vSjcif;/ o'NH toHom,memzG,f&Sdjcif;/ rHoH
tom;E_H;nHhjcif;/ aumov†H rsm;pGmaomarmif;rwdk@. t&dyftajcudkem;vnf vdrfrmjcif; T t*Fg (7)yg;ESifh
rdzk&m;=uD;wdk@ jynfhpHkap&aomta=umif;udkvnf; a7S;a[mif;usrf;*ef tvm&Sdygonf/ t&Sifrif;=uD;. rdzk&m;
jrwfukeo f nf xdkodk@qdktyfaom t*Fgwdk@ESifh jynfhpHknDnmv#if awmifnmxm;I rdzk&m;=uD; ajrSmufxdkufyg
a=umif; ESif;av#mufavaomf jynf&Sifrif;u trwf0drmvodk@ tojymwpfaxmif qkay;awmfrlonf/
w&Ha&mtcg xdkrif;onf a&=uufom;udk pm;csifawmfrlaom pdwf&SdvwfI ynmjzifh qifjcifv#uf
xdkiSuftom;udk pm;csifaompdwf&Sdonfh twdkif; ESkwfjrGwfI olwyg;ydkajymacsaomf igvnf; tpdk;&rif;
jzpfacs./ rif;=udkufaomtpmudk quf&aomf rsufESm&tHh[k rl;rwfjynfolwdk@ xdkowW0gtaygif;wdk@tm;
ESdyfpufzrf;qD; owfnSpfqufacsrnf/ rpm;tusdK; pm;v#if tjypfa&muftHhavm[k =uHawmfrlv#uf
qifjcifawmfrljyefonfum; xdk iSut f om;udk ynm&Sdolawmfaumif;&SmIay;aom tpm;udk pm;&v#if ightm;
tjypfvGwftHh/ ,if;odk@ =uHawmfrlI ynm&Sd0drvudk ac:awmfrlI ESpfudk,f=um; a&=uufom;udk pm;awmf
rlvdka=umif;jzifh ajymqdkawmfrlavonf/ xdktrwf 0drvqifjcifjyefonfum; t&Sifaumif;rS usGefaumif;rnf/
usGefaumif;rSvnf; t&SifYtjypfuif;&monf/ a&S;xHk;a[mif;pum;wGiv f nf; rif;ESifhtrwf nDnGwfxrl
tusifhwlaomf vlvnf;=unfndk ponfjzifh tqdktrSm&Sdonf/ ,QKt&Sifrif;jrwfrlvnf; orRmtmZD0 tpmudk
pm;&vdkI ighudk ar;awmf (P-14) rlonfrSm tjcm;oltm; t&Smxnfh&Snfaomf roefhaom tpmjzifh
ay;vmI rif;xHqufacsrl ightm; ,Hkv#ufpm; pm;rdacsaomf xdktpmvnf; roef@/ ighudk ,Hkaom
tusdK;aomvnf; rif;Yr&Sd/ w&m;vdrfrmaomoltm; &SmaprSoef@rnf[k=uHv#uf "rRygv olawmfwdk@
yifhac:I a&=uufom;udk vdkaomta=umif;udk ajymqdkavonf/ xdk "rRygv olawmf=uHjyefonfum;

11
w&m;oDvjrJaomolwdk@onf um,ormpm& udk,fudkapmifha&Smufjcif;/ ZD0orm pm& ESwfudkapmifh
a&Smufjcif;/ raemormpm& ESvHk;udkapmifha&Smufjcif;/ xdkuHoHk;yg;udk bk&m;ar;awmf rlonfrSm olawmf
aumif;vufeuf xdkuHoHk;yg;vHk;rS olawmfaumif;rSefonf[k qifjcifv#uf ightm;,HkI oef@aomtpmudk
vdka=umif;ESifh trwf0drmv a&Smufavonf/ ay;olvnf;wef@/ pm;olvnf;oef@/ atmifjrpfqdyfurf;
em;awmawmf ightESH "rRygvolawmf &Smavaomf a&=uufiSufwaumif rdrdtav#muf uHukefI
aoonfudkawG@av&m aqmif,lcJhv#uf trwf0drvxHay;avonf/ trwfvnf; aumif;rGefpGm
udk,fwdkifcsufjyD;v#if rif;xHqufav&m jynfh&Sifrif; jrdefpGmpm;awmfac:avonf/ onfwGifrS xdktom;udk
wwfaomESvHk; a0'emawmf uif;jidrf;csrf;awmfrlavonf/
xdkrif; oufawmf (85)ESpfa&mufvwfaomtcg r[mrkedbk&m; vGwfonf/ iv#ift=udrfrsmpGm v_yfonf/
awmvJ;onf/ OuUmysHonf/ ewf tajrmufoH t=udrfrsm;pGm=um;onf/ awmifjydKonf/ eef;odk@ rdp>mewf
0ifonf/ e*g;acs;vGwfonf/ =umoyaw;=u,f vudkxiG f;onf/ pae t*Fgj*dKvfysHonf/ xdkodk@aom
twdwfedrdwfrsm;udk trwfynm&Sd0drv a&SmufxHk;aomfum;/ bk&m;ykxdk;ta&mifvGwfonf/ awmifjydKonf
rsm;rSm rif;Y ta=umif;xHk;a[mif;&Sdygonf/ OuUmysHonf/ e*g;acs;vGwfonf/ t&yf&SpfrsufESm wdrf;aoG;odk@
jrifonfrSm rif;rdzk&m; om;awmf Oy&mZmwdk@ta=umif;/ iv#ift=udrfrsm;pGmv_yfI awmvJonfrSm
jynfolwdk@ta=umif;/ ewftjrmufoH=um;onf/ pae t*Fgj*dKvfysHonfrSm ppfcsDa&muf&maomta=umif;
=umoyaw;=u,f vudkxGif;onf =umoyaw;=u,fysHonf aemHodk@qkyfonf ed,xHk;aeonf rsm;rSm &[ef;
ykÀm;/ rd=uD;/ b=uD;/aqGrsdK;=uD;/ rwf&mwdk@ta=umif;/ eef;wGifodk@rdp>m0ifonfrSm eef;olwdk@ oduQm
ysufaomta=umif;[lI xHk;a[mif;usrf;*efvm&Sdygonf[k trwf=uD;av#mufavaomf jynf&Sifrif;u
0drvtrwf ighuJhodk@vltdkjzpfonf xGuf0ifoGm;vm&m a&$xrf;pifpD;I oGm;ap[k ay;awmfrlavonf/ >
xdk 0&"rRmrif;.om;awmf e&rdwfvS trnf&Sdaom rif;apmrGefonf crnf;awfvufxufa&mufvmaomf
jyLrvGefpm; &mZolorD; a&$qHkudk awmifnmxm;I &mZoludk udk,f&H=uD;trwfcef@onf/ rdzk&m;a&$qHk.
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trwfoGrf;wdk@ESifh obm0tav#muf aysmf&Gifavhvm&Sdav&m/ crnf;awmfvufxufu rSL;a[mif;
rwfa[mif;ol=uD;aus;pm;aumif;wdk hnDawmfoHwGJpm;odk hcsnf;uyfI av#mufwifav onfum; xD;eef;wdkif;
jynfudk oddrf;,lawmfrLygav#muf=uavaomfoHwGJpm;e&Ek trdefhawmf&dSonfum;igwdk homuD0ifrif;quft
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r,l v#ifvufudkpHkv#ufomaeoifhonf/ rdp>mrdkufrSm;r=uH&m[ktrdehf&dSavonf/
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&G,ftrwf0drvav#mufaomxkH;aomfum;a&S;olawmfa[mif;pum;vmonfrmS t&Sifrif;jrwf yifv,fjrpf
a=umif;0J;caemif;Y wdrf;apmif;ry,fom rmvdefrwwf a&a=umif;vGSwfaomful;uyfra&muf&mjynf&Sifrif;
jrwftusifhcsGwfv#if Oyg'fowW0g xHk;a[mif;&dSygonf/nDawmfoHwGJpm;ESifh rl;rwfjynfolwdk hudkrmefawmfra&mH
aumif;yg t&Sif;rif;=uD;onf a&S;bD;awmf bdk;awmf crnf;awmfwdk hESif;rwl (P-16) trdsK;apmif;aomysuf
onfjzpfI nDawmfcsrf;ompGmcrnf;awmfpm;aus;ay;cJhaomoHwGJjrdKhYjidrfoufpGmaeav&m olavSmif/ olqdk;
wdk hpum;udk em;awmfrlv#uf a,mHcrawmf jyLtrwf&mZoludkcefhawmfrlIwpfESpfwpf=udrfwdkufapaomfvnf;
nDawmfY *k%foDvjrJjcif;a=umif;4if; rl;rwfaus;uGsef t*gFpHkpGm&dSonfjzpfI4if; oHk;=udrfysufvm&ygonf/
csDawmfrlrnf+uHawmfrrloifhyg/ a&S;usr;f*eftqdku vd*F&mZfrif;u tomurif;udkppfjyKaomta=umif;ed'gef;
a[mif;wGifq'Nef ajymif;rkef &J[kefESifcsdK; csGefcsGefxdk;odk h tusdK;&dSoifhwdk hcGifhrom r*Fvmatmufajrtae
oifh&mAdkvfygqifjrif; odrf;oGif;rysuf &JrufrjydK &efudkEdSyfESH t=uHynmonfomjzpfcJh ol&Jr&Sm;vuf&Hk;tm;rSm
trSm;trSeftvGeftusL; ol&l;t*Fg rdp>mtusifhedrfhjrifh&Hk;edkif tydkifcJcuf vufeufAdkvfajctaotHk;qHk;
xHk;tjyLavmuf xGif;azmufajrmHrsm; *k%fudk;yg;pHk ynmvHkrSAdkvfyHkryef; Om%fpGrf;e*ƒd wGif;jyif&dSu=uD;bdppf

12
tifjrif;qif&xm; ajconftmESifh av;yg;nDpHka&mufjim;wHkvnf; ydkufcsHKjyD;pD;ppfol=uD;wdk hxHk;rSdD;vdrRmodk hudk
omv#ifppftifav;rnf tyfonfa&S;&dk; &efcsdK;edkifonfoljynfom,m 0wd Homodk hyrmwpfr# tomurif;
ppfwGif&HSK;rnf qdkonfhpum;od=um;pifv#uf ysufonfxHk;pH eENdaoe tomurwfnDnGwfjynfhpHkynmvHkI
AdkvfyHk&efjidrf; uvd*F&mZfol hppfEGrf;ndS; yef;ES,f&dI updupyf=uJnufb&rf;trwfoGrf;ESifhrif;=urf; woGe/f
rmefwHcGefudk uJ;vGefpwif udk,fcsif;ukd,f0,f tvHmrRm,fodk htEWm,fa&mufajy;aygufvrf;rSm; aoaysmuf
jimonfw&m;r&rif;okn/
[lIqdktyfaomxHk;a[mif;&dSygonf/ t&Sifrif;jrwf xkdrSwyg; wHkvnf;olavSmifolysuf aygif;zufpum;rif;=uD;
rSm;rl wdkif;um;rpnfysufwwfonf/ a&S;xHk;a[mif;tvmwGifvnf;
-=uGuf=uD;wGif;atmif; =uGuf*,favmif;/ &Hk;aygif;wGif;udkzsufvdrRnf/
(P-17) -ausmif;wpfq,fudk&Sifi,fwa,mufpm;vdrRnf/
• tifusdDF Fcg;wdk vlydsKtrwfrsm;vdrfhrnf/
• ykwD;vufpGJ vlpOf;vJ;vnf; rsm;vdrfhrnf/
-,if;aomtcg rdk;Cf;r&Gm/ tpmiwfrGwf&Sm;vdrfhrnf/
• iwfjrpfulwdk vlrydk hbJul;vdrfhrnf/
-=uGufrif;ajy;um rZPSsdrmofk ha&mufvdrfhrnf
• jyLESif;wvdkif; ig;Zif&dkif;odk hjyKvdrfhrnf/
-=uGufrif;wzefwGif;odk hjyefsaomf t=uHwGi;f opf&Smvdrfhrnf/
• wGif;opf&cgrsm; r=um=uHrRmukeftHhaom0f/
Todk hxHk;a[mif;wpfaygifxGuf&dSygonf/ wdkif;jynfysuf&maomfwdwf=uD;/edrdwf=uSD;xifjrifonfrSmvnf;
"mwfav;yg; acsmHxcsm;azmufjyefI rdkCf;rSefpGmr&Gm owW0gwdk hvnf;iwfrGwfyifyef; ndS;EGrf;&dyg;&dSonftwGif;
jrdK hpm;&Gmpm; usGef;pm;; acsmif;pm; ay;awmfrlonfrSmvnf; wjrdK hw&Gmwacsmif;wpdk h rSv$wfonfr&dS wdkif;
jynfysufpD;a=umif; raumif;aomtrltusif;udkomjyKusifh=uygonf/ t&Sif;rif;jrwf nDawmf om;awmf aqG
awmf rdsK;awmfrSpI rl;aumif;rwfaumif;wdk hudk rESdyfpuftyfyg ESdyfpufacsaomjynfemygonf jynfemacsrl
&efolay:aygufjynfvHk;arSufI ysuf;pD;jcif;odk ha&mufwwfygonf[lI trwf=uD;av#mufxm;av&m rif;&dk;
rSefv#ufolrdkufwdkhESifhaygif;abmfrdIynm&Sdpum;udkremr,lt,l,Gif;csGwfojzifhtrwf=uD;0drvudkrmef atmif
usGef;odk hydk hxm;avoonf?
,if;aomtcg tif;0rif;acgifu om;awmf rif;&JausmfpGmudk cef@xm;IcsDvma=umif; nDawmfoHwGJ=um;
odavaomf aemifawmfxHokd@ tav#muftwif awmifcGifpm; &efrloludk apv$wfav#mufwifav&m
aemifawmfrl;rwfoGrf;wdk@u nDawmfEiS fhppfjydkifv#uf&SdonfwGif nDawmfvl a&mufvmonfrSm tajzmifhvm
jcif;r[kwf/ tvef@tajcmuftpHktprf; apa&mufvmolomjzpfygonf[k av#mufjyav&m e&rdwfvSrif;
onf Om%fynmenf;ojzifh aemifawmfvl (P-18) awmifcGifpm; &efroludk emusifpGm &mZ'g%fay;I
jyefaponf/ &efrola&mufvmv#if nDawmfoHwJpG m; e&Ekvnf; cdkifvHkpGm wyfpD; wyfeef; urf;twefwef
a=u;wyf a&wyfydkufqdk@v#ufaeavonf/ rif;&JausmfpGmvnf; e&rdwfvSudk wdkufav&m e&rdwfvSrif;
rcHedkifI ouU&mZf (780)wGif taemufukvm; b*Fg (12)jrdk@odk@ xGufajy;ava=umif;ESifh qdkonf/
Tt&mwGif rSefeef;&mZ0if 'kwd,wGJ (54) eHygwfwdk@Y rif;&JausmfpGmonf wvdkif;rif; &mZ"d&mZfESifh
"ve,fwGif ppfxdk;=uav&m ouU&mZf --------- avojzifh tepPa&mufavaoma=umifhESifh
qdkaoma=umifh ouU&mZf (780)jynfhwGif igwdk@ &cdkifjynfudk csDvmIwdkufedkif&efr&Sdaoma=umifh4if;/

13
igwdk@&cdkif&mZ0iftapmifapmifwdk@Y (768) wGifom vma&mufwdkufcdkufa=umif;ESifhqdk=uavaoma=umifh4if;/
pOf;pm;qifjcif&ef &Sdayonf? ? (Tum; trSmpum;csyf)?
xdk@aemuf tif;0jrdk@ bk&ifrif;acgifu prufawmf aemf&xmESifh oRD;awmf a&$jynfcsrf;omudk avmif;=uufjrdK@Y
eef;wifavaomtcg aemf&xmESifh a&$jynfcsrf;omwdk@ tvGefqdk;oGef;I jynfolwdk@udk nSOf;yef;vwfjyef&m
oHwJpG m; e&EkuyJ cdk;rif;&mZ"d&mZfxH0ifavI aemf&xm rdzk&m; a&$jynfcsrf;om rl;rwf rkqdk; oGrf;edkifxuf
jynfolwdk@udk ESdyfpufa=umif; av#mufavaomf &Z"d&mZfrif;u tif;oedkif[laomtrwfudk AdkvFrSL;cef@I
&Jruf av;aomif;ESifh csDoGm;wdkufav&m aemf&xmESifh rl;rwf w&mausmfudk pD&ifjyD;rS e&Ekudk eef;wifcJhI
aemf&xmrdzk&m; a&$jynfcsrf;omudk ,laqmifjyefoGm;avonf/ e&Ekrif;vnf; aemifawmfe&rdwf&Sd&modk@
vlapv$wfI av#mufapaomf aemfawmfcsDvmcJhI ouU&mZf (791) ckwdkif a&mufrS xD;eef;&jrJ &jyefav&m
om;awmfrsm;udk tdrfa&Shray;/ nDawmfe&Ekudk tdrfa&S@ESif;awmfrlonf/ crnf;awmfvufxufu rl;=uD;rwf=uD;
om;ajr;wdk@udkvnf; pD;ppfawmfrlI toD;oD;ynmt&nftav#muf tedrfhtjrifh olaumif;jyKawmfrlav
onf/ (P-19)
trwf ynm&Sd0drvom; jratmifausmfudkvnf; u0dausmftrnfESifh av;jrdk@acsmif;udk pm;a=u;ay;awmfrl
onf/ rif;apmrGef=uD;aom trnfudkvnf;chawmfrlonf/ eef;usI wqJhwESpf &Sdav&m ynm&SdESifhom
aygif;awmfavI aemuf rif;jzpfaotcg a&S;av;awmf bD;awmf crnf;awmfwdk@enf;om usifhawmfrlonf/
avmif;=uufjrdk@udk &efo;lESdyfpufzsufpD;I tESpfwq,fausmfaeavonf/ jrdK@ajymif;awmfrlrnf trdef@awmf
&Sdav&m ynm&Sdtrwf av;jrdk@pm; u0dausmfav#mufxHk;aomfum; t&Sifrif;jrwf wef@tHhaomjrdK@jy
usHK;ajrmif; paom ckepfXgeESifhjynfhpHkpGm yÉd&lypaom puft*Fgav;yg; nDnGwfxGef;vif;aom ae&myif
jzpfapumrl usrf;*ef.vmonfrSm ,wWm t=uifwdkif;jynfY &mZp rif;;onfvnf;aumif; trapPmp
trdkufonfvnf;aumif; rdp>mouFayg rSma;omtusifht=uH&SdonfjzpfI edaABma*g a0zefcJjG cm; ay;urf;
csD;jrSifhjcif;udk rjyK/ pwkuwd*raem av;yg;aom t uwdodk@vdkufpm;avh&Sd./ Amvkyao0aem rdkufaom
olwdk@ESifh aygif;az:,SOfwGJ rSD0J a&maESmavh&Sd./ wH&XH xdkwdkif; edkfifiHonf 'kuQH qif;&JysufpD;jcif;odk@ a&mufonf
ba0 jzpf&./ Todk@usrf;*efvmygonf?
txyfwdkif;jynfrysufrSD t&Sifrif;=uD; xD;eef;pdk;pHawmfrlav - 14 – rlavaomtcgvnf; a&S;rif;wdk@enf;
bdodwfawmfudk rcH&Sdavonf ,QK uH ukodkvfay;vmjyefI xD;eef;wdkif;jynfudk &jrJ&jyef&m bD;awmfpaom
crnf;awmf/ t&Sifrif;jrwfwdk@enf; bdodwfchawmfrljyD;rS jrd@opfajymif;awmfrlavv#if ajymif;awmfrl&ygrnf/
a&S;ynm&Sdwdk@ trSmpmwrf;xHk;rSmvnf; &[ef;wdk@rSm urR0gwif odrf0ifouQm crmw&m; jrJoifha=umif;
rif;wdk@rSmvnf; bdodwfcH&m orRmrif;jrwfaumif;[lI xHk;a[mif;vmonfhtwdkif; &mZyHkwGifvnf;
&[ef;oduQm rif;rSmbdodwf olawmfpdwfudk rzdwfusifh&dk; jrpftrsdK; [lIqdkavonf/ wdkif;jynfowW0g
=urRmuyf Oygwfqdkufa&mufI 11-ESpf olykef;wdk@ rif;rlv#uf&Sdav&m bdodwfawmf r*Fvm& ykÀm;wdk@vnf;
yef;wif apmif;wD; (P-20) [l;&m; pkef;ewf y&dwf&Gwf tpkd@ ykÀm;wdk@ESifh a&maESm&Sdav&monf/
bdodwfr*Fvm ykÀm;wdkha&S@ tpOfusifh&dk; aomfum; tif; rmef; aq; ya,m* [l;&m aA'if
rmef;wwfrsm;udkvnf; ravhvmjcif; a&rcsdK;rSDv#uf aq;uGrf;xrif; ponfwdk@udk rpm;jcif;/ wl&oG,fESifh
pvG,fudk ruGmjcif;/ &moDa&muf rdef;r rD;aeaom rdef;rwdk@ESifh ra&mpyfjcif;/ vifaovifuGm rdef;rudk
tdrfaxmifzufrjyljcif; om;ig; ig;ydrpm;jcif;/ wdkif;oljynfolwdk@ tdrfodk@ vSnfhvnfoGm;vm awmif;pm;
rjyKjcif;/ ydÉuwfusrf;*ef tbd'gefpaom y&dwfr*FvmyDopGm &Gufzwfwwfjcif;/ usef;*efYvnf; &mZbd
aouH ua&maEBe om&jA[Ra% e 0HomEk&uQdwaAŠm [lI &Sdvmawmfrlaoma=umif; bdodwfawmfquf
ykÀm;w@dk. t*Fg (8)yg;ESifhjynfhpHkrS bD;awmf bdk;awmf paom crnf;awmf rif;jrwfwdk@udk bdodwfawmf
quf&ygonf/ bdodwfoGef; a&S;&dk;rSefatmif a&G;ppfawmfrlI bdodwfa&oGef;chawmfrlyg/ ynl&Sdav;jrdk@pm;
u0dausmf av#mufav&m rif;apmrGefuHukefcsdefa&mufv#if =udKufawmfrrl/ ouU&mZf (792)ck awmfovif;
vqef; w&uf we*FaEGae@ uefvufuefpef;ESifh ajrmufOD;jrdk@usk wnfavonf/ jrdk@eef; rjyD;rSD ,m,Deef;ESifh

14
aeawmfrl&m a0'emuyfa&mufI ewf&Gm vGefawmfrlavonf/ emrfawmf =umoyaw; wnf;/ ? 1?
Tonfum; "n0wD ta&;awmfYvmaom rif;apmrGefta=umif;wnf;//
T"n0wDta&;awmfyHkYvmaom pum;&yfrsm;wGif wuf eef;pH eef;us/ ouU&mZftrSwftom;onf
&mZ0ifa[mif;pi\onfwdk@ESif rnDnGwfav&um; &mZ0ifa[mif;pum;twdkif;omv#if rSwfom;ESvHk;rl
oifhonf/ (Tonfum; trSpum;csyf)
rif;apmrGefvGefawmfr;v#if ouU&mZf (795)uqkefvjynfhausmf ajcmuf&uf paeae@wGif nDawmfrif;c&Donf
jynfpnf;pdrfudk tkyfpdk;awmfrlav./ ukvm;trnfjzifh tvDcif[k rSnfhav./
xdkrif;. tdrfedrfh arsmufom;awmfum; apmpHr,fwnf;/ rif;jzpfawmfrljyD;rS rdzk&m;um; apmywmvnf;
wa,muf/ apmuOPmvnf; (P-21) wa,muftm;jzifh ESpfa,mufjzpfownf;/ xdkrdzk&m;wdk@. tEG,f
tqufajrmuf&mwGif apmrmvmESifh apmormESpfa,mufudk zGm;jrifawmfrlonf/ apormudk
wqbwnf;jzpfaom armifawmf oD0&mZfrdzk&m;ajrSmuf&m0,f &Sifapmndk[laom orD;awmfwa,muf
zGm;jrifawmfrlonf/ xdk&Sifap,ndkudk OD;&D;jzpfaom pvuFmAdkvfESifh xdrf;jrm;av&m ,RD;awmf apmyumudk
zGm;jrifawmfrlonf/ apmeef;oludkum; rif;&mZolnjD zpfaom rif;ysdKESifh tdrfaxmifcsav&mwGif
zGm;jrifaomorDa;awmf apmyOPmum; rif;tvDcifrdzk&m;wnf;// xdkapmyOPmwGif avmif;=uufjrdk@pm;
rif;aqGudk zGm;jrifawmfrl./ apmjzLESifh oaX;armif&Sifwdk@. orD;jzpfaom apmyemudk tvDcifrif;onf
ydkufuGefrsm;pGm,lI ig;whxdk;obifcHaomtcgY apywmonf tpfrjzpfol apmjzLxHodk@ tjrefvm&m
tvDcifrif; jrifawmfrlI =unfjzLESpfouf pHkrufawmfrlaoma=umifh odrf;,lI rdzk&m;ajrmufawmfrlavonf/
xdkrdzk&m;apmywmwGif baprif;jzL[laom om;awmfwa,muf bapmrif;ndk[laom om;awmfwa,muf
tm;jzifhESpfa,mufzGm;jrifawmfrlavonf/
xdkrif;tvDcifvufxuf a&S;Y avmif;=uufjrdK@ysufI rif;apmrGef taemufwl&wefjynfodk@xGufajy;avv#if
ta&S@jynfu oHk;&Gmpm;onf oHwJjG rdk@udk wnfaxmiftkyfcsKyfI rif;vkyfaexdkifvmayonf/ xdkoHk;&Gmpm; oHwJG
pm;vGefavv#if apm,ifrD[laom rdzk&m;onf ap&EWrdwf[laom om;awmf=uD;ESifh b,rif;&J[laom
om;awmfti,fESpfa,mufwdk@udk vu,m vuf0Jxm;I wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfv#ufaeayonf/
w&Ha&mtcg apm&EWrdwf. aus;usGefwdk@u t&Sifrif;om.r,fawmfonf t&Sifrif;om;tm; rif;rjyKapvdkyg/
t&Sifrif;om;. nDawmfudkomv#if rif;jyKawmfrlpdrfhaomiSg =uHygonf[kav#muf=uv#ifrif;om;apm (P-22)
&EWrdwfonf tu,fxifrSwf./ =ufyGJupm;aeaomnDawmfudk ac:acs./ nDawmfrif;a&mufvwfI
&Sdcdk;tHh[kjyKonf wGif aemifawmf "g;jzifhckwfI vufESpfzufpHkjywfavonf/ xdkta=umif;udk r,fawmfa&csdK;
tdrfu=um;avaomf 0wfvJawmudkrvJyJ 0wfvJpdk&Grf;ESifh ajy;vmjyD;v#if om;I,fudk ydkufzufIaevm./
rzk&m;onf om;awmft=uD; apm&EWrdwftm; jyif;pGmtrsufxGufI tvDcifrif;xHodk@ tusGefESifhwuG
jrdK@jytm;vHk;udk pdrf;usHK;,lawmfrlvSJhyg[k pmESifhwrefapvdkuf./ apvdkufonfum; ?
atmifndkaAGcsm usGef;vuf,mxuf/ oD'g&pfacG oHwGJajr0,f tkyfaxGzsif;aygif; rrsm;awmif;onf
aqGsugif;rsdK;v,f aumif;uif=u,fodk@ aezG,fup omarmvS&Sifh ESr[ljyD; rif;=uD;ausmfol tvSL'ge
ay'bl;uvnf; - 16- bk&m;vSausmf Om%fawmfwdrf;arm wef@awmwoD *l=uD;*li,f odrfv,f&dkufxGif;
&kyfqif;ESpfql twla&S@qdkif bk&m;jydkifI av;wdkifjyKjim; wnfxm;oifhpGm av;rsufESmvnf; a&$om;a&$aysmif;
v#Hwarmif;ESifh n_d;awmif;Asmyg ndkuif;rSmudk O*~gaumif;r_ &kyfxkESpfql nDaemifwlwdk@ qk,lqkjynfh
awmif;ukefvSnfh[k ac:=unfhaomtm; &Sifrif;rsm;vnf; nGwfwGm;0wf&Hk edAŠmefbHkudk a&mufwHkwnD
r,fESifhqDodk@ avmuD"dXmefpH&ap? ?
armifwdk@ae&m a&$jynfomodk@ vdkufyg[lvnf; rwl&mavm rodarmcJh rif;apm'o bmwduwdk@ 'DyZrŠL
vHk;vHk;csI cGef,lodrf;jref; xD;eef;wnf&m r,fwdk@&Gmvnf; 'Gg&0wD od*FDa&mifv#H jrdk@&SifysH0,f ywf&HoHk;awmif
oHk;qlaemifvnf; &_aomif&_om tmumxufvif; b0*fcsif;r# cyif;ewfvl udk;&mrlom; rsdK;wlZeD;
r=uD;bkef;opf cspfvdk@oem; aemiftm;arwWm oufwdk@ygI o&%myGifh yef;oHk;qifhudk armifESifh"dXmefyef&ap?

15
(TpmESpfydk'fudk oHwGJrdzk&m; apm,ifrdu ay;awmfrlvdkufv#if &cdkifjynfh&Sifrif; tvDcifu jyefvdkufonfh
pmum; Todk@wnf;// /
armifwdk@aerS omarmvSom; ESrrdjzL vdkufawmfrlavm ZrŠr¾dKif a&$7cdkif0,f &Spfqdkif&pfrif; cGefoGif;zsif;ajym
oabFmpif;jyGH qdwfrnhwnfh tvGefxGef;awmuf &_ar#mfapmufom; armufarmufoGef;oGef; (P-23)
a&$eef;jy\'f txGÉfwefaqmif a&$awmif[efvS eef;reef;&H rsufpdrGHI ompHaysmfyg; od=um;olZm
oufusvmodk@ o&%yGifh yef;oHk;qifhudkJ? r,fESifh"dÉmefyef&ap?
Tpmydk'fudkbk&m; apm,ifrdu apvGwfvdkuf aomwrefwdk@udkay;I vGwfawmfr_vdkufavonf?
vGwfawmfrljyd; v#if/ bk&ifrif; tvGcifonf/ ppft*Fgav;yg; ESifhcsDoGm; awmfrlaomf/ acgif;avmif;
wljrpfwGifwyfcsIaeawmfrl avonf/ oHwGJjrdkwGifaeaomoHk; &Gmpm; r,m;/ rdbk&m; apm,ifrdvnf;/ ,if;
odk@zl; awG@&m t&yfudkzl; awmif-[kzl;awmif[kac:=uavonf/ umv=umaoma=umifh cl;awmif[k
wGifavonf/
rdzk&m;apm,ifrdu ppfonf&JrnufzdkvfygESifhtvDcifrif; }uD; tg; w&ufc&D; rSqD; }udKulnDvmay./ xdkodk@
w&ufc&D; rSqD;}udkIulvm&mt&yfudk/ w&ul[lIac:=uav.?
tvDcifrif;=uD; onfou&mZf (799) ckwGifrdbk&m; apm,ifrdESifh wuG oHwGJjrdK@udk &awmfrlv#uf rdzk&m;
apm,ifrdudk odrf;,lawmfrlI jyefawmfrlavv#if rdzk&m;apm,ifrdudk aus;Zl;&SdvSayonf[lI awmifeef;
ajrmufeef; rdzk&m;ESpyg;wdk@. tv,fY eef;tderfaqmufIaeapjyD;aomf tv,frdzk&m;[k trnfudk
cH,lapawmfrl./ ay;awmfrlaom aus;usGefv,fajrwdk@udkvnf; rdzk&m;apm,ifrd aus;usGefv,fajr [lI
toD;tjcm;ydkif;jcm;owfrSwfv#uf xm;ap./
xdkrif;tvDciftm; rdzk&m;wdk@onf apm,ifrdESifhaomf av;a,mufjzpfownf;/ xdkrif;tvDcifum;
rif;apmrGefrSmcJhonfhtwdkif; jynfwHcGef jynf.wefaqmif jynfvuf&Hk; jynfrsufpd jynf0rf; jynfrsufESm
jynftpG,f jynfwefqm jynfwHwdkif; jynfwHcg; jynfwHwm; jynfaqG jynfaps;wdk@udkvnf; jyef@yGg;atmif
pD&if./ jynfolwdk@.tusdK;pD;yGg;udkvnf; &Gufaqmifawmfrl./
qif;&JEGrf;yg;I v,f,macsmif;ajrmif;rvkyfudkifedkifaom (P-24) olwdk@tm; OpPmt&if;tESD;xkwfay;I
vkyfudkifapawmfrl./ awmfovif;vwdkif a&mufv#if ydkufuGefrsm;ESifh ig;wHxdk; xGufawmfrlavh&Sd./
jynfwGif;jynfy vSnfhygwfoGm;vmI aumufyJovJponfwdk@. aumif;raumif;udk =unfh&_I aumif;atmif
qnfzdk@ qD;wm;jyKjyifI vkyfudkifawmfrlap./ jyifv,f aumifupif; ig;r#m;I awG@vwfaomfum; }udrfvHk;
vSifuef jzifh &dkufykwfav./ vrl;ydkufaomolwdk@udkum; qkvwfay;awmfrl. uefpv,foG,faom
olwdk@udkvnf; taumuftcGefudk av#mhnHhI aumufawmfrl. aps;cGef qdyfcGef a&cGefwdk@udkvnf; v$wfawmf
rl./ apwDykxdk; odrf/ ausmif; Z&yf a&wGif; a&uef wHxm;wdk@udk rsm;pGmjyKpkawmfrl./ a&S;uta[mif;
tysufwdk@udkvnf; topfxyfrHjyifqif awmfrlonf/ omoemawmffvnf; aevkvifuJhodk@ awmufyxGef;vif;.
jrdK@udkvnf; axmifusOf;jynfatmif 0oJESifh jrdk@opfudkwJGI "gwf erEWmESifh nDatmif ouU&mZf (812)ckwGif
jrdK@oufqufI wnfawmfrljyefavonf/ pkwfu&mESifh ppfwaumif;udkvnf; udk,fwdkifcsDI &acs./
xdkrif;um; ta&S@jynftiif;0rif; e&y"dESifh qufpmo0%fpmwrf; ay;urfa;wmfrl=uI rsdK;aqGzGJ@=uv#uf
ouU&mZf (816)ck wef;cl;vqef; (6)&uf wevFmae@wGif zdk;acgifawmifxufY EKSwfqufajymqdkawmf
rl=uaomtcg tif;0rif;e7y"drif;=uD;rSmvnf; rdzk&m;upI armif;r rd\H rl;rwfr,m;wdk@onf yg=uukef./
igwdk@tvDcifrif;=uD;rSmvnf; xdfk@twl 4if;ygawmfrl./ rif;rSmvnf;rif;csif;/ rdzk&m;rSmvnf;rdzk&m;csif;/
rif;om;rSmvnf; rif;om;csif; rif;orD;rSmvnf; rif;orD;csif; rif;aqGrsdK;wdk@rSmvnf; rif;aqGrsdK;wdk@cskif;
rl;rwfwdk@rSmvnf; rl;rwfwdk@csif;/ rl;rwfr,mf;wdk@rSmvnf; rl;rwfr,m;wdk@cskif; Todk@ tcspftcifzGJ@=uv#uf
ausG;arG;pm;aomufawmfrl=ujyD;v#if tif;0e&y"drif;=uD;. tajcGt&Hi,fom;wdk@onf txl;xl;aom
t0wfwefqmwdk@udk qif,if=uukef./ igwdk@tvDcifrif;=uD; ajcGt&Hwdk@um; tjzla&mift0wfudkom
0wfqif=uukef./ tif;0rif;r&y"dvnf; cef@jcm;&dkaoaoma=umifh igwdk@tvDciff. qifawmfudk rpD;0Hh&Sdonf

16
udk igwdk@tvDcifrif; jrifawmfrlavv#if tif;0e&y"drif;udk qifawmfodk@ igwdk@tvDcifrif; wufpD;
awmfrlaomtcg "g;i,fwpif;udk vufajrSmuft[efuJhodk@ urHoHjzifhjyKvkyfjyD;aomf vufYudkifv#ufvm
awmfrlav./ tif;0rif; e&y"d. rl;rwftaygif;wdk@onf igwdk@rif;tvDcif qifawmfudkpD;Ivmawmfrlonfudk
jrifavv#if qifawmfudk armif;ESifawmfrlyg[k e&y"drif;tm; rsuf&dyfjy=uavukef./
e&y"drif;=uD;vnf; ightm; rif;csif;wumwdk@ uJh&Jh&maomta=umif;jzpf&monf[k eSvHk;jyKv#uf
om;awmftquf ajr;jrpfwdkifatmif cspfcif=uifema=umif;udkomv#if &wemoHk;yg;udkwdkif=um;I uwdopPm
jrJpGmqdkjyFD;aom tif;0e&y"drif;u wodef;xdkfufaom ywWjrm;vufpGyfudk ay;awmfrlavonf/ igwdk@ tvD cif
rif;uvnf; tbdk;wodef;xdkufaomykvJoG,fudk ay;awmfrlonf/ rdzk&m;tcsif;csifd;vbnf; vufpGyf
vufusyf t0wft&Hkwdk@udk vJz,f=uukef./ xdkodk@ vJ=ujyD;aomf rif;ESpfyg;wdk@onf =unf=unf omom
a[majym=uv#ufa&ajredkifiHtydkif;tjcm;udfkrtSwfom;ydkif;jcm;awmfrl=u./rSwfom;awmfrl=uonff rSm
zdk;acgifawmif&dk;ta&S@uvnf; a&usudk &wemyl&tif;0edkifihjzpfap/ zdk;acgifawmif&dk;taemufuvnf;
a&usudk "n0wD &cdkifjynfedkifiHjzpfap[k ydkif;jcm;awmfrlavaomf olwdk@bufYaygufaom jruf 0g;
opfyifwdk@onf olwdk@zufodk@ nGwfukef./ igwdk hzufYaygufaomjruf0g;opf yifwdk honf igwdk hzufodk hnGwf
ukef./ tv,fYaygufaomjruf0g;opfyifwdk honfwnfhwnfhrwfrwfaygufukef. rif;ESpfyg;wdk hvnf; xD; jzL
rSpI taqmifa,mifrif;cef;rif;em;wdk hufk wpfyg;udk wpfyg; vJvS,fawmfrljyD;v#if ouU&mZf(816)ck wef;cl;
vqef;(6) &ufwevFmae hwyfpOftwdkif;qkwfIaejynfawmfodk hjyef=uavuke. f /
jyefIa&mufawmfrl=uavv#if e&ywdrif;=uD;udkrl;rwfwdk hu&cdkifrif;onf (P-26) t&Sifqifawmfxufwuf
pD;onfumvusGefawmfwdk huqifawmfudkeif;yg[krsuf&dyfjyonfudk owdjyKawmfrlyg[kav#muf=uava=umif;
udk igwdk htvDcif rif;=ud;=um;awmfrlavaomf olwdk hrif;qifodk hwuf;pD;aomtcgvufYudkifv#ufygaom
urHoHjzifhvkyfaomvufajrSmuft[efuJhodk h"g;i,fudkpJGudkifv#uf e&ywdrif;;.trwfudk ac:apjyDa;aomf
vuYudkifygaom"g;i,fudkjyv#uf Todk hqdkawmfrl./ tpfudkwdk hpum;udk tpfudkwdk hrif;vdkufrdacsaomfig
vnf;qHk;acstHh/ urBmywfvHk;rif;wumwdk huJh&Jhjypfwifjzif;udkvnf;igcH&avtHh[kqdkawmfrlavonf/ xdkodk hqdk
awmfrlaompum;udk e&ywdrif;. rl;rwfwdk hvnf;[kwfygayonf[k0efcH=uavukef./
w&Ha&mtcgY apmyOPmem&D wGifzGm;jrifawmfrlaomom;awmf avmif;=uuf;pm;rif;aqGonf rdzk&m;
apmybmwGifzGm;jrifawmfrlaomom;awmf bapmrif;jzKESifh bapmrif;ndKwdk hudkomIcspfcifaoma=umifh
bapmrif;jzLudk tdrfa&S hay;awmfrlavv#if rmefawmf0ifIo#rf;jynfjzpfaomuav;jrdK hodk hajy;cJ hIo#rf;wdk h
udkrDScdk&mjyKv#uf ouU&mZf(820) jynfh ewfawmfvqef;(9) &uf we*FaeGaehYJajrmufOD;jrdK hudk o#rf;wdk h&Hvm
ukef./ xdktvDcifrif;vnf;oufawmf=uD;vSjyD;jzpfI Oa=omjyom'fxufoHv#ufpGJ awmfrlv#uf jrdkawmfucH
awmfrl./ om;awmfrif;aqGufkd jrdK h&if;ac:I rif;a&;rif;&mtav#mufajymqdkawmfrlI rjyD;vdkrS i&Jcwf [l
aomqifawmfudk,lapawmfrljyD;aomf aiGzsOf;0,f t&ufysHxnfhIwdkufavjyD;v#if qifxdef;ESif;wuGjrdK hjyif
odk h xkwfawmfrlvdkufIo#r;f wdk hwyfudk wdkufavaomfo#rf;wdk honfqifyHkjrif;yHkjzifh=udKvifhukef./qif;jrif;t
pHktnD0,ftJ;armif; vSH&Snfwdk hjzifhwu dk f=uESifhonfudk qifawmfi&Jcwfonf ESarmif;jzifhodrf;jyD;aomf&efolwdkh
xdk;ypf=uaomvSHudk&atmifzrf;Ieif;csdK;v#ufxdkolwdk hzufodk hcsnf;ypfavv#ifxdkolwdk hY rSefavIpl;&SaygufjyJ
ukef./ xdkaemufolwdk hu=uD;pGmaomqifpkjrif;pkjydKifI=udKvifhonfudk csGHcsGH&Gwf&Gwf xdk ;a0S havv#ifol hqifpk
jrif;pkwdk honfz&dkz&JjydKuGJav./ uGJ;avv#if &Jruftm;vHk;xGm;xGm;ysufav./igwdk h&JrufAdkvfygwdk honfxdk
o#rf;wdk (h P-27)udk OD;vnfudkjzwfavIyHkxm;aomawmifudko#rf;awmif[k,ae hwdkifatmifac:wGifavonf?
tvDcifrif;onf t&Sifzrf;&aomo#rf;wdk hudk ay [laomt&yfY&GmwnfaxmifIxm;av./ xdk&Gmudk,ae h
wdkifatmif o#rf;&Gm[kac:wGifav.?
xdkrif;tvDcifum; jynfoljynfom;wdk@udk rpjyKpkcsD;jrSifhjcif;udk jykaoma=umifh t&yf&Gmjynfolwdk@onf
wa&$@a&$@ pnfyifom,m=uD;yGm;vm./ xdktvDcif rif;um; tdrfedrfh 42/ av;q,fESpfESpf/ eef;pH 25ESpf/
ESpfq,fig;ESpf/ ESpfpkoufawmf 67 ajcmufq,fhckep fouU&mZf (820)jynfhwGif vGefwmfrlavonf/ eHawmfum;

17
t*Fgom;wnf;// - 20- ? (Tonfum; &mZ0ifa[mif; q&mirnf;&mZ0ifwdk@Y vmaom tvDcifrif;.
ta=umif;wnf;/
"n0wDta&;awmfyHkYum; rif;apmrGefvGefawmfrlavv#if xdkrif;.nDawmf tdrfa&S@rif; e&Ekonf ouU&mZf
(792)ckwGif eef;awmfwufawmfrlavaomf txuf aemifawmf rif;apmrGef ukvm; yqmrif;xHppful b*Fg
(12) jrdK@udk vufaqmifjyKIawmif;av&m '*Fg; wHqdyfudk ukvm;rif; vufrSwfESifh cHygrnf[k
uwdqdkcJhbl;aoma=umifh aemifawmf rSmcJhonf tm%mawmftysufap&/ ukvm; yqmrif;vufrSwf
udk ,lavI tvDcif[laomtrnfudkcHavonf/ xdktvDcifrif;vufxuf tif;0rif; xlyg&Hk 'g,um
e&ywdrif;csDvmI zdk;acgif EG,fcsdKawmifodk@ a&mufvmaom tvDcifrif;vnf; csDoGm;v#uf urmwGif
cs7yfaeawmfrlI tif;0rif;xHodk@ trwf O\vif;pm;udk apv$wfawmfrlvdkuf&m ay;awmfrlvdkufaom
&mZoHum; Áwdydaomb*0g oGuQmawm oky`ÉdyaEMm paom*k%fawmfw&m;oHk;yg;ESifhtnD y&d,wWd yÉd
ywWd yÉda0' omoemawmf rn_d;EGrf;ap&/ rlvoduQm rif;orRmwdk@ cH&maom bdodwfw&m; q,fyg;aom
rif;usifh q,fhESpfqef;aom t*Fg =ud,ma'o oduQmusufoa& av;axGoCF[ epPjrJpGm t0dZ…mESifh
w%Smydkufaygif; olraumif;ESifh uif;a=umif; vkvudkom ynmAv (P-28) jykv#uf rif;wdk@tm; ig;yg;Y
p&drm qkwf,kwfwwfaom vuf&Hk; rmetm;udkyg,fI teD;ta0;ra&G; yuwdw&m; ckepfyg;ESifh owW0gwdk@udk
apmifhxdrf;v#uf tkyfuGyfpD&ifavh&Sdaom ajrmufOD; a&$jrdK@awmf=uD; t&Sif=um;a&mufvdkufonf/
tif;0a&$jrdK@&Sif t=unfawmf vlowW0gwdk@. "avh pm&dwWoDv 0g&dwWoDv xdkESpf0aom w&m;udkom
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awbkrRu0Éf tv,f tjrifhtedrfh awGjrJ"rRwm edAŠmefrS zDvm ork', opPmudkom avhvmtm;xkwf
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&efrvGwf&Sdjyefavonf/ twdZmw yÉdoaEN ESifh pGJ&if;rSefI eduQr ouFy` jzifh qdwfjidrf&modk@
xGufoGm;avI um,0dnwf 0pD0dnwf raemorwfESifh nDnGwfjynfhpHkapv#uf orRmynm wufrudk
ajzmifhrwfpGmudkifI tvGef=uD;us,fpGm Av0grkc ork',0J; w%SmtdkifjrpfxJrS cGg&SJ;ul;ajrmufawmf
rlavonf/ tEkZmw yÉdoaE< jzpfrl rdb yÉdoaE< ay;olwdk@. xHk;pOfvmudk usifh=uHjrJpGJv#uf touf
xufqHk;ae&monf/ t0Zgw yÉdoaE< aeaom om;awmfum; a&S;ynm&Sdwdk@ xHk;udkr,l/ qdk;oGrf;aysmf&$if
obifavhvm pdk;,pfrsdK; aomufcsdK;rufarm twWaem r[d rdrdt=udKufudkom tbdZPsm w&m;jzifh
olwyg;OpPmudk vdkjcif; Asmygww&m;jzifh olwyg;udk jidKjiifysufp;D atmif jyifqifjcif;/ rdp>m'dXd w&m;jzifh
trSm;tvGef azgufjyef ,Gif;csGwf ESvHk;oGif;cef; wa=umif;wHkvnf; orRm olawmfaumif;wdk@ESifh acwW
aygif;abmfcJhbl;aom p=um& rE<mwfrif;onf rdp>mOm%fjzpfyGg;I od=um;rif;pnf;pdrftvHk;udk
odrf;usHK;xyfrSm;acsI b0rjcm; 'dX"rR ysufpD;&ava=umif;ESifh rE<mwkZgwf usrf;*efvmacsonf/ oD&d"rRm
aomu rif;rlvnf; ZrŠL'DygwusGef;vHk;udk tpdk;&aomrif;jzpfawmfrlv#uf xdkrif; uHpHcsdefeD;wGif trSm;udk
trSefxif (P-29) I wd&p>mefbo a&mufa&mufava=umif;ESifh uxmpum; &mZ0ifrsm;Y ynm&Sdwdk@
oufaojyqdkcJh=uavonf/ Tonf usrf;*efuxmrsm;udk ESvHk;oGif;I ta=uawmfvnf; rif;rnfumr[kwf
tvmaumif;v#uf tjyefrapmif;ap&/ udk,furuGm orRm &Spfxyf ppfuGyfvdrRm ynmvufeuf ydk;yk&Gufodk@
ppfwyfvm=u avmuol&ef &efolykef;udk tukefowfjzwf tcGgwwfrS jrwf&modk@ a&muf&rnfta=umif;udk
=um;a&mufvdkufonf t=unfabm/
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av#mufavaomf e&y"drif;uvnf; awmifwGif;pm; vuf,mapoludk oHbwfcef@I ay;vdkufaom
&mZmoHum;

18
ocFg& 0dum& vuQ% edAŠmef ynwfwnf;[laom aO,s"H w&m; ig;yg;wdk@udk rodrjrifapwwfaom t0dZ…m
zHk;v$rf;jcif;a=umifhowW0gwdk@ epfjrKyfv#uf&Sdonfudk u,fwifvdkaom orm"d todtrSef vHk@vtusifh
t=uHawmf tm;xkwfaom owWda=umifh uif;&mjzpfaom tocFw "gwf tjrJwnf&m edAŠmefqdyfoD;odk@ ig
ul;ajrmufjyD ykey`KeH wzef ighudk eifwdk@rESdyfpuf&jyD yXr Ak'<0pe pum;awmf taeuZmwdoHom&H *gxmudk
O'gef;usL;awmfrljyD;rS vloHk;yg;wdk@tm; ukovm"rRm tukovm"rRm tAsmuwm"rRm w&m;udk a[mawmfrl
onf ukov tukovm xdkESpfyg;aomw&m;awmfonfum; aumif;usdK;raumif;usdK;[lv#uf
tpOftm;jzifh nm%fenf;olwdk@odavpGm xdk,kwfrmaomrolawmfw&m;ESifh qufqhjcif;rjykaom rZPsdr
yÉdyÉm olawmfaumif;vufeufjzpfaom tAsmuw w&m;apmifhavh&Sdaom &we yl&tif;0a&$jrdk@awmf
t&Sif=um;a&mufvdkufonf/ ajrmufOD;a&$jrdK@awmf=uD; &Sift=u,fawmf owW0gwdk@wGif orRm'dXd/ rdp>m'dXd
ESpfyg;&SdonfY rdp>m"avhrSm oHo&mrukef puf0Éfw&m; rjywfaomtr_ (P-30) rsm;a=umifh Zmwdjzpfv#uf
&rRufruGm cE<m&kyfeH tzefwvJvJ jrjwwfaom owWd cdkifcHjcif;orRmynm olawmfaumif;um;
wa,mba0 paom 0ÉfoHk;yHkudkjrifojzifh w'*Fy[mef 0duQHrBe y[ef orkap>'y[ef w&m;ESif wyfaom
w%Smork',opPm pGJ&m ukodkvf tukodkvf xdkESpfyg;udk uif;apI um,okc pdwWokcudkom chpm;aeaom
yk*~dKvfjrwfxH oef@&Sif;aom ypPnf;av;yg; ay;vSLcJhbl;aom trsdK;axmiufyHhav&m avmuDpnf;pdrf
ae&dyfyrm pifudkv#uf taumif;xHrSm;w&m;vGwfacsv#if tvmtjyef rdp>mOm%frif; tvif;odk@ra&muf
0JatmufwGif;om vl;vmyeuf usdefpm&Gwfodk@ rysufcE<m oHo&mY rdp>mwdjrJa=umif; olawmfaumif;
qdck Jhaom usrf;*efudkodI &uQyl& wdkif;ajrmufOD';jrdK@jynfolwdk@onf trsdK;Zwfwl t,lrjcm;
w&m;nD=uv#uf rormaomtr_ rjykrusifhtyfaomt=uHudk usifh=uH=uava=umif; =um;od&I omoem
awmf r,nfhrarS; oifjyqHk;rrnfvmcJh&m t=u,fawmfvnf; rif;orRmw&m;wdk@ESifh jrJjrHpGmowW0gtaygif;udk
apmifhxdrf;a=umif; trwf O\vif;pm; wifav#mufcsuftwdkif; o0%fpmwGifvnf; olawmfaumif;wdk@
t*FgjynfhpHkpGmygvmonf/ w&m;vdrRm omoemawmfudk apmifha&Smufwwfaom rif;csnf;jzpfI "rRo0e
pnf;a0;ajymqdk=uv#if omoemawmfyGifhvif; owif;t&Snf pnfxGef;rnfhta=umif;udk =um;vdkufonfh
t=u,fawmf/
Tpmudk a&$aywGifa&;I O\vif;pm;ESifh twl awmifwGif;pm; vuf,mpnfoludk xnfhvdkufav
onf/ ,if;odk@ xnfhvdkufjyD;aemuf rif;ESpfOD;wdk@vnf; awG@=uHK=uavaomf olawmfaumif;pum;udkom
ajymqdkawmfrl=uavI rif;csif; rdzk&m;csif; rl;rwfcsif; qif0wfaom wefqmudk vJvS,fqif,ifawmfrljyD;rS
toD;oD;e,fjyfawmfodk@ jyefawmfrl=uavonf/
w&m;vdrRmaom rif;ESpyg;jzpfI rolawmf rdp>mwdk@ pum;udk remr,l obm0wl=ujcif;a=umifh ESpfjynf
rdwfaqG=uD;pGm 0ifv#uf bk&m;paom (P-31) olawmfaumif;wdk@ csD;rGef;xGef;vif; usufoa&wdk;wuf
awmfrl=uavonf[I l qdkavonf/ (Tonfum; "n0wDta&;awmfyHkYvmaom tvDcifrif;.
t=umif;wnf;?)
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av#mhavonf/ Tonfum;trSmpum;csyf )?
xdktvDcifrif; vGefawmfrlavv#if om;awmf bapmjzLonf ouU&mZf (820)jynfhwGif xD;eef;wdkif;jynfudk
tkyfpdk;awmfrlav./ ukvm;wdk@ rSnfhtyfaomtrnfrSm uvr,smwnf;/ xdkrif;.rdzk&m;um; apmeENDvnf;
wa,muf/ apmxifvnf;wa,muf tm;jzifh ESpfa,mufjzpfownf;/ rdzk&m;apmeENDwGif om;awmf
rif;a'gv#mudk zGm;jrifawmfrlonf/ apmxifYum; *gr%dESifh e&ywd p=uFmrif;om;ESpfyg;udk zGm;jrifawmf
rlonf/ xdkrif;=uD; uvro#mum; av;urHt&m0,f to'do ZmwfY vmaom bk&m;avmif; to'do
ukrmuJhodk@ vGefpGmwwfusGef;awmfrl./ rsufpdjzifhrjrifbJv#uf tdk;xJY&Sdaom ig;udk vuf0Jrsufpdudk rSefpdrfh

19
rnfqdkI ydwfawmfrlv#ifrSefavonf/ vuf,mrsufpdudk rSefpdrfhrnfqdkI ydwfv#fvnf; rSefavonf/
nnfhtcgY qHjcnfudk =udK;ESifhqGJI xm;apjyD;v#if toHudkemcHIypfavv#if qHjcnfudkrSefavonf/
xdkuvro#mrif;=uD;onf tpGrf;cGeftm;ESifhvnf; jynfhpHkonf / avmu"Ht&mYvnf; vGefpGmwwfajrmuf
awmfrlonf[k tif;0rif;e&ywd owif;pum;=um;avaomf vufoHk;opf txl&Sdaom oHjym;udk
aygufedkiftHhavm[k ar;awmfrlvdkufonfudk igwdk@uvro#mrif;=uD;onf &ifjyifawmfY av;udk axmufv#uf
av;udkwifawmfrljyD;v#if jrm; ckepfcGsefudk ypfvdkufavaomf vufoHk;opf&Sdaom oHjym;udk jym;ckepfcsGefonf
azgufxGif;avonf/ jym;ckepfcsGefwdk@. t=um;onfvnf; ta0;tuGm twltr#&Sdav./ xdkjrm;ESifh
oHjym;udk tif;0rif; e&ywdxHodk@ ydk@vdkufav&m tif;0rif;ESifh rl;rwftaygif;wdk@onf tvGefthH=o
csD;rGef;=uukef./ (P-32)
xdkuvro#mrif;. oefpGrf;aom usGefaumif; rlrwftaygif;wdk@onf rsm;pGm&Sdukef./ ukodkvfaumif;r_
udkvnf; rsm;pGmjyKawmfrl. ay;urf;pGef@=uJjcif;udkvnf; rsm;pGmjyKawmfrl./ omoemawmf.pnfyif jyef@yGg;
xGef;um;avatmif wnfwef@atmifcsD;ajrSmufawmfrl./ trsufawmf&SdaomtcgYum; ol@toufudk [if;
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awmfwdk htm;=udD;pGmaomtvSLudkay;awmfrlonf? ouU&mZf(833) ckwGifjrdkK hopfusHk;ajrmif;wl;awmfrlonf/
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xdkuvro#mrif;=uD;onfouU&mZf(843) ckewfawmfvwGiftaemufppfwaumif;odk hcsDawmfrlavI wdkuf
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aomukvm;ppfonfwdk honftaxmifruaoa=uysufpD;=uaoma=umifhajy;=uavukef./ rif;=uD;ypftyf
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csDwufwdkufcdkuf awmfrl./ aumufuwefjynfatmif zsufqD;wdkufcdkufodrf;,lawmf rlavonf/

20
xdkuvro#mrif;=uD;Y a;gv#m[laom om;awmfESifh *gr%d[laom om;awmf ESpfa,muf&Sdawmfrl./
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awmfuvro#mrif;=uD;onf tdrfedrfh (30)/ eef;pH(23)/ ESpfpkoufawmf(53)ESpfwGifvGefawmfrlavonf/
eHawmf =uoyaw;om;wnf;/ 3?
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qifusHK;wGif qifjzlwpD; &awmfrl./ ukvm;wdk@trnftm;jzifh arm&o#m[kac:[kac:./ qifjzLawmf
&aoma=umifh qifjzL&Sif [lIwGif./
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wusdyfwa,mufjzpfownf;/ wusdyfwa,muf[lonfum; ol&cdkifvnf;wa,muf a&$tdrfonfvnf;
wa,muf rdapmvSvnf;wa,muf/ wefaqmif;r,fvnf;wa,muf apmxifvnf;wa,muf apm&kpm
vnf;wa,muf yifyef;ajymufvnf; wa,muf rif;yef;vSvnf;wa,muf rif;yef;zsm;vnf; wa,muf
ajrmufeef;rdbk&m;vnf;wa,muf awmifeef;rdzk&m;vnf;wa,muf wa,muftm;jzifh wusdyf
wa,mufwnf;?

21
xdkrdzk&m;wdkwGif rdzk&m;apmyef;zsm;Y rif;&efatmif[laom om;awmfwa,mufzGm;jrifawmfrlavonf/
rdzk&m;rif;yef;vSwGif oRD; (P_36) awmf apmrdapmESifh zGm;apmrif;ESpfa,mufudk zGm;jrifawmfrlonf
rdzk&m;apm&kpmwGif oZmwESifh rif;acgif&mZmudk zGm;jrifawmfrlavonf/ r,fawmfrdzk&m;=uD; apmeENDudkum;
xD;=uD;xuf xD;I,fig;aqmifwifI aqmif;apawmfrlonf?
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jyefvnfawmfrlcJhonf/ jyefa&mufawmfrlv#if qifjzLawmfvnf;aoav./ xdkqifjyL&Sifrif;=uD;um; tdrfedrfh
(27)ESpfq,fhckepf/ eef;pH 10 q,fESpf/ ES[pfpkoufawmf 37 oHk;q,fckepf/ ouU&mZf (853)ckwGif vGefawmf
rlavonf/ eHawmf=umoyaw;om;wnf;/ / 4 /xdkrif; a'gv#mqifjyl&Sifrif;=uD; vGefawmfrlv#if taxG;awmf/
bapmrif;ndkonf I,farsmufom;awmf apmaxG;r,fESifh ouU&mZf (853)ckwGifjynfpnf;pdrfudk tkyfpdk;awmf
rlav./ ukvm;trnftm;jzifh r[marmo#m[kwGif./ eefwufjyD;aomfqifjzlawmfr,fawmf apmeENdESihf
rif;*%Smrdudkrdzk&m;t&mwifajrSmufawmfrlav./
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taygiftvufzsufI azmufESifhwifIa&wGifar#mvdkufavonf/ xdkbapmrif;ndkum; tdrfedrfh(57) ESpf/ eef;pH
(2)ESpf/ ESpfpkoufawmf(59)ESpf ouU&mZf(855)ckwGifvGefawmfrlavonf/ eHawmfwe*FaeGom;wnf;?5?
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onfxifrSwfI 'g;ESifhv$m;udkpJGudkifv#ufuIyifcHvifh./ pvuFmolvnf;oD[ygonf tb,foltvdk hiSmuI
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enf;[kar;jyefaomf oD[ygvnf; wlawmfr&Sdv#if OD;&D;awmftrSLudkxrf;&GufygtHh[kqdkay./ pvuFmolvnf;
rif;&efatmif.OD;acgif;udkjyav./ oD[ygjrifv#if 'g;ESifhv$m;udkcsI pvuFmolajcudkOD;wdkufv#ufidkay./
xdkrif;&efatmifum;tdrfedrfh (9) ESpf/ eef;pHajcmufv/ ESpfpkoufawmf udk;ESpfEiS fhajcmufv ouU&mZf(856)ck
wGifvGefawmfrlavonf/ eHawmf Ak'<[l;om;wnf;/ 6?
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xdkrif;um;a&S;vGefavaomrif;wdk honfarhavsmhacgif;yg;aeavonfjzpfI&efolwdk hykef;pm;7maomta=umif;
udkodI0if;awmfwHcg;udkaehoHk;em&DwGifydwf&onf/ aexGufoHk;em&DrSzGifh&onf?jrdK hwHcg;udk um;ae0if oHk;em&dD
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&onf / tapmifht&Smufvuf0Jvuf,mudk,f&Hawmfom;wdk hudkpD&ifItoifhxm;awmfrl./ xdkrif;um;
tdrfedrfh (40) eef;pH(7) ESpf/ ESpfpkoufawmf (47)ESpf ouU&mZf(863) ckwGifvGefawmfrlav./ eHawmf Ak'M[l;
om;wnf;/ 7?

22
xdkrif;vGefawmfrlavv#ifom;awmfrif;&mZmonfouU&mZf(863)waygif;vwGifarsmufom;awmfapmokbm
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xdkrif;um;ouU&mZf(864)ckESpfwGifvufrzufawmfudkckwfxGifap./ouU&mZf(868) ckwGif uqkefva&=uD;./
xdkESpfvlrsm;acsm;qdk;a&m*gjzpf=uav.?
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zGm;jrifawmfrlonf/OD;&D;awmfqifuJ;atmifxif.orF;awmfapmeENDwGifom;awmfrif;ygudkzGm; jrifawmfrlonf/
om;awmf*Zmywdudk tdrfa&S hESif;awmfrlonf/ om;awmfrif;ygudk ppfol=uD;t&may;awmfrlonf?
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v#ify&defoufwdk@ykefuefIrif;&mZmonfrdzk&m;ESif;wuGawmifpOfvrl;odk@ajy;av./xddkoufwdk@onfausmuf
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rdzk&m;apmblbmonf om;awmfudk yHkpm;I rif;jyLKawmfrlyg[k wzefwvJvJ wdkufwGef;onfudk
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tdredrfh (22)ESpf/ eef;pH (12)ESpf/ (P-40) ESpfpk oufawmf (34)ESpf/ ouU&mZf (875)ckwGif vGefawmfrl
avonf/ eHawmf wevFmom;wnf;/ - 8-
xdkrif;vGefawmfrlavv#if om;awmf*Zmywdonf arsmHom;awmf apmolZmESifh a&$xD;a&$eef;udk odrf;jref;pdk;pH
awmfrlav./ xdk *Zmywdrif;Y rdzk&m;wdk@onf apmolZmvnf;wa,muf awmifrdzk&m;vnf; wa,muf
tm;jzifh ESpfa,mufjzpfownf;/

23
xdkrif;um; ta&miftqif;ESifhjynfpHk./ om;awmfudkvnf; &dkaopGm jyKpkcsDljrSifhay./ xdkrif;. i,fujzpfaom
aus;awmf usGefawmfwdk@onf twwftvdrRmr&Sd rdkuf&dkif;apmfum;v#uf rif;aqGrif;rsdK; rl;rwfjynfolwdk@udk
r&dkraou vlnSif;yef;crf;jyKukef./ rif;onf I,dEkonfjzpfI wdkif;a&;jynfr_udk axmufxm;pD&ifjcif;rjyK/
aus;awmfusGefawmfwdk@vnf; rqHk;r rwm;jrpfaoma=umifh rif;aqGrif;rsdK; rl;rwfpaom wdkifjynfolwdk@onf
ESvHk;emukefv#uf tcsuftvufudk=unfhI ykefpm; &eftcGifhudk =uHv#ufae=uukef./ ouU&mZf (876)ckwGif
aiGwusyfudk qef oHk;cGufom&av./
ouU&mZf (877)ckwGif taemufodk@ ppfcsDapv$wfawmfrlaomtcg ESvHk;emv#uf oGm;&ukefonf
rl;rwfppfpl=uD;paom rif;wdk@. om;r,m; ta&miftqif;ESifhjynfhpHkolwdk@udk tdyfzef;wufjcif; jyK&
ukef./ ,if;odk@ tdyfzef; wufjcif;jyK&avv#if om;r,m;wdk@u rdrdvifwdk@xHpmo0%fa&;I usGefrwdk@onf
rif;=uD;xH tdyfzefwuf&onfjzpfI udk,fwdk@r,m;r[kwfygjyD; rif;r,m;jzpf&ygayjyD;[lI ay;vdkufojzifh
od=uavaomf r,ljrpfwGif wdkifyifI ae=uavuke. f xdkta=umif;udk rif;=uD;=um;v#if tvGeftrsufxGufI
oHajccsif;cyfv#uf,lacs[k apv$wfvdkufay./ xdkodk@ apv$wfvdkufaom olwdk@onf oHajccsif;
cyfI ,lvmojzifh jrdKa@awmfodk@ a&mufvmay./ rdk;aomufv#if trwf av;OD; wdkifyifI wdkufcdkufavv#if
*Zmywdrif;onf eef;awmftaemufwHcg;rS xGufIajy;avI aps;onfrtdrfwGif 'kwWefcJ0,f ykef;Iaeav./
xdkta=umif;udk axmifr_ ZkEBmwfodI aemufxyfvdkufojzifh tdrf0u &yfjyD;aomf y&'g& ol@r,m; (P-41)
wdk@Y rdp>mtusifhudk usifhaomrif;,kwf/ wkwWefxJwGif 0ifI ol@r,m;udk jypfrSm;rnf =uHoavm/ taqm
wv#if xGufcJh[k qdkavv#if tvGefa=umufvef@onfjzpfI tarmifZkEWmwf ighudk=uHoavm[kar;avaomf
[kwf.[k =urf;wrf;cufxefaom pum;qdkonf&Sdaomf tvGefa=umufvef@onfjzpfI tarmif Zk EWmwf
ightm;ruGyfrrsufygESifh/ eef;csI =udKufoludk eef;wifygav[kawmif;yfygv#if rowf xGufcJh[kqdkojzifh
xGufvmpOf OD;acgif;udk jzwfI trwf=uD;av;OD;wdk@tm;qufav./
xdkrif; *Zmywdum; tdrfedrfh (16)ESpf/ eef;pH (2)ESpf ESpfpkoufawmf (18)ESpf/ ouU&mZf (877)ckwGif vGefawmf
rlavonf/ eHawmf we*FaeGom;wnf;/ ? 9?
xdkrif; vGefawmfrlavv#if rif;rsdK;rif;aqGrlrwfjynfolwdk@onf nDv$wfI rif;avmif;a7G;=uavaomf
rif;&mZm. baxG;jzpfaom rif;apmtdkudk rJacsmif;zsm;wGif v#dK@0SufI xm;&mrS ,lacsv#uf ouU&mZf
(877)wGif awmifeef;pHrdzk&m;ESifh eef;wif=uavukef./ ukvm;trnftm;jzifh Zvo#m [laom trnfudk
cHawmfrl./ xdkrif;um; tdrfedrfh (60) eef;pH (6-v) ouU&mZf (877)ckwGif vGefawmf rllav onf/ eHawmf
wevFmom;wnf;/ ? 10 ?
xdkrif;vGefawmfrlavv#if rl;rwfjynfolwdk@onf wdkifyifnDnmI qifjzL&Sifrif; a'gv#m.om; &rf;jAJusGef;
av;awmifpm; oZmwudk wif,lcsI ouU&mZf (877)ck 0gacgifvwGif pdk;eef;quf rdzk&m;ESifh eef;wuf=u
ukefav./ ukvm;trnftm;jzifh Ávdo#m [laomtrnfudkchav./ rif;jzpfI wESpf&Sdv#if ouU&mZf
(878)ck uqkefvwGif ajrmufOD;jrdk@rS 'dkif;usDt&yfodk@ ajymif;v#uf ,m,Deef;aqmufI pHawmfrlav onf/
xdkrif;um; tdrfedrfh (52)ESpf/ eef;pH (6)ESpf/ ESppf koufawmf (58)ESpf/ ouU&mZf (883)ckwGif vGefawmf
rlavonf/ eHawmf =umoyaw;om;wnf;/ ? 11 /? (P-42)
xdkrif;vGefawmfrlavv#if xdkrif;.nDawmf rif;acgif&mZmonf ouU&mZf (883)ckwGif apmeef;qufrdzk&m;
ESifhyif aemifawmf.t&dyft&mudk pdk;tkyfawmfrlav./ xdkrif;vufxuf rif;aqGrif;rsdk;wdk@onf tajcGt&H
=uD;us,fukefonfjzpfI rif;&mZm.om;awmfjzpfaom rif;ygtm; remvdk r&-pdrfhonfudkodI rif;ygonf
udk,fudkcGgIaerS tvdkjynfhthonf[koabmxm;I 'Gg&m0wDoHwGJjrdk@odk@oGm;v#ufaeojzifh oHwGJjrdK@udk
pm;&avonf/ umv&Snfv#m;I odkuf"gwfwabmifwdk@ay:xGufvmonfjzpfI rif;ygonf cyfodrf;aom
vufeufu&d,m qif;vHk;jrif;&H &JrufAdkvfyg avS;wyfpnfwdk@udk rsm;pGmpD&ifI oHwGJjrdK@rS csDvmv#uf rif;acgif

24
&mZmudk ESdrfESif;wdkufcdkufvmaoma=umifh rif;acgif&mZmonf tdrfedrfh (45)ESpf/ eef;ph(10)ESpf/ ESppf koufawmf
(55)ESpf/ ouU&mZf (893)ckwGif vGefawmfrlavonf/ eHawmf =umoyaw; om;wnf;/ ? 12?
ajrmufOD;jrdk@wnf rif;apmrGeftp rif;acgif&mZm tqHk;&Sdaom rif; (12)wdk@. eef;pHESpfaygif; (127)ESpfwnf;?
Tonfum; ajrmufOD;jrdK@wnf rif;aprGeftp rif;acgif&mZmtqHk;&Sdaom rif; (12)qufwdk@trnf tdrfedrfh
eef;pH oufawmf ouU&mZf ESpfaygif;/ rdzk&m;wdk@udk a&;om;jyqdktyfaom ta=umif;wnf;?
Trif;apmrGef rif;quf (12)qufwGif tqHk;jzpfaom rif;acgif&mZmudk &mZ0ifa[mif; q&mirnf; &mZ0if/
"n0wDta&;awmfyHkwdk@Y rjyrqdkbJ rid;acgif&mZmESifhwuG apmrGefrif;qufudk (12) qdk=uavonfjzpfI
igwdk@vnf; (12)yif tjynfha&;xnfhvdkufayonf?
tcsdK@&mZ0ifopfYum; oZmwY rif;acgif&mZm ESpfOD;rygbJ (10)qufomqdkavonf/ rif;apmrGefudkvnf;
0&'rRmrif;om; e&rdwfvSjzpfa=umif; ouU&mZf (780)jynfhwGif taemufodk@ajy;&a=umif; ouU&mZf (P-43)
(791)ckwdkif a&mufrS xD;eef;&jrJ&jyefa=umif; ouU&mZf (792)ckwGif ajrmufOD;wnfI rjyD; rD ,m,Deef;ESifh
aeawmfrl&m ewf&GmpHvGefawmfrla=umif;wdk@Esifh "n0wDta&;awmfyHkESifh &mZ0ifopfwdk@Y qdk=uavonf?
&mZ0ifa[mif; tif;apmuf&mZ0if q&mirnf;&mZ0if/ &mZ0ifvuFmwdk@Yum; rif;xD;om; 0&"rRm.
nDawmf oD0&mZf nD eef;usi,fodOPnf; 4if;odOPnf;om; &mZol.om;onfomv#if rif;apmrGefESifh rif;c&D
tvDcifwdk@jzpfa=umif;ESifh qdk=uavonf?
rif;apmrGef eef;wufouU&mZfudkvnf; (766)ckwGif wufa=umif; (768)ckwGif taemuf ol&wefjynfodk@
ajy;&a=umif;/ ol&wefjynfY (22)ESpf =umava=umif;/ ouU&mZf (790)jynf@ESpfrS ol&wefjynf yqmrif;u
rif;apmrGefudk eef;wif&ef ppfonfAdkvfajcESifh OvHkcef;udk apvdkufa=umif;/ OvHkcef;onf rif;apmrGefudk
eef;rwifbJ rdrd rif;jyKjyD;v#if rif;apmrGefudk csKyfxm;a=umif;/ rif;apmrGefaqGrsdk;wdk@ =uHzefI rif;apmrGefudk
cdk;v#uf ol&wefjynfodk@ oGm;=ua=umif; aemufwzef yqmrif;u qw#mcwfudk t=uD;jyKI rif;apmrGef
udkeef;wif&efapv$wfI eef;wifvma=umif; (792)ckwGif ajrmufOD;jrdK@wnfa=umif;/ jrdK@jyD;rS (3)ESpf eef;pHjyD;
v#if (795)ckwGif ewfjynfpHava=umif;ESifh qdk=uavonf?
rif;apmrGefeef;pHaom ckESpfyudk 7 ESpf[lI4if; 27 ESpf[lI4if; tif;apmif&mZ0ifwk hdYqdk=uavonf?
&mZ0ifa[mif; Êd csyfwGif tdrfedrfh 24/ eef;pH 5/ol&wefjynfrSm 22ESpf ig;v oHk;pkoufawmf 51ESpf wGifvGef
awmfrla=umif;ESifhqdkonf/ Tt&mwGif ol&wefjynfodk hrajy;rD a&S;eef;pH 2ESpfrygavjzpfI 4if;2ESpfESifhaomf
7ESpfjzpfonf[ktrSef,l&rnf?
ewf&GmpHouU&mZfudkvnf;(797) ckESpv
f Gefawmfrla=umif;ESifh awmcsyfY qdkjyD;v#if nDtvDcifeef;wufa=umif;
ESifhqdkavonf?
(P-44) ?q&mirnf&mZ0ifY (793)ckwGifeef;&GmpHa=umif;ESifhqdkjyfD;v#if tvDcifeef;wufouU&mZf(796)ck [k
qdkjyefaao;onf/Todk@&mZ0ift&yf&yfrnDrnGwf&Sd&mYpmemaxmuf&Skaomf(795)ckwGifrif;apmrGefewf&GmpH
I4if;(795)ckESpfyifnDtvDcifrif;eef;wufavonf[k trSef,loifhonf/
(Tonfum;trSmpum;csyf)

25
 (163) ,QKtcgY 'kwd, ajrmufODjrdK@wnf rif;yg=uD;tp rif;0aetqHk;&Sdaom rif;quf
(9)qufwdk@h.trnf/ tdrfedrfh/ eef;pH/ oufawmf/ ouU&mZf / ESpfaygif;/ rdzk&m;wdk@udk
jyqdktyfaomta=umif;?
rif;acgif&mZmvGefawmfrlavv#if rif;&mZmom;awmf oHwGJpm;rif;yg=uD;onf ouU&mZf (893)ck eH,kef
vqef; (1)&uf paeae@ ESpfA[dk&f ausmf (5)em&DwGif qifjzL&SifoRD; zGm;apmrif;ESifh a&qdyfwJ eef;awmf0,f
bdodwfawmfcHI rif;tjzpfodk@ a&mufawmfrl./ jA[Rmtrnftm;jzifhum; oD&dol&d,pENr[m "rR&mZm
[laom trnfudkcHawmfrl./ ukvm;trnfjzifhum; aZmufaygufo#m[lIcHawmfrl./ arsmufom; awmf
rdzk&mtrnfudkvnf; rdzk&m;acgif[lIay;awmfrl./
xdkrif;um; trsdK;av;yg;wdk@tm; &ifawmfjzpfaom om;uJhodk@ oem;cspfcifawmfrl./ b0&Sifrif;w&m;.
bkef;wefcdk; tmEkabmfudk TZrŠL'dyf ajrtjyif0,f xifay:ausmfaZm odjrifapjcif;iSg ewfwdk@jyvmav./
rjzpfpbl;/ rjrifpbl;aom ykAŠedrdwfwdk@onf xifjrifukef./ tb,fodk@xifjrifoenf;[lrlum; aumif;uif
ygwfukef;Y aus;iSufaygif;wdk@onf wjydKifeuf ul;oef;&Sufwef ysH0Jukef. jyif;vSpGmaom iv#if=uD;wdk@onf
ajrjyif awmifurf; tdrf&, ausmif;uefwdk@h a&Smuf&Sm;atmif wkefv_yfukef. rkefwdkif;avjyif;onf qifjrif;
usGJEGm;wdk@ vGifhygatmif xavI ta&S@taemuf awmifajrmufudkr# rod&atmif (P-45)
(7)&ufywfvHk;rdkufarSmiftwdjzpfav./ Todk@ rjzpfpbl;aom ykAŠedrdwfwdk@onf jzpfukef./ xdkodk@jzpfaom
ykAŠedrdwfwdk@udk jrif7ukefaom olwdk@onf =uufoD;arG;nif;xjcif;/ tvGef a=umufjcif;wdk@onf jzpfukef./
rif;=uD;um; xdkESpf4if; 0gusGwfvqef; (2)&uf paeae@ euQwf (14)vHk;/ pd=weuQwfESifh ,SOfv#uf
eef;awmfaqmufI jyD;ajrmufawmfr. l jyD;ajrmufv#if aumif;aomtcgY jynfoltaygif;wdk@udk wefqm
qifapv#uf ppft*Fgav;yg;jcH&HI txl;xl;aom uajcobif yOPif wl&d,mwdk@jzifh rdkCf;ajra&Smuf&Sm;
wkefv_yfatmif wD;r_wfuckefapv#uf a&$eef;wufawmfrlI ewfrif;.pnf;pdrfuJhodk@ rif;.pnf;pdrfudk
cHpm;awmfrl./ xdkb0&Sif rif;ygonf tvdkawmfjynfhonf[k=um;avaomf t&yf&yfodk@ jynfh&Sifrif;taygif;
wdk@onf tvGefa=umuf&GH@&dkaojcif; &SdukefonfjzpfI a&$pmayvdyfwdk@ESifh wuG txl;xl;aom vufaqmif
y¾mwdk@udk ESpfpOfrjywf qufa&mufvmukef./ rsm;pGmaom oabFmavSwdk@onfvnf; rjywfqdkufa&muf
vmukef./ tvdkawmfjynfhI r=umjrifhcHv#if 'Gg&m0wD oHwJjG rdK@odk@ =uGcsDawmfrlI =uD;pGmaom tvSLudk
ay;vSLpGefh=ujawmfrlonf/
xdkrSwyg; oAŠnkjrwfpGmbk&m; Oda;cgif;awmf"gwf.wnf&m rdkCf;pJ;usGef;Y rjzpfajrmuf/ r=uHpnfa=umif;aom
ausmufawmif=uD;udk rif;azgufxGif;I ouU&mZf (895)ckwGif av;qlaom &kyfyGg; qif;xkawmfwdk@udk
wnfxm;awmfrlv#uf awmiftm;vHk;udkvnf; a&owW0g/ a=unf;owW0gt&kyfwdk@udk xkvkyfawmfrlapI
tvSL=uD;udk ay;vSLpGef@=uJawmfrlonf/
xdkrSwyg; ajrmufOD;jrdK@awmf. ajrmufzuf wHcg;0ESifh reD;ra0;aomt&yf cdk;acsmif;tzsm; vuf,mem;rsufESm
t&yfY &Spfaomif;av;axmifaom &kyfxkawmfwdk@. udef;0yfawmdrl&m &Spfaomif;bk&m;[k trnfwGifaom
apwDawmf=uD;udk wnfxm;awmfrljyD;aomf xdkapwDawmf. ajrmufbufteD;Y ausmif;wdkuf=uD;udk
aom=umom;ESpfa,mHudk aqmufvkyfjyKjyifap (P-46) jyD;aomf oHCFmawmf &[ef'wdk@udk yifhbdwfwifxm;
udk;uG,f qnf;uyfawmfrlv#uf tvSL=uD;udk rjywfay;awmfrlonf/
xdkrSwyg;vnf; r[mrked&kyf&Sifawmfjrwftm; o'<g=unfndk &dkaoav;jrwfpGmtvSL=uD;udk ay;awmfrlonf
xdktcg0,f ta&S@jynf jrefrmedkifiHY awmifilrif;w&m; a&$xD;onf bkef;vuf&Hk;aygufajrmufawmfrlI
jrefrmedkifiHtvHk;ESifh yJcdk; [Hom0wDedkifiHwdk@udk tpdk;&jyD[lI ausmf=um;avv#if rcsGyfrvGJ;igwdk@ESifhvnf;
awG@=uHK&vwWH@[k atmufarhawmfrlI jynf.tpD;tyGg;udk &GufaqmiftHhaomiSg ewfrsufpdtjrifuJhodk@aom

26
ynmawmfjzifh qifjcifawmfrlv#uf e,fjyfawmf ajrmufOD;jrdK@udk Todk@wnfaxmifjyKpk pDrhawmfrlownf;/
jrdK@.xuf0ef;usifaom awmifcyfodrf;wdk@udk tkÉf ausmufwdk@jzifh pDoifhonfudk pDawmfrlonf jrSifhoifhonfudk
jrSifhawmfrlonf/ wHcg;auG@ wHcg;aumuf ponfwdk@jzifh a&avSmifajrmif;wHaqmif jytdk;ypPif &ifwm;wdk@udk
aumif;pGmpD&ifv#uf a&usHK; EGHusHK; usHK;ajcmuf usLyifv,fponfwdk@jzifh txm;taeoifhapjyD;rS jrdK@opfESifh
0oJzufudk odkuf"gwfe rEBmudef;tvdkjzifh toufqufI wGJzufjyD;rS ta&S@bufu tpwnfxm;&ef
atmifjrdK@/ oHv#ifjrdK@ jrawmifjrdK@ ukvm;jrdK@ omomjrdK@ wvufawmifjrdK@ ydef;eJawmifjrdK@ ewfawmifjrdK@
o#rf;awmifjrdK@ tif=uif;awmifjrdK@ usm;ckwfawmifjrdK@ T wq,fjrdk@wdk@onf waygif; ckepf&mpDcsnf;
vuf,m&pf ywfywfvnf &HjyD;rS xdkjrdK@&Hwdk@yvnf; a&avSmifajrmif; wHaqmifjytdk; ypPif &ifwm;
wHcg;aumuf wHcg;auG@ a&usHK; EGHusHK; usHK;ajcmuf usHK;yifvmfwdk@jzifh toD;oD;&Hapv#uf tvGefwifhw,fpGm
pDrHawmfrl./
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txyfxyfqnfukefv#uf jrdK@wGif;jrdK@jyif a&pD;omatmif qnfajrmif;qnfonfum; ta&S@zufrSmvnf;
=umuhacsmif;udk qnfI &efatmifjrdK@twGif;rSmvnf; uef;ydkif=uD; wxyfqnf./ ywfywfvSnfhI
a&jynfhap./ &efatmifjrdK@rSvnf; &Sd&Sm;acsmif;udk qnfI ajrmif;av;ckoG,f (P-47) oG,fv#uf
qifusHK;jyifodk@ pD;apI tif=uif;awmifjrD;wdkifatmif a&jynfhap./ tif=uif;awmifjrdK@uvnf; =umuef
csmif;udk qnfI tvsm;&SnfpGm uef;ydkifusHK;=uD;udk jzpfap./ ta&S@awmifaxmifhrSvnf; oHv#ifjrdK@ ESifh
jrawmifwdk@twGif;Y 0EBdw zuf&Sifi,fwzuf acsmif;udk qnfI uef;ydkif=uD; usHK;=uD;jzpfapv#uf a&jynfhap./
ajrmufjyifrSvnf; vufpGJtvGJacsmif;udk qnfI oHk;ajrmif;oG,fjyD;v#if usm;acgif;awmifrSvnf; aygif;wkwf
acsmif;udk qnfI usHK;=uD;wxyfjzpfap./ awmifzufrSvnf; ukvm;jrdK@ omomjrdK@ twGif;rSvnf;
0oJacsmif;udk qnfI usHK;=uD;wxyfjzpfap./ taemufawmifaxmifht&yfrSvnf; 0rf;awmifum; awmifwdk@
twGif;yk*aH csmif;udkqnfI uef;ydkif=uD;pGmjzpfap./ jrdK@jyifrSvnf; A[dkcJG yuwdaomajrjyifudk tif;=uD;
jzpfatmifwl;apI qnfzdk@v#uf jrifhapI jydKi;fwdkifawmifudk vGefcJhrS anmif=uyfacsmif;udk qnfavaom
a=umifh tajymus,fa&onf ywfywfvSnfhI pD;ap./ taemufrSvnf; 'vawmif/ ydef;eJawmif
jrdK@wdK@.twGif;Y ausmuf&pfacsmif;zsm;udk wzefjrSifhI qnfv#uf urf;ydkif wxyfjzpfap./ jrdK@jyifrSmvnf;
ausmuf&pfacsmif;&if;udk jrifhpGmqnfajrSmufI urf;ydkif=uD;wxyfjzpfap./
xdkrSmvnf; acsmif;=uD;acsmif;I,ftxyfxyfxm;I &Sd&Sm;jrpf=uD; yifpnfjrpf=uD;wdk@udk jrJatmifqnfv#uf
urf;ydkifwxyfjzpfap./ taemufajrmufaxmifhrSvnf; ewfawmifjrdK@twGif; qnfajrmif;=uD;wdk@udk jrJatmif
twefwefjrSifhIwnf./ jrdK@wGif;jrdK@jyif ywfywfvnfatmif jynfhapaoma&um; r[mor'N&muJhodk@
jcm;v#uf&Sdaom o#rfa;wmifjrdK@ ta&S@bufodk@wdkifatmif a&jzifhjynfhap./ ta&S@ajrmufaxmifrSvnf;
o#rfa;wmifjrdK@wGif jrdK@jyifudk &Haoma&onf ausmuf&pfacsmif; wdkifatmifywfywfvSnfhI a&jzifh jynfhap./
xdkusHK;urf;ydkif a&wdk@.tajymus,fjcif;onfum; tif=uif;awmifjrdK@ajc&if;rSonf wA[dkc&D;rS ukef;wGif;jyif
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avSmifIxm;av./
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acsmif; ipif;&dkif;acsmif;/ a=u;uefpD;acsmif;/ rif;&yfacsmif;/ pyg;wHkacsmif; i&kyfawmifacsmif;/ awmifykyfacsmif;/
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rif;yg=uD;onf paeom;jzpfI jynfapmifhe*g;armufonf vla,mifaqmifI qnfvm./ bkef;awmfa=umifh

27
v#ifpGmjyD;av./ xdkurf;ydkif=uD;wdk@Y taxmifruaom a&jyGefwdk@jzifhvnf; wjydKifeuf pD;xGufav./
jrdK@wGif;a&jyGeft=um;0,f taemufpl;pl; pD;aoma&[kefudk avSwuf 0ifxGufomatmif usm;ckwfawmif
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&ifwm; ponfwdk@udk pDrHI vufeufu&d,mrsm;pGmxm;ay./ xdkjrpf.qnf=uD;jyifrSm eufpGmwl;xGif;I
jrdK@opftxJwdkifatmif wzef&Snfapv#uf xdkrjrdK@.twGif;0,f a&&SdaomjrpfwdK@Y taomif; todef;ru
aom avSwdk@udk xm;apI tHhzG,f=uD;pGm jzpfay./ rsm;pGmaom aoewf rD;azguf tjrmuf pdef ajymif; "g; vSH
vufeuf OpPma&$aiGwdk@onf ,Qif a&wGufIjytyfaom jrdK@wdK@Y jynfhESufatmif pD&ifI xm;awmfrlay./
Todk@ bkef;vuf&Hk;tqiftjcifESifh jynfhpHkawmfrlaoma=umifh vuf0Jvuf,m &efolwdk@onf rcsnflruyfedkif
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udk&H=uD;udk AdkvfrSL;jyKI Zk EWmwfppfol=uD; taygif;ESifh qD;cHapv#uf b&if*SDzavmif; wkd@onf qkwfoGm;avI
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vSL'gef;awmfrlavonf/
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onf rsm;pGmaomvufeufu&d,m ol&Jtaygif;ESif;'Gg&m0wD oHwGJjrdk hpm;nDawmfrif;atmifvSudkvnf;aumif;
ZkEWmwfpaom ppfol=uD;ajcmufOD;wdk hESif@apv$wfIwdkufcdkuf=uavaomf olwdk@uav;qifjrif;rsm;ajrmifpGmESif@
rif;w&ma&$xD;udk,fwdkif=uyfrIppfcHvif@onfudk igwdk h&cdkifppfonfol&Jwdk honf aoeyf rD;ayguf tajrmuf
pdefajymif;vufeufu&d,mwdk hjzifhypfcwf=uavaomfrif;w&m;a&$xD;ppfonfwdk honfr&yfrcHedkifaoma=umifh
jyefIajy;=uavuke. f /rsm;pGmaaomqif;jrif;vufeufu&d,mwdk hudk&vdkufonfjzpfI b0&Sifrif;yg=uF;tm;
vufaqmifawmfqufoufvmv#if b0&Sifrif;yg=uD;vnf; ppfol=uD;ZkEWwfpaom&JrufAdkvfygwdk htm;&wem
rdkCf;&$mouJhodk hqkvmyfrsm;pGmay;awmfrlonf?

28
w=udrfwHkvnf;rdkCf;pJvwfv#if ouU&mZf(908)ck wefaqmifrkef;vqef;av;&ufwevFmae hwGifrsm;pGmaom
tvHk;t&if;tiftm;rsm;pGaqmifv#uf rif;w&m;a&$xD;onfa&a=umif;a=u;a=umif;ydwfIudk,fwdkifcDsvwf
jyef./ 'Gg&m0wDjrdk hodk hqdkufa&mufvmv#if oHwJjG rdk hwGifapmifha&Smufaexdkifaomppfonf&JrufAdkvfygwdk honf
rsm;pGmaomavSwifwdk hjzifhqD;qdk hwdkufcH=uavonf/rif;w&m;a&$xD;&Jrufawmfa&S;zsm;csDaom ykodrfpm;/
ajrmif;jrpm;wdk hESifhawGIwdkuf=u v#ifigwdk hppfonfrsm;ol hppfonfudkzrf;I&&Sdavonf/ ,if;odk h&SdpOfwGifol@
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&=uav./ igwdk@ ppfonf&Jrufwdk@onf oHwGJjrdK@u cHI wdkufrnf[kpD&ifpOfwGif ol@ppfol=uD;b&ifhaemifwdk@
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vm&=u&avonf/
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=unf;tm; &cdkifjrdK@awmfodk@xcsDvmvwfI avmif;=uufjrdk@wGif =unf;a&=uyfIaevm./ igwdk@&cdkifjrdK@wGif;&Sd
ppfonfol&Jtaygif;wdk@onf rsm;pGmaom vufeufu&D,m qifjrif;tvHk;t&if;ESifhwuG xGufIjrLacsaomf
olwdk@ppfonfrsm; a&=unf;=uyfI qwwufvwf&m ydk;csnfusGef;wGif wdkuf=uavaomf olwdk@ =unf;wyf
ppfpnfawmfrsm;onf vufeufu&d,mudk pGef@v#ufajy;=uavukef./ a&a=umif;pponfwdk@onf
usGef;xif;arsmouJhodk@ a&jyifjynfhr# aoaysnuf=uukef. igwdk@pponfwdk@onf vufeufu&d,m qifjrif;
avSwuf a&$aiGwdk@udk rsm;pGm&vdkufI b0&Sifrif;yg=uD;tm; qufovmukef. b0&Sifrif;yg=uD;vnf;
ppfol=uD;wdk@ESifhwuG &JrufAdkvfygwdk@tm; rsm;pGmqkv'fay;awmfrl./
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a=umif;=uyfrI aevmjyef./ igwdk@&JrufpponfAdkvfygwdk@onf vdkufvHukefv#uf wdkufcdkufypfcwf
oGm;a=umif; ae@tcgaomum; tjyL0Hhavukef/ nOfhtcgomv#if qif;aumif; jrif;aumif;wdk@udka&G;I
ta&S@zufrS &efatmifjrdK@udk v_yf&Sm;wdkufcdkufvmavv#if igwdk@ jrdK@cHppfonf &JrufAdkvfygwdk@onf vdkufvH
wdkufcdkufavaomf wvdkif;ppfrSL; jrefrmppfrSL; o#rf;ppfrSL; wdk@onf qkwfcGgxGufajy;=uukef./ ppfonfol&Jwdk@
vnf; ra&rwGufomatmif a&jyifjynfhr# aoaysmuf=uukef./
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aevmonfudk igwdk@ppfol=uD;&JeufAdkvfygwdk@onf vdkufvH&SmzG,fI rjywfrvyf ypfcwjyD;v#if ppfonfudk
rxGufroGif;omatmif jcH&Hqdk@ypfxm;avukef./ xdkodk@ jcH&Hqdk@ypfxm;avaomtcgrSm rif;w&m;a&$xD;;onf
tvGefa=umufvef@onfjzpfI rif;apwref apvGwfjyD;aomf a&$aiG&wemrsm;pGmESifh qifjrif;tp&Sdaom
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ESifh ta=umif;=um;awmif;yefvmav./ xdkodk@awmif;yefvmavv#if b0&Sifrif;yg=uD;vnf; &ifhjyD;aom
oAŠnK bk&m;avmif;wdk@oabmonf &efoltm;aomfvnf; arwWm*&k%m ruif;pjrJjzpfaoma=umifh
oem;awmfrlonfjzpfI igudk&efjyKvmaom Trif;w&m;a&$xD;tm; igab;'g%fjyKojzifh r*fzdkvf edAŠmefESifh
a0;uGm&efta=umif;&mjzpfonf/ ESvHk;oGif;awmfrlI rif;w&m;a&$xD;tm; uwdopPmwnf[laom =udK;jzifh
csnfzGJ@v#uf cGifhjyKawmfrlavonf/ rif;w&m;a&$xD;;vnf; aoab;rSvGwfoGm;a=umif; tvgef0rf; ajrmuf
onfjzpfI wvdkif;rif; ok&Sifwum&Gwfay;./ r,m;jzpfaom jynfbk&if e&ywd ESrawmfudk rif;aqmif
rif;a,mifESifhwuG qufoawmfrlcJhI ouU&mZf (908)ck waygif;vqef; (9)&ufae@jyefawmf rlavonf/
xdkodK@ rif;w&m;a&$xD;jyefoGm;jyD;onfaemuf taemufzufrSm oufrif;jzpfaom Oycifonf yef;0gjrdK@.jyif
&Sifi,ful;wdk@udk odrf;ydkuf,lavonf jzpfaoma=umifh Zk EWmwfpaom ppfol=uD; oHk;OD;wdk@udk apv$wfI wdkuf

29
avapaomf oufwdk@onf rcHedkifI ysufcJhv#if xdkjrdK@udk &avI oufwdk@.vufeuf OpPm yÀmum& wdk@udk
odrf;,lcJhI b0&Sifrif;yg=uD;tm; qufoavaomf ppfol=uD;wdk@tm; qkv'frsm;pGmay;awmfrl./ xdkaemuf
wzefvnf; yk*Hjynfudk o#rf;wdk@tydkifjyKI pukpm; apolausmfxifudk o#rf;wdk@wdkufcdkufvmaom ta=umif;
ESifh ppfyefvmonfwGif ol&J oHk;aomif;udk xnfhvdkufI qifjzLusGef; Oo,smOfykwfwdkifatmif o#rf;wdk@udk
t&Htwm;jyKI jyefvmcJh=uavonf/ xdkodk@ &efrefcyfodrf;wdk@udk csrf;jidrf;a=uaysmufapjyD;rS jynfwGif;jynfy
*gr ed*r Zeyw paom&Gm=uD;&Gmi,frvGwfatmif ewf (P-53) jynfuJhodk@ wefqmqif apv#uf yOPif
wl&d,m wD;r_wfapjcif; ujcif; oDjcif;wdk@jzifh aysmfpHawmfrl./
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bk&ifrif;yg=uD;vnf; iref;&J.t&D;om;udk ppfol=uD;t&mcef@jyD;v#if ESrudkvnf; udk,fvkyfarmif;rjyk
awmfrlavonf/ ,if;odk@udk,fvkyfarmif;rjyKawmfrljyD; v#if ppfol=uD;tm; iref;&Judkzrf;acs[k apawmfrl
vdkuf./ ppfol=uD;vnf; rsm;pGmaom &Jrufwdk@ESifh csDoGm;I iref;&JjrpfwGif wdkuf=uavaomf iref;&Jonf
rcHedkifI ydefeJacsmif;usGe;f odk@wufI ajy;cJh./ ppfol=uD;vnf;wufI xdkusGef;0,f 0ef;avaomf iref;&Jonf
nOfhaehoHk;;&uf ywfvHk; xrif;rpm;&onfESifh ppfol=uD;u xrif;aopmudk jyI ac:avaomf rdrdaotHhaom
ab;ufkrjrifbJ xrif;qmrGwfvSaom a=umifh xGufI xrif;aopmudk pm;aomuf&v#if 0I aeonfhcdkuf
ppfol=uD;onf iref;&JOD;acgif;udk jzwf,ljyD; v#if bk&ifrif;ygtm; qufoav./ bk&ifrif;ygvnf;
Tppfol=uD;onf rdrda,mufzjzpfoludkr# cspfcifpHkrufjcif;r&Sd &ufpufpdrf;um;owfavonf/ igodk@aom
oludkum; tb,frSm cspfciftHhenf;[k=uHI ppfol=uD;udk uGyfrsmufawmfrlavonf/ xdk@jyif rif;yg=uD;.
jyKvkyftyfaom aumif;r_awmfonfum; o&uftkyf0,fvnf; apwDESifh &kyfxkawmfudkwnfawmfrlonf/
0oJzufxGufvnf; a&$awmifatmufwGif qif;xkawmfudkwnfawmfrlonf/ ajrmufrsufESmwHcg;0wGifvnf;
&Spfaomif;av;axmifaom qif;xkawmf. teD;tyg;Y &Spfaomif;aom ausmif;wdkufwdk@udk aqmufvkyf
vSL'gef;awmfrlavonf?
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&GmouJhodk@ =uD;pGmaomtvSudk ay;awmfrlonf/ xdktcg [Hom0wD yJcdk;jynf=uD;&Sif rif;w&m;a&$xD;onf
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vkyf=uHI ouU&mZf (912)ck uqkefvjynf@ausmfw&uf Ak'<[l; (P-54) ae@odk@ t0if nOfhoHk;csufwD; ausmf
wGif vGefawmfrlavonf/
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aejyD;aomf [Hom0wD yJcdk;jynfY ajrjyiftvHk;0,f rif;jykawmfrlavonf/
xdkordefapmxGufESifh wbwnf;jzpfaom rif;om;onfvnf; [Hom0wD yJcdk;jynf0,f avStaygif;ESifhwuG
a&jyif;tvHk;0,f rif;jyKawmfrlv#uf AvpuU0g [laomtrnfudkcHawmfrlavonf/ xdkrif;nDaemifESpfOD;
wdk@onf ajrjyifa&jyifwdk@ufk vk=uukefonf&Sdaomf nDawmfAvpuU0gonf tm;csif;rwefI xD;jzLajrmuf
pnfESifhwuG igwdk@&cdkifjynfh&Sifrif;yg=uD;xHodk@ Esrawmfudk vufaqmifjyKv#uf qufo0ifa&mufvmayaomf
b0&Sifrif;yg=uD;vnf; xdkwvdkif;rif;om;udk om;awmfuJhodk@ pnf;pdrfcsrf;omay;awmfrl./
xdkb0&Sifrif;yg=uD;onf arsmufom;awmf apmaumufrwGif zGg;jrifawmfrlaom om;awmfrif;wduQmudk
tdrfa&S@t&mtyfESif;awmfrlavonf/
xdkrif;yg=uD;. udk,fvkyfawmf apmeENDwGif om;awmf Oy&mZmESifh orD;awmfapoEWmudk zGg;jrifawmfrlonf/

30
txufb0&Sifuvro#mrif;0,f I,fuudk,fvkyfawmfjzpfaom apmya&mif. q&m&[ef;awmfwyg;onf
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'kuQa0'emudk cH&awmfrlavonf/ xdktcg udk,fvkyfapya&mifu usGefr.q&mjzpfaom &[ef;awmfonf
aq;rEWmeftvGefvdrRmygonf[k av#mufavv#if b0&Sifuvro#mrif;onf xdk&[ef;udkyifhac:I aq;uk
oap&m wnOfhESifhwrGef;wnfhaomf jynfaygufI jidrf;csrf;avv#if uvro#mrif;=uD;ESpfoufI ighq&mtm;
wyg;aomqkudk ray;jyD/ igufk,fvkyfawmfjzpfaom apya&mifudkom tdrfaxmifjyK&ef ,lav[k udk,fvkyf
awmf apmya&mifudk oaE<udk,f0efESifhyif ay;pm;awmfrlav./ xdkudk,fawmf ya&mif0,f olemADESifh
apm&Sifapm [lI orD;awmfESpfa,mufusef&pfcJh./ xdkESpfa,mufwGif t=uD;jzpfaomolemADudk rif;olvSonf
tdrfaxmifav./ olemADvGefcJhv#if b0&Sifrif;ygtvdkawmfrjynfhrD ESrawmf&SifvSxGufudk tdrfaxmifjyKav./
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rjywfvmay./ b0&Sifrif;ygvnf; tdrfaxmifedrfhu vlvm;rjywf ESrawmftdrfodk@a&mufvm. xdktcg
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atmifxefoRd; jzpfaom I,farsmufom; apmaumufrESifh wa,mufwtdrf oD;jcm;I xm;awmfrlav./
xdk@aemuf qifjzL&SiforD;awmf zGGg;apmrif;udk &avrS t&D;wlrawmf&if;jzpfaoma=umifh rpyJhjyifygqdkI
wtdrfwnf; xm;avonf/ tdrfedrfh arsmufom;awmf apm&SifapmwGif zGg;awmfaoG;[laom orD;awmfvnf;
wa,muf I,fuzGg;awmfaxG;[lonfudk =uD;rif; rif;zavmif;ac:aomom;awmfvnf;wa,muf
ESpfa,mufzGg;awmfEkonf/ rif;tvDcifajr; zGg;apmrif;wGif apmrdawmf [laomorD;wa,muf zGg;jrifawmf
rlavonf/ apmxGufwGif apmjzLESifh zGg;awmfr,f[laom orD;awmfESpfa,mufzGg;jrifawmfrlonf/ udk,fvkyf
awmf apmrif;vwfxH rif;&efatmifESifh rif;a=uG;axG;[laom om;awmfESpfa,mufzGg;jrifawmfrlonf/
Tom;awmf orD;awmf aygif;ckepfa,mufwdk@wGif om;awmftdfa&S@rif; wduQmudk nDawmfoHwGJpm; rif;atmif
vSoRD; arSmufawmfrESifh xdr;f jrm;&m0,f om;oHk;a,muf orD;wa,muf zGg;jrifrS arSmufawmfr vGefcaJh v
v#if orD;awmf apmoEWmESifh xdrf;jrm;jyefavonf/ om;awmfOy&mZmudkum; ajr;awmfESifh xdrf;jrm;I
'Gg&0wD oHwJGjrdK@udk pm;a=u;ay;awmfrlonf/ om;awmf zGg;awmfaxG;rif;zavmif;udkum; orD;awmf
apmrdawmfESifh xdrf;jrm; (P-56) jrm;I rsm;pGmaom usGJEGm; csnf;v,fwmESifhwuG ppfwHwif;jrdK@udk
ay;awmfrlonf/ xdkrS =uGif;aom orD;awmfom;awmfwdk@udkvnf; txdkuftav#mufcsD;jrSifhI olaumif;
jyKawmfrlonf/
apmarSmufawmfrwGif zGg;jrifaom tdrfa&S@rif;;orD;awmf apmbkef;xGwfudk (12)ESpfwGif xD;jzLajrSmifhpnfESifh
wuGbdodwfoGrf;I eef;xufrdzk&m;ajrSmufawmfelav./ xdkb0&Sifrif;yg=uD;um; &ifhjyD;aom bkef;orBm
ynmt[kefESifh jynfhpHkawmfrlonfjzpfI t&yf&Sprf sufESmrS rif;apwrH pmo0%fqufo c,vma&muf
zl;jrifvm=uonf/ ork'N&ma&jyifc&D;jzifhvnf; oabFmavS=uD; toD;oD;vma&muf azgufum;a&mif;0,f
qufoG,ftjywf a&muf=uavonfjzpfI tvGefpnfyifom,m0jzdK;pGmjzifh csrf;om&$ifvef; pHjref;aexdkif
awmfrlavonf/ xdkb0&Sifrifyg=uD;um; tdrfedrfh (39)Espf eef;pH (22)Espf ESpfpkoufawmf (61)ESpf ouU&mZf
(915)ckwGif ewfjynfpHawmfrlavonf/ eHawmf paeom;wnf;/ ? 1?
Tonfum; &mZ0ifa[mif;q&mirnf;&mZ0ifwdk@Yvmonfudk oifhav#mfqifjcifI pD&ifa&;om;jyqdk
tyfaom rif;yg=uD;ta=umif;wnf;?
"n0wDta&;awmfyHkYum; apmrGefrif; nD tvDcifrif;aemuf &SpfqufajrmufwGif oZmwrif;vufxuf
baxG;awmf bapmoD&dudk oHwJjG rdK@pm;ay;awmfrlavonf/ oHwJpG m; rif;jzpfcgeD;avaomf wbmif ay:onf
um;? ?

31
=uGufum;oHk;ajr a&S@zsm;wnf =uHpnfaumif;jcif; oHwGJrif;/ jzpfvmrnfvnf; awmfovif;/ oHwGJajrGa[muf
tpG,faygufonf vufaumuf0ufavmuf jyDwum;? =uGufum; pOfv#uf tqufe*g; aemufxm;a&ol
udk;quf[lI ajrmufOD;tyg; tdrfa&S@em;Y e*g;oHk;acG acGvwfrnf [lI odkuf (P-57) "gwf wabmif
ay:avonf/
,if;odk@ odkuf"gwfwabmifay:onfh tvdkuf oZmwrif;vGefavv#if oHwJpG m;csDvmI xD;eef;pdk;tkyfawmf
rlI rif;yg=uD;[laomtrnfudk chawmfrlonf/
Twbmifay:onfudk qdk&m "n0wDta&;awmfyHkY *sGwfav;oHk;q,f a&S@uwnf;[lI yg&Sdavonfudk
tcsdK@&mZ0ifopfY *sGwfavSoHk;q,f a&S;uwnf;[lI jyifqifa&;om;avonf/ t"dy`g,dum&Hroifhav/
tif;apmuf&mZ0ifY =uGufum;oHk;q,f a&S;zsm;wnf[lIqdkavonf/ um&Hroifhyifjzpfavonf/ xdk@a=umifh
=uGufum;oH;rnfa&S@zsm;wnf =uHpnfaumif;jcif; oHwGJrif;[lI t"dy`g,fajzmifh,l&efrSm rif;apmrGef bapmjzL
rif;a'gv#mwdk@onf =umoyaw;om; =uGufehrif;oHk;quf a&S;zsm;jzpfjyD;aemuf oHwJjG rdK@pm; paeeHzGg;
e*g;ajrGa[muf jzpfaomrif;yg=uD; ajrmufOD;jrdK@Y jzpfxGef; pdk;pHawmfrlv#uf rif;udk qufajrmHvwWHh/ xdk
(9)qufwGif rif;yg=uD;/ rif;zavmif;/ rif;paetm;jzifh paeeHrif; e*g;oHk;quf oHkacGjzpfvwWH h
t"dy`g,fajzmifhudk,l&rnf/ um&Hajzmifh,l&efrSm =uGufum;oHk;rnf a&S@zsm;wnf/ =uHpnf[lI nowf&Sif;
tnDpyfoifhonf? oHk;q,f[laom “,” owfESifhwnf[laom “n” owfudk ,Gif;csGwfatmif rpyf&m
aoma=umifh um&Hajzmifh “n” owfcsif;,l&rnf/ rif;acgif&mZmESifh aomfum; =uGufav; rnfyif,l
oifhonf/ / ? Tum;trSmpum;csyf?
om;awmfrif;wduQmudk tdrfa&S@t&may;awmfrlonf/ om;awmfOy&mZmrif;om;udk oHwJjG rdK@pm;ay;awmf
rlonf/ om;awmfcspfaESmif; rif;Zavmif;udk ppfwHwifjrdK@pm;ay;awmfrlonf?
Tt&mwGif &mZ0ifa[mif;wdk@Y om;awmfrifwduQmudk tdrfa&S@ESif;awmfrla=umif; Oy&mZmudkoHwGJjrdK@pm;
ay;awmfrla=umif; (P-58)rif;zavmif;udk ppfwhwifjrdK@pm;ay;awmfrla=umif;ESifhqdkavaoma=umifh &mZ0if
a[mif; wdk@t& a&;jyvdkufonf/ ? Tum;pum;csyf]?
,if;aomtcg ukvm;'Dvdyqmrif;u aZmufayguo f #[laom trnfrif;wHqdyfudk ay;tyfvmaomf
rif;yg=uD;u trdef@&Sdonfum; bDawmfrif;apmrGefudk ta&S@jynftif;0 yXrrif;acgifom; rif;&JausmfpGm wdkuf
zsufav&m owW0gwdk@uyftav#muf ESpfq,fhESpfESpfwdk@ywfvHk; ouf/ jyL/ wvdkif;wdk@rif;rlv#uf
wdkif;jynfysufpD;I ouU&mZf (893)ckcefh&Sdav&m 'DvDyqmrif;xH b*Fg (12)jrdK@udk ay;tyfppful awmif;
avonf/ aus;Zl;tav#muf rif;wq,fhESpfquf ESpfaygif; w&mausmfcef@=umavjyD/ a&S;rif;wdk hpdk;ydkif aom
xHk;pHtwdkif;edkifiHawmfukvm;b*Fgwpfq,fhESpfjrdk h armufolZmxd igofdrf;,lawmfrlrnf/ ppfrxdk;vdkaomukvm;
b*Fgwpfq,fhESpfjrdKh ukvm;a'0efxmemwdk hudkv$wfvdkufap/ trdefhawmf&Sdv#ufa&mufvmaomukvm;trwf
umwD ukdjyefapawmfrlonf/
,if;odk hjyefapawmfrljyD;rS ukvm;jynfwdk hcsDawmfrlrnf=uH&mpenf;emapaomfukvm;udkedkifvdkpm;zdkrSm rD; xnhf
0oJudkxDF;wifukvm;udk&SifjyK[lIoli,fwdk@qdk=uaomwaygif;udk=um;cJhIrif;=uD;xHav#mufavaomftrwf
ynm&SdtrdsK;pOuqufrSvmaomol aumif;xifausmufpm;av#mufonfum; t&Sifrif;jrwf ukvm;
udkedkifvdk pm;zdkrSmrD;cxnfhtvdkaomfum; oabmFqdyfaygif;xGwfonf pm;zdkjzpfygonf/ ukvm;rD;qifyvDrkwf
qdwfudk tjcm;rSmr&Sdap& aygif;xGwfwGifomxm;&ygrnf/ 0oJawmifudkxD;wiftvdk 0oJawmifxdyfeHawmf
bk&m;wnf&ygonf/ &SifjyKtvdkrSmukvm;&Sdor#udk qHyifrxm;ap& acgif;wHk;&dwfap&ygonf/ a&S;odkufa[mif;
wGifvnf;ukvm;ykZGefqJhESpfwefukdSrvGefap&m[lIvm&Sdygonf/rif;q,fheSpfqufvJt&Sif(P-59) rif;jrwf wGif

32
aph yg onf/ edkifiHawmfb*Fg (12)jrdK@udk t&Sifrif;jrwfvufxufawmfwGif &jrJ&ygrnf[kav#mufav&m
aumif;ausmf xifpm;wdk@ bD;/ab; bdk;b wdk@ay;jrjbGJ@ 0drv[laomtrnfudkay;awmfrlonf/
,if;odk@ trwfynm&Sdav#mufaom tr_wdk@udk pD&ifjyD;rS ukvm;jynfodk@ csDwufawmfrlrnf/ =umf;a=umif;
a&a=umif; wyfaygif; pnf;=uyfcef@&yfawmfrlonfum; jynf&Sifrif;=uD; r,ljrpfnm yJvGef;acsmif; a*:awmh
yv†ifvrf;rS vSHudkif 'g;pGJo&l JESpfaomif; &dk;pm;cspfolwAdkvf/ &rf;jAJpm;&JatmifedkifwAdkvf/ 'dkif;udkifumpGJ
ol&JESpfaomif;rSm pdkifwifpm;ausmfolwAdkvf/ e,lpm;&efatmifaZ,#wAdkvf/ urefav;udkifol&Jwaomif;rSm
'g;vufpm;cifndkwAdkvf ol&Jaygif; ig;aomif;wdkhudk trwfqifuJ=uD; wyfawmfOD;ucsKyf/ jynfh&Sifrif;t&Hawmf
ol&Jaumif; udk&Hawmf tr_xrf;av;aomif;/ 0if;awmfav;rsufESmwGif 0if;om;ESpfaomif;/
ol&Jajcmufaomif;wdk@rSm 0if;rSL;av;a,mufu wAdkvf/ udk&Hawmfwyfawmfaemuf vSH "g;pGJ ol&Jwaomif;
uif;pm;owdk;ausmf wAdkvf urHav;udkifol&J waomif;rSm 0if;pm;pae wAdkvf/ 'dkif;ukdifumpGJ waomif;rSm
rD;pm;vuf,mausmfwAdkvf/ odkif;wwf ol&Jwaomif;rSm rtDpm; bDvwAdkvf udkawmf&Hol&Jwaomif;rSm
yef;wifpm; owdk;atmifwAdkvf &Jrufig;aomif;udk trwf"g;ydkif=uD; wyfawmfaemufucsKyf/ vuf0JppfuJ
OD;&mZfawmifpm;rif;vSwif/ vuf,mppfuJ r,lpm; rEk[mwdk@ESpfa,mufudk wyfra&S@aemuftkyfcef@awmf
rlonf/ om;awmftdrfa&S@ rif;wduQmrSm r,ljrpfudkxGufI yifv,fa=umif;csDonfhwyfwGif vSHudkif"g;pGJo&l J
waomif;rSm trf;pm;cspfolwAdkvf urHav;udkifumpGJol&Jwaomif;rSm rmefatmifpm; owdk;rif;jzLwAdkvf/
odkif;wwfol&Jwaomif;rSm ppfawGpm;wAdkvf/ udk,f&Hawmfol&Jwaomif;rSm om;awmfudk,f &Hawmfjzpfonf/
up>ye'Djrpfnm ayacsmif;zsm; ausmufrom ausmufzsmxuf qdwf acG;arG;awmifvrf;/ om;awmf
oHwJpG m;Oy&mZmwyf "g;udkifvSHpJ(G P-60)ol&Jwaomif;/ yef;awmfpm;&efrsdK;atmifwAdkvf/ urHavS;udkifol&J
waomif; rSm jrdK@opfpm;ausmfpHwAdkvf/ "g;pGJumol&Jwaomif;rSm awmifukyfpm; &mZolwAdkvf/ odkif;wwf
ol&Jwaomif;rSmvrkpm;xGef;atmifwAdkvf/udk,f&Hawmfol&Jwaomif;rSmom;awmfudk,f&Hawmfjzpfonf/
pD;awmfqif ZD0pdk;udk wdkufqif ckepf&mt&HESifh "g;udkifumpGJ odkif;wwfurH av;udkiftpkpk ol&Jwaomif;/
udk,fawmf&hol&Jwaomif;/ &JrufESpfaomif;rSm ukvm;wefpm;udk tcsKyfqifwyf =uD;=uyfcef@awmfrlI
jrufa&eD;&m awmifurf;r=uD;/ qifawmfryifyef;ap&/ pdefwifacsmif;zsm; atm&r vrf;jzifhaqmif,laponf/
ppfwufcsDawmfrlv#if ta&S@awmifpOfaus;&Gm vrf;aygufrsm;wGif udk,fawmf&H &JrufawmfESpfaomif;ESifh
trwf&mZm=uD;udk tcsKyfcef@awmfrlI awmifpOfacsmif;aph toD;oD; wyfESif;xm;awmfrlcJhonf/ jynfapmifh
ajr;wGif p=uFm0aw;ESifh trwfjynfpdk;=uD;wdk@tm; vSH "g; urH odkif;um 'dkif;pGJ ol&JESpfaomif; udk,f&Hawmf
ol&Jwaomif;ay;awmfrlcJhonf/
csDawmfrl&m oHk;oG,foHk;vrf;rsm;Y ta&;ta=umif;&Sdaomf4if; aygufa&mufav#mufwif v#ifjrefpGm odawmf
rl&atmif ydef;eJacsmif;pm; aZ,sAdkvftrwfodk@ ajcv#ifonf wa,mufudktyfawmfrlcJhonf/
xdkodk@toD;oD;cGJ0,faphpyf a&S@aemufvHkatmif pD&ifawmfrljyD;rS ouU&mZf (894) wef;aqmifykef;vqef;
(9)&ufae@ atmifwyfxGufawmfrlonf? (Tt&mY ouU&mZf udk (879) [lIqdkav./ &mZ0ifa[mif;wdk@
ESifh nSdI (894)ck[ka&;vdkufonf/ Tum;pum;csyfwnf;? ?
,if;odk@tcg pD;awmfqif ZD0pdk;onf unifopfwyifudk rmef0ifawmfrlI xdk;av&m unifyiftjrpfu
vJa=umif;ESifh qifuJwdk@av#mufvmonftwGif; rdkCf;pJusGef;ol=uD; aumif;vSatmifuvnf; iusGJwaumif
qufvmonf/ xdktwdwfedrdwfESpfckudk trwfynm&Sd 0drvausmf av#mufxHk;ausmfum; ? umvm0u (P-
61)*a*F,sESifh y¾&cdk aygufausmf wrŠ 0d*Fv[k ponfausmfa[m qifq,frsdK;xuf wefcdk;tvGef
q'Nefajymifjrwf ywf&yfnDpGm vuQ%mum; oEWmpG,fa&mif tmabmifapG;apG; azG;azG;jzLpif aiGoGiftvm;
pG,fzsm;tnD vuf,mcsDI em&DESpfzuf em;&Gufem;Ek rpkrnGwf o&ywfodk@ rjywfrapmuf aemufa&S@ OD;uif;

33
rpif;rukH; udk,fvHk;ausmh&Sif; a&qif;nmwif av;cifpuf0ef; rcsGef;ryk &SpfcktpGef; v0ef;o¾mef rifa&cHodk@
toHoGefenf; a&=unf;ESpfoG,f nmb,fra&G; tajy;tv$m; e*g;csD&m &moDoHk;rnf ig;wnfoHk;csuf
rkefom;rusL; xdyfOD;vnfwdkif =uHcdkifpGef;oef &Jrmefwnf;wnf; ajconf;aecsuf ausmufrsufeDvm yrmrjcm;
ESarmif;zsm;wGif ywWjrm;&pf ta&mifzdwfodk@ ttdyo f Hk;axG taeav;yg; tpm;oHk;csuf ruGufroef;
awmifusGef;ZrŠL qif[lor# rmerjydkif OD;qdkifrwef@ a=umufvef@a&Smifajy; jraoG;ESmcsyf jyD;cyf&m[k
pqkawmfjrJ ykvJtmeD pHknDr,Gif; qifrsm;rif;um; ae@csif;ravmuf ajcmufq,fcef@uGm ,lZemudk
r=umv#ifjref ae@csif;jyefonf/ qifaygif;ajymif,Of ausmfqifawmfrsdK;jrwf ZD0pdk;v#if atmifr*Fvm
p=ufmuGef;jrl; wyfawmfOd;wGif unifopf=uD; usdkif;xD;wr# yrmeudk iifcsxdk;vSJ jcdrfhoJyJhwif &SpfcGifwkef&pf
wdkufpuU0g ESH@pGma=umufrm; rmefoGif;tvdk xdkukvm;jynfrwnfxGm;nuf ysufrnfrvGJ iusGJqufvm
b*Fg(12) ykqpfnGwfwkwf vuftkyf&SufajrSmuf a&$pufatmufodk@ ydk@a&mufvmjyD 'DvDyqm ZmwmEGrf;nSdk;
cdkukd;rnfcsnf; tvHvJI S uyfpnf;wifvm &wemawG rdkCf;iodk@apGr# =uufoa&pHk a&$bkH&pfzGg; ukvm;rif;aoG;
qif;jidrfhav;udk ta&;awmfwef qufrnfrSefonf v#ijf refjyD;pD; bkef;aerD;/ [lI trwf0drvav#muf
avaomf ppfxGufwyfawmfuyif ppfwaumifjrdK@onf a&S; bD;awmf bdk;awmfvufxuf trwf0drvwdk@
trsdKl pm;&dk;rsdK;jzpfonf/ trdefhawmf&SdI 0drvtrwftm; ppfwaumif;jrdK@udk jrdK@pm;ay;awmfrlonf/
(P-62) om;awmftdrfa&S hrif;rSmouU'gefavSawmftoD;oD; &JrufAdkvfajcwdk hpD;onfhavSrsm;rSmvGrf;=uiftm
wyf/ bm;rJh/ pyfwifavSig;&m/ ol&Jig;aomif;ESifh r,ljrpfudkxGufIyifv,fa=umif;csavonf/ om;awmfoHwGJ
pm;Oy&mZmvnf;up>ye'Djrpfnmvuf0Jzuf ayacsmif;udkqefI ausmufukvm;ausmufzsmjrdK hu acG;arG;
awmifpdkifwarmhvrf;csDavonf/
jynfh&Sifrif;=uD;vnf; ouU&mZf(894) ckwefaqmif;rkef;vqef; 11&ufaehup>ye'Djrpfudkul;awmfrlawmfI
orxD;jyGefvrf;csDoGm;&ef acsmif;0wGifcs&yfawmfrljyD;aomf atmifomjrdK horkwfawmfrlonf/ xdkucDsoGm;I
rv†m,ke'D jrpfta&S hzuf&aohawmifwGifwyfcsawmfrlI udef;omjrdK horkwfawmfrlonf/ xdkucsDawmfrlI
avnSif;jyifwGifcsawmfrl&myOP0wDjrdK horkwfawmfrlonf/ xdkucsDoGm;v#if yJvGef;qdyfwGifcsawmfrlIoD&d0wD
jrdK horkwfawmfrlonf/ xdkucsDavaomfa'gif;jyifwGifcsawmfrlI =uufoa&=uD;jrdK horkwfawmfrlonf/ xdkucsD
oGm;&ma*:awmfyv†ifwGifcsawmfrlI ok0ÀjrdK horkwfawmfrlonf/
xdkucsavI ovlacsmif;ul;wGif ukvm;trwfav;a,mufvlwpfode;f ESifh cH&yfaeaomppfudkawG havv#if
jynfh&Sifrif;&ifqdkifwl&lcs&yfawmfrlI wyfawmfOD;csLyftrwfawmfqifuJ=uD;udk ovlawmif&if;ucsDoGm;ap
v#ufudk,f&Hol&JESpfaomif;ESifh nOfhYpD;eif;zdwdkufap&m ukvm;wyfysufpD;Iajy;=uavonf/ xdkt&yf
udkppfwvif;atmifajrjrdK horkwfawmfrlonf/ xdkucDsawmfrlavI ordk;awmifwGifcsawmfrlonf/ xdkt&yfudk
qD;rD;awmufjrdK horkwfawmfrlonf/ xdkucDsavaomf 0HawmfwGifcsawmfrlI a&csrf;0wDjrdK horkwfawmfrlonf/
xdkucsDavaomf uHomjrDK hudk&awmfrlavonf/
om;awmftdrfa&S hrif;yifv,fa=umif;wGif ukvm;xdk;oabmFESifhqD;qdk hcHESifhonfudk twGif;a=umif;csDoGm;I
aomif;xD;usGef;/ r[duU&musGef; wdk hudk&avonf?
(P-63) om;awmfoHwJpG m;vnf; oufjrdK h&avrlcsD;oGm;I bdvyfjrdK hudk&jyefavonf/ ppfwaumif;jrdk hwGif
ukvm;rif;om; rk&odefcHaeav&m trwfqifuJ=uD;udk&JrufoHk;aomif; udk,f&Hol&Jwpfaomif; vlaygif; av;
aomif;ay;awmifrlI=unf;a&csDoGm;wdkufap&mukvm;rif;om;vnf;ppfwaumif;jrdK hwGift=umrcH0HhI ig;&ef
ilodk hqkwfoGm;avonf/trwfqifuJ=uD; ppfwaumif;jrdK hudk&v#if/jynfh&Sifrif;=uD;csoGm;awmfrlIppfwaumif;
jrdK hwGifcs&yfawmfrlonf/ qifawmfZD0pddk;wyfvnf;qdkufa&mufvwfaomf jrufa&jznfh wif;&pfawmfrljyD;rS
ouU&mZf(894) ck jymodk vqef;ig;&ufaehqifawmfZD0pdk;udk pD;awmfrlI 'g*gjrdJK hodk h=unf;a=umif;a&a=umif;csD
awmfrlonf/ om;awmftdrfa&S hrif;vnf;csDvmI aemufcsnf;yk&mwGifcs&yfawmfrlvmonf/ jynfh&Sifrif;udk

34
a&mifjzLjrpful;wGif ukvm;tdrfa&S hrif;rk&odef=unf;a&tjynfh &JrufoHk;odef;ESifhcHwdkufavaomf om;awmfoH
wGJpm;&JrufoHk;aomif;ESifh =unf;a&nSyfv#uf a&mifjzljrpfnmucsDvmonf/ om;awmftdrfa&S hrif;vnf;
ukvm;yqmrif; jrdK hopfwGifcs&yf&Sdonfudk csDoGm;wdkufav&m ukvm;yqmrif;qkwfoGm;IarmufolZmjrdJK h
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ESifhom;awmftdrfa&S hrif;wdkufav&m ukvm;wyfysufI ukvm;tdrfa&S hrif;om;rk&odefudk zrf;qD;&rd awmf
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15&ufaeha&mufawmfrlonf/ om;awmfoHwGJpm;vnf;bdvyfjrdJ hwGiftcdkifcs&yfv#ufaeavonf/ ukvm;tdrf
a&S hrif;om;rk&odefudk vuf0J0if;rSL;ausmfyHkodk htyfawmfrlI aumif;rGefpGmxm;&avonf/
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rckwfrvSJ rD;rwdkuf r&SdapESifh a=umufvefhI awmykef;awmifajccdkaeolwdk hudkvnf; toD;oD;aus;&Gmodkh0ifae
aprckwfrowfr,lapESifh om,mpGm0ifap/ t&yf&yfwyfawmfrsm;odk ha0ESHatmifqifhqdkawmfrljyS;rS ukvm;rif;
&Sd &marmufolZmjrdK hodk hrdkCf;pJpm;trwf 0Àausmfudk apawmfrl&may;vdkufonfhpmum; --ÁjENd wdkif;/
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tbd&Zm/ uH&mZm=uD;/ pENol&d,/ 'o&mZm/ tm%mxGef;vif; rif;qufrsm;pGmtaemufrsufESm &uQyl&
wdkif;edifiH/ ukrBDvmjrdK hxd taemufawmif bm*d&e'D/ a&&dk;tjcm; armufolZmjrdK h/ umvuwWm;/ oabmF
qdyfxd taemufajrmufa&mifjzLjrp/f aemufzufbdvyfjrdK hxdydkifawmfrlavonf/ ab;awmfrif;xD;vufxuf
ta&S houfwdk hawmfipOfaus;&Gmudk pwifzsufpD;av&m rmefawmf0ifI ouU&mZf(695) ckwGifcsDwufav&m
oufjrdK hzsufI oufrif;ESifh om;/orD;wdk hudk&cJhonf/ oufrif;om;wdk hxGufajy;av&m tjidK;&ef&SdonfjzpfI
oufrif;ajr;/ rif;aqGac:aomtif;0rif;acgifom; rif;&JausmfpGm ouU&mZf (768) ckwGifcsDwdkufvmaomf
rif;apmrGefvnf; trdsK;rif;usifhw&m;v$wfav&m jynfoljidkjiifojzifh zsufpD;v#uf&Sdaom b*gF 12 jrdK hudkxGuf
ajy;ul;ajymuf;I yqmrif;xHcdk0ifav&m yqmrif;uppfulay;onfudk ta=umif;jyKI ukvm;b*gF 12 jrdK hudk
ay;cJhonf / ESpft&Snf&SdjyD;odrf;,lavmufwefI odrf;,lawmfrlavonf/ 'DvDrif;edkifiHa&ajruJhodk hqD;qdk hckcH
avonfrSm om,mpGmjyefv#ifvnf; a&S;ab;awmfrif;wdk hxHk;a[mif;rysufap& armufolZmjrdK hwGifom,l
awmfrlrnf/ ,if;odk hr[kwf ppfjyKrnfjzpfv#if 'DvD jrdK hwdkifatmifodrf;,lawmfrlrnf[kay;awmfrlvdkufonf/
(P-65) xdkpmonf ukvm;rif;xHa7mufavaomftyfjrJtyfcJhI ukvm;rif;qkwfoGm;jyD;v#if bm*d&e'D jrpf
taemufbuf ZH*d&mjrdK hrSmcs&yfaejyD;rS ukvm;'DvD rif;orD; yJoD'g ESifhvufaqmufyÀmtrsm;qufo
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awmfrlI *,moDojrdK hawmifzuf c&D;ajcmufrdkifuGm oHk;*g0kwf t&yf&Sd Ak'<C&m&GmteD; r[maAm"dyif
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av;q,fwnfxm;ylaZmfawmfrlcJhonf/
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ouU&mZf (894) ckESpf ukvm;b*Fg wpfq,fjrdK hudkcsw
D ufodrf;,lawmfrla=umif;ouU&mZf (894)ck waygif;v
qef; (15)&uf eHawmfpaeae@ yGJvef;obif=uD;pGmESifh r[maAm"dyifrSm tvSL=uD;ayawmfrla=umif;/ oufrif;
apmEG,fu qifjzLESpfpD;qufoa=umif; 'DvDyqmrif;u orD;awmfeef;wufzgG ; eHawmf Ak'<[;l touf
(17)ESpft&G,f&Sd yJoDwmudk qufoawmfrla=umif; 'DvDyqmrif;om; ppfyGJwGif&aom tdrfa&S@rif;rk&odef
eHawmf paeae@ touf(39)ESpft&G,f&Sdoludk ab;rJhay;awmfrlI tb 'DvDyqmrif;odk@ tyfay;oem;

35
awmfrlcJha=umif;wdk@udk aocsmpGmausmufpm urŠnf;a&;xdk;pdkufxm;awmfrlcJhjyD;v#if ouU&mZf (895)ckESpf
uqkefvqef; ESpf&ufae@ r[maAm"dyif=uD;&Sdawmfrl&m A'<C&m *,moDojrdK@rS jyefawmfrlcJhonf/ 'gum
jrDK@odk@a&mufawmfrlcJhv#if jrdK@udk cdkifvHkpGmwnfawmfrlI ouU&mZf (895)ck uqkefvjynfhausmf (5)&ufae@
jyefawmfrlcJhonf/
bdvyf/ a&mifjzL uHom/ ukrBdvm/ av;jrdk@wdk@udkvnf; 0if;rSL;av;a,mufwdk@udk ouU&mZf (895)ck eH,kef
vjynfhausmf (6)&ufae@ay;awmfrlonf/ ,if;odk@tcg oufrif; apmEG,fqufvmaom qifjzLawmfESpfpD;onf
qifjzLawmfr[kwf ajrjzLvdrf;usHI qufvmaomqifudk ppfwaumif;jrdK@apmifhtrwf 'g;ydkif=uD;vkyfI
av#mufwifjcif;omjzpfygonf[k a&mifjzLjrd@Kt=uD; ukvm;xmem zsmwvD OD; (P-66) oifu jynfh&Sifrif;xH
av#mufavaomf trdef@awmf&Sdonfum;/ / rkovrH ukvm;wdk@trsdK;onf arsmufESifhwlonf/ oif;wdk@
udk,Hkaomonf ajrvHk;ESifh zuf&Guf rdwfaqGjyK=uonfyrm ESpfOD;yifysuf&macsonf/ trdef@awmf&SdI
wefqmudk odrf;jyD;v#if rdef;rpdk;armfvdyftpdk@rSm jznfhawmfrlonf/
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om;awmfjyefoGm;I ppfwaumif;jrdk@odk@ a&mufvm&m qifjzLESpfpD;udkawG@ojzifh qifjzLr[kwf ukvm;xmem
av#mufaomtwdkif; rSefonf/ oufrif;udktrsufawmf0ifI ouf trwfav;a,mufwdk@udk tjypfESifxm;
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om;awmfoHwGJpm; vuf&Hk;&nfom&SdonfjzpfI ESvHk;&nfenf;ojzifh trwf=uD;pum;udk
remr,laeavonf/ ,if;aomta=umif;udk jynfh&Sifrif;=um;odawmf rlavaomf ppfwaumif;jrdK@wGif trwf
'g;ydkif aumif;rGefpGmwefqmqifI oufrif;ESifhoufrSL;rwfwdk@yg om,mpGmoHwGJpm; =uD;=uyfaqmif,lI
'g*gjrdK@odk@vmap trdef@awmfa&mufvmonfwGifrS om;awmfoHwGJpm; Oy&mZma=umufvSpGmESifh jynfh&Sifrif;
=uD;xHodkh@ a&mufaomtcg trdef@awmf&Sdonfum; oHwJpG m;Oy&mZmonf ynm&Sdpum;udk rem,l
rif;om;jzpfv#uf a&S;xHk;a[mif;oufaoudk rwwfod/ vlrdkufwdk@tavh=urf;wrf;/ cufxefaom tr_/
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Tvdyfi,fonf a&udka=umufwwfaom trsdK;rSef;/ a&odk@cs&ygrnf rif;xHav#mufav&m rif;vnf;vdkufem
v#uf vdyfudka&odk@csavaomf xdkvdyfi,fonf e*g;jynfodk@a&mufjyefavonf/ e*g;rif;xH vlrif;uoHapI
vm&a=umif;ajymqdkv#if e*g;rif;u e*g;vkvifxnfh xdkvdyfudkaqmif,lv#uf vl@jynfodk@vmcJh&m
a&uefwckY xdkvdyfi,faysmufoGm;a=umif; tajcr&Sd vdyfi,fvSnfhpm;aompum;udk vlrif;e*g; rif;wdk@,Hk
ojzifh aygufa&muf=uavaomf rdwfaqG=uD;pGm vl@jynfESifh e*g;jynfom;csif;qufa=umif; a&S@ olawmfaumif;
wdk@ xm;cJhaom Zmwfeyd gwf xif&Sm;&Sdonf/ oufrif;apmEG,fonf ightusdK;awmfudk vdkI *k%fusufoa&udk
jrSifhajrmufol jzpfonf trdef@awmf&SdjyD;rS oufrif;apmEG,fudk aumif;vSjzLtrnfESifh om;awmfoHwGJpm;
enf;wl rif;aqmifay;awmfrlavonf?

36
oufrif;trwf=uD;wdk@rSmvnf; ukvm;xmemwdk@enf;wl t0wfwefqm O\Hkay;awmfrlavonf/ 'gumjrdk@
wGif 0gqdkawmfrlI ukvm;riforD; yJoD'grSm om;wyg;zGg;jrif&m it*Fg[laom trnfay;awmfrlonf/
aEGvwdkifvwfaomf om;awmf it*Fgudk ukvm;qdkif&mjrdK@udk ay;awmfrlI trd yHoD'gESifhwuG armufolZm
jrdK@wGif =uD;pGmwdkuftdrfEiS fh xm;awmfrlcJhonf/ armufolZmjrd@Kudkvnf; vuf,mppfuJ rEk[mudk ol&J
ig;aomif;ESifh jrdK@apmifhxm;I e,fjcm;ausmufwdkif a&;rSwf pdkufxlxm;cJhonf/ 'gumjrdK@wGif ol&Jig;aomif; ESifh
vuf0JppfuJ rif;acgifudk tapmifh (P-68) xm;awmfrlcJhonf/ ukvm;qif;&Jom;wdk@ vkyfpm;onfh
O,smOfv,frsm;rSm ukvm;awmifwm w*g&Dv#if wESpfudk ig;ojymoGif;jrJa&S;ab;awmfwdk@ xHktwdkif;udkom
rydkrvGef cH,laumufoGif;vmap/ uvuwWm;oabFmqdyf/ ppfwaumif;oabFmrsm;rSmvnf; wq,fv#if
wckom aumuf,lqufoGif;ap/ jrdK@pm;wdk@rSm ulwdk@cGef/ uif;cGef/ a&&dk;ydkufcGefudkom pm;ap/ w&m;wabmif
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cGJwefonf/ wojymwefonfudk jyD;atmifpD&ifolwdk@ pm;,lap? vif;uJ/ acG;arG;wdk@rSm wtdrf
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taemufjynfodk@csDawmfrlonfumv ukvm;yqmrif;u qufovdkufaom ukvm;rif;orD; 'H&rmZmvD/
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odrf;awmfrlcJhI ouU&mZf (895) ckwygif;vqef; (12)&ufae@ aejynfawmfodk@jyefawmfrlcJhonf?
ppfwaumif;jrdK@odk@a&mufawmfrlcJhv#if oufrif;aumif;vSjzL orD; - 48- oZifndkudk qufoav&m
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ausmufpmarmfuGef;xdk;IvSLawmfrla=umif;ESifhqdkonf?
Tonfum; "n0wDta&;awmfyHkYvmaom rif;yg=uD;ta=umif;wnf;? T"n0wDta&;awmfyHkYjyqdktyf
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xdk hjyifrif;zavmif;vufxuf ouU&mZf (905) wGifrif;w&m;a&$xD;a&mufvma=umif;eSifhqdkaompum;onf
vnf; &mZm0ifa[mif; a% csyf/ tif;apmuf&mZ0if aumfcsyf/ q&mirnf&mZ0if 176 eHygwfwdk hY
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aoma=umifh rif;w&m;a&$xD;ESifh rif;zavmif;awG hedkif&efta=umif;r&Sdav&um; rif;yg=uD;vufxuf ouU
&mZf (908) ckwGifoma&mufvmonf[k,loifhonfjzpfI rif;yg=uD;vufxufodk haygif;zufa&;jyvdkufaytHh?
b0&Sifrif;yg=uD;onf txGwftjrwfodk ha&mufawmfrlavv#if nDawmfrif;vSatmifudk oHwJpG m;t&mrSESwf
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pm; rif;atmifvSur=unfvifI awmifiljrdKhESifhwuG[Hom0wDjynfudktpdk;&aom rif;w&m;a&$xD;xH vuf
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rif;w&m;a&$xD;u a,mufzawmf bk&ifaemifausmifxifaemf&xmudkwyfOD;xm;v#uf ouU&mZf (908)ckwGif
csDvmawmfrlonf?

37
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qdktyf aompum;onfvnf; rnfonfhrif;vGefavI om;baxG;eef;vk=uonf[krygaoma=umifh4if;
ouU&mZf (908) ckwGifrif;yg=uD;eef;pH (15) ESpfom&Sdao;onf/ (915)ckESpfrSvGefawmfrl(P-70) a=umifhESifh
igwdk@&cdkif&mZ0ifa[mif;wdk hYqdkaoma=umifh4if; rSwfom;em,l&efroifhxifayonf? (Tum;pum;csyfwnf;)
rif;w&m;a&$xD;vma=umif;udk=um;odawmfrlavIpenf;emapaom/ (yXr penf;rSm) usD;tmI{nfhvmonf
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acsmif;om;/ uwl;/ cspfvawmf- vlrsdK;wdk hESifh zdk;acgifawmifta&S hzufaus;&Gmodk hcsDwufawmfrlaponf/
om;awmftdrfa&S hrif;wduQmudkvnf; b*gFwpfq,fh ESpfjrdK hu ukvm;oabmFoHk;q,fhig;pif;ESifh armwifu
tapmifhtaexm;awmfrlavonf? ,if;odk htoD;oD; cef h&yfawmfrljyD;rS qifhqdkawmfrlonfum;awmifil
rif;w&m;a&$xD;a&mufvmv#if a&S huqD;qdk hIrwdkufESifh csDvmIjrdK hawmfem;odk ha&mufrS aemufuydwfqdk hjyD;
v#if&duQmr&Smap&/ wdkufzsuf&rnf trdef hawmfjyefqdkv#ufxm;awmfrlavonf/
awmifilrif;w&m;a&$xD; onfouU&mZf (908) ck wydk hwJv G qef;ESpf&ufae havmif;=uufjrdK ha[mif;wGifwyfcs
vmI 4if;vqef;oHk;&ufae hajrmufOD;jrdK hudkwdkudav&m rD;ayguf/ ajymif;/av;/ jrm;/ rsm;ESifhypfcwfavv#if
taotaysmufrsm;ojzifh qkwfcgGv#ufae=uavonf? trwf=uD;ESpfa,mufvnf;aemufuydwfqdk hwdkufav
onf?om;awmfppfwHwifjrdK hom;cspfaESmif;rif;zavmif;vnf;ta&S hawmifpOfjrdJK h&Gmwdk hudkwdkufzsufItdrf&m
qefpyg;rsm;udkwdkufavonf?
,if;aomtcgrif;w&m;a&$xD;trwf=uD; a,mufzawmf ausmfxifaemf&xmudk rif;w&m;a&$xD;uapv$wf
awmfrlI 0ifvmaomftawG hcHawmfrrl/ w&m;obifjyK&mr¾yfYtrwfjynfpdk;=uD; "rRaZ,sESifh pum;ajym
apawmfrlonfum; trwfjynfpdk;+uD; "rRaZ,su ausmfxifaemf&xmudk ar;onfum; trwf=uD;wdk@
jynfwGif &wemoHk;yg; bk&m;w&m; awmfudk=unfndkol&Sdyg.avm/ jynfh&Sifrif;vnf; rif;usifhw&m; q,fyg;/
&mZ*k%f &Spfyg; jrJyg.avm/ rSL; (P-72) rwfwdk@onf t*Fg &Spfyg;jynfhpHkyg.avm[k ar;avonf/

38
xdkodk@ar;av&m awmifilrif;trwf=uD; ausmfxifaemf&xmu qdkonfum; usGEfkyfwdk@wdkif;jynfY omoem
awmfxGef;vif; rif;vnf;bkef;tm%m=uD;us,f/ rSL;rwfwdk@vnf; t*FgpHk;um ynmAv=uG,f0 onfyif[lI
qdkavonf/ ,if;odk@qdkvwfaomf trwfjynfpdk;=uD; "rRaZ,sqdkjyefonfum; bk&m;paom olawmfaumif;
wdk@ qHk;rawmfrlcJhaom w&m;usrf;*efvmonfrSm 'kp&dkufq,fyg;udk apmifhxdrf;aomt&yfY omoemawmf
wnf&monf/ xdk'kp&dkuf q,fyg;udk rapmifhxdef;aomt&yfom;wdk@onf vlrdkuf"avh qdk;oGrf;edkifxuf
&ufa&m=urf;=urf;wrf; ,kwfEGrf;aomtr_ESifhom toufxufqHk;usifh=uHaeav&mwnf;/ olawmfaumif;wdk@
&Sdaomt&yfY &mZ[deH/ tusifhr&Sd rsdK;rapmifhaom rif;,kwfonf tu,fI pdk;rdk;tHh/ xdkrif;tm;
trwfaumif;wdk@onf rrSm;r,Gif;ap&m/ touftaiS@ av#mufwif&jrJjzpfonf/ rif;ESifhtrwf wdkpHkv#uf
qdk;oGrf;vwfaomf oHCmawmfwdk@ tusdK;ta=umif;jy a[majymqHk;r&jrJjzpfonf/ usrf;*eftvm a&S;ynm
&Sdwdk@ pum;trSwGifwnf;?
a&ajrOd;cdkif edkifiHydkifrl wdrf;,dik fa&S@vrf; tusifhoGrf;aomf rif;usGrf;0ifbd rwfu0dwdk@ ESdkif;nSdykÀm;
rif;yg;av#mufoifh =uD;jrifh*k%f&Sif em;r0ifI rif;yifusifh&m wlpGmp&dwf rif;vdkvdkufI rwfrdkufESifhrif; oif;yif;
nSdpG jyKjyef=url "rRobif r*Fvmausmf oCFmawmfwdk@ ta[mf 0u a&S@urif;aygif; rl;rwfaumif; wdk@
rapmif;wnfhrwf usifh0wfusrf;*ef rvGefr,kwf ax:xkwfjyo qHk;rxHk;pH vSLcHoljrwf &[ef;0wfESifh
av#mufywfoifhpGm jymqdk&monf/ /pOffvmed*Hk; a&S@usifhxHk;?? ?
[lI a&S@ynm&Sdwdk@pum; rdef@=um;vm&Sda=umif;ESifh qdkavv#if ausmfxifaemf&xmonf oifhav#mfpGmajym
=um;I xGufoGm;avonf?
aemufw&uf0ifvmaomtcg jynfh&Sifrif;yg=uD; tawG@cHawmfrlv#uf trdef@awmf&Sdonfum; ? ? a&r&Sdaom
uef qefr&Sdaompyg; w&m;r&Sdaomrif;rsdK; qdk;aumif;rodaom rD;c&D;a&muf&moGm;I =uufudkpm; (P-73)
pm;onfhajrG/ TowW0g ig;OD;wdk@onf yOPbkwf olawmfaumif;wdk@ rSDcdk&efrtyf/ tusdK;tjypfudkvnf;rod
xdkowW0gwdk@&Sd&mt&yfa'oY t&SnfrxGef;vif;edkif&m/ &efolrsdK;ig;yg;ESifh qufqH& rsm;avonfwGif
tpfudkwdk@awmifilrif;vnf; vuf&Hk;rmetm;vGefonf/ ynm&SdESifheD;uyf aygif;apOD; [lItrdef@awmf&Sd av
onf/ trwfausmfxifaemf&xm tjyefwGifvnf; ppfwaumif;jrdK@pm; r[mynmausmfudk jynfh&Sifrif;u
xnfhawmfrlavonf?
rif;w&m;a&$xD;xH r[mynmausmfav#mufxHk;aomfum; t&Sifrif;jrwf avmuoHk;yg;. txGÉftxdyf
jzpfawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;qHk;rawmfrlonfh w&m;udkrwnfaom olwdk@onf oHo&m0Éf 'kuQqif;&J&Snf
ygonf/ a&S;olawmfaumif;wdk@pum;Yvnf; oabFmpD;v#uf a&&dk;a&a=umif;udk rodwwfaom rmvdef/
awm0ifavv#uf awmifpOfudkrodwwfaom rkqdk;/ jynfh&Sifrif;jzpfv#uf rl;rwft&nf tedrfhtjrifhudk
rodwwfaomrif;/ trwfjzpfv#uf rif;&dyfrif;jcnf t&nftaoG; pum;roifhudk rodwwfaomtrwf/
pwk[De tedrfhX OrRwWaum Tav;OD;aom ol,kwftvdk r&Sdtyfaomol&l;wdk@onf tvdrfrmr&SdonfjzpfI
aojcif;rvSao&a=umif;ESifh xHk;a[mif;&Sdygonf/ w&m;vdrfrm oHo&mtjyifudk odaom rif;aumif;rif;jrwf
wdk@onf teD;ta0; ol@om; udk,fhom; ra&G; qHk;rapawmfrla=umif; a&S;olawmfaumif;wdk@ tqdkvmjyef
onfrmS ?usifhacsmf"rR oZd0tm; jypfrSm;jyf;&Sdef Zd0dudefudk nSdK;ydefraoG ajcGaomfvnf;aumif; wa=umif;
rdkufrnf; ol@ypPnf;udk csKyfwnf;rJhjim' jypfrSm;ojzifh roifhyacs ol@aqGZeD; cspforD;ESifh a&mESD;qufqH
oHk;yg;uHrl 0DrHavmb eopP[k ,Gif;cGpum; olESpfyg;udk cdkufyGg;&efppf a'gojzpfatmif acsmypfwwef
rsufrmef=urf;=uKyf z&k\trsdK; tusdK;rJhv#if; ydef;zsif;0gpm rsdef@rSmpwk a'gopkI jcm;ol&dyfjidrf pnf;pdrfajcG&H
olaumif;uHudk zdwfv#He*ƒ F ig[mwd[k jzpfbdapvdk tqdkta&; r=uHaxG;vdrfh rdkufrJwa=umif;
apmif;ajrmif;jillpl t,larSmufvSef rdp>mOm%fESifh oHk;wefum, (P-74) ponftm;xkwf udk,fESkwfESvHk;
aqmufwnfoHk;u ydwfzHk;av;yg; yg,fwHcg;? ?[lI pyfqkdqHk;rawmfrlygonf?
jynfh&Sifrif;wdk@onf orRmtmZD0 aumif;aomoufarG;jcif;&SdukefjzpfI a=u;armif;cwfaomf pnfawmf&dkufwD;
I wae@oHk;=udrf jynfolwdk@udkqHk;rawmfrlygonf? t&Sifrif;jrwf vuf&Hk;tm;udktvdk&Sdaom rif;onf &efydkI

39
xdkjynfolwdk@onfvnf; vuf&Hk;rme=uD;jcif;a=umifh pnf;pdrfr&Snf &efolig;yg; qufqHrsm;avonf/
ESvHk;tm;udktvdka&Sdaomwdkif;Y rif;wdk@.jynfolonf tylaouuif;jcif;a=umifh rdbom;jrJpOfvm ojym
awmifhwif;rukef qufqHcHpm;v#uf rysufpD;xGef;I bk&m;paomolawmfaumif;wdk@ tcsD;trGef;udk
cH&a=umif;ESifh ynm&Sdrsm;rSmxm;awmfrlygonf? usrf;*efYvnf;? ?
&kuQm\w[\ed yky‰&kauQmp aombwd//
Ek&owo[\ed &lyaEWmp aombwd?
&lyowo\[\ed yn0aEWmp aombwd [lIvmygonf?
&kuQ\w[\ed / opfyifwodef;wdk@wGif yky‰&kauQmp tyGif;&Sdaomopfyifonfv#if aombwd wifhw,f./
e&owo[\ed vlaygif;wodef;wdk@wGif &ky0aEWmop t&kyftqif;vSyjcif;&Sdaomolomv#if aombwd
wifhw,f./ &kyowo[\ed tqif;vSyaom vlwode;f wdk@wGif ynm0aEWmp ynm&Sdaomolomv#if
aombwd wifhw,f./
Todk@vmaoma=umifh ynmomt&if;jzpfI rif;usifhruGm ynmEsifh wdkif;jynfudk apmifhxdef;&maom
ta=umif; usrf;a[mif;tvm&Sdygonf/ xdkrSwzef usef;*efvmonfrSm
cE<medpPmc,aXe b,aXe 'kuQmpaw
tewWm om&uaXe Áwdydaom ykeykEMH/
cE<mig;yg; &kyfemrfw&m;wdk@onf c,aXe ukefwwf ysufpD;wwfaomteufa+umifh tedpPm tedpPrnfukef./
awp xdkcE<mig;yg; &kyfemrfw&m;wdk@onfyif b,aXe ab;&eftaESmuft,Suf&Sdjcif;[laomteufa=umifh
'kuQm 'kuQrnfukef./ awp xdkcE<mig;yg;&kyfemrfw&m;wdk@onfyifv#if tom&uaXe tESpfom&r&Sdjcif;
[laomteufa=umifh tewWm trwWrnfukef./ Áwdyd Todk@vnf; xdkcE<ig;yg; w&m;tpkudk ykeykEMH
tzefwvJvJ ypPa0uQdwaAŠm qifjciftyf./
Todk@vmaoma=umifh &kyauQcE<m a0'ecE<m/ onmcE<m ocFg&cE<m 0dnm%cE<m TcE<mig;yg;wdk@onf
"gwfav;yg; jyKjyifaxmufyHh pDrHtyfonfjzpfI tprxif oHo&m0ÉfY tedrhtjrifh puf&[wfyrm awG@&jrJ
"rRwmudk igrif;wum[lI axmifv$m;acsaomf xdkrif;jynfolwdk@onfvnf; bk&m;tqHk;tr omoemawmf
rwnf rif;tvdk&Sd&mvdkufI =urf;wrf;,kwfrm qdk;oGrf;a+umif;udk usrf;*efjyqdkonfrSm
ykwdrdp>H ukoawWe a,mea&m Oyed,#wd/
ukor`d ykwd H0g,wd {0HAmvl yao0em/
a,mea&m t=uifolonf ykwdrp>H ykyfaomig;udk ukoawWe oref;jrufESifh Oyed,#wd xkyf./ w\ xdkol.
ukorRd oref;jrufonfvnf; ykwd H tykyfteH@udk 0g,wd v_dif./ {0H Ttwl Amvlyao0e olrdkufESifh
aygif;zufaomolwdk@udk 'XA`Šm rSwftyfukef.// [lIvmyfonf? ,if;odk@vmonfudk ynm&Sdwdk@
qdkawmfrljyefnfum; rif;vnf;rif;=urf; trwfoGrf;ESifh tusGrf;rdwf0if odk@wnf;v#ifrl jynfol&dyGwf rif;wnf;
jrwfu trwfxdkwl jynfolrnSdK; ppfxdk;r&Sd r&dowW0g a&pmr&Sm; cdk;om;ray: jyifajrmfool =unfjzLjrwfedk;
a&crdkCf;odk@[lIqdkygonf?
(P-76) trsm; omrdut&Sifwdk@rSm ynmomrlvtm'djzpfI qdkvmaomoltm; &nfoGm;wck vlr_w&yf
trwf&*k%f&nf qdkonfpum; xdkav;yg;udk od&aomta=umif; usef;a[mif;vmjyefonfum;?
uka'oOP ukrdwWm ukukvOPukAE<0H
uk'g&OP uk'goOP 'l&awm y&d0dZ…a,
uka'oOP raumif;aomt&yfudk4if;/ ukrdwWm raumif;aomcifyGef;udk4if; ukukvOP raumif;aomtrsdK;
udk4if;/ ukAE<0OP raumif;aomtaqGtrsdK;udk4if; uk'g&OP raumif;aomr,m;udk4if;/ uk'goOP raumif;
aomusGefudk4if; 'l&awm a0;pGm y&d0dZ…a, =uOfa&Smif&./
Todk@vm&Sdaomta=umif; xHk;a[mif;usef;*ef&Sdyfonf[k av#mufxm;v#if awmifilrif;w&m;a&$xD;onf
tvGef=udKufawmfrlI trwfr[mynmausmfudk a&$ojymw&m/ aiGojymw&m qkay;awmfrlonf? jynf&Sif

40
rif;wdk@vnf; apm&efedkif[laom qifESifhjrif;ESpfpD; rif;pD;wefqmtvHk;pHk ay;awmfrlonf/ jynfh&Sif rif;u
pyg;wodef;ig;aomif;ay;awmfrlv#if ouU&mZf (908)ck waygif;vqef; (9)&ufae@ awmifilrif;w&m; a&$xD;
[Hom0wDaejynfawmfodk@ jyefawmfrlavonf?
Tonfum; ouU&mZf (905)ckwGif rif;zavmif;vufxuf awmifilrif;w&m;a&$xD;a&mufvma-
umif;ESifhqdkrtyfaom "n0wDta&;awmfyHkY vmonfudk rif;yg=uD;vufxufYom jzpfoifha=umif;ESifh
vGJajymif;,lq a&;om;a&;jytyfaom rif;yg=uD;vufxuf rif;w&m;&$x;D a&mufvmaomta=umif;wnf;/
"n0wD ta&;awmfyHkYjyqdktyfaom tdrfa&S@rif; oHwGJpm; &rf;jAJpm; wdk@.trnf a&mufvmaomckESpf
ouU&mZfwdk@udk &mZ0ifa[mif;tvdkjzifh a&;jyvdkufayonf?
(P-77) tcsdK@&mZ0ifopf (143) eHygwfYum; rif;yg=uD; eef;wuf ouU&mZfudk (893)ck eH,kefvqef; (1)&uf
paeae@wufa=umif;ESifh &mZ0ifa[mif;wdk htwdkif;qdkonf/ aemufESpf"n0wD ta&;awmfyHktwdkif;qdkjyD;v#if
(150) eHygwfwGif(878) rSeef;wufa=umif;eSifh(879) ckESpfwGifaAm"dyifodk ha&mufa=umif;ESifhqdkonf/trnfudk
vnf;rif;yg=uD;[lIqdkavonf/&mZ0ifa[mif;wdk@rSmrif;yif[lI4if;/ rif;yg[lI4if;qdkavonf/ rSefeef;&mZ0if
wGifum;ouU&mZf (908)ckESpfwGifw=udrfomrif;w&m;a&$xD;a&mufvma=umif; ajrmufOD;jrdK@udk a&tm;
a=u;tm; ppfonfwdk@udk wufaponf/ r&edkifacs/ &cdkifjrdK@onfawmifxdyfrSmvnf;jzpfonf/ jrdK@udk,fvnf;
cdkifcef@onf/ usHK;ajrmif;vnf;us,fonf/ vufeufu&d,mvnf;xlxyfonf jzpfaoma=umifh t=udrfzef
rsm;pGm vkyf=uHaomfvnf; jrdK@udkr&acs/ ,if;odk@&awmfrrlv#if jrdk@udka&=unf;0ef;I aeawmfrlonf/
aemufv#if &efwyfudk opfjrdK@pdkufI jyvuf&ef; aqmufapjyD;v#if pdef;/ ajymif; jr/wefylwdk@jzifh ae@pOf&ufquf
ypfcwfaprS igwdk@&cdkifbk&ifom;u rl;rwfwdk@ESifhwdkifyifI vufaqmifyÀmwdk@jzifh trwfESpfa,mufudk
apv$wfajymqdka=umif; xdkaemuf q&mawmfav;yg;wdk@ av#mufxm;I w&m;ojzifhajyjidrf;ap&ef arwWm&yf
cHapa=umif;ESifh tus,fw0ifh (246) eHygwfwdk@Yqdkonf?
igwdk@&cdkif&mZ0if tapmifapmifwdk@Y ouU&mZf (908)ckwGif rif;yg=uD;eef;pHESpf (15)ESpf tcgomjzpfI
rnfonfhrif; ewf&GmpHI rnfonfhyaxG; eef;vka=umif;wdk@ESifh rvmaoma=umifh wjynfw&GmrS
a&;om;tyfaom rSefef;&mZ0ifpum;udk tm;xm;,Hk=unf&ef oifhrnf[krxifaya=umif; ? ? (Tum;
pum;csyf)? /
xdkrif;yg=uD;vGefawmfrlavv#if om;awmfjzpfaom tdrfa&S@rif; wduQmonf arsmufom;awmfapmoEWmESifh
ouU&mZf (915)wGif a&$jynfxD;eef;udk odrf;jref;pdk;pHawmfrlav./ om;awmfrif;apmvSudkvnf; orD;awmf
eef;xufrdbk&m;apmbkef;xGwfESifh xdrf;jrm;r*FvmjyKI tdrfa&S@rif;t&m (P-78) udk tyfESif;awmfrlonf/ xdk
rif;wduQmum; 'ge/ oDvpaom ukodkvftpk aumif;r_w&m;udk tvGefvdkvm;tm;xkwfawmfrl./
xdkrif;tvdkawmfjynfhI wESpfajrmuf ouU&mZf (916)ck0,f nDawmfoHwGJjrdK@pm; Oy&mZmonf rav#mfroifh
ra&MfrnGef@ jyKavv#if ppfol=uD;av;a,mufESifhwuG om;awmftdrfa&S@rif;udk apv$wfawmfrlI wdkufcdkufap
aomf nDawmfoHwJpG m; Oy&mZmonf crnf;awmfwl &Sif&JrsdK;ESifhwuG yJcdk;rif; ausmfxifaemf&xmxH
ajy;0ifavonf/ ausmfxifaemf&xmrif;vnf; oHwGJpm; Oy&mZmudk "rRaomu[laomtrnfudk
orkwfawmfrlI ndawmfrkwWrbk&if apolausmfxif orD;awmft=uD;ESifh pHkzufawmfrlonf/ rif;ygwlawmf
&Sif&JrsdK;udkvnf; orD;awmf rsdK;jrwfbkef;pnfESifh pHzufawmfrlI warmhjrdK@udk ay;awmfrlavonf/ ?
Oy&mZmajy;0ifvm&m =uGif;usef&pfaom qifjrif; vufeufu&d,m b¾ma&$aiGwdk@udk odrf;,lI rif;=uD;
tm;qufoawmfrlvmv#if tdrfa&S@rif;ppfol=uD; paom&JrufAdkvfygtaygif;wdk@udk xdkufav#mfav#mufywf
aom qkudkay;oema;wmfrlonf/
xdkb0&Sifrif;wduQmY rdvk&m;apmrdvwfwGif om;awmftdrfa&S@rif; rif;apmvSESifh orD;awmfrif;vSxGwf
"rRma'0D oHk;a,mufzGg;jrifawmfrlonf/ ap,aumufrwGif orD;awmfapmbkkef;xGwfESifh om;awmf armif=uD;
jzL/ p=um0aw;ESpfa,mufzGg;jrifawmfrlonf/ xdkrSwyg; udk,fvkyfawmfwdk@rS arG;zGg;vmaom om;awmfwusdyf
av;a,muf/ orD;awmf&Spfa,mufvnf; &Sdawmfrlavonf/

41
xdkrif;um; jrdK@.ta&S@ajrmuf,Gef;t&yfY udk;aomif;bk&m;udkvnf; ouU&mZf (917)ckwGif wnfawfrlI
=uD;pGmaomobifudkcHawmfrlI tvSL=uD;ESpf=udrfay;awmfrlonf/ xdkrif;um; tdrfedrfh ((39)ESpf/ eef;pH (3)ESpf/
Espfpkoufawmf (42)ESpf ouU&mZf (918)ck waygif;vjynfhausmf (10)&uf aom=umae@wGif ausmufa&m*g
jzifh vGefawmfrlavonf/ eHawmf we*FaEGom;wnf;?
(P-79) xkdrif;vGefawmfrlavv#if om;awmftdrfa&S@rif; arif;apmvSonf ouU&mZf (918)ck waygif;vjynfh
ausmf (10)&uf aom=umae@ eef;wufrdzk&m; apmbkef;xGwfESifh a&$eef;wufawmfrlavonf/ rdaxG;awmf
apmoEWmudkvnf; wefaqmifrdz&k m; ajrSmufawmfrlavonf/
xdkESpfwGif0,f bdk;awmf crnf;awmfwdk@ aqmufvkyfawmfrlcJh&mY rjyD;rpD; t=uGif;usef&Sdvdkufaom r[mrked
odrfawmfudvnf; jyD;pD;atmif aqmufvkyfawmfrlavonf/ rcHpbl;aom a&yGJobifudkvnf; cHawmfrljyD;
v#if=uD;pGmaom tvSLudkay;awmfrlonf/
xdkb0&Sifrif;apmvSum; ay;urf;pGrfha=u;aomtcgY &wemrdkCf;&GmouJhodk@ cyfodrf;aomvl &Sif&[ef;wdk@
tm; t,kwftvwf tjrwfra&G; ay;vSLpGefh=uJawmfrl./ jynfol&Gmom;wdk@tm; oem;arwWm *&kemjzifh
vGefpGmjidrf;csrf;om,matmif =uHaqmifcsD;jrSifh axmufyHhrpawmfrl./ ausmif;=uD; AdrmefaqmufvkyfawmfrlI
oDv0ef *ke0ef yk*~dKvfrGef yk*~dKvfjrwfwdk@tm; vSL'gef;awmfrl./
ouU&mZf (923)wGif 'kuUHodrf 'kuUHausmif; eef;wufausmif;/ Zde'goausmif;/ tdkifausmif;/ wef@awmfausmif;/
pnfarmif;ausmif;/ yef;awmifausmif;/ Tausmif; (10)ausmif;wdk@ukd aqmufvkyfawmfrlI awmifjrwf
"rR0dvmo paomyk*~dKvfwdk@tm; wifvSLawmfrlonf/ tkef;/ xef;/ pHum; ponfwdk@udkvnf; pdkufysdK;vSL'gef;
awmfrlonf/ xdkrSwyg; "ge oDv t&mY vGepf Gmtm;xkwfjyKvkyf=udK;yrf;awmfrlonf/
xdkrif;. wdkif;edkifiHus,fcef;onf ppfwaumif;udktpdk;&aom OD;pD;=uD;axmuf oa&mufcifonf nDESifh
om;awmfudk apv$wfI yÀmum&wdk@udk ESpfwdkifrjywfqufawmfrlv#uf usrf;usdefpm vufpjG I usGefawmfcH
vmonf / xdkodk@ usGefawmfcHvmaom OD;pD;=uD;aemuf a&mufociftm; OD;a'gif; oufrif;onf wdkif;edkifiH
(P-80) udk vk,ufzsufpD;vmjcif;ESifh a&$em;awmfav#mufvmaomf ighusGefwmftm; ESdyfpuf &oavm[lI
OD;&D;awmfoHwJGpm;ESifhwuG Zk EWmwf paoppfol=uD;av;yg;wdk@udk apv$wfawmfrlI oufrif;udk wdkufapav
aomf oufrif;vnf; rcHedkifI opPmxrf;&Gufv#uf usGefcHjyD;aomf nDESifhom;awmfudk qufoawmfrlI
vufaqmif yÀm &wema&$aiGwdk@udkvnf; qufoawmfrlvdkuf&avonf/
xdkb0&Sif rif;apmvSonf vufeufu&d,mwdk@vnf; jyD;pD;atmif pD&ifawmfrl./ bdk;awmfrif;yg/ crnf;awmf
rif;wduQm pDrHvkyfudkifawmfrlcJhaom ajrmufoD;jrdK@awmfudkvnf; taet&yfrav#mufywfonfudk =unfh&_I
jyifqifvkyfudkifawmfrlonf/
tb,fodk@vkyfoenf;[lrlum; ajrmufjyifrS aiGawmifjrdK@ awmifjzLjrdK@ jrdk@vSjrdK@ ToHk;jrdK@wdk@udk a&avSmif
wef;aqmif usHK;ajrmif; jytdk; wHcg; ypP &ifav#muf wdk@udk aumif;pGmjyKjyifpD&ifjyD;rS bdk;awmf crnf;awmfwdk@
pD&ifjyKpka\cJhaom jrdK@wdk@udkvnf; toD;oD; rsm;pGmjznfhpGufv#if jrdK@pm;wnfxm;awmfrlavI xdkjrdK@Yvnf;
usD; us aZ;em O,mOf a&uef yef; rmef paom toHk;taqmifrsm;udkvnf; jynfhpHkatmifpD&ifawmfrl./
xdkb0&Sifrif;apmvSum; aemufaemif rif;a&;rif;&mudk qifjcifawmfrlI ESrawmf&if;jzpfaom "rRa'0DESifh
nDawmfp=um0a';udk xdr;f jrm;awmfrl./ xdkodk@xdrf;jrm;awmfrljyD; orD;ESpfyg; zGg;jrifawmfrlrS b0&Sifrif;apmvS
onf onf;xefpGm temESdyfpufvwfaomf rl;rwfynm&Sdwdk@ESifh wdkifyifawmfrlI nDawmfp=um0a';ESifh
ESrawmf "rRa'0Dtm; wdkif;jynfxD;eef;udk tyfESif;awmfrljyD;v#if tdrfedrfh (24)ESpf eef;pH(8)ESpf (6)v
ESpfpkoufawmf (32)ESifh (6)v ouU&mZf (926)ck 0gacgifvjynfh wevFmae@wGif vGefawmfrlavonf/ eHawmf
t*Fgom;wnf;?
Trif;apmvSudkyif tpG,facgacg rif;apmjzpfa=umif; yk*Hjynfonf wae@udk ESpfcgpD vef@jzwfavI yk*Hrif;
rvGefpm;udk apv$wfap/ zsufapa=umif;ESifh tif;apmuf&mZ0ifq&mirnf; &mZ0if &mZ0ifvuFmw@dkY
qdk=uaomfvnf; xdktcgY yk*HjynfwGif rif;r&Sd/ tif;0odk@a&muf&SdavjyD;jzpfI b0&Sifrif; (P-81) apmvS

42
vufxufr[kwf a&S;YjyqdktyfcJhjyD;aom iwHk;rif;vufxufom apv$wfzsufqD;vmonf[k rSwf&rnf/ ?
Tum; trSmpum;csyf?
xdkrif;apmvS vGeaf wmfrlavv#if nDawmfp=um0a';onf ESrawmf "rRa'0DESifh ouU&mZf (926)ck
0gacgifvjynfh wevFmae@Y bdodwfcHI a&$eef;wufawmfrlav./
xdkrif; p=um0a';rif; tvdkawmfjynfhaomESpf0,f Oa'gif; oufrif;udk jrHK yxefrif;wdk@onf wdkufcdkufzsufqD;
vmaoma=umifh Oa'gif;oufrif;onf rae0HhI rsm;pGmaom qifrif; a&$aiGvufaqmif yÀmwdk@jzifh qufozl;
jrifav#mufwifvmaomf b0&Sif p=um0a';rif;vnf; ppft*Fgav;yg;ESifhwuG ppfol=uD;wdk@udk cef@awmfrlI
jynf&Gmudk jyKpkwnfaxmifv#uf ay;awmfrlaponf/ xdktcg ppfwaumif; OD;pD;i,f oa&mufcHonf/
aemifawmfOD;pD;=uD; vufxufcguJhodk@ opPmxrf;I usGeftwdkif;cHavjyD;aomf vufaqmifyÀmwdk@udk rjywf
ydk@qufIaeonfjzpfv#uf Oa'gif; oufrif;onf a&S;utjidK&SdonfjzpfI b0&Sifp=um0a'; rif;xH
ukef;wdkufav#mufxm;avonfudk ESvHk;awmfoGif;rSm;I Zk EWmwfpaom rl;rwftaygif;ESifhwuG OD;&D;awmf
oHwJpG m;wdk@udk wdkufcdkufapaomf taet&yfroifhacsaoma=umifh pdwfysufavI ppfwaumif;jrdk@ vufvGwf
avonf/
ppfwaumif;jrdK@vufv$wfavv#if oufrif;udkac:IrvmbJ &dkif;jyavonf/ xdkrif;um; 'ge oDv w&m;ESifh
vnf; jynfhpHkawmfrl./ cyfodrf;aom aus;Zl;ynmudkvnf;azG&Smawmfrl./ ta&miftqif;cGeftm;ESifhvnf;
jynfpHkawmfrl. aymf&$ifjrl;wl;jcif;Yvnf; tvGef&Sdawmfrl./ xdkrif;.aumif;r_awmfonfum; ouU&mZf
(927)ck 0gusGwfvY ukvm;jrdK@ausmif; jrawmifausmif;/ tv,fapwD ajrmufapwD yGJausmif; ausmuf&pf
apwD Tajcmuf&yfaom ausmif;apwDwdk@udk aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;wnfxm;awmfrl./
(P-82) xdkrif;p=um0a';onf ESrawmf "rRa'0DvGefcJhavv#if r&D;awmf wefaqmifrdbk&m;apmoEWmudk
rdzk&m;ajrSmufawmfrlI bdk;awmfcrnf;awmf aemifawmfwdk@jyKvkyfpDrHawmfrlcJhaomjrdK@awmfwdk@udk awG@&Sdawmf
rljyD;v#if TxufqifhI vkyfudkif&onf&Sdaomf tvGef=uD;us,fonfjzpfvwWH[lI ta&S@awmifY aygufqdef
awmifudk jzwfydkif; wl;xGif;I ,QifjrdK@uJhodk@ usHK;ajrmif;wHcg; &ifwm; jytdk; ypPif &ifav#mufwdk@jzifh aumif;pGm
pD&ifjyD;rS jrdK@pm;wdk@udk toifhwnfxm;awmfrl./
ouU&mZf (930)jynfh 0gusGwfvjynfh =uoyaw;ae@onf wem&Davmuf wGif Oyg ysHI taemufodk@us
vm./ qifawmf a&$awmifvnf;aocJh. eawWmfvqef; (12)&ufupI bk&m;=uD; ykxdk;=uD;/ &kyfxkawmf
qif;xkawmfwdk@onf a&mifjcnfv$wfawmfrl. opfyif=uD;wdk@rS tcdk;tv#HxGuf./ opf&nf,dkxGuf./ ysm;tHk
vm./ xdkrif;p=um0a';onf ausmufa&m*gjzifh tdrfedrfh (29)ESpf/ eef;pH (7)ESpf ESpfpkoufawmf (36)ESpf
ouU&mZf (933)ckwGif vGefawmfrlavonf? eHawmf aom=umom;wnf;?
xdkp=um0a';rif;vGefawmfrlavv#if oD&dol&d,pENr[m"rR&mZm trnf&Sdawmfrlaom rif;yg=uD;om;axG;
ppfwefwif; jrdK@pm;zGg;awmfaxG; cspfaESmif; rif;zavmif;udk jynfolrl;rwfwdk@ nDnw G fwdkifyifI ouU&mZf (933)
ck wydk@wJv G qkwf (8)&uf =umoyaw;ae@ p=um0a'; orD; &SifvufESifhbdodwfoGrf;I a&$eef;wifawmf
rlavonf/ rif;zavmif;trnfwGifvnf; onfhta=umif;um; crnf;awmf rif;yg=uD;vufxufY rsm;pGmaom
oabFm oAŠmef vufeufu&d,mwdk@jzifh wdkufcdkufvmaom bk&if *sDzavmif;ppfudk atmifjrifawmfrlaom
tcgY zGg;jrifawmfrlaoma=umifh rif;zavmif;[kwGifavonf/ i,frnfum; zGg;awmfaxG;trnf&Sd./ tvdk
awmfjynfhv#ifum; rif;zavmif;[lI ausmfaZmxif&Sm;av./ armif;uGyf yxef ouf jrHK [dENKwf rlovrH
ukvm;wdk@udk ydkifavaoma=umifh ukvm;wdk@trnftm;jzifh ao#mfwdjENo#m&mZm [kausmfapmxif&Sm;av./
(P-83) Tt&mwGif "n0wDta&;awmfyHkY rif;yg=uD;om;awmf i,frnf cspfaESmif rif;zavmif;=uD; xD;eef;
wufawmfrlv#if baxG;awmf p=um0a';udk oHwGJpm;ay;awmfrla=umif;ESifh qdkjcif;onf p=um0a';rif;
vGefjyD;rS xD;eef;wufav&mum; &mZ0ifa[mif;wdk@ESifhrnDay/
xdkrif;vufxuf (905)ckwGif awmifilrif;w&m; a&$xD;a&mufvmjcif;ESifh qdkaompum;onf crnf;awmf
rif;ygrS vGwfawmfrrlao; jzpfI &mZ0ifa[mif;wdk@ESifh rnDaoma=umifh ajzmifhom;a&;cJh&avonf? tcsdK@

43
&mZ0ifopfum; ouU&mZf (115)ck wydk@wGJvqkwf (2)&uf =umoyaw;ae@ rif;zavmif;eef;wuf
a=umif;ESifhqdkavonf/ crnf;awmf rif;yg ewf&GmpHI tpfudk rif;wduQm eef;wufaomESpfomjzpfI ,kwWdr&
av/ wmifilrif;w&m; a&$xD;onf ouU&mZf (917)ck wydk@wJGvqef; (2)&ufae@ avmif;=uufjrdK@wGif
cs&yfvmaoma=umif;ESifhqdkaompum;onfvnf; ouU&mZf (912)ck uqkefvjynfhausmf (1)&uf Ak'<[l;ae@
uyif uomwGif wJeef;Y vuf0J'g;rSL; vkyf=uhI rif;w&m;a&$xD;vGefavjyD; jzpfI (917)ck ESpf
vmedkif&efta=umif;r&Sday/ TrSwyg; pum;&yfwdk@rSm "n0wDta&;awmfyHkESifh twlqdkavonf? (Tum;
trSmpum;csyf?)
xdkb0&Sifrif;zavmif;=uD;onf I,fuarsmufom;awmfjzpfaom apmrdawmfudkum; rdzk&m;acgif=uD;
ajrSmufawmfrl./ aemifawmfrif;wduQm. rdzk&m;;apmoEWmudk awmifrdzk&m;t&mYxm;awmfrl./ bdodwfoGef;
zufjzpfaom p=um0a';orD;awmf &Sifvwfudkum; eef;wufrdzk&m;ajrSmufawmfrl./ arsmufom;awmf apmOD;
udkum; ajrmufrdzk&m;ajrSmufawmfrlavonf/ Todk@v#if rdzk&m;av;a,mufjzpfonf?
om;awmf=uD;jzpfaom owdk;"rR&mZmudk p=um0a';orD; eef;wufzGg;ESifh xdrf;jrma;wmfrlI tdrfa&S@t&mudk
tyfESif;awmfrlonf/ om;awmftvwfjzpfaom owdk;rif;apmukdum; prD;awmf y'krma'0DESifh xdrf;jrm;I
ppfol=uD;t&mudk ay;tyfawmfrlonf/ orD;awmft=uD; uOPa'0Dudkum; nDawmfrif;&J&efatmifESifh
xdrf;jrm;I avmif;=uufjrdK@pm;ay;awmfrlonf/ orD;awmftvwf t&Sifrudkum; nDawmfarmif=uD;axG;ESifh
xdrf;jrm;I awmifzufpm;t&mudkay;awmfrlonf/ orD;axG;pvwfa'0Dudkum; aemifawmfbk&if wduQm
om;awmf bapmrif;ndkESifh xdrf;jrm;I &mZo=uFt&m ay;awmfrlonf?
Todk@v#if b0&Sifrif;w&m;=uD; rif;zavmif;onf =u,frsm;awmifY vrif;uJhodk@ rsdK;awmfaqGawmfwdk@.
tv,fY rif;pnf;pdrfudk cHpm;awmfrlI a&S;ab;avmif;awmf 0goka'0 r[mpENol&d,pEN&m; paomrif;wdk@
tm; tcGefb¾m qufoG,fvm&aom xdkxdkjynf=uD;wdk@udk w&m;ojzifh pD&ifawmfrltyf[k t=uHawmf&Sd
onfjzpfI rZPsdra'ot&yfY uaAŠmZrnfaom oufrif;jynfonf wHcg;robG,f jzpfaom a=umifh
xdkoufrif;jynfudk vufOd;pGmvkyf=uHawmfrltyf[k pD&ifcif;usif;awmfrlonf?
tb,fodk@ pD&ifcif;usif;awmfrloenf;[lrlum; b0&Sifrif;w&m;=uD;onf tavmif;oljrwfjzpfI ol@tm;
aoG;wpufr# xGufjcif;udk tvdkawmfr&Sd/ rif;w&m;=uD; vJynmawmfjzifh Toufrif;tm; ynmta&;jzifh
om vkyf=uHtHh[k rif;.y&d,g,fAsL[mjzifh rif;apwrefv$wfI ac:acsaomf xdkoufrif;onf
udk,f.tpD;tyGg; jynfolwdk@.tpD;tyGg;udk rjrifaoma=umifh &Gmvwfw&Gm. tcGefudkomqufvdkufav./
vma&mufjcif;rjyKavaomf b0&Sifrif;w&m;=uD;onf ynmjzifhqifjcifI rl;awmfrwfawmf tonf
taygif;wdk@tm; omoemawmfjrwfudk wnfxGef;atmifjyjcif;iSg oufrif;jynfodk@ igcsDawmfrlrnf[k rdef@awmf
rlavaomf ynm&Sdrl;awmfrwfawmfwdk@u t&Sifrif;=uD; oD [dkVfuseG f;Y 'kX*grdrif;onf omoemawmfESifh
pyfaoma=umifh {vm&aus;rif;ESifhwuG tauQmb%D&Sdaomppfonf rdp>m'fXdwdk@. aexdkif&mjrdK@wdk@udk vkyf=uH
odrf;,lawmfrlI omoemawmfudk xGef;vif;awmufyawmfrlapouJhodk@ =uGcsDodrf;,lawmfrlI omoem
awmfjrwfudk wnfxGef;atmifjyoifhyga=umif;ESifh em;awmfav#muf=uavv#if b0&Sifrif;=uD;vnf; tm;&
awmfrlI ppft*Fgav;yg;wdk@udk pD&ifawmfrlI ouU&mZf (936)ckwydk@wGJvqef; (2)&uf paeae@wGif a&$puf
=uGcsDawmfrl? ?
&wemrsdK;wdk@jzifh qef;=u,faom a&$eef;/azgifjy\'f awmf0,f pHyg,fawmfrlv#uf a&$avmif; a&$rD;ausmif;
a&$=uuf a&$usD; a&$pmr&D paom taxmifruaom avS=uD;wdk@onf pOfoifhpGmjcH&Hv#uf avSobifjzifh
=uGawmfrl./ =unf;a=umif;wrlum; vufeufu&d,m Jrufqifjrif; tvHk;t&if;wdk@onfum; ajrjyifESH@r#
csD=uavukef./ xdktcg0,f a&a=umif;ovifudkjrif&ukefaom olwdk@onf a&S;ab;avmif;awmf
rif;xD;vufxufY oufjynf jrHKjynfwdk@udk wdkufacsaomtcg vufeufu&d,m &JrufAdkvfyg qifjrif;tvHk;
t&if;uJhodk@ [lI ajymqdk=uukef./ Tofk@tvHk;t&if;wdk@ESifh ajcawmfqef@avI aomufacsmif;0,f wyfawmf
csav.?

44
om;awmft=uD;jzpfaom tdrfa&S@rif;tm; cef@&yfawmfrlavv#if om;awmftdrfa&S@rif;vnf; crnf;awmf
trdef@awmfudk OD;xdyfxufwifI rsm;pGmaom ppfol=uD; ol&Jaumif;paom vufeufu&d,m qifjrif;&Hwdk@ESifh
oufrif;jrdK@ukd vkyf=uHavaomf p=umrif;.om;=uD; &wemonf crnf;awmfp=umrif; cef@&yfawmfrlonfh
twdkif; tr_cyfodr;f udk jyD;jidrf;atmifjrifapouJhodk@ crnf;awmfcef@&yfawmfrlonfhtwdkif; jyD;ajrmuf
atmifjrifawmfrlavonf? jyD;ajrmufatmifjrifa=umif;udk crnf;awmfrif;=uD; =um;odawmfrlavv#if
0rf;ajrmufawmfrlv#uf oufrif;ESifhwuG uaAŠmZjynfudk jyKpkawmfrlI oufrif;.edkifiHjzpfaom yl&ygo#m
oHuovm o#wdo#m pkwW&m aomuU'ef paom&Gm=uD;&Gmi,fwdk@udk rjydkruGJapbJ &Gmpm;csxm; awmfrlI
omoemawmfwnfxGef;atmif jyKawmfrlaponf?
Todk@wnfxGef;atmif jyKapawmfrlaoma=umifh b0&Sifrif;w&m;=uD;. wefcdk;tmEkabmfonf tvGefxif&Sm;
ausmfaZmawmfrlojzifh ZrŠK'DygusGef;tjyif0,f bk&ifxD;aqmif;rif;taygif;wdk@onf canmif;rSDcdk&m obG,f
jzpfI oabFmqdyf=uD;jzpfaom ppfwaumif;jrdK@udk tpdk;&aom OD;pD;pxmonfvnf; usGefawmftjzpfjzifh
cufaqmifyÀmjrdK@&GmwkwfcGefwdk@jzifh qufoufzl;ar#mfvmayonf/ b0&Sifrif;w&m;. ajcawmfEpfbufudk
Od;xdyfwifI usGefcHvmaom ppfwaumif;OD;pD; pDpvmtm; rif;wumwdk@oj*dKvf&m tjym;av;yg;jzifh
oem;jyKpkawmfrlI wESpfjcif;0,f ESpfjynfaxmifwdk@. ta&;udpPudk pD&ifawmfrljyD;aomf oufrif;udk a&$z0g;
awmf&if;odk@ aqmifcJhI jyefawmfrlcJhavonf?
b0&Sifrif;zavmif;onf 'kuQdwowW0gwdk@tm; *&k%moufawmfrlI oufrif;tm;oem;awmfrlojzifh
rnSdK;rEGrf;ap&/ axmufroj*fdKvfawmfr. l ?
w&Ha&tcgY bk&ifrif;zavmif;onf a&$eef;awmfaqmufthH[k t=uHawmf&SdonfjzpfI edkifiHawmftwGif;
Zeykwfwdkif;um; &Gm=uD;&Gmi,fwdk@udk pdk;tkyfae=uukefaom rl;awmfrwfawmfwdk@tm; wHqdyftrSwfa&$pmESifh
apv$wfawmfrlavaomf xdkodk@aom Zeykwfc&dkif jrdK@&Gm=uD;i,fwdk@udk tkyfpdk;ae=uukefaom rl;awmfrwfawmf
wdk@onf trdef@awmfa&$pmudk OD;xdyfwif&GufI awmawmiftESH@ &SmzG,fv#uf ydokumusrf;ESifhtnD
xl;zsm;opf/ acsmif;ul;opf olaumif;wifopf/ paom w&mhajcmufyg;aom tjypfuif;aom opfwdk@
udk ,laqmifcJhI bk&ifrif;tm; qufoawmfrl=uukefonf/ bk&ifrif;zavmif;onf aumif;jrwfaomopfwdk h
jzifh ouU&mZf(939) awmifovif;vqkwf(1) &ufwe*FaEG aeh uefvuf/ u&uÉf pef;0,f a&$eef;awmfudk
aqmufvkufIjyD;ajrmufpdk;pHawmfrlavonf/
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trSwfcsGwf,Gif;aoma,musFm;onf aZmwd&otrnf&SdaomywWjrm;&wemudkta&mift0gnSd;aptHh[knGef
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onfig.wefcdk;=uufoa&awmfudk,kwfedrfhapjcif;(P-87)iSmykefuefaomif;usefjyKaomf vnf;ig.=uuf oa&
awmfrnSd;wdk;IomxGef;um;a=ujimavonf/,if;odk@ig.wefcdk;=uufoa&awmfudk,kwfedrfhavatmifykefuef
aomif;=urf;jyKavjim;aomfvnf;ynm&Sdaomrif;wumwdk@onftjypfjyKaomolwdk htm; oD;cH&dk;"rRwmjzpfI
igoD;cHawmfrl.[krdef@awmfrljyD;v#ifoufrif;tm;rif;aqmifrif;a,mifESifhwuGol hjynfudkaqmufEiS f;csD;ajrSmuf
awmfrlavonf?
Todk houfrif;vtm;olhjynfudkaqmufESif;awmfrlavaomowif;udk t&yfxuf0ef;usifwdk hrS=um;avaomf
armif;uGyf/ yxef paomtjynfjynfaomrif;wdk honf ajcawmfatmufvma&mufcpm;uGsefcHvmukefonf?
w&Ha&mtcg b0&Sifrif;w&m;bkef;awmfa=umifhjrwfaomqifrsdK;&wemudk ewftaygif;wdk hnDnmulrydk hvm
ouJhodk@usnf;ro&ufjrdK@k=uD;.ta&Shjzpfaomyef;jyift&yf0,fqifjzLawmf&mvma=umif;a&$em;awmf=um;av
v#ifb0&Sifrif;w&m;onf rif;yGJobifpD&ifawmfrlI ouU&mZf(941) ckawmfovif;vqef;(5)&uf=uoyaw;
ae@=uGcsDawmfrlI qifawmfudk zrf;awmfrlav&m eDvSpGmaom wrŠ qifrsdK;.tEG,fjzpfaom qif&wemudk
&awmfrlavonf? xdkqif&wemudk &jyD;onfaemuf av;jrdK@acsmif;wGif qifjzLtrwpD; &awmfrlavonf/

45
Todk@v#if qifjzLESpfpD;&Sif bk&ifrif;w&m;=uD;onf a&S;b0tqufqufY avhusifhcJhbl;aom yg&rD
awmf&Sifjzpfawmfrlaoma=umifh4if; Tb0Y jznfhqnf;zl;awmfrltyfaom 'ge oDvpaom yg&rDawmf.
tpGrf;tm;jzifh4if;/ tvdk&Sdtyfaom qENawmfESifh nDnGwfpGmjynfhpHkawmfrlonfjzpfI w&m;ojzifh rif;.
pnf;pdrfudk cHpm;awmfrlonf/
w&Ha&mtcg yJcdk;bk&if ausmfxifaemf&xmonf tvdkawmfrjynfhrSD a,mufzawmfjzpfaom awmifilbk&if
rif;w&m;a&$xD;ESifhwwuG igwdk@qifjzL&Sifrif;w&m;=uD;. crnf;awmf oD&dol&d,pENr[m"rR&mZm rif;yg=uD;
vufxufawmfY (P-88) w=udrfvma&mufvkyf=uHvmaomfvnf; bkef;awmfwnf;[laom oHajc
uGef,ufwGif;rS rvGwfxGufedkifonfjzpfI rdzk&m;&wem qif;aumif; jrif;aumif; a&$aiG avSwuf paom
rsm;ajrmifpGmaom vufaqmifawmfqufoI jyef&ygrnfhta=umif;ESifh cGifhawmif;toem;cHav&m
rif;yg=uD;vnf; oem;cGifhay;awmfrlojzifh jyefoGm;=ujyD;aemuf rif;w&m;a&$xD; ouU&mZf (912)ckwGif
vGefavojzifh a,mufzawmfausmfxifaemf&xmrif; tvdkawmfjynfhavv#if us,f0ef;pGmaom
wdkif;um;edkifiHudk tpdk;&awmfrlaom igwdk@qifjzL&Sif rif;zavmif;. wefcdk; tmEkabmfudk rodonfjzpfI
crnf;awmf rif;ygvufxufu t&Suf&bl;aom yJcdk;rif;ausmfxifaemf&xmonf rsm;pGmxlxyfaom
ppft*Fgav;yg;ufk pD&ifI rkwWrjrdK@pm; nDawmf oD&dok"rR&mZmudk AdkvfrSL;cef@awmfrlI vif;yaw;a=umif;
igwdk@&ckdifjynfodk@ csD&onf/ orufawmf rif;&Jausmfxifudk AdkvfrSL;cef@awmfrlI O,smOfykwfa=umif;
igwdk@&cdkifjynfodk@ csD&onf/ oHwGJodk@a&mufv#if oHwJGwGif&Sdaom &Jrufawmf &Spfwyfom;wdk@ESifh &Hk;pnf;I
a&tm; =unf;tm; igwdk@&ckdifjynfodk@csDvmjyD;v#if avmif;=uufjyif0,f wyfcsIaevm./ ta&S@zufolwdk@rif;
ESifh &Srf;apmbGm;wdk@onf zdk;acgifawmifudkvGefIcsDvm=uavonf/
igwdk@&ckdif rif;zavmif;udkum; a&$eef;awmfxufaeawmfrlv#ufv#if ppfol=uD;tm;ESifh jrdK@udk vHkap&rnf[k
trdef@awmfcsavaomf ppfol=uD;paom&JrufAdkvfygtaygif;wdk@onf aomif;aomif;&$ifvef; 0rf;ompGmv#uf
trdef@awmfudk OD;xdyfxufwifjyD;v#if avmif;=uufjrdK@wGif&Sdaom ol@ppfonfrsm;udk xGm;xGm;a=unufatmif
wdkufzsufEsifjzdKavaomf ol@ppfonfwdk@vnf;rcHedik fonfjzpfI ouU&mZf (943)ck wef;aqmifrkef;vwGif
oHwJjG rdK@odk@qkwfIae=uavonf/
bk&ifrif;zavmif;onf oHwGJjrdK@wGifaeaom yJcdk;rif;ppfonfAdkvfygwdk@udk vdkufvHwdkufcdkuf&rnf[k Zk
EWmwfpaom ppfol=uD;wkd@tm; trdef@awmfoHk; csawmfrlavaomf Zk EWmwpaom &JrufAdkvfygwdk@vnf;
trdef@awmfudk OD;xdyfxm;wifI (P-89) rsm;ajrmifpGmaom vufeufu&d,mwdk@ESifhwuG a&a=umif;csDavI
oHwJw G Gif&Sdaom ol@ppfonfwdk@udk vuf0,fxm;cJhjyD;v#if ol@edkifiHwdkifatmifvdkufI wdkufzsufjyD;v#if
avSwuf&Gmjynfwdk@udk rD;wdkufI rsm;pGmaom okH;yef;wdk@udk aqmif,lI jyefvmcJhukef./ oHwGJwGif&Sdaom
ol@ppfonfwdk@udkvnf; todef;ruaom igwdk@ppfonfol&Jwdk@onf vdkufvHzsufqD;wdkufcdkufavaoma=umifh
armfwife*g;&pf jrpf=uD;udkvSnfhywfI ajy;vm=u&m ifwdK@ppfonfESp0fOD;nSyfI owfjzwfwdkufcdkufavaomf
usGef;xi;fuJhodk@ arsmyg aoaysmuf=uukef./ a&$avS aiGavS a&$aiGrl;rwftp&Sdaom oHk;yef;wdk@udk odrf;,l&&Sd
vdkufay./
=unf;a=umif;xgufajy;aom ol@ppfonfwdk@udkvnf; avmif;acgifawmifjrdK@udk vSnfhI vdkufvHwdkufcdkuf
zsufqD; =uavaomf rsm;pGmaom vufeufu&d,m oHk;yef;wdk@udk &cJh=uavonf/ Zk EWmwfpaom wyfrif;
Adkvfygtaygif;wdk@onf rsm;pGmaom ppfvufaqmifwdk@udk qufovmukef./ yJcdk;bk&if ausmfxif aemf&xm
vnf; ouU&mZf (943)ck wef;aqmifrkef;vjynfhae@vGefawmfrlavonf/
bk&ifrif;zavmif;vnf; 0rf;ajrmufawmfrlonfjzpfI Zk EWmwfpaom wyfrif;Adkvfygtaygif;wdk@tm; =uD;pGm
aom taqmifta,mif qkv'fwdk@udk ay;awmfrl./
Todk@v#if yJcdk;bk&iftp&Sdaom pppfonftaygif;wdk@onf aoa=uysufpD;&aomta=umif;udk jynfaxmifcsif;
rif;wumwdk@=um;avaomf vGefpGma=umufvef@=uavukef. xdkESpfwGifyif rif;w&m;=uD;tm; qifjzLwpD;
&awmfrljyefavonf?

46
Todk@ &efrmefcyfodrf; uif;jidrf;jyD;v#if bk&ifrif;w&m;=uD;onf tpOftquf jynfa&;wm0efudk ar#mfvifh
awmfrlI om;awmft=uD;jzpfaom tdrfa&S@rif;om;tm; rsm;pGmaom qifjrif;&Jruf vufeuf u&d,m
aus;&Gmcdkifwdk@udk owfrSwfydkif;jcm;v#uf aqmufESif;awmfrlI tdrfa&S@rif;bk&m;[aomtrnfudk ay;awmfrljyD;
aomf tvdkawmfjynfhpuyif taemufrZPsdra'o w&dk;0,f oAŠŠnk&iS fawmfbk&m. omoemudk xGef;vif;
awmufy (P-90) atmif =uHaqmiftm;xkwfawmfrlrnf[k ar#mfwif;awmfrlavonf/ Ttaemufw&dk;
udkum; wyg;yg;aom rsdK;awmfaqGawmfwdk@udk cef@awmfrlonf&Sdaom =uHwdkif;tvdkawmf rjynfhpHkav&m[k
pmoemawmftpD;tyGg;udk ta=umif;jyKI om;awmftvwfjzpfaom owdk;rif;apmudk rsm;pGmaom
tvHk;t&if;qifjrif; &JrufAdkvfygESifhwuG taemufw&dk;udk aqmufESif;awmfrlI taemuf bk&if[k trnfay;
awmfrl./
taemufw&dk;udk om;awmftvwf owkd;rif;apmtm; aqmufESifawmfrl&m0,f uarŠmZ rnfaom
oufjynfudk tpdk;&aom oufrif;taygif;wdk@onf ypOftqufodk@ tusdK;pD;yGg;udk rjrif=uukefonfjzpfI
OwW&jynfudk tpdk;&aom jrHKrif;xHodk@ ajy;0ifav./ b0&Sifrif;w&m;. usGefjzpfaom ppfwaumif;jrdK@pm;
OD;pDpvm yxef yZD od&darmuQHtp&Sdaom bk&if*sDwdk@udk vSnfhywfajymqdkI opPmzGJ@=ujyD;aomf wvGef;wnf;
=udK;uJhodk@ =uH=uaomta=umif;udk b0&Sifrif;w&m;tm;a&$em;awmf av#mufavaomf b0&Sifrif;w&m;
vnf; om;awmftm; csGwf,Gif;aomt=uHjzifh jypfrSm;aomolwdk@udk tqdk;wv#if pD&iftm;xkwfjyKvkyf&
rnf[k wrefapv$wfawmfrlojzifh pl;prf;axmufvrS f;jyKavaomf tay:um; a=umuf&GH@usdK;EGH@ouJhodk@
twGif;um; wa=umif;/ usifh=uHavaomtjzpfudkodI crnf;awmfxHav#mufjyefapaomf b0&Sifrif;w&m;
vnf; rif;.rmefawmfjzifh =unf;tm;a&tm; ESifh ouU&mZf (948)ck eawWmfvqef; (6)&uf Ak'<[l;ae@
ru&vwf ru&pef;0,f rif;pr`g,fjcif;jzifh xdkodk@wyfpD;awmfrlaom ae@Yyifv#if jrHkrif;. taygif;toif;
jzpfaom ppfwaumif;jrdK@pm; OD;pdpvmESifh uy`wifwdk@onf opPmazgufzsufjcif;wnf;[laom 'g%fjzifh
a&m*gESdyfpufI toufukefqHk;jcif;odk@a&muf=uavukef./ yxef yZDESifh oD&darmufcifwdk@rlum; tcsif;csif;
vufeufxl=uI touf.tEW&m,fudk a&muf=uavukefonf/ Todk@&wemazgifawmfodk@ wufpD;aomae@
0,f jrHkrif;wdk@onf opPmazguf (P-91) zsufjcif;wnf;[laomab;'g%fa&m*gjzifh aoaysmufavukefonf
[laom owif;pum;udk jynfaxmifrif;csif;wumwdk@ =um;odav&m vGefpGmtH=oaom rmejyK=uukef./
b0&Sifrif;w&m;=uD;vnf; c&D;pOftwdkif; csD=uGawmfrlavv#if rdrdedkifiHawmfjzpfaom jynf=uD;jynfi,fwdk@.
tcGeftwkwfudk cHawmfrlI rsm;ajrmifpGmaom vufeufu&d,m Adkvfygqifjrif; paomppft*Fgav;yg;wdk@jzifh
wefqmqifI om;awmftdrfa&S@bk&if om;awmftaemufbk&iftrSL;&Sdaom (15)ODa;om wyfrif;wdk@onf
aumif;uifESH@r# wD;r_wf=uukefI jymodkvfvjynfhae@wGif ppfcsDwufawmfrlav./
OwW&pfjynfudktpdk;&aom jrHKrif;onfum; ol@wGif nDnmoif;yif;odk@ rif;wdk@onf aoaysmuf=uukefonf
jzpfI tawmifusGwfaom iSufuJhodk@jzpfavojzifh om;awmfoHk;a,mufr#&Sdaom jrHKjynftm; ta&mif&Hk
bk&if*sDtp&Sdaom ukvm;b*Fgwdk@udk oHk;yef;jyKI ac:jyD;v#if aumif;pGmjrdK@jy usHk;ajrmif;wdk@ukd pD&ifI
{uZa&m [laom jcaoFhjrdK@0,f cHvifhonfudk ol&Jawmfwdk@ wdkufavv#if rcHedkifI xGufajy;av./
wzef4if; awmifzufu&Haom owW&mjrdK@0,f cHvifhonfudk wdkufjyefavv#if jrHkrif;om;udk zrf;I&av./
jrHKppfonftaygif;wdk@onf y&rf;ywm xGufajy;avI rsm;pGmaom qifyHkjrif;yHk vyfoyfb¾mwdk@udk vuf
aqmifawmfqufovmukefonf/ ,if;odk@qufovmaomfvnf; rif;.rmefawmfudk csKyfwnf;rrlbJ ywfywf
vnf acsmif;=uD;jcm;aom raemjyif0,f cHvifhonfudk &Jrufawmfwdk@tm; wdkufawmfrlapv#if rcHedkifI
ajy;cJh./ pENyk'f[laomjrdK@=uD;0,f cHvifhonfudkvnf; a&S;uJhodk@wdkufavv#if xGufajy;jyefav.
yxef &kr`d a&mifywWH tp&Sdaom ol&Jwdk@ESifh &Hk;pkI cHvwfonfudk zsufqD;wdkufcdkufavaomf jrHktvHk;wdk@
xGmxGm;nufnuf ysufpD;=uavukef./ jrHkrif;onfum; ygtyfaomtvHk;t&if;ESifh awmeuf0,f ykef;uG,fI
aeavonf/

47
(P-92) ,if;odk@aeavonfudk vdkufvef&SmzG,fowfjzwfavaoma=umifh jrHKtrif;onf a=umufvef@onf
jzpfI toufaojcif;odk@ a&mufav./
awmawmifacsmufajrmif;0,f ykef;uG,fIae=uaom oufrif;om; oufrif;orD; oufrif;rsdK;aqG trl;
trwfpaom oHk;yef;wdk@udk rsm;pGmzrf;qD;,liifI a&S@awmf0,fqufovmayaomf b0&Sifrif;w&m;=uD;um;
tavmif;awmf wumwdk@.oabmonf tjypf&Sdaomoltm; apmif;rmefxGufjim;aomfvnf; wzef4if;
w&m;oabmudk&_jrJ&m 'rRwmjzifh oem;cHawmfrkjyefjcif;a=umifh jrHKrif;.om; tdrfa&S@rif;onf tb.t&m
jzpfaom xD;eef;pnf;pdrfudk aqmufESif;ygrnft=umif;ESifh oem;cHawmfrl&m xdkodk@aom t&yfjynf&Gmwdk@udk
tjydKruGJapbJ aqmufESif;awmfrlavonf/ ,if;odk@aqmufESif;awmfrlavonfudk jynfaxmifrif;csif;wdk@
=um;avv#if tvGefyifcsD;rGef;=uavukef./
Todk@ b&ifrif;w&m;=uD;onfykefuef&dkif;jyaom oufrif;jynfudk odrf;,ljyKpkI orRmt,lY wnfapawmf
rlcJhjyD;rS aejynfawmfodk@ jymodkvfvyif jyef=uGa&mufawmfrlvmonf?
,if;odk@ jyefa&mufawmfrlI wdkif;jynfpnf;pdrfudk csrf;jidrf;pdk;pHawmfrlav./ ,if;odk@ pdk;pHawmfrlaom bk&ifrif;
zavmif;=uD;vufxufawmf0,f awmusmif; &Gmausmif;wdk@Y oDwif;oHk;aeawmfrl[laom t&n 0goD/
*gr0goD/ &[ef;oCfmawmfwdk@onf y&d,wWdomoem/ yÉdywWdomoem/ yÉda0"omoemwnf;[laom
omoemoHk;yg;udk =udK;pm;tm;xkwf&Gufaqmifawmfrlaoma=umifh omoemawmfonf aerif;.ta&mif
uJhodk@ ajymifjymifxGef;awmufyawmfrl./
xdkrSwyg; jy'g; avm[m/ bif;/ em/ orm;/ aq;0g; rEWmef/ tp&Sdaom txl;xl;tjym;jym;aom twwf
ynmwdk@onfvnf; vGefpGmxGef;um; yGg;rsm;ukef./
armif;uGyf yxef; rif;wdk@onfvnf; txl;xl;tjym;jym;aom vufaqmifyÀmwdk@udk ESpfpofrjywf qufo
vmukef/
(P-93) oD[dkVfrif; ay:wl*Drif; yoDrif; wdk@onfvnf; oabFm av,mOfwdk@jzifh rdrdt&yf0,fjzpfaom
vufaqmifyÀmum&wdk@jzifh c,&dkaopGm ESpfpOfrjywf vma&mufqufoa&mif;0,fjcif; jyK=uavukefonf?
wwd, o*Fg,emrwifrSD omoemouU&mZf (220)ckajrmufa&mufaomtcg oD&f'rRaomurif;onf
ZrŠL'DyusGef;0,f &Spfaomif;av;axmifaomjrdK@=uD;wdk@Y jrwfpGmbk&m;. o&D&"gwf/ ckepfp&Guf- wq,fh
av;jynfwdk@udk XmyemoGif;I apwDawmfwnfxm;cJh&m tygt0ifjzpfaom igwdk@&cdkifjynf&Sd apwDawmfwdk@udk
4if; ab;awmf/ bdk;awmf/ crnf;awmf aemifawmfwdk@wnfxm;jyKvkyftyfaom odrf/ausmif;/ Z&yf
r¾yf/apwDawmfwdk@udk4if; xyfrHI jyKpkawmfrlonf/
igwdk@"n0wD &cdkifjynfodk@ jrwfpGmbk&m; =uGawmfrlvm& aovm*D&dausmufawmfawmifY oufqif;&yfwef@
awmfrlI Asm'dwfay;awmfrlcJhonfhtwdkif; raem"dXmefjzifh pDrhawmfrlcJhonfjzpfI =uGa&mufusdef;0yfawmf
rlvmaom "gwfawmf arGawmfwdk@udkvnf; &awmfrlavonfjzpfI ouU&mZf (947)ckwGif rd*yAŠwawmifY
ezl; oif;usyaf wmf "gwfudk XmyemI oif;usyfawmf apwDwnfawmfrlonf/ ? 1?
eENyAwawmifY yg;arG;awmf"gwfudk XmyemI yg;arG;apwDwnfawmfrlonf? 2?
a0VKyAŠwawmifY em;vdyfawmf"gwfudk XgyemwnfI em;vdyfapwDwnfawmfrlonf/ ? 3?
rO…LyAŠawmifY csufawmf"gwfudk XgyemI csufawmfwnfawmfrlonf/ ? 4?
umvm*D&dawmifY v#mawmf"gwfudk XgyemI ZD0SgapwDwnfawmfrlonf/ ? 5?
uaygw*D&dawmifY vnfawmf"gwfudkXgyemI *D0gapwDwnfaw,frlonf/ / 6?
(P-94) rlwW yAŠŠwawmifY vuf,myg;&dk;a"gwfudk XgyemI jydkif;wdkifapwDwnfawmfrlonf/ ? 7?
a&ekom&awmifY vuf0Jyg;&dk;awmf"gwfudk XmyemI yg;&dk;awmfapwDwnfawmfrlonf? ? 8?
O&yAŠwawmifY &ifiHkawmf"gwfudk XgyemI &ifiHkawmfapwDwmfawmfrlonf? ? 9?
aovmyAŠwawmifY ar;ilawmf"gwfudk XgremI ar;ilapwDwnfawmfrlonf? ? 10?
yAŠwawmifY tqkyfawmf"gwfudk XgyemI tqkyfawmfapwDwnfaw,frlonf? 11?

48
aeom'awmifY ovHk;awmf"gwufk XgyemI ovHk;awmfapwDwnfawmfrlonf/ 12?
wJvrl;acsmif; u¾avmrawmifY em;ar$;awmf'Gwfudk XgyemI em;ar$;apwDwnfawmifrlonf? 13?
omvr,awmifY pjrHkawmf"gwfudk XgyenI pjrHkawmfapwDwnfawmfrlonf/ 14?
pm&kyAŠŠwawmifY OD;uif;awmf"gwfudk XgyemI OD;uif;awmfapwDwnfawmfrlonf? 15?
'Gg&m0wD oHwJjG rdK@0,f r%dauomawmifY qHawmfapwDudk xyfrHI wnfawmfrlonf? 16?
oDvyAŠŠwawmifY OD;&pfawmf"gwfudk XgyemI OD;&ZfawmfapwDwnfawmfrlonf? 17?
xdkapwDtaygif;wdk@ i,fpGtqHk; vHk;ywftawmif (20)cef@&Sdawmfrlonf/ xdkapwDtaygif;wdk@wGif jrdK@jynfodk@
ppfrcsDrSD jrHkjynfudk&v#if oDvyAŠwawmifY OD;&mZfawmf"gwfudk topfxyfrHjyKvkyfygrnf[k 0efchonfhtwdkif;
jrHkjynfudk vuf0ifjzpfI jyefawmfrlcJhonfwGif OD;&mZfawmifapwDudk wnfvkyftHh[k oDvyAŠwawmifudk
nDnGwfpGm okyfoifjyD;aomf taxmifruaom yef;&Htpdk@om;wdk@udk tyfESif;cJhI om;awmf (P-95)
OD;&mZfawmifpm;tm; wm0efjyKawmfrlv#uf pdrf;ndkaom ausmufwdk@jzifh rif;.tvHawmf (80)vHk;ywf&Sdaom
apwDawmfudk wnfjyD;aomf tvSL=uD;udk ay;thhaomiSg pD&ifawmfrlonfum; bk&if rif;zavmif;onf
qef;=u,faom a&$eef;azgifudk pD&ifawmfrljyD;v#if rsm;pGmaom avS&Htaygif;wdk@ESifh up>ye'Djepdav#muf
pHkawmfrlvwfI OD;&mZfawmf"gwfESifh prlawmf"gwft=um; vrf;0,f ydkufacsmif;0Y pcef;csawmfrlI
urf;ESpfzuf0,f =uD;pGmaom uefwdk@udk wl;apI a&[laomtvSLudk ay;awmfrl.
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udk ,jEWm; pufwdk@jzifh vkyfapI vrf;pOftwdkif;uap&ukef./
wHcGef ukuUm; rkav;yGg;=uufv#m tp&sdonfwdk@jzifh4if; a&jynfhtdk; =umoGyftdk; tp&Sdonfwdk@jzifh4if;/
wefqmqifjyD;aomf omoemawmfouU&mZf (2122) ck aumZmouU&mZf (953)ck wef;cl;vqkwf (1)&uf
we*FaEGae@ eHeuftcsdefwGif XgyemoGif; obifudk pD&ifawmfrl. pD&ifijyD;ajrmufv#if taomif;ruaom
oHCmawmfwdk@tm; &Spfyg;aom y&duQ&mwdk@udk vSL'gef'awmfrl. t&yfav;rsufESmrS a&mufvm=uukefaom
vloltaygif; zkef;awmif;,pumwdk@tm;vnf; vdktyfaom0wWK tpkpkwdk@udk =unf\h&_ay;urf;
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,if;odk@pGef@vSLawmfrlonfhtqHk;Y oHk;=udrfwdkifwdkif =uHcdkifyx0D ajrr[Donf (P-96) =uGcsDukev f #uf tdk;xdrf;
pufuJhodk@ oGufoGufcgr# v_yfavonf?
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onf aygufr [dkif; [H paom t&mruaom qifwdk@udk vufaqmifawmfqufov#if tvGef 0rf;ajrmuf
awmfrlavonfjzpfI a&$eef;awmfodk@ jyefawmfrljyD;v#if bk&ifrif;jrwfwdk usifhoHk;tyfaom &mZ"rR (10)yg;
paom w&m;tpkpkudk jyndhqDawmfrlv#uf ouU&mZf (955)ck 0gqdkvqef; (8) &ufwe*FaEGae@0,f eef;&Gm
pHawmfrlavonf? eHawmfpaeom;wnf;? 5?
Tonfum; &mZ0ifa[mif; q&mirnf; &mZ0ifwdk@Yvmonfudk nDnmESdkif;q a&;om;a&;jytyfaom
rif;zavmif;=uD;ta=umif;wnf;?
"n0wDta&;awmfyHum; bk&ifrifzavmif;=uD;onf xD;eef;a&mufjyD;aemuf awmifilrif;w&m;a&$xD;
a&mufvma=umif;udk qdkjyD;v#if w&Ha&mtcg jynfh&Sifom*D0if rif;zavmif;u ajrmufOD;jrdK@onf jrdK@ouf

49
ukefjyD/ "n0wDjrdK@a[mif;udkwnfawmfrloifha=umif; ESihf[l;&m;jzL [l;&m;ndk wdk@uav#mufavudk ajymif;
aomrnfodk@tudsK;&Sfdrnf/ rajymif;v#ifrnfodk@tjypf&Sdrnfrsm;udkar;awmfrl&m trwfr[mynmausmfav#uf
xHk;aomfum; t&Sifrif;jrwfa&S;ynm&Sdwdk@qkdcJhaom xD;eef;pdkuf&mywd&lypaompufav;yg;nDaomatmifajr
r*FvmnDaomt&yfY jrdK@wnfxD;eef;pdkuf&avaomf jrwfpGmbk&m;"mwfawmfarGawmf ydÉuwfawmf/usrf;*ef/
oDv0ef/ *k%0ef q&mrGefq&mjrwfrSL;rwfaumif;wynfhjynfhpHk omoemawmf(P-97)xGef;vif; jynfh&Sifrif;
bkef; =uufoa&wdk;jcif; umv0u/ *a*F,s/ wrŠ/ 0d*Fv paomqifq,frsdK;xufwefcdk;vGefaomq'NefqifjzL
a&mufawmfrljcif;/ ckepfjynfaxmifrif;wdk@0yfpif;=unfndk&dkaoav;jrwfpGmom;orD;&wemwdk@udkqufoI a&$
ai$ausmufoHywWjrm;aygrsm;jcif;/ &efolrsdK;ig;yg;rzsufpD;edkif&m&efrmefw&m;wdk hudkatmifjrif;jcif;/ ynm&Sdolwdk@
rSm pum;oHk;yHkt& yx0Dbkr`dr*FvH/pwkr[mvmbH [kusrf;*efYvnf;xGuf&Sfdygonf/ ajrmufOD;jrdK hwnfpu
onf ,ckwdkif&efolzsufpD;edkifzl;onfr&Sd/ xdkt*Fgav;yg;jynfhpHkpGmESifhwkdif;jynfom,mowW0gwdk@jidrf;csrf; Owk&m
oDajzmifhnDI oomemawmfxGef;vif;v#ufyifjzpfayonf/ owW0gwdk hkw&m;v$wfavaom/ rif;rormpdk;vm
aomjrdk h&$mudkajymif;onfrv l #ufom,mjrJr[kwf/ jrdK hajymif;rsm;v#if jynfom;jynfolrD;odk hqlonfom /a&S;
olawmfaumif;tqdk&Sdygonf/ jidrf;csrf;om,mpGmjynfolwdk htm;&ifawmfom;uJhodk htkyfpdk;awmfrlyg/
wa=umif;rSmvnf; tmumrdk;vwf/euQwfaev/ e0wm&m/ &Spfjzmj*dk[foGm;/ j*dKom;j8dK[fpk/ OwkoHk;vD/ &moD
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ESpfpif;/ vxGif;=u,foGm;/ e*g;puf;ewf/ axmifhcwfzDvm/ ,=wmESifh Zmwmpef;vuf/ j*dk[fysufiSuf,kwf/pkef;
zkwfwap>/ zGwfajrGysm;pGJ/ ajruGJwdrf;cdk;/ rdkCf;=udK;avmif;rD;/ a&pD;nmqef/ jrwfrGefykxdk;/ tcdk;a&mifjcnf/ xGuf
onfxHk;a[mif;/ edrdwfaygif;rSm/ avmuDomwnfh/ ynma0zef/ tjrifoefrS/ okwHu0d/ todajrmufrsm;/
w&m;udkom/ vdrRmedpP/ omrdeZmwf/xHk;rSwfoifhpG/ oDv0rif;ESvHk;oGi;f odk h &efwif;y,facGaysmuf&avonf
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avmuDrSKqdkorsSolawmfaumif;wdk htjypfrjykedkifyg[k trwfr[mynmausmfav#mufav&m jynfh&Sifrif;=uD;
vnf;tvGef=udKufawmfrlI pm;aus;wjrdK h&rf;jynfhi,fudkxyfIay;awmfro l nf/
(P-98) w&Ha&mtcg O\vif;pm; iaygifwdkudk pdefwifpm;t&may;rnf&Sdaomf trwf=uD;r[mynmausmf
av#mufonfum; t&Sif;rif;jrwfO\vif;pm; iaygifwdkonf ppfxdk;rSKY tvGefvdkol/ tusdK;tjypfudktrSefod
rnfrxifyg/ pdefwift&yfom;wdk honf udkufwwfaomacG;ESifhyrmwlygonf/ xdkolESpfOD;udktwltxm;oifhyg
av#mufaomfvnf; iaygifwdkorD;jroGifndkonfrif;.udk,fvkyfawmfjzpfavI trwf=uD;pum;udk,lawmfrrl
O\vif;pm; iaygifwdk wdk hudk pdefwifpm;t&may;v#uf pdefwifacsmif;odk hxGufoGm;aexdkifap&m ckESpfESpf&Sdrl
pdefwif;acsmif;om;t&dkif;rsm;ESifh jcm;em;avaomta=umif;udk rif;=uD;odawmfrlavv#if trwfynmausmf
av#mufonfum; t&Sif;rif;jrwf &mZmemr rif;rnfonfum; tm,H tcGeftwkwf xGufonfrxGufonf
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&mZmemr rif;rnfonfum; aum"H trsufapmif;rmef=uD;aomoludk tauma"e trsufenf;ojzifh/ Zdae
atmif&m./ tom"H rawmfrSefaomoludk om"kemyd olawmfaumif;w&m;jzifhvnf; Zdae atmif&m./
rp>&d ,dOP 0efwdkaomoludkvnf; 'gaee ay;urf;ojzifhZdaeatmif&m./ tvdu0g'De Hpum;rrSefaomoludk
oapPetrSefqkdojzifh Zdae atmif&m./
tedorŠum&d pl;prf;qifjcifIpHkprf;avhr&Sdaom &mZmrif;onf eom"k raumif;/ a0a*e v#ifpGm udpPmed
trSK udpP[lor#wdk hudk rmpuma&od rdrdvnf;rjyKvifh/ rmpum&mayod olwyg;udkvnf;rjyKapvifh urRH
trSKudk/ o[om taqmwv#if jyKrdrlum; raeNmynmenf;aomolonf yp>maemufrS tekwy`wd ylyef
wwf./
(P-99) avmau avmuY Zvyrm%Ha&wdrfa&eufudkum; ukrjk 'mrmvH/ ukrkj'm=umudkjrifojzifhodtyf.
ukvyrm%H trdsK;,kwfjrwfudkum; 0dea,myrm%H udk,ftrlt&mEkwftrlt&mtm;jzifh odtyf./

50
Aswdyrm%H ynm&SdrS&dSudkum; uxdw0gusH qdkaompum;jzifhodtyf./ yx0Dyrm%H ajraumif;raumif;udk
um; wdÀrdvmwH jrufnSkd;onf rnSdK;onfufkdjrifojzifhodtyf./ O'krŠ&ywWm a&ozef;oD;rSnfhwdk honf
A[d/ tyifY &wWuar0 eDpGmaomtqif;&Sdonfomv#ifwnf;/ taEWm twGif;Yum;jzpfukefouJhodk h
{0Hwxm x@dktwl 'kZ…ef[',m ol,kwfwdk@.ESvHk;wdk@onf a[mEWdjzpfukef./
yeoyÀmyd ydEMJoD;rSnfhwdk@onfum; A[d tyU u%Éar0p ql;tufoxifukef./ taEWm twGif;Yum;
trwor`EMm tjrdef@t&omESifh jynfhpHkukef./ a[mEWd,xm jzpfukefouJhodk@ {0Hwxm xdk@twl okZe
[',m olawmfaumif;wdk@. a[mEWd jzpfukef./
bm%k a&mifajcnfwaxmifaqmifaom aerif;onf/ 0dy&awe azgufjyefojzifh yp>dar taemufrsufESmY
Oa'wd xGuf&m./ ar&k&m0d jrif;rdk&fawmifrif;onfvnf; 0dy&dawe azgufjyefojzifh erwd nGwf&m./ ,'d
tu,frvGJ e&*~d i&JrD;onf oDwvH csrf;ajrH&m. yAŠwa*~ awmifxdyfxufY Oy`vH =umonf 0duawm
yGifh&m./ om"k0gpm olawmfaumif;wdk@pum;onf uk'gpeH w&Hwqpfr# e0dy&daw razgufrjyef&m?
cavm ol,kwfudk twdyda,m tvGefcspfjcif;udk eumwaAŠm rjyKtyf/ od&om OD;acgif;jzifh 0[mrmaemyd
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tkwftkwfusufusufudk ua&m[d jyKtyf./
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vdka=umif;ESifh av#mufavaomf tjyifwGif trSL;xrf;&onfudk axmufI &dk;pm;t&m ay;awmfrlavonf/
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iaygifwdkudk jrdK@opfpm;t&mvnf; aus;&GmxyfIay;awmfrljyD;rsonf trdef@awmftyfawmfrlacsap&m iaygif;
wdktm; ajrSmufI tvHk;t&if;rsm;jyD=uHv#uf jrdK@opfuko d drf;,lrnf/ AdkvfajcESifhoGmavaomf jrdK@opfpm;
u&D;rufESifh toifhxm;xm;jyD;rS vmvrf;uqD;qdk@zrf;aomtcg iaygifwdkudk zrf;rdI qufydk@vm
onf/ ,if;aomumv iaygifwdkudk pD&ifrnf&SdonfwGif trwf=uD;av#mufjyefonfum;?
t&Sifrif;jrwf usGefawmfiaygifwdkudk wq,fausmfOomvif;acsmif;pm;ay;awmfrlonfumv rnfodk@
ta=umif;r&Sdyg/ wef&mwGifrxm; vGefIxm;acsaoma=umifh iaygifwdk rmefa=umufjcif;omjzpfygonf/
taetxm;tpm; aus;&GmoifhawmfrS t&Snfojzifh auslusGeftoHk;awmf&ygrnf/ vlESifhrwef vGefv#uf
jyKacsaomf usGefudk t&SifpD&if&ojzifh aus;usGefukefygrnf/ iaygifwdkudk t&Sifrif;jrwf ajrSmufvGefI
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pnf;pdrfESifhwuG trwf=uD;odk@tyfawmfrlavonf?
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w&Ha&mtcg jynfh&Sifrif;=uD; ipaeudk r,lpm;cef@awmrlI pm;aus; r,lodk@ xGufavaomtcg a&$uGrf;csyfudk
aqmifIoHk;pm;a=umif; odawmfrl&m ipaeudkac:I aus;pm;rSESkwfjyD;v#if rif;ray;yJ oHk;aqmifonf[k
tjypfjyKrnf&Sd&m trwf=uD;av#mufonfum; ? t&Sifrif;jrwf obif=uL;aomol/ owfykwfjcif;udk vdkvm;
aomol/ ynmr&Sd rdkufrJawGa0aomol/ bk&m;om;awmf&[ef;jzpfv#uf ao&nfao&ufudk aomuf
=ul;aomol/ OD;csdK&Sdaom owW0gESifh a&maESmaexdkfifaomol/ rif;.tcspfudk ,Hk=unfaomol/ Tol&Spf
a,mufwdk@onf ol&l;ESifhwlygonf/ xdkrSwyg;? ?

51
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t=um;tjrif&Sdaomoludk baZ qnf;uyf&m./ ykwWH om;udk Áap tvdk&Sdrlum; w&k%DwWD rdef;ri,,fudk
0ao ae&m./ &mZrpPH rif;trwfjzpfjcif;udk Áap tvdk&Sdrlum; Áp>m*aw rif;.tvdkodk@vdkufI jyK&m./
bpPH usGefolcpm;udk ayaoe apcdkif;ojzifh Zmae,s aumif;raumif;udk od&m./
Todk@usrf;*efpum; rdefh=um;vm&Sdygonf/ t&Sifrif;jrwf teD;xm;tyfaomol ta0;xm;tyfaomol
ESpfa,mufwGif ta0;xm;oifhaomoltm; teD;xm;acsaomf rif;&dyfrif;ajc/ rif;aerif;om; rif;yg;rusGrf;
awmh&rf;aomhoGrf;av&monf/ teD;xm;oifhaomoltm; ta0;xm;avaomf rif;usGrf;0ifI rxifusifh
wwfygonf/ a&S;yn&Sdpum;wGifvnf; rif;uvGefaomf rif;rmefudk xdrf;oifha=umif;/ xHk;a[mif;vm&Sdygonf/
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w&Ha&mtcg &dk;usGef;odk@ qifzrf;xGufawmfrlavaomf qifawmfewf&Sifaemifudk pD;I qif&dkif;zrf;tHhaomiSg
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trwf=uD; av#mufxm;onfrSm t&Sifrif;jrwf jynfh&Sif rif;wdk@onf qifxdrf; jrif;xdrf;obifY4if;/
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qdyfurf;rjrif yifv,fjyifY b,fwGifb,fodk@ a&mufwdk@oenf;/ toJa=uGv_ ?w&k&kESifh? Adkvfxkrsm;pGm?
vlwumxuf? oDwmjrpfvrf;? odedkifpGrf;onf ajzmifhwef;rwdrf; &Gufodrf;&GufzGifh qdkufoifht&yf avuyf
ava=umif; rapmif;&atmif aqmifedkifoltm; wa,mufom;om xif&Sm;ausmfcsdef rmvdefac:=u
xdkESihfqaomf Z*Fvom; q&m;wDrSm odedkif&mvdrfh rdpm> wdk@uH avmbv#Honf riHynm a[mh&rf;wnf;/ [lI
vlrdkufwdk@pum;udk r,Hktyfa=umif; xHk;a[mif;usef;*efESihfav#mufavaomf jynfh&Sifrif;=uD;vnf;=unfndk
awmfrlI trwf=uD;tm;a&$uGrf;csyfay;awmfrlavonf/
w&Ha&mtcg ajrmufrdzk&m; &SifaESmif;onf rdef;rpdk;armfvdyf ukvm;wpfa,mufudk aq;ay;I t*FgppHkaom
umv,Ofyg;=uavaomtcg rdp>mewf0ifIajcmufvSefhonf vifaumifydk;iSufqkd; rif;pufawmfac:aomt

52
aqmifodk h0ifIrnfonf/ rif;oHk;rif;aqmifusdK;ysufonf xdkta=umif;udkrif;=uD;ar;awmfrl&m trwf=uD;
av#mufxHk;aomfum;/
t&Sif;rif;jrwf ab;awmfjzpfaom &mZdENrif;onf O,smnfodk hxGufawmfrl&m &xm;awmf0if&dk;usdK;avonf/
xdkta=umif;udk trwf=udD;pdwW0& av#mufavonfhxHk;Ytqdkaaomfum;&mZma'0D rif;rdz&k m;wkd honf4if;
&mZykwWd rif;orD;wdk@onf4if; [daee ,kwfaom ukave trsdK;ESifh oH0gaood a&m,Sufaygif;azmfrdtHh/
&anm rif;.y&dabm* toHk;taqmifonf bdZ…wd usdK;,Gif;wwf. rfdp>ma'0g'a,m rormaom
rdp>mewfqdk; vifaumif;ydk;iSuf (P-104) ponfwdk honf &mZeda0oeH rif;.ae&m eef;awmfwdkufcef;odk@
y0dowd 0ifa&mufwwf./
Todk@haav#mufavrl &mZdENrif;=uD;onf rnfodk@rqdkaeawmfrlI rif;.y&d,g,gfjzifh pl;prf;awmdfrlonf
orD;awmf ok0ÀukrRm&Donf apmif;orm;ESif ,Ofyg;a=umif;udk odawmfrlavonf/ Todk@ xHk;a[mif;vm
onfudk axmufv#if ,QKvnf; ta=umif;xifvmjyefonf/ eef;olwdk@ oduQmrxdrf;qdk&ef &SdacsjyD;
xifygonf[kav#mufavaomf rif;=uD;vnf; cyfrqdkufaeawmfrlI trwf=uD;odk@ jyefawmfrlav&m
trwf=uD;av#mufxHk;aomfum; bkef;=uufoa&=uD;awmfrlaom t&Sifrif;=uD; a&S';ynm&Sdwdk@qdkcjhapom
usrf;*efYvm&SdonfrSm xDeH rdef;rwdk@. t[ma&m tpmpm;jcif;onf yk&domeH a,musfm;wdk@xuf 'GD*ka%m
ESpfqvGefonf/ ba0jzpf&m./ Ak'<dpmyd Onm$ynmonfvnf; pwk*ka%m av;qvGefonf ba0jzpf&./
0g,arm vHk;vtm;xkwfjcif;onf q*ka%m ajcmufqvGefonf a[mwd jzpf./ umarmwk umr*k%fudk
wyfrufjcif;onfum; tX*ka%m &SpfqvGefonf ba0 jzpf&m./ oAŠe'D cyfodrf;ukefaom jrpfwdk@onf
0*Fe'D jrpfaumufom&Sdukef./ oAŠ0em cyfodrf;aom awmfwdk@onf uXr,m xif;jzifhomjyD;ukef./
oAŠdwWda,m cyfodrf;aomrdef;rwdk@onf ed0goau qdkufjidrf&mt&yfudk vABrmae &onf&Sdaomf ygyH raumif;
r_udk ua& jyKjrJwnf;/
Todk@usef;*efvmygonf/ w&m;awmfrSmvnf; opPmav;yg;wGif ork', opPm/ w%Smt=uD;qHk;jzpfygonf/
xdkork',opPm w%Smrjywfedkif=uI owW0gwdk@ oHo&mY&Snf=umygonf/ trdkfarSmifw&m;wGifvnf;
t0dZ…m arm[arSmift=uD;qHk;jzpfygonf/ ,if;odk@ t0dA…mESifhw%Smrlvob0wdk@a=umifh jyk=uavaomf
xdkolwdk@tjypfudk (P-105) xdkolwdk@ESifhaysmfap&ygrnf ynm&Sdolawmfaumif;wdk@ tjypfjyKa&mr&Sdyg/
ol@xdkufESifolom &Sdoifhygonf[k av#mufavaomf jynfh&Sifrif;=uD;vnf; xdkolESpfOD;udk rnfodk@tjypfray;
rdef@bk&m;ESifh ukvm;udk rmefatmifusGef;odk@ ydk@xm;awmfrlavonf/
w&Ha&mtcg om;awmftvwf oHaxmifpm; ipHkonf oHaxmif&Gmtaoom;wa,mufudk tao
owfa=umif;jynfh&Sifrif;odawmfrlaomtcg oHaxmifpm; ipHki,fonf jynfolwdk@tm;ESdyfpuf owf
jzwfav&mY rnfodk@pd&ifxHk;&Sdoenf;[k trwf=uD;odk@ar;awmfrlavv#if trwf=uD;av#mufxHk;awmfum;
t&Sifrif;jrwf om;awmfoHaxmifpm;onf crnf;awmftm%mudk jydkifv#uf tm%mjydkif tpdk;&jyK
onfvnf;w&yf aemifawmfrsm;wdk@ rjykrusifh0Hhaomtr_udk jyKusifhavonfjzpfI aemifawmfrsm;udk usL;vGef
onfvnf;wjypf/ rl;rwfjynfolwdk@udk rcef@rav; qdk;oGrf;onfvnf;wcsuf/ jynf&Sifrif;rSwyg; jynfolwdk@
ZD0dwdajENudk rydkifacs/ a&S;xHk;&Sdv#ufrwnf a&S;xHk;pOfudkzsufI usifhonfvnf;wcsuf Tav;csufaomtjypf
xdkufaom om;awmfjzpfygonf av#mufavaomf aus; jrdK@&Gm OpPm aus;usGefrsm;udk odrf;I 0rf;0&HkESifh
jrHKwdk@ae&yf r&pfacsmif;nm a0vmawmifodk@ om;awmf oHaxmifpm;udk ydk@avonf/
w&Ha&mtcg rdkCf;pJusGef;wGif oaX;cGefom aovGeI f wrdwnf;om; a,musfm; (5)a,muf rduGJom;orD;
(2)a,muf&SdI tarGw&m;udk w&m;ol=uD;av;OD; pD&ifcsufESifhrjyD;vdk=uI jynfh&Sifrif;xH av#mufvm
aomtcg trwf=uD;odk@tyfawmfrlav&m trwf=uD;r,mynmausmf pD&ifxHk;aomfum; w&m;ol=uD;wdk@
pD&ifaom "rRowf txGuf tedrfhtjrifh tcGJta0 [lor#onf trSm;wapomrsm;onf// xdk"rRowfpm
udkvnf; a&S;ynm&Sdwdk@ pGef@cJha=umif; usef;*efvmonf trSefudk odqdkwwfrSom ynm"rRowfjzpfonf/
xdkpm"rRowfrsm;rSm onmtuQ&mr#om trSm;rsm;I trsefenf;onf/ ta=umif;udk&Smaomf tu,fI

53
oaX;cGefom=uD;onf olykefjyKv#uf t&Sifrif;tm;jypfrSmaomf r,m;=uD;om; r,m;i,fom; tarGpm;
'rRowfxGuftvdkuf rif;jypfray;acs/ om;csif;twlom; aovnf;aocsif; &Sifvnf;&Sifav#muf rif;jypf
a&muf&monf/ ,if;odk@ rdbwdk@qdk;oGef; av&m om;orD;wdk@. ZD0dajENrS wkHaomfvnf; uif;&mavonf/
qdk;arGcH&aomxHk;&Sdv#uf aumif;ar$vnfl;xdkenf;wl omcH,l=uap/ pD&ifavaomf aEGumvpifv#uf onf;
xefpGmrdkCf;=uD;avaoma=umifh jynf&Sifrif;=uD;u trwf=uD;odk@ ywWjrm;vufpGyfwuGif; w&m;qk ay;awmf
rlavonf/
w&Ha&mtcgvnf; ppfwaumif;jrdK@wGif aoaX;OD;apD&mvD aovGefI tar$cHom;ajr;r&Sda=umif;Eifh ppfw
aumif;pm;u rif;xHav#mufavaomf jynfolqif;&Jom;wdk@ tar$udk rif;cHpm;oifhonf/ rpm;oifhonfudk
trwf=uD;tm;ar;awmfrlavaomf trwf=uD;r[mynmausmfav#mufxHk;aomfum; t&Sifrif;jrwf bk&m;
tavmif; rif;aumif;rif;jrwf om*D0iftEG,fawmf pOfvmta=umif; xHk;a[mif;usef;*efY jynfolwdk@
vkyfcGefxGuf q,fzdk@ wzdk@ rif;wdk@bÀmcHxdkufa=umif;udkom a&S;trSm&Sdyg onf/ jynfolwdk@ omrdu cwWd,
trsdK; tpdk;&a&jr&Sifjzpfv#uf qif;&Jom;olwdk@. tar$udk cH,lxHk;r&Sdyg/ a&ajr&Sifrif;jzpfv#uf qif;&Jom;
wdk@.tarGudk cHolacsaomf 0dvkyE` M vk,ufzsufpD;I rif;rlaomrif;rsdK;wdk@ ch,lxHk;vnf; usef;*efwGifvnf;
qdkv#uf&Sdygonf[k av#mufavaomf jynfh&Sifrif;jrwf trdef@awmf&Sdonfum; igwdk@rSm vnf; om;ajr;r&Sdrl
rif;aqGrif;rsdK;wdk@ rif;&dk;rysuf xD;eef;wuf&onf/ qif;&Jom;wdk@rSmvnf; xdk@odk@ tav#muf om;ajr;r&Sdrl
aqGrsdK;tar$cH&monf/ aoaX;OD;pd&mvDtar$udk aqGrsdK;wdk@u cH,lap trdef@awmf &Sdavaomf &mZyv†ifY
ueuU'ef xD;jzLyGifhavonf/
w&Ha&mtcg wefaqmif;rdzk&m;onf ykÀm;udk taemufwhHcg;u oGif;Iac:jyD;v#if taqmifvufzJ@G awmif;
avaomf bdodwfawmfquf ykÀm;onf rdzk&m;odk@vufzJ@G ay;av./ ta=umif;udk jynfh&Sifrif;odavaomf
Tta=umif;t&mrsm;onf rdzk&m;t*Fgr&Sdoljzpfonf/ ykÀm;vnf; bdodwfawmfquf r*FvmykÀm;t&m
ysufonf/ aemufwHcg;rSL;Esifh rdefrpdk; armfvdyfwdk@vnf;a&S;xHk;rod ,if;av;OD;aomolwdk@ tjypf&Sda=umif;ESifh
trwf=uD;r[mynmausmfudk ar;awmfrl&m av#mufxHkaomfum t&Sifrif;jrwf rdzk&m;wdk@.t*Fgudk a&S;ynm
&Sdwdk@qdk=uonfrSm tusifhjrJjcif; auor,SH qHyifeufIaumif;jcif; ta&;ta=umif;eufjcif; &kyH tqif;
vSjcif;/ o'NH tohom,memzG,f&Sdjcif; rHoH tom;EknHhjcif;/ rdaumovH† rsm;pGmaomarmif;rwdk@. t&dyf
tajcudk em;vnfvdrRmjcif; [lI avmuDusef;*efqdkonfEiS fhtnD jynfhpHk&aom t*Fg&Sdavv#if rdef;rjrwf
jzpfygonf/ ,QK t&Sifrdzk&m;onf oDvpm&H oDvtusifhrrSwf oGrf;aomtr_&Sdacs onf/ rdzk&m; riforD;
rif;om;wdk@ oGrf;aomtr-wdk@udk jyK&dk;r&Sdyg/ taemufwHcg;u rif;rdef;r rcH,lroGif;&m/ xHk;oufao &Sdv#uf
wHcg;rSL;ESifh rdef;rpdk; armfvdyfwdk@ rdzk&m;tvdkodk@ ygvmonfrsmvnf; rif;oHk;aomaus;usGefwdk@onf
rif;cGifhr&rlv#uf rif;rdzk&m;tvdkodk@ vdkufI tr_aygif;wdk@udk rav#mufrxm;&m/ a&S;ynm&Sdwdk@xHk;&Sdv#uf
vGefIusifhaomoltm; rif;roHk;tyf/
bdodwfawmf ykÀm;wdk@rSmvnf; uehxm xdk@tusifh aomhoGrf;aomtr_ [l;&m;aA'ifoifhI [l;&m;wwf
ykÀm;rsm;uJhodk@ tif;Y oduQmysufygjyD/ xdkykÀm;ay;aom bdodwfudkrcHtyf/ a&S;olawmfaumif;wdk@qdkcJhaom
avmuDusrf;tvmrSm t=uifwdkif;jynfY rif;rdzk&m;om;awmforD;awmf rSL;awmf rwfawmfwdk@onf ravsmf
roifhaom tr_wdk@udkjyKusifhonfjzpftHh/ xdkjynfY wdkif;oljynfom;wdk@onf =uD;rm;aom qif;&J'kuQESifh
awG@=uHK&wwfygonf/ Owk&moD rnDrajzmifh "gwfav;yg;a&Smuf&Sm;v#uf ,rkem paomjrpfa& urf;a&
acsmif;a& ajrmif;a&taygif;wdk@onf vef;ajcmufI iefaomt&oma&mufygonf/ ajrv_yfjcif; wdrf rdkCf;=udK;
avmifrD;usjcif; tp&Sdaom r*Fvmr&Sdaom tedX&kyftaygif; raumif;aomta=umif;wdk@onf pkaygif;
jzpfa&mufwwfyga=umif;ESifh av#mufxm;avaomf jynfh&Sifrif; rdef@awmfrlonfum; igwdk@.rif;rsdK;onf
edZ*Fv rif;rsdK;r[kwf/ r[morŠ0Ho ousom*D0if oef@pifjrifhjrwfaom rif;&dk;rSefayonf/ trwf=uD;
av#mufaom pum;vnf; a&S;ynm&Sdwdk@cJhaom xHk;a[mif;/ olawmfaumif;wdk@pum;rSefayonf/ olawmf
aumif;wdk@ xHk;a[mif;udk ,laomftusdK;? olrdkufwdk@xHk;a[mif;udk ,laomf tjypfa&mufa=umif; udkvnf;

54
tZwowfrif;onf a'o'wfESifh aygif;rdacsI tbudkowfjyD;rS jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifhawG@av&m uH=uD;rS
tenf;I,fcsrf;omava=umif; usrf;8efvm&Sdayonf/ rdzk&m; ykÀm; wHcg;rSL; armvdyfwdk@onf ol,w k f
tusifht=uHudk yg0ifusifh=uH=uoljzpfI rif;roHk;tyfjyD trdef@awmf&Sd./ rdzk&m;udk O,mOfrSm jznfawmf
rlavonf/ ykÀm;udk yef;wiftpdk@rSm jznfhawmfrlavonf/ rdef;rpdk;rSm opfckwfw&mtpdk@rSm jznfhawmf
rlavonf/ ,if;odk@jznfhawmfrljyD;rS trwf=uD;odk@ aiGaxG;cHoem;awmfrlavonf?
w&Ha&mtcg jynf&Sifrif;=uD;onf r[mrkedbk&m;udk tzl;xGufawmfrlavaomf 0wfqifawmfrlaom
ywWjrm;vufpGyfonf usGwfI a&xJodk@usav&m ig;wck&I rsdkavonfESifh wv&SdrS xdkig;udk
wHigwa,muf&av&m xdkig;0rf;Y vufpGyfudk &avv#if wHiga=umifvef@I vufpGyfudk ig;ESifhtwl,lcJhI
rif;xHqufovmavv#if jynfh&Sifrif;=uD;u trwf=uD; r[mynmausmfudk ar;awmfrlavaomf trwf=uD;
av#mufxHk;aomfum; ?
t&Sifrif;jrwf/ vufpyG fonf a&odk@usaomtcg ig;onfrsdKodrf;xm;v#if xdkig;rSwHkvnf; toufudk taocH
v#uf wigxH0ifa&mufonf/ wHigvufpGyfudk&I qufvm&onf/ Ttvdkudk axmufI rSefwdkif;
av#mufaomf Om%enf;olwdk@jidKjiifav&maomta=umif; &Sdygonf/ t&Sifrif;=uD; bkef;usufoa& =uD;us,f
a=umif;udk jynfolwdk@ odxifapjyDl;rS ckepfvESifhjyD;atmif pD&ifygrnf/ rif;tm;av#mufjyD;aomf vufpGyfrS
ywWjrm;udk,lv#uf om;wpftwGif;jr_yfI tvHk; i,fatmif twefi,f (P-109) vSD;v#uf xdkywWjrm;&Sd
om;wpfESifhtwl om;wpftrsm;udk=uJxm;avv#if usD;/ pGefrsm;vmI udkufcsD,l=uav&m xdkywWjrm;&Sdaom
o;wpfygavI (10)&ufcef@&Sdv#if xdkywWjrm;&Sdom;wpfudk csD,loGm;aom pGefudk iSufcwfom;wOD; &av
ojzifh pGef0rf;Y ywWjrm;udkawG@avv#if iSufcwfom;pGefawmifESihfwuG rif;xH ywWjrm;udk qufovmjyef
onf/
xdk@aemuf rxif&Sm;aom olwa,muftm; ywWjrm;udk tyfI a&mif;ap&m tojymw&m ay;I
ukvm;wa,muf0,f,ljyD;v#if ukvm; a&$ESifh*Grf;rnf yef;xdrfxHtyfavaomf vufpGyfudk uGif;jyD;I
ukvm;odk@ rtyfrSD yef;xdrftdrfrS olcdk;wa,muf,loGm;avonf/ ukvm;u vufpGyf&vdka=umif;ESifh rif;xH
av#mufav&m trwf=uD;okd@jyeftyfavonf/ trwf=uD;onf tr_ppfaq;&I vufpGyfta=umif;udk
odav&m jyD;atmifpD&ifrnf[lv#uf aeonfESifh xdkvufpyG fcdk;aomolonf jrpfqdyfYa&csdK;aomtcg
vufpGyfudk csGyfxm;cdkuf wGif;u =uGufxGufI vufpGyfudk,ljyD;v#if wGif;odk@0ifavonf/ w&m;ol=uD; usGefw
a,mufonf =uGufom;pm;vdkI =uGufwl;oGm;av&m xdk=uGufwGif;udk jrifIwl;avv#if ywWjrm; vufpGyfudk
&,lavI xdkolrxm;0Hhojzifh w&m;ol=uD;rif; vufpGyfudkodI trwfr[mynmausmf (7)vESifh wHigr_
yef;xdrfr_ ukvm;r_/ iSufcwfom;r_rsm;udk pD&ifrnf/ rif;xhav#mufoljzpfonf txuf tar$r_wGifvnf;
"rRowfudkyg,fI igwdk@pD&ifaom w&m;udk zsufoljzpfonf/ ckepfvvGefrS rif;xhqufrnf=uHv#uf vHkjcHkpGm
vufGyfudk xm;av&m w&m;ol=uD; wjcm;tdrfodk@oGm;cdkuf xdkvufpyG fudk r,m;xkwfI=unfhaomtcg vuf
pGyfudk teD;wGifxm;I tdyfaysmfoGm;avonf/ vufpGyfudk usD;wck csD,loGm;I rdrdtodkufY xm;av onf/
w&m;ol=uD;a&mufvwfaomf vufpGyfae&mwGifr&Sdaoma=umifh r,m;tm;ar;avv#if r,m;vnf;
uG,fojzifh &ef&SufwifI uGmvdka=umif; (P-110) rif;xHav#mufavaomf trwf=uD;odk@ tyfI pD&ifap&m
tr_&if;udk w&m;ol=uD;r,m;tm;trwf=uD;u ar;av&m vufpGyfaysmufaomta=umif;udk ajymqdkI
odv#if pD&ifrnf qdkif;OD;qdkv#ufaeavonfESifh vufpGyf&SdaomusD;odkufudk ausmif;om;oli,fwa,muf
wufav;I vufpGyfudk&avrl q&mbkef;=uD;odk@ay;avonf/ xdkbkef;=uD;vnf; &wemjzpfonf igwdk@ESifhrwef
rif;xdkufwefaom opPmrif;tm;qufrnf[lI jynfh&Sifrif;xHqufavaomf rif;=uD;u trwfr[mynm
ausmfudk ac:jyawmfrlavv#if trwf=uD;u vyfpGyfudk om;wpfYxnfhI iSufpmay;aom &ufupI ppfaomf
&ufaygif; (190)&Sda=umif;udk odvwfrl pD&if&ef &uf (20)omvdkawmhonf/ pD&ifygrnf rif;xHav#mufI
vufpyG fudk qufaombkef;=uD;tm; ar;av#mufavaomf wynfholi,f&a=umif;ESifh ajymqdkI xdkoli,ftm;
ar;jref;&m xef;yifwGif usD;odkufI&a=umif;udk trwf=uD;tm; av#mufI usD;opfudk jyv#uf odavv#if

55
ntcg xdkusD;rudk &atmifzrf;apI xdkvufpGyfESifhwlaom vufpGyfwuGif; vkyfjyD;aomf usD;ESkwfoD;YjrJpGm
csnfv#uf eHeufudkvGwfI toD;oD;rif;apwrHrsm;udk vdkufI =unfh&_ap&m xdkusD;ronf w&m;ol=uD;
aetdrfY pm;aeusjzpfI em;avaomf w&m;ol=uD;r,m;u aysmufavaom vufpGyf usD;ESkwfoD;wGif
ygvmv#uf tkyftkyfusufusuf vdkufIzrf;aomta=umif;udk rif;apwrHwdk@ trwf=uD;xHav#mufvmaomf
w&m;ol=uD; vifr,m;udk ac:I ar;avaomf =uGufwGif;wl;&mY &a=umif;av#mufavI xdk=uGufwGif;udk
jyaoma=umifh odavrl xdkt&yfY vlrjywfapmifhxm;avonf/ txufvufpGyf olcdk;onf a&csdK;tvmwGif
onft&yfY vufpGyfudk csxm;&maysmufoGm;avonf [lv#uf ajymqdkaompum;udk rif;apwrHwdk@
=um;v#if ac:,loGm;I trwf=uD;tm;tyfavaomf onft&yfwGif xm;&mysmufaomvufpGyfudk tb,f
rSm&enf;/ rSefpGmqdk&rnfar;avaomf yef;xdeftdrfwGifcdk;I &aomvufpGyfjzpfa=umif;ESifh av#mufavaomf
yef;xdrfudkac: (P-111) Iar;jref;&m oabFmukvm;u tyfvm&mwGif&a=umif; ukvm;onf tojym
w&may;& a=umif;rsm;udk trwf=uD;odavI ta=umif;rsdK; pHkvifaomtcg rS rif;xH0ifv#uf
tvHk;pHkaomta=umif;udk av#mufxm;jyD;I tr_udk pD&ifodk@ xHk;aomfum; ?
vufpyG fa&odk@tuswGif ajrvufrcH0HhI ig;odrf;xm;jyD;aomf xdkig;udk wHig&avonf/ xdkwHiSg vufpGyfu
jrifv#if rxm;0HhI rif;xHqufvmonfrsm;rSm ajrydkifa&ydkif wdkif;edkifiHtwGif;Y&Sdaom olwdk@onf tpdk;&t&Sifh
usGefwapom jzpf=uonf/ vufpyG fudk wHiSgqufonfhaemuf vufpGyf rif;vufodk@ra&muf aysmufavrl
wHiSgxHay;I&aoma=umifh rif;bkef;oDvw&m;r&Sd vufpGyfwefbdk;udk wHiSgodk@ rif;u ay;oifhonf/
wHiSgqufvmonfhaemuf xdkvufpGyfonf owW0grsdK;pHkxH a&mufIrS raysmufrqHk; qufovma&muf jyef&
onf/ w&m;usef;*efY olawmfaumif;wdk@ OpPmudk a&rSmypfvnf;repf/ rD;rSmypfvnf; rcspf/ [lI qdktyfaom
pum;&Sdygonf/ t&Sifrif;w&m;=uD; bdodwfcHawmfrlaomt*FgjynfhpHkv#uf w&m;apmifhxdrf;onfjzpfI
ypPnf;av;yg;jrJapoifhygonf/ wHiSgESifh iSufcwform;rSm udk,fESifhrxdkufwefaomt&mudk odwwfaomol
jzpfI rif;y¾mxdrf;tyfaom usGefaumif; vuQ%m0ifonf/ w&m;ol=uD;rSm=uGufESifhwlonf/ yef;xdrfrSm
pGefESifhwlonf/ ukvm;rSmig;ESifhwlonf/ olcdk;rSmusD;ESifhwlonf/ xdkig;paom owW0gav;aumifwdk@ 'g%f&m
a&mufonfhenf;wl ukvm;paom olav;OD;wdk@ rif;jypfoifh&monf/ pD&ifavaomf aEGumvpif;v#uf
onf;xefpGmrdkCf;&Gmaoma=umifh jynfh&Sifrif;=uD;vnf; tm;&awmfrlI qif;awmfrlaom vufaumufudk
r[mynmausmftrwfodk@ w&m;qk ay;awmfrlavonf/
w&Ha&mtcg ausmif;aeyk*~dKvf &[ef;wOD;onf aovGef&mY aiGtojym ESpfaxmif/ a&$tojym w&m
usef&SdvdkufonfjzpfI &[ef;rdb aqGrsdK;wdk@vnf; & (P-112) vdkonf/ ausmif;Y&Sdaom &[ef;omra%
wdk@uvnf;&vdkonf/ ausmif;wumuvnf; &vdkonf oHk;OD;om;wdk@ tvkt,uf tjiif;tckefEiS fh
rif;xHa&mufavaomf jynfh&Sifrif;u trwf r[mynausmfodk@ qHk;jzwfpD&ifaomxHk;rSm &[ef;oCFmwdk@tm;
qGrf; ouFef; ausmif; pwkr"l paomaq; Tav;yg;udkom bk&m;cGifhjyKawmfrlonf/ a&$aiGpaom temrmo
0wWudk cGifhjyKawmfrrl/ bk&m;cGifhrjyKv#uf tm%mudk qefI jykaom omoemawmf&efoljzpfI &wemoHk;yg;
tpifr[kwfoljzpfavjyD/ vluJhodk@oj*FKvf&rnf/ a&$aiGudk ay;vSLaomfvnf;tvSLrajrmuf vlcsif;ay;ouJhodk@
jzpfI ay;&ef;vlrsm;&Sdv#if jyef,lap/ xdkoltav#muful;oef;a&mif;0,f&aom ypPnf;jzpfv#if xdkolESifh
twlae &[ef;wdk@vdkrl vl0wfvJI xdkol@rdbaqGrsdK;wdk@ESifh nDr#cGJa0,l=uap/ ypPnf;av;yg;rSm &[ef;rsm;&ap/
ausmif;wumrSm yvyfap[k pD&ifaomtcg rif;=uD;a&S@ rif;&ifjyifY yef;aygufaygufwdk@onfh =uJajrmufus
vwfavaomf jynfh&Sifrif;u tvGef=unfndkKI xGufpnf0ifpnfudk trwf=uD;odk@ w&m;qkay;awmfrlonf?
(Tt&mwGif yg&mZfuusa&mufrS tore/ tous ykwWd,/ jzpfa=umif; bk&m; ynwfawmfrlonf? y&dpPm*
apwemjyXmef;v#uf vSLrl rnfolrqdk 'geajrmufxdkufa=umif; tXuxm ÉDumt&yf&yf zGifhjyawmfrlv#u
&Sdonf/ oHo&ma&;udk vdkIay;jciff;/ a=umufIay;jcif;/ rdkufIay;jcif;/ ynmudkvdkIay;jcif;/ umr*k%fudk
vdkIay;jcif;tm;jzifh ajcmufyg;wGif oHo&mudkvdkIay;&m jyefr,ltyfa=umif;ESifh a&$rsOf; "rRowf vm&Sdonf/
xdk@a=umifh ,QifpD&ifxHk;udk qifjcif&rnf/)?

56
w&Ha&mtcgu vlwOD;onf aiGtdk;&Sdonf pmn$e;f udkawG@I wa,mufudkajymqdkav&m xdkolvnf;
wOD;aomoltm;aq;jrpfwl;&efvdkufcJh/ ig;ojymay;rnfqdkI ac:oGm;wl;=uav&m aiGojymoHk;axmif&v#if
xdkoloHk;oD;rnDrnGwfavojzifh rif;xHa&mufI trwf=uD;tm; pD&ifap&mY ajrydkifa&ydkifwGif&or# rif;ESifh
ruif;/ q,fbdk@wbdk@ rif;odk@qufap/ ig;ojymvdkI vdkufaomolrSm usGefESifhwl (P-113) onf/ wudk,f
bdk;ig;ojymom&ap/ nGefaomolESifh oGm;wl;avaomolrSm vifr,m;ESifhwlonf/ tnDtr#cJaG 0,l=uap/
pD&ifavaomf ueuU'ef xD;jzLtvdkvdkyGifhavonf/ jynf&Sifhrif;u trwf=uD;udk rdzk&m;vwftaqmif
t&Gufudk w&m;qkay;awmfrlcJhavonf? w&Ha&mtcg oD[dkVfY aumoAŠrif;u a&$ayudkvdyfjyD;rl tem;wGif
rD;a&[laomtuQ&mESpfvHk;udk a&;I a&$ayudkjzef@v#uf aocsmpGmxnfhjyD;rS oH apvGwfvdkufaomf xdka&$ay
udk=unfh&m pmwvHk;r#rygvwfrl jynfh&sifrif;u xdka&$ayudk trwf=uD;odk@tyfawmfrlavonf/ trwf=uD;
vnf;oD[dkrif;onf ynmjzifhprf;aomta=umif;om jzpfacsrnf=uHv#uf a&$ayudkvdyfI yGwfav&m
pmvHk;xGufvwfv#if ESpfvHk;aomtuQ&mudk awG@avonf/ ,if;odk@awG@avaomf rif;xHwifv#uf quf
av./ pmESpfvHk;rSm “rD;” “a&” omygavonf?
xdkta=umif;udk trwf=uD; t"dy`g,faumufI av#mufonfrSm t&Sifrif;jrwf a&S;ynm&Sdwdk@ pum;oHk;yHk&yf
tqdkY “rD;” vGefaomf cspfonf/ “a&” vGefaom yspfonf/ &mZysdK@wGifvnf; jynf=uD;0efudk tdk;wefqefcyf/
rif;usifh0wfESifh av#mufywfoifhpGm pD&if&monf/ [kqdkygonf/ ,if;odk@qdkonfhtvdk oD[dkrif;u
ay;aomtuQ&mESpfvHk;onf jynfh&sifrif;udk tar; “rD;” uJhodk@usifhonf/ “a&” uJhodk@usifhonf/ jynf&Sifrif;
“rD;” uJhodk@jyif;pGmtm%m&Sdrl jynfolyifyef;&monf/ “a&” uJhodk@usifhaomf rSL;rwfjynfolwdk@ rav;
rcef@jyK&monf/ “a&” r=uD; “rD;” rvGefusifh&aomta=umif;ay;aom pmjzpfygonf/ trwf=uD; av#muf
av&m oD[dkwrHwdk@vnf; tvGef=unfndkI jynfh&Sifrif;udk vufpGyf(10)uGif; trw=uD;odk@ (5)uGif;
qufoawmfrlavonf? oD[dkVfwrefwdk@ tjyefY xdka&$aywGif “ae” “v”[laomtuQ&mESpfvHk;udk trwf
=uD;ua&;I ay;vdkuf&m aqmif,loGm;=uavonf?
w&Ha&mtcgY oD[dkVfusGef;oAŠLvoaX;ajr; *k rBDowf vma&mufI bdk;awmf wAŠLvaoaX;onf
ajrmufOD;jrdK@odk@ ab;awmfpvuFmolrif; vvuxuf oabFm (P-114) ESifhta&mif;t0,fa&mufaomtcg
ayglxGufoabFmqdyf aoaX;tkef;tmoefESifh cspf=unf,Hkruf=uI tojym wodef;tyfESHxm;cJhonf/ aoaX;
tkef;tmoef tar$udkqufcH&&Sdol ajr; a':wvday;oifha=umif;ESifh jynfh&Sifrif;xHav#muf avaomf trwf
r[mynmausmfodk@ tyfIpD&ifaomxHk;rSm tkef;tmoefajr; aoaX;a':wvdudk ar;v#if tyfonftquf
vnf; r=um;bl;ygqdkvwfrl *k rBDowfu vl=uD;ESpfOD; ,HkrSwftyfay;=uaomumv ol0efolum[laom
awmifxdyfY anmifyif&if;wGif ESpfOD;vufrSwfpm ausmufzsm=uD;Y a&csdK;I anmifyif&if;ajrmufzufem;wGif
jr_yfESHxmcJha+umif; tbdk;aoaZ;rSwfxm;aom rSwfpmyga=umif;ESifh jyayaomf xdkn$ef&modk@ oGm;=unfh&SmazG
ap&m ausmufzsmr&Sd/ anmifyifonfum; ckwfonfhtikwf&Sdv#uf awG@avonf/ ,if;aomtcg aygif;xGuf
oabFqdyft=uD;udkac:I o0efomv awmifxdyfY anmifyifudk rnfonfhumv rnfolckwf vSJonf
xdkawmifu ausmufcJausmufzsmudk rnfol,lbl;onfudk ar;av&m aoaX;a':wvdb &Smtvif
wdkufwnfaomum ausmufzsm=uD;wck,lbl;ygonf/ anmifyifrSmoabFom;wdk@ xif;ckwf,l=uI ao
a=umif;xGufqdkavv#if xdkausmufzsmudk tb,frSmxmcJhoenf;/ aoaX;a':uvdod&monf ar; avaomf
tbvufxuf oabFmqdyfwGif ausmufzsmcif;v#uf xm;cJhonfn$efav&m ausmufzsmudk vSefI
=unfhvwfaomf aoaX;ESpfOD;vufrSwfpmudk awG@&avonf/ ,if;aomtcg tyfxm;cJhonfreS fjyD; rif;
q,fquf ESpfaygif;w&mausmf =umaomfvnf; rif;&dk;rif;qufom qufawmfrlonf/ xD;usdK;pnfayguf
r[kwf/ usef;8efvmonfrSm uydv0wfjynfY &Spfaomif;av;axmifaom rif;wdk@onf xD;usdK;pnfayguf e&Sd
pdk;phawmfrla=umif; &mZj*dKvfjynf rdwˆdvmjynfYvnf; xdk@twl xD;usdK;pnfaygufr&Sda=umif; a0omvDjynfY
tZmwowfwdkufcdkufzsufqD;ojzifh4if;/ ygVvjynfY rOPyurif;udk cdk;rSL;ieENwdkufcdkufvk,ufzsufqD;jzifh
4if;/

57
(P-115) xD;usdK;pnfayguf&Sda=umif;ESifhvmonf/ igwdk@&uQyl&wdkif;Yvnf; a&S;rif;wdk@vufxuf vk,uf
qdk;oGr;f rif;=urf;rsKd ; q,fqufjzpfbl;onf ab;awmfrif;apmrGefvufxufYvnf; jynfxrf;ydk; usdK;av
onf/ ,if;odK@ta=umif;=uHkaomumvY =uHkacsrl vGwfvyfap&monf/ rif;rsdK;rif;qdk; rysufpdk;xuf &Snf=um
urBm ygwfvHk;wnfv#if xdkjynfxD;usdK;pnfaygufr&Sd/ om*D0ifrif;rsdK; rSefonf/ tyfESHv#uf cdk;0Sufor# yvy
a0rqdkoifh odk@&mwGifxdrf;olxif&Sm;I aumif;=uay;=uv#if oabmwl tay;t,lESifh aeapoifhonf/
xdrf;&if;tyf&if; olcsif;r[kwfav/ om;wquf ajr;wwef xdrf;odrf;v#uf ESpfw&mausmf xdkOpPm aysmufqHk;
v#ifvnf; ay;av#mf&rnfyifjzpfygonf/ waomif;ojymudk xdrf;ol&ap/ udk;aomiftojymudk oD[dkaoX;
*krBDowfodk@ay;I txuftbdk;ESpfOD; xm;cJhaomoufaovufrSwf ausmufpmudk zsufodrf;=uap/ pD&ifav
aomf onf;xefpGmrdkCf;&GmvwfI aoaX;rif;=uD;uvnf; ywWjrm;vufpGyfwuGif; w&m;qktrwf
=uD;odk@ay;awmfrljyefonf?
(TwGif rif;oHk;quf ESpfw&mausmf[lI yg./ rif;q,fquf ESpfaygif;w&mausmf[lIom trSef,l&rnf/ ?
Tum;ppum;csyf?
w&Ha&mtcg aoaX;wOD;u ajrY ojymwomif;jr_yfxm;onfudk odolwOD; wl;ax:.loGm;av&m
aoX;=unfhjrJ=unfhI rjrifv#if acsmif;wGif ig;&SmaeolESpfa,mufudkzrf;I &dkufESduf ppfar;avaomf ,lonf
rSefI jrpfv,fodK@csrdygonf/ tqdkESifh rif;xHqufydk@&m rif;=uD;vnf; &dkufESdufonfh 'g%f&mudk jrifawmfrlv#if
aoaX;xH xdkolwdk@qdkcJhonfh pum;trSefr,lom/ qifjcifawmfrlI trwf r[mynmausmfodk@ tyfavaomf
trwf=uD;pD&ifaom xHk;onfum;
xdkolESpfa,mufudk xm;aom aESmiftdrfodk@ ta*&;t&mY vdrRm w (P-116) a,mufudk ajymqdk
rSmxm;v#uf tjypf&SdonfqdkI oGif;xm;avonf (10)&ufcef@&SdrS v$wfapI trwf=uD; ar;av&m
xdkolESpfa,mufwdk@r[kwfa=umif;odavaomf xdkolESpfOD;udk ,HkavmufaomolxH tyfI v$wfjyD;v#if
aoaX;aaom t&yf0ef;usifaus;vufodk@ rif;apwrefv$wfv#uf=unfhapaomf dvlwOD;onf tvSLyGJ obif
ESihf tvSLay;aeonfudk awG@&m ac:IrdwfaqGzGJ@jyD;v#if tojymwaxmifwefaom vufpGyfwuGif;udk
tojymig;&mESifh a&mif;ygav[k tyfavv#if xdkol,loGm;I tjcm;rSm jyavaomf ojymwaxmifwefonf
jzwfqdk=uv#if tbdk;oufomESihf &jyDtxifESifh aoaX;aiG cdk;& OpPmrS ojym ig;&m,ljyD;v#if a&mif;Iojym
ig;&m&onf[lv#uf trwf=uD;xHay;vmaomf trwf=uD;u OpPm&SifaoaX;udkjyv#if aoaX;u usGEfkyf
OpPmrSefyga=umif;ESifh av#mufavv#if xdkoludk ac:Iar;ppfav&m ,lrdonfrSefaya=umif; xGufqdkav v#if
pD&ifxHk;aomfum;
ig;&SmolESpfa,mufudk aoaX;em=uifpGm&dkufESufv#uf cdk;oljzpfa=umif; tyfvmonfhtjypf ojymwaxmif
aoaX;u av#mfay;ap/ cdk;olonf tvSLay;rnf&Sdv#ifxdkolvuQ%m a&S@aemufudk nSdESdKif;qifjcifI
Todk@aom OpPmudk tb,frSm &onf/ ukefa&mif;ukef0,fjyKI ESpfvr=umjrwfpGef;&onf/ rdb aqGrsdK; t&yf
tdrfeD; t=uD; OD;wdkifwdk@ rppfraq;ae=uonfrSm tvdkyg&ma&mufonf vSLIukefor#udk vufaovkyfol
udkifolpm;aomufor#aom y&dwfowfwdk@u ay;av#mfap? xdk;olrSm 'g%fcHap/ pD&ifaotcg ajrmufOD;
ewforD;aeaom anmifyifY w&GufrvGwf uefawmhavaomf jynfh&Sifrif;u w&m;qkqef aygufESpfpD;
trwf=uD;odk@ay;awmfrlonf?
tcgwyg;wHkvnf; trwfawmfoHwJpG m;u aovGeI f oHwGJjrdK@udk jynfh&Sifrif;=uD;u trwf oHudkif;aESmifodk@
ay;rnf&Sdaomtcg trwf=uD:r[mynmausmf av#mufxHk;aomfum
oHwJjG rdK@onf tpGef;tzsm; ysLwvdkif;wdk@ESifh teD;tpyf twfoHudkif;aESmifrSmvnf; vuf&Hk;&nfom&Sdonf/
aumfvdrfqef;=u,faomOm%fr&Sd/ a&S;ola[mif; (P-117) pum;wGifvnf; jyLudk tjrSmuf wvdkif;udk
taumuf/ ukvm;udkrD;ayguf qdk&Dk;&Sdygonf/ wwdkif;wjynfodk@ oHwrefapaomtrwf/ wdkif;pGef;jynfzsm;
xm;aomtrwf xdkESpfOD;wdk@onf vuf&Hk;a&rSm twefomvdkygonf/ vuf&Hk;a&vGefcJhaomf ESpfjynf&ef
ppf=uD;pGm xdkolwdk@a=umifhjzpfwwfygonf/ ESvHk;&nfaomfum; vGefwdkif;tusdK;&Sdyga=umif; usef;*efwGif

58
tvm&Sdygonf/ Am[kv [laom ppfonfAdkvfygtm; abm*Av [laomOpPmypPnf;tm; trpPAmv
[laomtrwfvdrRmtm; tbdZpPAv [laomrif;rsdK;rif;&dk;rSefaomtm; ynmAv [laom ynmtm; [lI
jynfh&Sifrif;wdk@. tm; ig;yg;wGif ynmtqiftjcifESifhjynfhpHkaom trwftm;wyg; yg0ifygonf/ oltaumuf
tuG@vmcJhaomf aumufvdrf; qef;=u,faom Om%fjzifh ESdkifESif;csdK;&Sdatmif jykedkifa=umif;rSm o\u
rif;trwf eENdaoeuudk qdkaom pwkuedygwfawmfY xif&Sm;&Sdygonf/
oHwJjG rdk@rSmxm;&eftrwfawmf av;jrdK@pm;onfvnf; xkawmifay:om; w&m;r&Sd ol@pnf;pdrfudk zsufqD;wwf
v#uf tvGefqdk;oGr;f ,kwfrm edkifrdedkif&m owfnSpfESdyfpufjyKwwfaom trsdK;wHkaomfvnf; ,Ofaus;apr_
EvHk;&nfvufeufwdk@jzifh ,Ofaus;apwwfaom ynmAv&Sdoljzpfygonf/ av;jrdK@pm; 0ENoludk oHwJpG m;ay;I
0ENolom; ausmfoludk av;jrdK@pm;ay;awmfrlv#if oifhvSygonft&Sifrif;jrwf/ vuf&Hk;&nfrSm vlrdkuftwwf
ESvHk;.tapusGefomjzpfygonf/ ESvHk;&nf&Sdaomoltm; tr_taygif;jyD;ukefygonf av#mufavaomf
rif;=uD;vnf; =udKufawmfrlI av;jrdk@pm; 0ENoludk oHwGJjrdK@pm;t&may;awmfrlav&m wESpfcef@&Sdv#if [dkif;=uD;
usGef;wGif&Sdaom wvdkif; jyL ukvm; vlqdk; ig;axmif usGef;cH oHwGJjrdK@odk@0ifa&mufvm&avonf?
tcgwyg;Y om;awmf oHaxmif;pm; ipHkonf jrHKwdk@t&yfu vif;uJ jrHK oufwdk@ESifh ylaygif;I jcm;em;jyD;aomf
'g*gjrdK@pm; aumif;nGef@oludk tvdkodk@jynfhv#if jynfydkiftrwf=uD;cef@rnf/ 'g*gjrdK@odk@apv$wfajymqdkav&m
aumif; (P-118) nGef@ol=uHonfum; awmowW0gudkvdkv#if tdrfowW0gESihf &if;ESD;zrf;&rnf/ om;awmf ipkH
qdk;oGr;f aomt=uHjzifh usifh=uHjyefonf/ tvdkygvdkufI zrf;rnf=uHv#if oHawmifpm; ipHku apaomoltm;
oifhvSygonf/ &Jrufvufeufrsm;rSmvnf; toifh&SdygjyD/ rnfoludkr# pdk;awmfrrlygESifh vufaqmifyÀm
av#mufpmESifh vlxnfhvdkufonf/
xdk@ta=umif;udk jynfh&Sifrif;=uD;=um;odawmfrlI trwfr[mynmausmfudk ar;awmfrlavaomf trwf=uD;
av#mufxHk;aomfum; 'g*gjrdK@pm; aumif;nGef@ol bDbdk; rpOftrsdK; rl;a&mrwfa&mjzpfygonf/ xD;eef; rif;quf
ta0;teD;xm;or# rnfofhumvwGifr# olykef;oluef; vlqdk;vloGrf;ESifh aygif;zufI t&Sif;rif;tm; rdkufrSm;
bl;onfr&Sd/ crnf;awmf bk&m;vufxuf ukvm;jynfudk odrfl,ljyefawmfrlaotcg 'g*gjrdK@pm; aumif;nGef@
oltb owdk;jzLtrwfonf pD;aomavSY ppfcsDpOfu ay;oem;awmfrlaom aAmif;jzLudk qifv#uf
pD;onfudk jrifawmfrlavaomf ppfcsDudkom igay;oem;awmfrlonf/ ppfjyefv#if odrfloef@v#uf owdk;jzLvnf;
rmefajrmufvGefoljzpfonf/ rsufawmf ukefv#uf tjypfawmfESifh rmefatmifodk@ ydk@xm;awmf rlI wESpfausmf
ae&aomtcg ta&S@jyL; wvkdif;rif;wdk@u apvGwfac:ap&m rl;aumif;rwfaumif;wdk@t*FgESifh pHknDpGmay;vdkuf
aomf pmrlvnf; 0da'[&Zftrwf ra[mo"mudk yOPm&pfrif;u ac:aomf aus;Zl;opPmapmifhtyfa=umif;
xHka;[mif;ESifhnDatmif pmay;vdkufygonf/ trsdK;t&dk;udk 'g*gjrdK@pm;aumif;nGef@olzsufrnfr[kwfyg/
ta=umif;qdkuf&mudk Om%f&SmI 'g*gpm;=uHonfhtr_omjzpfygonf/ tjypfay;xm;aom om;awmf
oHaxmifpm; vif;uJ/ jrHK oufwdk@ESifh ylaygif;qdk;oGrf;onfhta&;rSmvnf; ta&;rqdkavmufyg trwfawmf
'g*gjrdK@pm; aumif;nGef@olwa,mufESifh jyD;ukefygvdrfhrnfav#mufav&m jynf&Sifrif;=uD;vnf; rnfodk@rqdkae
awmfrlavonf/
,if;odk@trwf=uD; av#mufxm;aompum;udk 'g*gjrdK@pm; aumif;nGef@ol=um;av&m igYta&;a&mufjyD
=uHv#uf oHaxmifpm; rSmaoae@ ta&muf (P-119) vwfaomf &Jruf vufeufAdkvfajc pnf;=uyfv#uf
oHaxmifpm;&Sd&modk@ csDoGm;avonf/ awG@=uHkav=uaomtcg 'g*gpmqdkonfum; t&Sifrif;om;
wyfOD;csDawmfrlyg/ usGefawmf aemufu uGyfppftm; ay;ygrnfqdkavaomf oHaxmifpm;uvnf; tm;&I
csDoGm;=uonfESifh ouf jrHK vifuJwdk@ awmifajcomusGrf;I avS;rSL; a&rSL; rusGrf;onfjzpfavv#if
r,ljrpf0odk@a&mufumv wyfawmifwm avS;wyf toifhxm;jyD;aomf jrdK@ESihfeD;jyDjzpfonf/ oHaxmifpm;ESifh
wdkifyif&ef&Sdonfqdkv#uf wyfOD;odk@ vmcJh./ oHaxmifpm;vnf; ,HkrSwfaomESvHk;jzifh aemufygvltwefom
ac:I 'g*gjrdK@pm; avSodk@wufavaomf 'g*gpm;u a&S;aemuf avSydwfqdk@apjyD;rS jzm;a&wwfudk 0ifoGmav

59
aomf eHeuf jrdK@awfodk@ a&mufavv#if ohaxmifpm;udk rif;xHqufavonf? oufacgif;t=uD; jrHK vif;uJ
acif;t=uD; oHaxmifpm;tygt0if vlwdk@udkvnf; 'g*gpm;trwf aomif;wD;pm; zrf;Iqufvmjyefonf/
,if;odk@tcg trwfr[m ynmausmfav#mufaom xHk;aomfum;? t&Sifrif;jrwf bk&m;&Sifwum jzpfawmfrl
aom AdrŠom& rif;=uD; rdzk&m; tZmwowfrif;udk yÉdoaE< pGJaeaomum raumif;aomtwdwfedrdwf
xifojzifh t=udrf=udrf oaE<udk zsufa=umif; rif;=uD;odawmfrlav&m rdzk&m;udk wm;jrpfI rzsufpD;&a=umif;
ESifh usef;*efvmygonf t&Sifrif;jrwf jynfh&Sifrif;wdk@onf ZD0dwdajEN rS rcstyfaomol (7)a,muf&Sdygonf?
ckepfa,muf [lonf trd/ tb/ q&m/ aqGrsdK;/ rif;tusdK;udkjyD;pDatmif pD&ifwwfaomtrwf/
&k;oGyfaomol/ &[ef;oHCm/ ynm&Sdapmol/ T(7) a,mufwdk@udk ZD0dwdajENrS rcstyfa=umif;ESifh xHk;a[mif;
usef;*eftvm&SdonfjzpfI om;awmfoHaxmifpmrSm ZrŠKywdrif;ESifhwlygonf/ om;awmfudkygatmif
ac:aqmif,ledkifaom 'g*gpm;rSm o=um;wrefESifhwlygonf/ t&Sifrif;jrwfwHkaomfum; bk&m;ocifESifh
yrmwlygonf[k xHk;a[mif;txGufESifh jynfh&Sifrif; rwdrf;ryg;ap&/ bk&m;p (P-120) aom
olawmfaumif;wdk@csD;r$ef;ap&m rSL;aumif;rwfaumif; t*FgjynfhpHkpGm ynmAvtm;=uD;aom trwf=uD;
av#mufavaomf jynfh&Sifrif;=uD;u ipHki,fonf tvdrRmr&Sdoljzpfonf/ vdrRmatmifoGefoifjyo qHk;r
apcdkif;xdrf;xm;avawmh trdef@&SdawmfrlI trwf=uD;r[mynmausmfodk@ tyfawmfrlavonf/
'g*gjrdK@pm; aumi;fnGefholudkum; om;awmfoHawmifpm; taqmift&Guf t0wfwefqmudk ay;awmfrlaomf
'g*gpm;vnf; toem;awmfjrwfudkom cHI raqmifroHk; jynfh&Sifrif;odk@jyeftyfI 'g*gpm;av#mufxm;
onfrmS / t&Sifrif;jrwf rSL;rwfaus;usGefudk o'<gawmfrlI om;awmforD;awmfwdk@enf; ay;oem;awmf
rlaomfvnf; roHk;raqmiftyfyg/ rSL;rwftoHk;taqmifudkom oHk;aqmiftyfygonf/ vGefIjyKacsaomf
tvdrRm r&Sdolwdk@ xdkwefqmudkaqmifI rmefjrifhwwfygonf/ oem;cHawmfrl&v#if oHk;aqmif&ouJhodk@jzpfyg
onf av#mufavv#if rif;om;taqmift&Gufudk odrf;awmfrlI trwfwdk@enf; taqmift&Gufudk ay;
oem;awmfrlavonf?
om;awmf oHawmifpm;tygt0if ouf/ vif;uJ/ jrdKwdk@ t=uD;acgif;rsm;udkvnf; toufrowf ukodkvfawmf
&wemyHkbk&m;rSm vSLawmfrlonf/
w&Ha&mtcg *HkjynfyoDukvm;rif;u &uQyl&wdkif;Y om*D0iffrif;zavmif;=uD;onf bkef;=uufoa&ynmESifh
jynfhpHkI trwfynm&Sd rsm;a=umif;=um;;odonfhtwdkif; rSefonf/ rrSefonfudk odap&maom ta=umif;
pHkprf;&rnf/ ta&;YvdrRmaom ukvm;wa,mufudk oabFmESifhapv$wfvdkuf&m a&mufvmI xdkukvm;
trwf 'gukpDu quf&efvudaqmifawmf ywWjrm; ckepfvHk;ygonfqdkI xdktxkyfudkjyavaomf (P-121)
trwfr[mynmausmfu igwdk@t&Sifudk twdkif;wdkif;tjynfjynfu qufa&mufvmor# obif=uD;us,fpGm
cHjyD;rS oGif;jrJjzpfonfqdkI xdkywWjrm;xkyfudk oHwJay:Y tapmifhtaeESifhxm;v#uf aeapjyD;aomf
trwfr[mynmausmfxHav#mufavonfum; t&Sifrif;jrwf ukvm;rsdK;wGif yoDukvm; rsdK;onf
taumuf tvdrf tqdk;tnpfxlvSygonf/ ,QKvmonfh 'gukpDvnf; yoDukvm; oif;wdk@t&Sif vnf;
yoDrif;jzpf ygonf/ rnfodk@apa=umif; quf&ef vufaqmifawmfvnf; rnfodk@yga=umif;rsm;udk odatmifpl;
prf;IjyD;rS a&S@awmdodk@ 0ifap&ygrnf[k avv#mufavaomf rif;=uD;uvnf; =udKufawmfrlav onf/
,if;odk@tcg trwf=uD;u txkyfudk=unfhav&m a&$jcnfjzifh&ufonfhyrm vHkpGmxkyfI jrifvwfrl trwf=uD;
=uHonfum; TuJhodk@ xnfh&Dk;r&Sdonfudk xnfhcJhaomf xdktxkyfY ta=umif;ygonf qifjcifv#uf tbdk;
waxmifwefaom y&duyg&m [laom ydwftkyfudk c0gonf odk@ tpkyftjywfryg jyjyD;aomf tacguftwGif;
c0gonfrjrifaom t&yfY wdwfwqdwf uyfa=u;ESifhukdufjyD;aomf ckHnSif;cef@xm;vdkufI xdktxnfudk
c0gonfodk@ ay;vdkufavonf/
c0gonfvnf; tdrfodk@a&mufv#if xdkydwftkyfudk a&qGyfv#uf zGyfav#mfI vSef;aomtcg xdktaygufudk
jrifavaomf tvGefa=umufvef@onfESifh oabFmqdyfodk@ oGm;jyD;rl xdktaygufudkzmwwfaom oltm;
&Smavaomf oabFmu tyfv#dKorm;udk &cJhIzgap&m xdktxnfo;ESifhtwl tyfv#dKorm;zgjyD;rS c0gonf

60
onf trwf=uD;odk@ tyfavv#if trwf=uD;vnf; xdkydwftkyfudkjzef@I =unfhav&m tpkyftayguf r&SdI
&Smr&aomtcgY trwf=uD;vnf; udkuf,lxm;vdkufaomydwfudk c0gonfodk@jyv#ufar;avrl c0gonfu
zgoludkqdkavaomf trwf=uD;=uHjyefonfum; jrefrmudk jy'g;/ ukvm;udk rJem/ a&S;ola[mif;qdk&dk;&Sdonf/
xdkukvm;udk ac:Iar;&rnf/ c0gonfudkqdkv#if c0gonfvnf; xdkukvm;udkac:I ar;&av&m
ta=umif;udkar;jref;onfumv oljcKyfaomtxkyfrSefa=umif; xdktxkyfwGif tbdk;txdkfuaom ywWjrm;
trsuf (7)vHk;yga=umif;udkajymqdkavaomf wyg;aomoltm; ,if;odk@ar;a=umif;udk rodapv#uf ydwfyif
(P-122)v#uf tojym w&m ukvm;odk@ay;jyD;rS xdkausmufxkyfudk wdwfwqdwf,lapjyD;aomf jynfh&Sif
rif;=uD;xH0if avI ausmufxkyfudkzGifh=unfhav&m csufausmuf ywWjrm; (7)vHk;ygonfudk jrifvwfaomf
trwf=uD;u tojymwaxmifpDwefaom jynfh&Sifrif; ywWjrm;ausmufaumif; (7)vHk;udk txkyfYxnfhI
csufausmuf (7)vHk;udk ,lxm;jyD;v#if txuftwdkif;aocsmpGm xdkukvm;udk xkyfapjyD;aomf xm;jrJaom
ae&m oHwJay:Y xm;avaponf/
xdkodk@taumufvmaomtr_udk taumufOm%fjzifh atmifapjyD;rS ukvm;trwf 'gukpDudk rif;xHodk@
vufaqmifawmfESifh 0ifaponf/ a&S;awmfodk@a&mufI ausmufxkyfudk ukvm;trwf'gukpDodk@ tyfIzGifh
apaomf tzdk;rsm;pGmxdkufaom ausmufaumif; (7)vHk;udk ukvm;trwfjrifavaomf cdk'g t&SiftrSefjzpfay
onf[k ukvm;trwf tvGefa=umufvef@&dkaopGmESifh rumbk&m; ukvm;wdk@ txGwftxdyfrSefayonf
qdkv#uf t=udrfrsm;pGm bmom&Sdcdk;jcif;jzifh &Sdcdk;avonf/ xdkukvm;trwf 'gukpDjyefaomtcgYum;
rif;=uD;u tudkwd@t&Sif &Hkrif;odk@vnf; ywWjrm;ausmuf (7)vHk;ay;vdkufrnf/ ausmufaumif; (7)vHk;udk
ukvm;odk@jyv#uf trwf=uD;odk@ausmufudk tyfawmfrlavonf/
trwf=uD;vnf; rif;=uD;ay;tyfaom ywWjrm; (7)vHk;udk xdkukvm;trwf 'gukpDa&S@ aumif;rGefpGmxkyfavI
xdkukvm;trwfr&Sdaemuf ukvm;wGifyg&if; x\csufausmuf(7)vHk;udk xdktxkyfESifhwlatmif xkyfapjyD;rS
ukvm;trwfodk@ tyfavonf/ ukvm;trwfonf aumif;rGef&dkaopGm aqmif,ljyefoGm;avI rdrdt&Sif
&Hkrif;xHqufavaomf xdktxkyfudk ajzI=unfhaomtcg ay;vdkuf&if;csufausmuf (7)vHk;udk jrifvwfrl
ukvm;rif;u ta=umif;udkar;aomtcg ukvm;trwf 'gukpD odwdkif;jrifwdkif; t&yf&yfpum;udkav#mufav
aomf ukvm;rif;u rumbk&m; cdk;'g&SiftrSefyifjzpfonf/ zl;ar#mfoifhonfqdkjyD;v#if &Hkrif;udk,fwdkif
vufaqmifyÀmrsm; oabFmtpif; w&mESifh vma&mufqufojyD;aomf &cdkifbmompmrsm;udk oifI
ajcawmf&if;wGif usGefcHxm;ygrnf av#mufjyD;rl &Hkrif;om;tvwf &Smtvif;udk apoHk;&ef usGefwaxmif
ay;tyfxm;cJhjyD;rS &Hkrif;jyefavonf/ jynfh&Sifrif;=uD;vnf; &Hkrif;om;tvwf &Smtvif;udk pm;aus;
ukvm;&Gm a*gawmfyifvifudk ay;awmfrljyD;rS trwf=uD;odk@ tyfawmfrlI &cdkifbmomtuQ&mrsm;udk oif
apavonf/ (&Hkjynf[lonf ,QKtcg ÁwmvD,ef jynfjzpfonf)?
w&Ha&mtcg ta&S@yk*HjrdK@ae &[ef;wOD;vma&mufI &dk;usGef;tr&mawmifwGifaevmonf// xdk&[ef;udk
&dk;usGef;om;wdk@ qnf;uyfudk;uG,fv#ufae&m pnf;acsmif; owdk;atmifawG@jrifI =unfvifjrwfedk;I &[ef;
aumif;jzpfa=umif; rif;xHav#mufwifav&m trwr[mynmausmfodk@ ar;awmfrlaoma=umifh av#mufxm;
onfrmS ?
t&Sifrif;jrwf pnf;acsmif;pm;owdk;atmifonf olawmfaumif;udk odwwfaom nm%fynmr&Sdyg/ arxHkrSD0J
r_/ 0pGmpm;r_/ tdyfpufr_ toufarG;&ef OpMm&Smr_/ Tvlrdkfuft*Fg av;yg;ESifh jynfpHkaomolomjzpfygonf/
olrdkufwdk@rSm tpm;rwwf/ t0pm;av&monf/ c&D;rod/ ta&mufoGm;av&monf/ pum;rwwf p&dkufajym
av&monf/ usdK;jywfrod qdkrdqdk&mqdkavonf/ ,if;odk@xHk;a[mif;&Sdygonf/ pnf;acsmif;pm; owdk; atmif
onf ynm&SdxHcsnf;uyfonfr&Sd/ ol,kwfwdk@ESifha&mjyGrf;aygif;zuf aomufpm;,pfrl; om;ig;udkowf aysm&$if
r_udkom tm;jyKv#ufaweoljzpfygonf/ pnf;acsmif;pm;awG@olonf pnf;acsmif;pm;ESifh wlaomol&m
jzpfwef&mygonf/ av#mufavaomf rif;=uD;vnf; rnfodk@rqdk aeawmfrlavonf/

61
umrjrifrD &[ef;onf tr&mawmifxdyfY &Sdaom "gwfawmf apwDawmfudk az:umwl;jyD;v#if a&S;rif;wdk@
Xyemxm;cJhaom a&$aiGudk tm;vHk;,lI xGufajy;av&m &dk;usGef;om;wdk@ vdkufvhzrf;avrl qm;jyifurm
awmif=um;vrf;YawG@rd&cJhI xdk&Sifa,mifudk a&$aIGygrif;xH qufvmv#if xdkta=umif; (P-124) udk
trwfr[mynmausmf av#mufjyefonfrSm
t&Sifrif;jrwf w&m;usef;*efvmonfrSm Ak'<y'kX/ "rRy'kX/ oHC y'kX/ T&wemoHk;yg;udk jypfrSm;zsufpDaom
olonf oHo&m0eftjypf av;pGm ol,kwfrmjzpfygonf/ xdkol,kwfrmtm; ynm&Sdwdk@onf a&Smif=unf
tyfa=umif; usef;*efvmygonf/ xdkp;,kwfrmudk olawmfaumif;xifrSm;I &dk;usGef;om;wdk@ jyKav&m
t&Sifrif;wdk@ aumif;rSKysufpD;&ygonf/ oif;wdk@vnf; oHo&m0eftjypf xdkufav&monf/ ,if;odk@jzpfI
rdrdwdk@q&m zsufpD;aom "gwfawmfapwDudk txufenf;usatmif aumif;rGefpGm xdk&sifa,mif ,lcJhaom
a&$aiGudk Xmy%mrsm; xnfhI wnfap&ygrnf/ "gwfawmfapwDjyD;atmifudkvnf; pnf;acsmif;pm;=uD;=uyf
&rnf/ xdkyk*Hom; &Sifa,mifudk trsm;odxifpdrfhaomiSm pmxdk;jyD;v#if rdrdae&yfodk@ ESifxkwf&ygrnf/
av#mufavv#if jynfh&Sifrif;=uD;vnf; =udKufawmfrlI trwf=uD;av#muf toD;oD; pD&ifawmfrlavonf/
pnf;acsmif;pm; owdk;atmifvnf; aemufaemif trwf=uD; rawmfor#udk qHk;rawmfrlyg 0efcsI 0wfpHk
wefqmESifh ylaZmfavonf//
w&Ha&mtcgu rD;acsmif;pm;aovGef&m aygpxkyfusGef;ae ukvm;r#mvdu ojymwaxmif rdbk&m;=uD;odk@
qufI rD;acsmif;pm;t&mudk cHavaomf rdbk&m;=uD;u jynfh&Sifrif;xHav#mufavaomf rif;=uD;u eHeuf
rif;yGJcH&mY av#mufapawmhrdefhawmfrlonfESifh eHeufrif;yGJcH&mY ukvm;r#mvdav#mufav&m trwf
r[mynmausmfav#mufonfum;/
t&Sifrif;jrwf &ckdifwdk@rd&dk;bvm t,ltusifhrSm bk&m;/ w&m;/ oHCm/ &wemoHkyg;udk =unfndkjrJjrH
apmifhxdrf;rSom omoemawmfwnfygonf/ ,if;odk@&cdkift,lESihf ukvm;t,lrwlacs/ &kyfyG;/qif;xk/
"gwfawmfar#awmfrsm;udk tOPvDvuftkyfcsrdtHh/ vufudkjzwfI ypfap/ ,if;odk@ ukvm;bk&m;trSm usef;*ef
(P-125) &SdonfqdkI t,lESifaeolrsm;jzpfygonf/ &ckdkifwdk@ rif;usifh0wf o*F[ w&m;av;yg;Yvnf;
bk&m;t,ludk yg,folwdk@tm; n$efjyqHk;rwwfrS rif;aumif;rif;jrwf[lI &cdkifbk&m;usef;wGif vmygonf/
ukvm;ae&yfrsm;rSm &ckdiudkrSL;rwfwifv#if ukvm;t,lysufuG,fI &cdkift,lodk@a&mufatmif aoG;aqmif
ygor#onf rif; rSL;rwfwdk@Y tusdK;vdk&ma&mufygonf/ rif;Yvnf; o*F[w&m;wnf&m
onf ,if;odk@r[kwf &cdkifwdk@ae&yfrsm;rSm ukvm;udk rSL;rwfxm;avaomf ukvm;wdk@t,lodk@ yg0ifatmif
aoG;aqmifI jyKav&m &cdkifw&m;uG,fysufv#uf ukvm;t,ltusifhodk@ ygavaomf jynfoltm;oem;jcif;r
&Sd/ xdkrif;tpdk;&aom edkifiHY rdkCf;rrSef toD;tyGifhtnD t&omr&Sd/ Owk&moDrajzmifh "gwfav;yg;
a&Smuf&Sm;a=umif; a&S;ynm&Sdwdk@trSm&Sdygonf/
rmvdudk aus;&Gmpm;ay;awmfrlavv#if wdkif;jynfawmftwGif; ukvm;jrdK@&Gmtrsm;&Sdygonf / rdrdwdk@tusifh
t,l[l&m obm0csif;jzpfaom &yf&Gmrsm;udk aus;pm;&Gmpm;ay;&ygrnf/ t&Sifrdzk&m;vnf; oduQmawmf
(7)yg;paom om"ke& w&m;udk vGwfawmfrrloifhyg/ av#mufavaomf jynfh&Sifrif;=uD;uvnf; rdb&k m;=uD;
onf wcgw&m;vGwfacsonf/ trwf=uD;u tusdK;tjrwfudkjyI qHk;rav#mufxm;&rnf/ trdefh awmf&Sdav
onf/ rdzk&m;=uD;onf tvGef&SufI ukvm;r#mvdodk@ aiGwaxmifudk jyefay;awmfrljyD;v#if trwf=uD;udk
ac:apI aemufaemifrav#mfor# orD;trSwfxm;I qHk;ryg trdef@awmf&SdjyD;aomf trwf=uD;odk@ 0wfpHkwef
qm qkay;awmfrlavonf/
w&Ha&mtcgu awmae&[ef;wOD;udk rdef;rwa,muf qGrf;rjywf ydk@I tjyefwGif opfygiatmufY tdyfae
jyD;rS tdrfodk@jyefavonf/ &Snf=umvwfaomf xdkrdef;rY oaE<&SdI &[ef;udkpJrG dav&m &[ef;u r[kwfa=umif;
tqdkESifh rif;xHa&mufI trwf=uD;odk@ tyfavv#if pD&ifxHk;aomfum;?
y'kred/ pdwW&red/ ocF&ed/ [wW&ed/ tm;jzifh rdef;rav;rsdK;wGif pdwW&rdef;rrsdK;onf usm;pdwfESifhwlI
ttdyfvGefonf/ [wW&ed rdef;rrsdK;onf (P-126) bDvl;pdwfESifhwlI tpm;vGefonf/ avmuDusef;*ef

62
qdkonfudkaxmufv#if ttdyfvGefaom pdwW&ed rdef;rESifhwlonf/ qifjcifIpD&ifrnf/ qGrf;ydk@jrJapqdkI qGrf;ydk@
av&m pHkaxmuf=unfh&_apaomf qGrf;ydk@Itjyef tdyfaejrJopfyif&if; ausmufzsmY tdyfae&m xdkopfyifrS
arsmuf=uD;qif;I pyfqufaygif;abmfonfudkjrifI pHkaxmufwdk@ trwf=uD;udk av#mufavaomf
xdkrdef;rudkac:I [,frdef;r ausmif;rStjyefwGif tdyfaomopfyifxufY oifhvif&Sdonf/ oli,fzGm;v#if
rsufESmwGif arsmufarG;aygufv#uf arsmufOD;acgif;ESifh wlvdrfhrnfqdkI v$wfvdkufavv#if om;zGm;jrifaom
umv ODa;cgif;rSm arsmuf/ vufajcrSm vlvufvlajc zGm;jrifava=umif; jynfh&Sifrif;odawmfrlaomf
trwf=uD;odk@ w&m;qk ojymwaxmifay;awmfrlI xdkawmae&[ef;tm;vnf; ypPnf;av;yg;'g,um
jynfh&Sifrif;cHawmfrlavonf/
w&Ha&mtcg yJcdk;ausmfxifaemf&xmonf ,dk;',m;jrdK@udkcsDxm;wdkufcdkufzsufqD;avI ,dk;',m;rif;
jA\wd&mZmtrwf wGefaprSdKif; vufvGwfxGufajy;cJhI ajrmufOD;jrdK@ajcawmf&if;odk@ a&mufvmaomf
jyfh&Sifrif;u t0wftpm ae&mtdrfrsm;udk ay;jyD;v#if trwfr[mynmausmfESifh twl xGuf0ifaptrdef@awmf
&Sdavonf/ aemufig;vcef@&Sdvwfrl ,dk;;',m;trwf wGefapmrSdKif;t&nftcsif;udk odawmfrlavv#if
trwf=uD; r[mynmausmfav#mufonfum;/
t&Sifrif;jrwf trwfwGefapmrSdKif;onf vuf&Hk;&nfxuf ESvHk;&nftvGef&Sdygonf av#mufavaomf jynfh&Si
rif;u igvnf; xdkESvHk;&nfudk odjyD;jzpfonf/ trdef@awmf&SdI trwf'g*gpm; orD;a udk,fvkyfawmf rif;ndkudk
xkwfI ay;jrm;awmfrljyD;aomf uHomjrdK@udk ay;awmfrlavonf/ wESpfcef@&Sdv#if uHomjrdK@ajrmuf wvuGm
wGif&Sdaom uA`d&kyDrif;udk ,Ofaus;atmif ESvHk;&nfjzifh vSnfhazsmif;I uHom;pm; wGefapmrSdKif;ESifh
rdwf0ifav=u&m uA`d&kyDrif; rm&oGeforD; emvdrv†mudk qufoGif;I 'g;rusdK;yJ uA`d&kyDrif; ajcawmf&if;odk@
0ifa&mufvmavonf/
(P-127) w&Ha&mtcg yJcdk;rif;ausmfxifaemf&xmu apwefESifh vlESpfa,muf =udrfwvDvrf;u vm&m
awmifcGifpm;uac:apaomf tawG@rcH pmudk csypfxm;cJhI ajy;avonf/ xdkpmudk awmifcGifpm;,lcJhv#if
jynfh&Sifrif;xHqufovmaomf pmxkyfwhqdyfvufrSwfudk ajzI bwf=unfh&m pmrSmygofnum; ?
trwfwGef;apmrSdKif;onf aus;Zl;opPmudk apmifhod&dkaopGmaqmifI &uQyl&wdkif;udk tvdkjznfhv#if
rdwfwvHkjrdK@udk tydkifpm;oem;awmfrlvdrfrnf/ uwdxm;awmfrlvdkufonf/ oHk;ESpfausmf&SdjyD; rnfodk@ta=umif;
t&m rnfonfh&ufvcsDawmfrlvmv#if ta&;ukefrnf/ rSL;rwfrnfolwdk@RESifh aygif;zuf nDnGwfrdonfrsm;udk
apola&mufcsdefoifhv#uf ra&muf =uH=umavonf/ ,dk;',m;rif;trwfjzpfaomfvnf; rSL;rwfaumif; t*Fg
aumif;ESifh jynfpHkonfjzpfI ,Hk=unfoHk;awmfrlonf/ tr_udk Om%fjzifh =uHjyD;aomf rSmawmfrljcif; pum;
a&mufatmif av#muf&efapv$wfrS ynm&Sdt*fgajrmufrnf/ ta=umif;ygvmonfudk =um;odawmfrlav&m
trwf r[mynmausmfav#mufonfum;/
t&Sifrif;jrwf rif;ESifhtrwfwdk@Y 0uFw&dab'/ =uHenf;jzifh=uH&maomta=umif; OyuyfOm%fjzifh =uHpnfI
trSmtxm; pum;a&mufaygufonf[lv#uf wjynfY&Sdaom rvdkolwdk@udk aoap=umif; trSmpum;pmay
csI =uHjcif;/ ya,m*Om%fjzifh tif;rEWmef aq;0g;,=w&mjyKI aoapr_=uhjcif; ESpfyg;&Sdygonf/ wa=umif;
rlvnf; t=unfawmfausmfxifaemf&xmrif;onf wvdkif;wdk@edkifiHY rif;jyKv#uf ppfruftvdk=uD;pGm
owW0gtaygif; aoa=uaysmufqHk;vuf&Hk;rme axmifv$m;rw&m;tusifht=uHESifhom bk&m;paom
olawmfaumif;wdk@rESpfvdkaom trSKESifh aeavonf/ xdkrif;onf rdrdwdkif;oljynfom;wkd@tm;4if;/ tjcm;wdkif;
wyg;jynfom;wdk@tm;4if;/ qif;&JjidKjiif ylyifzsufqD;apvdkaomESvHk;jzifh zefvSOm%f jcHKxJcJypfjyKaoma=umifh
vnf; &Sd&monf/ ,if;odk@ta=umif;wckESifh vmaompmomjzpfygrnf/ uHompm;wGefapmrSdKif;onf
aus;ZlopPmawmfudk azgufjyef pOf;vJjyKrnfhol[kwfrnfrxifyg[k av#mufavaomf jynfh&Sifrif;=udKufawmf
rlI wGefapmrSdKif;udkac:I ar;awmfrrl/ ordoh [laom trnfudkom wyfIay;oem;awmfrlavonf/
w&Ha&mtcg tef;pm;cspfol aovGefI jynfh&Sifrif;I,fusGef ivl;wifu tef;pm;t&mudk rif;xHav#muf
avaomf jynhf&sifrif;u trwf=uD; r[mynmausmfudk qdkacsawmh trdef@awmf&Sdav&m ivHk;wifonf

63
twf=uD;xHvmI ta=umif;udk qdkvmaomf trwf=uD;u ,QKpm;aeonfh cGefao&moabFm uif;omaumif;
onf tef;pm;t&mESifh rawmfqdkvdkufonfudk ivHk;wifrae/ I,fusGefjzpfaom *k%fudk udk;pmv#uf
eHeufrif;yGJcH&mY av#mufI jynfh&Sifrif;u trwf=uD;udk ar;awmfrl&m trwf=uD;av#mufonfum;/
t&Sifrif;jrwf a&ajrudk tpdk;&aom rif;wdk@Y teD;ta0;ra&G;om;/ jynfusdK;rif;rsdK;ESfrsdK;odwwfaomoltm;
rif;eD;yg;Y4if;/ ted;ta0; aus;pm;jrdK@pm;ay;&mY 4if; jynf=uufoa&&SdI jynf&sifrif;Y ypPky`efoHo&m
ESpfjzmaom tusdK;vSonfyifjzpfygonf/ rvdrRmwdk@ olwdk@usdK;jypf rodrdrd pdwf=udkufrif;vdkvdkufonf[lv#uf
jynfolwdk@xH wkwfcGefb¾mrsm;pGmyif jynfh&SifESvHk;oifh csDljrSifhjcif; jyKav&m jynf&Gmrom owW0gyifyrf;acsu
xdkol@a=umifh rif;tyg,fvm;av&monf? wa=umif;rlvnf; olwa,mufudk o'NgawmfrlI jynfol&Gmom;
wdk@ tysuftjym;rcHaumif;yg/ usGefawmfivHk;wifonf ynm&Sdwdk@ESifh aygif;zufjcif;r&Sd =uufwdkuf/ tHcwf/
apmif;nSif;/ ywWvsm;/ aomufpm;aysmf&$ifr_/ESifhom aerdae&m qdkrdqdk&m ynm&Sdolr[kwfyg/ xdkoludk wjrdK@
w&Gmxm;acsaomf jrdK@&GmysufI owW0gwdk@yifyef;jcif;odk@ a&mufrnftrSefjzpfygnf/ av#mufavaomf
jynf&Sifrif;=uD;uvnf; =udLufawmfrI l ivHk;wifudk pm;jrJoabFmwGif tcGefESifhom xma;wmfrlavonf/
trf;pm;t&mudkrlum; uhomjrdK@pm; ordoH nD/ jAuGef;qdkifudk jAorGeftrnfESifh ay;awmfrlavonf/
w&Ha&mtcg 'g;0,fom; tavmrwufnGef@-onf vlaygif; a,musmf ; rdef;rwaxmifESifh 0ifa&mufvm
aomtcg trwf=uD; r[mynmausmf av#mufonfum; ?
t&Sifrif;jrwf wufnGef@wdk@onf a&S;ab;avmif;awmf rif;rsm; vufxuf r&drfacsmif;ae jrHKudk;acgif;om;
trsdK;wdk@ jidrfoufpGmrae/ wjrdK@w&GmzsufpD; wwfI wjrDK@w&GmzsufqD;wwfI tpOfqdk;oGrf;aoma=umifh
xdkt&yfrS ,if;wdk@udk odrf;ac:I ab;awmf '\&mZmrif;u rmefatmifusGef;wGif csxm;awmfrl&m
wESpfcef@&Sdaomf xGufoGm;avI ,dk;',m;ESifh yJcdk;ESpfjynft=um;wGif aeav&m jrHkudk 'g;0,f wGifav
onf/ ,if;odk@Zmwd&if;yrmaomfum; awmY=uD;jyif;aom owW0gwdk@udk ,lI ar$;xm;avaomf wyg;aom
owW0gwdk@jzpfv#if ,Ofaus;aysmfydkuf=uonf yif/ awm=uuftrsdK;onfum; vHkpGmxm;edkifrS aeyg onf/
rvHkxGufacsrl awmo@dkoGm;avonf/ xdk@twl jrHK/ 'g;0,f/ yo#K; /av;xk/ csif;/ vif;uJ/ ucsif trsdK;om;wdk
honfawm=uufESifhwlygonf/ wdkfuf,lvk,uftjyK&aomf t&Snfaomvlrsdk;jzpfygonf/ vl&Sd aomjrdK
h&GmteD;tyg;rSm csxm;acsrl xdkolwdk haoG;aqmif&mygI xkdvlqdk;a=umifhvklaumif;ysufwwfygonf/ oif;wdk
hcsnf;wpkwnf; tkef;usGef;rSmcsxm;I tkef;oD;b¾mudkomESpfpOfoif;wdk huqufoGif;ap&rnf av#muf
avaomf jynfh&Sifrif;=uD;vnf;=udKufawmfrlI jrHK xm;0,f wdk hudktkef;usGef;rSmcsxm;avonf;/
w&Ha&mtcg 'g*gpm;ukvm;aoaX; tpvif qdkolu txufrif;yg=uD; ukvm;b*Fgwpfq,fhESpfjrdKh ukdk odrf;,l
awmf rlaomumv 'g*gjrdK hwGifaecJhaomeef;awmf&mY wdkufwnfvdka=umif;ESifh a&$ojymwpfaxmif
vufaqmifay;I ajymqdkvmaomf 'g*gpm;u bk&m;crnf;awmfaeawmfrlcJhaom eef;awmf&mjzpfonf aeav
awmhrqdk0Hhao/ aoaXa&$ojymwpfaxmifudk rif;xHqufI av#mufwifapOdD;rnfajymqdkI jynfh&Sifrif;
=uD;xHav#mufwifvmaomf rif;=uD;vnf;rnfodk hrqdktrwf=uD;t[mynmausmfudkom=unfhawmfrlavv#if
trwf=uD;av#mufwif(P-130) onfrSm t&Sif;rif;jrwf a&S;umvY 0goka'0rif;onf t,kZPsyl&wdkif;
'Gg&0wDjrdK@wGifrif;rllI ZrŠK'dyfwuGsef;vHk;udk tpdk;&aomrif;jzpfv#uf xdkrif;ysufcsdefeD;vwfrl trdsK;apmifhjcif;r&Sd
r*Fw&m;vGwf avjcif;a=umifhxkdrif;aojcif;rvSao&avonf/
a0omvDjrdK hwGifvnf; jAm[R%&mZmrif;. tEG,fajcmufqufaemuf o&befrif;.tEG,fwqJhajcmuftqHk;
jA[Rod'd<rif;onf ysuf;pD;csefeD;vwfaomf rdzbdk;ab;toHk;aqmifwdk hudkzsufI a&S;rif;wdk htoGm;aetpm;
tajymrwl a&S;xHk;vGwfaoma=umifh uyfOygwfqdkufa&mufzl;ygonf/ "n0wD jrdK hwnf rm&,krif; tEG,f
ig;q,fhav;qufwdk htqHk; rif;i,faysmfvSpnfolonf tudsK;tjypfudkrod ol,kwftrwfoHk;OD; wdk hpum;udk
em;axmifI ab;awmfbdk;awmfcrnf;awmfwdk hudkjypfrSm;v#ufuHoHk;qifhjrdK h[lIwnfjyD;aomfa&S;rif;wdk hvkyfcJh
aom tcrf;tem; bk&m;ykxdk;*lausmif;Z&yfwdk hudkzsuf;pD;I trwfrdkufwdk hESifhaygif;oif;aeavonf/

64
trdsK;apmifhaomw&m;r&Sd vGwfavaoma=umifh jynfolwdk hjidkjiifjcif;&Sdaomtcg trwfoHk;a,mufykef;pm;I
xdkrif;aovGefavv#if trwfoHk;OD;rif;rl=uavonf/
TonfxHk;rsm;udkaxmufI vlwdk hI rd=uD;z=uD;vkyfaqmifxm;cJhaomtcrf;tem; taqmuftOD;wdk hudk r
zsufaumif;yg/ zsufqD;acsaomf jynfh&Sifrif;=\uDl trdef@awmf&Sdonfum; crnf;awmfbk&m;ukvm;jynfodk@
csDaomumv pHawmfrlcJhnftwdkif; rysucap&/ =uD;us,fatmif jyKpkap/ ppfwaumif; 'gumrsm;wGif
wnfxm;awmfrlcJhonfh jrdk@eef;rsm;udkvnf; rysufpD;ap&/ aumif;rGefpGmtapmifh taESifxm; ap/ ,if;odk@trdefh
awmfESifh ynwfawmfrlI 'gumpm;u qufaoma&$udkvnf; jyefay;awmfrlavonf/ 'gumpm;uvnf;
xdka&$udk aoaX;tm;ay;jyD;rl t'Gef@&Snfatmif eef;awmf&mwGif ausmufarmfuGef;wdkifpdkufxm;avonf/ (p-
131) f
w&ha&mtcg yJckd;rifausmfxif aemf&xm csDcvmonf[k=um;avaomf jyifjrdK@=uD;udk aumif;pGmjykvkyfI wHcg;
jytdk; usHk;ajrmif;rsm;udkvnf; vkyfaqmif&onf/ jynfh&sifrif;=uD;trdef@awm&SdI vkyfaqmif&aomtcg
vufaq;uefESihf tdkifwdk@t=um; jrdk@wxyfpDumv#uf vkyf&avonf/ ausmuftkÉf ravmuf&Sdvwfrl
jynf&Sifrif;=uD;u yef;/ aq; ajrmifrsm; awmifzufY jrdK@ESpfxyf&sdonfrSm jyifjrdk@onf a&um vkyfaqmif
xm;cJhaom t&mom jzpfonf/ jrdJK@wefwdkif;t0ifr[kwf jyifjrdK@udkzsufIvkyfap trdef@awmf&sdavaomf
trwf=uD; r[mynmausmf av#mufaom xHk;raomfum; t&Sifrif;jrwf ab;awmf bdk;awmf crnf;awmfwdk@
oifhav#mifwifhor# vkyfaqmifxm;or#udk rzsufqD;aumif;yg/ wa=umif;wHkvnf; vlwdk@. t&SiftxGÉf xdyf
jzpfawmfrlaom rif;{u&mZfwdk@ pHawmfrl&m jrdK@eef; xD;A[dk&fpnf em&D xdkav;yg;onf wkpufxGef;&m
r*Fvmcsnf;jzpfI ta[mif;tEGrf; [lor#udk a&S;rif;wdk@oHk;aqmifbl;onf7Sd roHk;aqmifoifhyg Oyrm
aomfum; tyifxufyiG fhaomyef;onf xdktyifrS a=uGusavrl wzef xdktyifodk@ xdkyef;jyefI
ra&mufedkifouJhodk@ a&S;olwdk@ vkyfaqmifxm;cJhor# rdrdae&mwGifom a[mif;EGrf;aqG;ap&monf/ aemufom;
r*Fvmrjyktyfygonf/
wa=umif;rlvnf; a&ajrweif; rif;wdk@usifhtyf t"ywd oHk;yg;&Sdygonf/ rif;pufawmfrlaom =uufoa&
eef;aqmif/ obifcH&m &mZyifvif&Sdaomeef;aqmif/ ab&Dpnf=uD; A[dkpnf&Sdaom eef;aqmif xdkoHk;&yf
t"dywdwdk@onf jynfh&Sifrif;&Sdv#uf rqdwfnHtyfyg/ ,if;odk@ xHk;a[mif;ESifh av#mufavaomf jynfh&Sifrif;=uD;
=udKufawmfrlI xif;rD; orm; ukvm;waomif; [&orm; ukvm;waomi;wdk@udk tOPee'D jrpfzsm;Y&Sdaom
aumufwdK#udk aqmif,lapjyD;rS vufaq;uefESifh tdkifESpfckt=um; jrdK@&dk;ol&Jajy; ol&Jcdk; jytdk; wHcg; &Sdor#
raumif;a[mif;EGrf; ysufpD;onfrsm;udk vkyfaqmifI ol&J vufeuftpHk =umf; a&tjynfh pnf;uyfjyD;rl
armfwifacsmif;wGifvnf; 'gum (P-132) pm;ESifh oabFm ESpfq,fig;pif;apmifhaeavonf/ nD awmf
ukvm;wef;pm;udkvnf; oif;awmfudk,f&Hawmfol&Jig;aomif;ay;wawmfrlI trwfudk,f&H=uf;ESifh awmuf;
pdkif;acsmif; aygufudkif;qdk hydwfae&onf/
w&Ha&mtcgYarmufolZmjrdKhpm;OwWrausmfacgifu'DvDjrdK@ukvm;yoDrif;onf jynfolwdk hudk ESdufpufjyKusifhI
wdkif;jynfrjidrfromjrdK@&Gmysufjym;v#ufaomif;=urf;&Sdygonf/ wdkufodrf;awmfrlv#uf tvG,f&ygrnfta=umif;
ESifhjynfh&Sifrif;xHav#mufaomtcg trwfr[mynmausmfav#mufxHk;aomfum;
t&Sifrif;jrwf a&S;ab;awmfbdk;awmf t&Sifrif;rsm;vufxufukvm;edkifiHjzpfaom'DvDjrdK honf&uQykl&wdkif;r
[kwfacstaemufrsufESm armufolZmjrdk hwGif aemufjrdK hbdvyfjrdK hwGiftqHk;plI ausmufpmordkif;&mZ0if
txift&Sm;jzpfygonf/ ab;awmfrif;apmrGHefvufxufta&S houfrif;apmuJ=uD;om; rif;aqGonfjrwfpmG
bk&m;omoemawmfrStyjzpfaomtusif@t,ludkomESpfvdkaomrif;jzpfI olawmfaumif;ynm&Sdwdk@ pum;
ukdremr,lol,kwfrmwdk@pum;udkomvdkufemaomjcif;a=umifhw&m;vGwfav&ma&S;utjidKrajyrukefonf
jzpfI rif;aqGom;rif;&JausmfpGm zsufpD;vmaomtcg ab;awmfrif;apmrGefxGufa&Smif taemufb*Fg 12udk
om&Iae&avonfum;'DvDrif;yifuta&S@zufjyLwvdkif; wdk@ udkwdkufcdkufapI rif;apmrGefudkeef;wifav&m

65
b*Fg 12jrdK@ udkaus;Zl;tav#muf 'DvD rif;ydkifedifavawmhay;tyfI rif; 12quf ESpfaygif; (100) ausmf
ukvm; tydkifcHI ae&ygonf/
bk&m;crnf;vufxufa&mufrSom a&S;&dk;twdkif; b*Fg 12 jrdK hudkodrf;,lawmfrlaomumv w&m;r&Sdaom
rif;uJhokd@tvGefjyKaom 'DvD jrdK hwdkifatmiftvG,f&rnfudkodawmfrlv#uf 0dv†yEM edZ*Fv rif;uJhodk@rjyKoifh
trdefh&SdawmfrlI a&S;tpOf edkifiHawmfudkom odrf;,ljyefcJhygonf/
t&Sifrif;jrwf vk,lwdkufzsufowfnnf;qJ vufedkifjyKor#wdk@onf ol (P-133)awmfaumif; rif;aumif;
trwfaumif;wdk@"avhr[kwfyg ol,kwfrdp>m ynmuif;aomolwdk@tavhomjzpfygonf/ Oyrm xHk;rlum;
ol,kwfwdk@tusifht=uHonf acG;ESifhwlygonf/ olawmfaumif;ynm&Sdwdk@trsdk;onf usD;ESifhwlygonf/ acG;wdk@
onfrdrdfwwfaomjrifvwfrl &Sufjcif; a=umifjcif;uif;I trdsK;apmifhaomt=umif; cifrifaomt=umif;r&Sd
a'gojyif;pGm edkifxufeSdufpufwwfaomtavh&Sdjcif; usD;wdk@rSmrlum;ta=umif;&Sd&mqdkufvwfrl rdrdwdk@trdsJ;
0ef;tHk pk&Hk;v#uftrdsk;om;csif;ESdufpufavhr&Sd aumif;avhtwl qdk;avhtr# jyKavh&Sdjcif;,if;odk@yrm vlrdpm>
rsdK;wdk@onfacG;uJhodk@edkifxufeSdufpufavh&Sdygonf/ a&S;ynm&Sdpum; qdkcJhonfhta=umif;rSmvnf; a&r&Sdaom
uefqefr&Sdaompyg; w&mr&Sdaomrif;tbdk;r&SdaomrD; Tav;ckonftvmwla=umif;xHk;a[mif;tvmwGif
a&r&Sdaomuefonf owW0gwdk@. rSDcdk&mr&jcif;a=umifhrpnfum;&m qefr&Sdaompyg;cif;onf toHk;r& pGefh&
onf w&m;r&Sdaomrif;rsdK;onf qdkrdqdk&mESidhgwdkif;jynfrpnfum;&m owW0gwdk@ aoa=uysufpD; yifyef;jcif;rsm;
&monf tbdk;aomrif;[lonfum; vlwdk h.toHk;taqmifrSefor#onf tbdk;ESifhcJ rdD;rSmtbdk;r&Sd taumif;
tqdkvnf;rodavmifrdavmif&mavmifwwfjcif; ,if;odk@oabmwlav;yg;&Sda=umif;xHk;a[mif;xGuf&Sdygonf/
wa=umif;rlvnf; OwWrausmfacgifae&yfESifh 'DvD ukvm;rif;ae teD;tpyfjzpf=uI udk,fESifhaomf4if;aus;usGef
csif;aom4if; &ef&Sufwif=u&m a'otav#mufysufpD;apvdkI av#mufvmaomta=umif;vnf;jzpf&ygonf
armufolZm jrdK@pm;rw&m;aompum;ukdav#mufvmaomtm; xdkt&yfY xm;I oifhrnfr[kwfyg/ trwf
=uD;av#mufavaomf jynfh&Sifrif;=uD;vJ=udkKufawmfrlI awmifcGifpm; aZmfwoludk awmifcGif;uEkwfI armuf
olZmjrdK hpm;ay;awmfrlonf/ uif;ajcpm; csif;zdkudkvnf; uif;ajcuekwfI awmifcGifpm;t&may;awmfrlonf
uif;ajcaomfum; xm;wdkifaeqdkwdkfif;emaomt&ufjzpfI armufolZmjrdK hpm;OwWrausmfacgif udkuif;ajcpm;
t&may;awmfrlonf/ (P-134)
w&Ha&mcg trwfawmfqifuJ=uD; aZ,sAdkvfaovGef&m r_;rwfwdk@ta=umif;udkjynfh&Sifrif;odvdkI qifuJ=uD;
trwfwGif ouf&SfdoufrJh udkpm&if;,l&rnf trdefhawmf&SdI roj*dk[frD pm&if;,lav/ aus;uSGsef usGJ eGm;
v,f,mO,smOf r_;rwftaqmift&Gufrsm;jyif a&$tojym 70/ aiGtojym 1000 om&a=umif;ESifh jynfh&Sif
rif;xHav#mufavaom trdefhawmf&Sdonfum; qifuJ=uD;aZ,sAdkvfonf crnf;awmfbk&m;vufxufawmf
uonf ,ckwdkif;touf&Spfq,fausmf&SdrSaovGefonfOpPmr&Sdonfht&mrSm rnfodk@ta=umif;t&m&Sdonf
av#muf&rnf trdefhawmf&Sdavaomf trwfr[mynmausmfav#mufxHk;aaaomfum; t&Sifrif;jrwf omud,
0Ho "rR&mZmynm&Sdaom rif;wdk@onf roef@&Sif;rpif=u,faom a&$aiG&wem wdk@udk&Sm=uH odrf;,ljcif;r&Sdyg/
yGJvrf;obifaysmf&GifaomoGrf;aomtr_/ r[kwfrrSefajymqdkaomtr_/ ynmr&Sfd tusifhrrSefaomrSL;rwfwdk@
ESifh aygif;zuf,SOfwGJaomtr_udkrjyKrusifhygukef/ ynm&Sdrif;aumif;xGef;aomwdkif;jynfY rSL;rwfwdk honfvnf;
rif;tvdkESifhnDatmif ajzmifhrwfwnfhuefpGm orRmtmZD0 jzifhomr#waexdkifygonf/ rw&m;aom OpPma&$aiG
wdk@udkr&Smrxm;rpkyg/ aomr"rRwmYvnf; ynm&Sfdolonf ynm&Sdolcsif; ol,kwfv#ifol,kwfcsif;aygif;oif;
qufqH=uygonf/ qifuJ=uD;onfrSL;aumif;rwfaumif;t*FgESifhnDnmonfjzpfI rw&m;aoma&$aiGudkr&SmrD;
aoma=umifhOpPmypPnf;enf;yg;onfxifyga=umif;ESifhav#mufavaomjynfh&Sifrif;vnf;=udkufawmfrlI trwf
awmf qifuJ=uD;ufdk wdkfufawmfrSaiGxkwfI oj*dkK[fawmfrlavonf/
w&Ha&mtcgtif;0rif;pnfolausmfxifudkyJcl;rif;ausmfxifaemf&xmwdkufcdkufzrf;,lav&mtif;0rif;pnfol
ausmf xiftrwf avmif;&Snfpm;/ Av&Jausmf/ tjrifhpm;/ bk&ifr%fdol ESpfa,mufxGufajy;vmI (P-135)
vma&mufvwfrl jynfh&Sifrif;=uD;u pm;&ef&duQm aetdrfay;urf;rpawmfrlIxm;avonf/

66
(Tt&mwGif yJcl;ausmfxifaemf&xm/ tif;0rif; / rif;e&ywdpnfol ausmfxif udkwdkufcdkufzrf;,lonfrSm
ouU&mZf(916) ck wydk hwJGvjynfhausmfav;&uf we*FaEGae hrS n&DarSmiftcsdefwGifzrf;&a=umif;ESifhom
rSefeef;&mZ0if'kwd,wGJ 306 eHygwfwdk hYqfdkaoma=umifh xkdppfyGJwGifxGufvmrSefu rif;zavmif;vufxuf
r[kwfrif;wduQm vufxufomjzpfoifhonf/)
ppfjyD;aemuf ouU&mZf (934)ckk 5ckwGifa&mufvmonf [laomf rif;zavmif;vufxufyifjzpfoifhonf/
Tum;pum;csyf/
a&mufvmI wvcef@&Sdvwfaomf tig;0trwfESpfa,muf t&ntaoG;udk trwf r[mynmausmfar;
awmfrlI av#mufxm;onfrSmum;?
t&Sifrif;jrwf avmau/ avmuY yuQmEk&kyuH ta&;tcGifha&mufonfESifh avsmfaom 0gud/ pum;udkvnf;
aumif;/ obm0&lyuH / udk,fESifhwef&Hkaom aum"H trsufxGufjcif;udkvnf;aumif;/ a,m t=uifolonf
Zmrwd/ odwwf./ aom xdkolonf/ y¾dawm ynm&Sdrnf./ [laom usef;*efvmaom=umif;4if;/
okbodwHOwWr rm[koaEWm/
"rRH ba%em "rRHwH 'kwd,H/
,r`d ba%em yd,HwH wwd,H/
opPm ba%em vduHwH pwkwˆH?
okbmodwH 0gud/ yk'f/ ygVf/ vdef/ "gwf/ ud&d,m/ pnfESihfjynfhpHkpGm qdkjcif;udk OwWrH jrwfaom yXrpum;
t*Fg[lI oaEWm olawmfaumif;wdk@onf tm[k qdkukef./ "rRH w&m;ESifh,SOfaompum;udk ba%
ajymqdk&m./ t"rRH w&m;ESifh r,SOfaompum;udk eba% rajymrqdk&m/ (P-136) wH xdkodk@
w&m;ESifh,SOfaom pum;udk 'kwd,H ESpfckajrmufaom pum;t*Fg[lI oaEWm olawmfaumi;fwdk@onf tm[k
qdkukefjyD/ yD,H cspfESpfoufzG,faom pum;udkba% ajymqdk&m./ tyD,H rcspfrESpfoufzG,faom pum;udk
eba% rjymrqdk&m/ wH xdkodk@ cspfSpfdoufzG,faompum;udk qdkjcif;udk wwd,H oHk;ckajrmufaom pum;
t*Fg[lI oaEWm olawmfaumif;wdk@onf tm[k qdkukefjyD/ opPH ajzmifhrSefaompum;udk ba% ajymqdk&m./
tvduH tajzmifh rrSefaompum;udk eba% rjymrqdk&m/ wH xdkodk@ajzmifhrSefaompum;udk qdkjcif;udk pwkwWH
av;ckajrmufaom pum;t*Fg[lI oaEWm olawmfaumif;wdk@onf tm[k qdkukef. Todk@ a[mawmfrltyf
aom pum;t&m t*Fgr&Sd/ rSL;&dk;rwfpOf tEG,fr0if/ w'*Fjzpfaomol/ vuQ%m&Sdygonf/ ,if;odk@ta=umif;
xHk;a[mif;usrf;*efvmonfESifh av#mufavaomf jynfh&Sifrif;=uD;trdef@awmf&Sdonfum; / vlESpfa,muf
t&nfudk igvnf;odawmfrlonfyif/ odk@&mwGif csrf;omvdkI rSDcdkvmaomoltm; csrf;omap&onf/
olraumif;rl olYomtjypf/ igrlum; tusdK;omjzpfrnf trdef@awmf&SdI bk&ifreDolrSm rif;jym;uif;pm;
Av&Jausmfudk jyGef&Snfuif;pm; t&may;awmfrlonf?
wESpfcef@&Sdrl Av&Jausmf uif;cGefaiGudk cdk;,ljyD;v#if wa&Gacsmif;vrf;u ta&S@jynfodk@xGufajy;av&m
csif;wdk@u zrf;rdydk@qufvmonfwGif trwf=uD;av#mufjyefonfum;? t&Sifrif;jrwf ol,kwfwdk@tm; ab;&ef
&Sdaomc&D;udk =uOfa&SmifbdouJhodk@ ynm&Sdaomolwdk@onf =uOfa&Smif&rnfh ta=umif;ESifh usef;*efvm&Sdyg
onf/ tjywfrjyKoifhyg av#mufavaomf aysmf&momaeavawmh trdef@awmf &SdI pm;oHk;&ef tojym
w&m;ay;awmfrljyD;v#if jynfuESifxkwfvdkufavonf/ bk&ifr%doludkrlum; udk,fvkyfarmif;r opifndkudk
xkwfI ay;jrm;awmfrljyD;v#if O\vif;acsmif;pm; ay;awmfrlI rSL;rwft&mY xm;awmfrlavonf/ (P-137)
wcgwyg;Y bk&ifr%dol O\vif;odk@xGuf&mY jrdK@wdk@t&yfwGif xl;qef;oabFmyif=uD;wyifudk awG@avrl
xdktyifESifh toD;rsm;udk acsGcsI a&$ya'omyif&cJhonf[k vufaqmif,lcJh&m jynfh&Sifrif;=uD;u toHk;uifpm;
ivHk;wifudk av#mfawmfrlI =dap&m &vmuif;qdyfwGif ivHk;wifESifhawG@avrl ivHk;wifa&S@wGif oabFmoD;wvHk;
a=uGIusonfudk jrifaomf uif;pm;ivHk;wif qdkonfum;/ aygufuefjynfom; pum;rwnf/ rsufvSnfh
onfodk@/ a&S;ola[mif;wdk@ qdkcJhaomajymif;jympm;wGifom =um;&onf/ ,QKrSm udk,fawG@yifjrif&jyefonf/
odk@qdkjyD;rl xdkoabFmoD;ta=uGudk ,lcJhI jyefavonf/ uif;pm;ivHk;wif a&mufa=umif;udk trwf=uD;odv#if

67
ivHk;wifonf a&S;xHk;wrf;udk usGrf;olr[kwf/ aumif;usdK;raumif;usd;udkvnf; rodoljzpfonf/ rif;a&S@awmf
odk@ r0ifrnfac:apI a&mufvwfaomf ivHk;wifjrifvJhonfhtwdkif; trwf=uD;odk@ jyefqdkavrl trwf=uD;
jyefqdkonfum; wdkif;a&;jynfr_r[kkwf rif;*k%fomjzpfonf/ rif;xHrav#mufvifh/ oHm;jrJ=udKjrJudkom
cef@awmfrl&if;twdkif; =udKqdkacs/ trwf=uD;aqdkaompum;udk ivHk;wif remr,l/ rif;xH0ifI xdkoabFmoD;udk
qufav&m/ jynfh&Sifrif;=uD;trdef@awmf&Sdonfum;/ ivHk;wifudk igt=udKom v$wfonf xdktyiftoD;udk
t,lv$wfonfr[kwf/ rif;tm%mudkvGefIusifholjzpfonf/ trdef@awmf&SdI ivHk;wifudk rmefatmifusGHef;odk@
ydka@avonf/ O\vif;pm;qufaom oabFmyifudkum; eef;OD; ajrwvif;wGif pdkufjyD;rl a&$a'gif;jyefumv#uf
xm;awmfrl&m/ jynfoltaygif;wdk@ ylaZmfI rif;zavmif;vufxuf eef;OD;wGif a&$ya' om aygufonf
[lv#uf &mZ0ifwGifqdkavonf?
w&Ha&mtcg yJcdk;rif;ausmfxifaemf&xmu pum;awmifpm;udk oHapIorD;awmf jrwf&Sifapmudk
yJcdk;rif;om;awmf riflopPmodk@ay;ygrnfta=umif;ESifh apa&mufvm&m jynfh&Sifrif;u trwf=uD; r[mynm
ausmfudk ar;awmfrlavaomf trwf=uD;av#mufonfrSmum (P-138)
t&Sifrif;jrwf yJcdk; rif;ausmfxiftaemf&xm tEG,fonf rlvtp qGmacsmif;em; urf;yg;jrifh&Gmpm;.om;
o0ef=uD; o0efi,f ESpfOD;wdk@onf awmifiljrdK@udk wnfI rif;jyKav&m xD;vSef;&SifzufwGif toDom;
wa,muf ,mxGefaecdkuf csGwfxm;aom tuFDay:wGif ajrGief;=uD; tacGjyKjyD;v#if awmift&yfodk@ oGm;av
onfudk xD;vSef;ausmif;yk*~dKvfu awmifzufrS aumif;pm;rnfqdkI awmifzufodk@ oGm;avI urf;om
t&yfwGifaeav&m rdbr&Sdaom u&ifri,fudk ar$;pm;aoma=umifh u&ifb ac:=uavonf/
xdku&ifbY vloltaygif;rsm;v#if awmifzufodk@oGm;I aygiflavmifjrpf ta&S@bufurf;wGif &GmwnfI
aeav./ xdk&Gmpnfyifa=umif; =um;v#if o0ef=uD; o0efi,fwdk@ ac:I axmifrSL;cef@ac. o0ef=uD;
o0efi,fwdK@vGefv#if axmifrSL; u&ifb rif;rlav./ xdkrSqif;oufI rif;w&m; a&$xD;tEG,fonf yJcdk;rif;
ausmfxifaemf&xmjzpfygonf/ om*d,0Ho r[morB0 pl VorB0om; om;awmfjzpfaom oa&acwW&m
jynfh&Sif 'GwWaygifrif;=uD; tEG,fr[kwfyg/ ,if;odk@om*D0frif;rsdK;r[kwfaom edZ*Fv trsdK;rif;wdK@onf
w&m;rapmifh 0dvky`EM vk,ufzsufqD; =urf;wef;qdk;oGrf;v#uf raumif;rSKudk jyKjcif;Y a=umufwwf
aomoabmr&Sdyg/ t=unfawmfwmifilrif;. wrHpum; awmif;pm;onfvnf; w&m;tvGwf pum;wwf
jzpfygonf/ &A;yn&Sdwdk@ trSmusrf;Yvmaom &efatmif&maomta=umif;rSm Zay`e tif;tdkifaq;0g; rEN&m;
jzifh4if;/ raEWe ynm&Sdwdk@ESifh ESD;aESmwdkifyifjcif;jzifh4if;/ okbmodawe cspfzG,fEknHhaompum;udk qdkjcif;jzifh4if;/
tEky`ga'e yef;qdk; tojym OpPma&$aiG ay;jcif;jzifh4if; Zdae atmif&m. [lIvmygonf/ wrHwdk@ a&mufvm
onfqdkaomtcef;Yvnf;
&mZm0owD tnD usOf;&Hk ed'gef;ukefydef@ a&S;xHk;pOfvm jynft&Sm r[m"rR&mZf wufopfaeEG,f
bkef;awmf=uG,fI tHhzG,fruHk; (P-139) odrf;ydkufcsHKonf AdkvfyHkwdkif;vHk;cspf./ qef;opfp vy yrm
=uufoa&rsdK;pHk pHkjynfhzsdK;onf wef;cdk;rif;tm%mwnf;/ ynmajrwk pHkaphajrmufjrm; rSl;rwftm;vnf;
&nfoGm;xdatmifjyKavm/ vlr_tvGef cufvSpGm jynfoludk,fom; ,Gef;rrSm;atmif xm;&onfh arwWmESifh
a&S'xufpOfvm rif;wdk@wef; wwdkif;wjynf twnfwnfudk vSnfhvnfoHpnfcef;Y axmufvSef;ar#mf&_jyK
tyf&m oluapjyeftwefwefonf wrHa&mufvdk@vmu t*Fgrlv vltae rif;wdk@"avh odpHkaphrS
tawG@cHoifhay./ pmayryg ol.csif; rsm;ajrmifyÀm rif;udkomv#if quf&mtenf;enf;ESifh uyfuyfqnf;
vdka=ummif; qdkyap/ rif;wdk@usifh0wf ,Gif;rcsGwfu vwfriJhom o0%fpmrl rygrSefawmhacsu rif;apwref
oif;r[kwf/ ESkwfy&d,g,f toG,foG,fv#if OD;yg,fOm%f0,f 0kwfESifh ol,kwfrSef;wnfhaomtcg xdkuf&mypf
xm; ajzmifhayjim;rl jyefoGm;apawmh&m wrHt*FgpHkaphvS/ o0%fvnf;yg jzpfayvmaomf ynmy¾dwESifh
nSdESdKif;,lq ar;jref;ap/ rif;cspfpHkruf rdwfaqGqufonf &efzuf&eftajy [k wref oHk;axG&Sdpa&m/
aumif;usdK;trSef aponfhoHrl rif;xH0ifxGuf pOfrysufatmif ESwfqufjyK&rsdK;wnf;/ &efrsdK; &efpa&muf
ayvm jiLpltrsufjyifrxGufbJ cspfv#ufuJhyrmodk@ aumif;rGefvSpGm ausG;arG;enf; / ol&Jolcuf Adkvfvufeuf

68
udk 0ifxGufodapwnf;rS ESpfvnf; ae@v &Snfr=um wm&Snfranmif; jyefoef@aumif;onf xHk;a[mif;rSefbd
Om%fu0d/
Todk@a&S;ynm&Sdwdk@ trSmvmonfESifhtnD ,QK a&mufvmaomorefpum; awmifpm;Yvnf; o0%ra&$
ayygv#uftpHkESifh jzpfygonf/ tawG@cHawmfrlI t=unfawmfu ay;aom o0%fa&$ayvmonfhtwdkif;
trsdK;tEG,fawmf quf=urS ESpfjynfaxmif owW0g jidrf;csrf;ygrnf/ xHk;a[mif;oufaoESifh trwf=uD;av#muf
av&m jynfh&Sifrif;jrwfvnf; =unfvifawmfrlavI wrefpum; awmifpm;ESifh tawG@cHawmfrlaotcgY?
jynf&Sifrif;u wrefpum; awmifpm; [Hom0wDjynfh&Sif t=unfawmf usef;rmyg.avm[k ar;awmfrl&m
uJcdk;rif;wref pum;awmifpm;u &mZm"d&mZmjzpfawmfrlaom t=unfawmfusef;rmawmfrlyg.[k av#mu
xm;aom pum;udk =um;awmfrlavaomf jynfh&Sifrif;=uD;trdef@awmf&Sdonfum; wrefpum; awmifpm;onf
arm[zHk;vGrf;aom au0ËfykÀm;a'govGefI t,lwftjrwfudk rodwwfaomoljzpfonf/ vm&if;twdkif;
yg&if;&duQmudkpm;I jyefaptrdef@awmf&Sdavv#if trwf=uD;r[mynmausmfav#mufxm;onfrSm?
t&Sifrif;jrwf bk&m;ocifqHk;rawmfrltyfaom omoemrwnfaom oltm; w&m;uif;avI t"rRjyKjcif;/
t"rRajymqdkwwfjcif; tavH&Sda=umif; ESvHk;vSqdkaomfvnf; vuf&Hk;tm;udk pum;ygv#uf&Sda=umif;
xHk;a[mif;vm&Sdygonf/ pum;aumif;pm; t&SifyJclrif;vnf; ESvHk;&nfudkoHka;omrif;r[kwfyg/ vuf&Hk;&nf
udkom=udkufaom rif;jzpfygonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m; qHk;rawmfrltyfaom omoemawmf wnfaorif;jrwfwdk@
apoHk;tyfaom trwfaumif;wdk@onf okbmoDu yD,0gpm/ opPmajzmifhrSef tifav;wefESifh av#mufxm;
ajymqdkavh&Sdygonf/ rolawmfwdk@pdk;rdk;aomt&yfY ynm&Sdolawmfaumif; rxGef;um;edkif&m/ olawmfaumif;
rxGef;um;aomt&yfY w&m;apmifhaomxHk;r&Sd/ w&m;r&Sdacsu omoemawmfrwnfedkif&m/ omoemawmf
rwnfaom t&yfa'oonf &ufa&m=urf;wrf; qdk;oGrf;vk,ufuvl ESdyfpufvuf&Hk; axmifv$m; jyKavh&Sd
aoma=umifh owW0gwdk@aoa=uysufpD;rsm;I &efolrsdK;ig;yg; qufqH&mjzpfv#ufESifh pnf;pdrfrwnf
&Sdav&monf olawmfaumif;ynm&Sdwdk@ xGef;um;aowdkif;jynfonf jidrfoufcsrf;ajrh&Sda=umif; udk xHk;a[mif;
ed'gef;Y n$efjyvm&SdawmfrlonfrSm?
rif;wdk@oduQm apmifhtyf&monf/ omoema&;/ raxG;ap&/ o*F[udk/ edpPjyKay/ rsma0aetm;/ w&m;rSef
a=umif;/ aumif;aomvkv†/ tm;xkwfrSwnfh/ aomuw%Sm/ t0dZ…m/ rdp>musifhqdk;/ ppfrxdk;tyf/ ynyf
wcsuf tdyfpuf&kef@=urf;/ yGJvef;aysmf&$if/ xGuf0ifoGm;vm/ rrsm;ap&m/ r-wumudk ,kwWm,kwWd qifjcifnSdI
ZmwDajrmufrsm;/ ol@pum;udk / =um;uxdk;xGif;/ csufcsif;oday/ qdkwwfaponf yg&arxl;/ aus;Zl;jrwfvS
rdbq&m/ olemolrGef/ wrefwvdkuf/ ESkwfydwfwaoG/ oli,fwOD;/ t&l;usdK;uef;/ a&Svrf;oufao/
a&ajrocif/ rif;rmef0ifI/ jypfwifusL;vGef/ rif;'g%ftm%m/ ray;&mwnfh/ Omwumom;csif;/
oif;yef;waz:/ aqGrsdk;awmfudk rav#mfESdyfpuf/ &rufzHk;v$$rf; rNSOf;yeff;aumif;/ wa=umif;wrl/ ol@vludk,fhom;/
rjidap&m b¾mxkwcGef/ rvGefa&S;rSD; eHygwf (84)? PD;a&eHygwf (73)rSpI a&;jytyfcJhjyD jzpfI xGifhvSpf
ra&;om;vdkufjyD/ rSwfom;&efaumif;aom vuFmwyk'fr# oGif;jyvdkufthH?/
aZ,sm=uiSef;/ pdk;pHjref;onf/ a&$eef;&Sif? ?? *k%u f dk;tifrif;wdk@rSm w&m;rapmif;/ xD;jzLaqmif;wdk@/
ta=umif;u&d,mum; / owW0gtaygif;wdk@tm; teD;ta0;/ ra&G;ynmrsm;udk vufoHk;'g;yrm xufatmif
aoG;I qdkav&Sdvwf&mvnf; ,kwWm,lwWdnSd/ uwdrvdkuf/ wdrfxdyfcsGefv$m; rdkCf;=udk;oGm;wdk@ pum;wnf
=unf/ t&SnfxGef;vif;bdatmif u0dvlorRm/ =um;aomf ESpfjrdK vrf;rnSdK@onf rif;wdk@vuQ%mwnfh/ &
wempHkjynfhzsdK; e0&wf*k%f/ udk;yg;csHKonf avmufvHkrif;aumif;rsdK;wdk@ usifh&dk;jynfht8Fg/ ty&d[ed aus;Zl;&Sd
onf/ owdrvGwfomwnfh/ usef;trSmo*F[/ rcGapvdk jA[Rpdk&frl ESvHk;jzLI t,lwnfhrwf&m A[kokw
qdkonfrSm pum;e*Fƒ / =um;wdkif;odap&om;/ ar;ykp>mvmor# ,Gif;rxGufatmifa&$vufjrJpGmudkifI &dkifwdkif;
wyg;/ pum;ESkwfquf/ arwWm&Sufatmif trsufrvGef xHk;enf;n$efv#uf rif;rGeaf pv$wfxm;&Sifh/ rdkufrrSm;
t0dZ…m rdp>mzHk;v$rf;/ rif;=urf;rif;qdk;/ enf;udkcdk;I ppfxdk;rjyK&mwnfh/ vkyfpmoD;yGifhrsdK; q,fbdk@wbdk@ rif;wdk@
tcGef rvGefcHpm;&dk;u wdk;Ir,lom/ olavSmifav#mfxm;/ ukef;pum;a=umifh trSm;rqdk&mwnf;/ r[m

69
"rR&mZfwdk@ apmppf? [lIav#mufxm;ava=umif;/ESifhvmonf/ Ionfum; "n0wDta&;awmfyHkY vmaom
rif;zavmif;ta=umif;wnf;?
xdkrif;zavmif;ewf&GmpHawmfrlavv#if om;awmftdrfa&S@rif;om; pwdk; "rR&mZmonf arsmufom;awmf
0dZvmESifh bdodwfcHI ouU&mZf (995)ck 0gqdkvqef; (6)&uf we*FaEGae@ jynfpnf;pdrfudk tkyfpdk;awmfrlav
onf?
(pum;csyf - TpmtkyfwGif az:jyxm;aom owdk;"rR&mZmrif; eef;wufouU&mZf rSefa=umif; ausmuf
pmcsyfonf &Spaomif;bk&m;&ifjyif 0ifaygufa&S@wGif xdkufxlxm;v#uf&Sdygonf/ owdk; "rR&mZmonf
rif;&mZmtrnfcHonf/ aiG'*Fg;wGif e&ywdaqmvdefo#m;[k wHqdyfcwfonf/ Trif;onf aA'ifynm&Sd
ykÀm; r%D"gwfu a[monfhtwdkif; trSefyif/ ouU&mZf (955)cck 0gqdkvwGif bk&ifjzpfaoma=umifh
atmufyg urRnf;ausmufpmudk a&;xdk;xm;cJhonf?
“o=upf 955-ck wyd@k wGJvqef; ig;&uf 4ed(Ak'<[l;ae@)e&m"dywd a&$eef;o#if rdef@awmfrlaom 0gwdk0fvwGif
[def;'kaoma&marmaESm t0if 5o#nf; 3y0gvSLawmfjykonf/ vJ (v,f)udkaom (om;) pdkifjrD;quf pm;pD[lI
udyJxm;onf/ (urRnf;xm;onf)? &S@awmfcH0&SKtm i&JÁ ESpfa,muftoHcsonf/ oHustaygufxufjyif
taumif;trswfr,lyD;./ ”
Tonfum; tvGefbkef;wefcdk;=uD;aoma=umifh cyfodrf;aomjynfaxmifcsif; rif;taygif;wdk@onf tm%m
vuf&Hk; bkef;wefcdk;t&Sdeftapmfowif;udk =um;avv#if a&$ayqufpmrsm;pGmaom b¾mum&EifhwuG
eSdrfhcs&dknGwfqufuyfylaZmfvmukef./
xdk owdk;"rR&mZmrif;onf a&$eef;pdk;tkyfawmfrlv#uf rif;&mZm[laom a&S;ab;awmf. trnfudk
cHawmfrlonf/ w&Ha&mtcg bk&ifrif;&mZmonf nDawmf&if;jzpfaom taemufbk&if owdk;rif;apvSudk
ppfwaumif;jrdK@pmay;awmfrlavonf/ ESpfESpf&sdv#if ukvm; b*Fg (12)jrdK@ oufrif; aumif;vSjzL/ jrHkvif;au;
wdk@ESifh aygif;I aomif;=urf;avaomf/ ouU&mZf (957)ckwGif jynf&Sifrif;udk,fwdkif csDawmfrlaomtcg nDawmf
ppfrjydkif0HhI usdK;EGH0ifa&mufvmayonf/ ppfwaumif;jrdJ@u xsDoGm;avI 'gumjrdk@odk@ a&mufaomumv
oifwdk@jrdK@&Gmonf t=udrfrsm;pGmqdk;oGrf;oljzpfonf/ ukvm;t=uD; a'0ef;eywfudk opPmrapmifhaoma=umifh
trsufawmf0ifI a'0ef;eywf Xmem vlaygif; w&mudk wefqmodrf;jyD;rS armfvdyftpdk@rSmjynfhawmfrlavonf/
ppfwaumif;jrdK@udvnf; crnf;awmfenf; trwfr[mynmausmfodk@ ay;jrJay;awmfrlI r[mynmausmfom;
usD;ndkudk a&mifjzLjrdK@pm;ay;awmfrljyD;rS om;awmf 'DCudk armufolZmwGif tkyfcsKyfapI ukvm; (12)jrdK@udk
tyfxm;awmfrlcJhonf/ xdkodk@ toD;oD; cef@awmfrljyD;v#if ouU&mZf (957)ck wydk@wGjv jywfawmfrlcJhonf?
ouU&mZf (959)ckwGif ausmfxif&mZm nDawmfrif;acgif.om; rif;&Jausmfiftrnf&Sdaom awmifilrif;
oD[[lonf b=uD;awmf ausmfxifaemf&xm.om; [Hom0wD yHcdk;rif;udkvkyf=uHvdkI txl;xl;aom
vufaqmifyÀm a&$ayv$mrsm;ESifh a=u;awmifpm; uompm; ESpfa,mufapv$wfI a&mufvmaom
pmwGifygonfum; yJcl;jrdk@udk ulnDwdkuf,lI ay;awmfrlyg/ yJcl;&v#if orDunm qifjzL&wemudk qufygrnf/
,if;odk@ pmwGifygvmonfudk =um;odawmfrlv#if jynfh&Sifrif;u csDawmfrlrnf taemufrsufESm b*Fg (12) jrdK@/
oufrif;aumif;vSjzL/ vif;uJ;/ jrHK/ jrdK@pm;&Gmpm; aus;pm; wdk@udk vufeuf&JruftpHkESifh yifv,fa=umif;rSm
ukvm; (12)jrdK@ oabFmESifhtoifha&mufap/ ? ouf/ jrHk/ vif;uJ;wdk@rSmvnf; a=u;a=umif;/ pm;&duQm
vufeuftpHk jrdK@pm;wdk@u =uD;=uyfcef@xm;I a&mufap? jrdK@rSmvnf; wwfodvdrRmoludk tapmifhtaexm;cJh
ap/ tod;oD; trdef@awmfjrwf qifhqdkIx;Dawmfrlrnf/ peJemapomf/ tOPe e'Dav;jrdk@;acsmif;wGif oli,fwdk@
avSavSmfI qdk=uaom =wif;oHrSm?
qifjzlaygifusdK; xD;jzLnSdK;I yJcl;bk&if wdk@t&SifxH0ifvdrfhrnf/
xdkoli,fwdk@ tcif;=wif;oH tvdkudk trwfr[mynmausmf av#mufxm;onfrSm t&Sifrif;jrwf usef;*efwGif
vnf; rdwfaqG0ifaom rif;wdk@Y ta&;ta=umif;qdkufa&mufaomf uknDoifha=umif; xHk;a[mif;&Sdygonf/ ,QK
t=unfawmf awmifilrif;u ay;vdkufaom a&$aywGifvnf; t&SnfxGef;vif;&maom ta=umif;jzpfygonf/

70
oli,fwdk@qdkonfh =wif;tvdkrl trSKvGwfuif;jyD;ukefygrnf av#mufavaomf csDawmfrrlrnfh wyfpOf
tpD&ifcef@&yfawmfrlonfum;/
vuf0Judk,fawmf&H ESpfaomif;rSm trwfukvm;wefpm; apmEk wAdkvf/ trwfjrdK@acsmif;pm; &Jatmifedkif
wAdkvf/ vuf,moif;udk,fawmf&h ESpfaomif;rSm trwf wa&G;pm; *gr%d wAdkvf/ trwfjrdK@acsmif;pm;
wAdkvf/ urHav;udkif ol&J waxmifrSm awmifuyfpm; &efrsdK;atmif wAdkvf/ "g;udkif avS;pGJ ol&JwaxmifrSm
trwf oHawmifpm; wHk;ndkwAdkvf/ umpGJ 'dkif;udkifoL&J waxmifrSm trwf tef;pm; wk&if;ol wAdkvf/
oufol&H oHk;aomif;rSm oufrif;aumif;vSjzL rl;rwfESifh oufrif;udk tpkpk ol&Jwodef;wdk@udk trwfawmf
udk,f&H=uD; "rRmaomu tcsKyf wyfOD;csD&onf/
armufolZm b*Fgukvm; ol&J ig;axmifrSm trwfawmf qifuJ=uD; rEk[m tcsKyf oabFm oHk;&mESifh
yo#L;usGef; armfwift0 trwf cs&yfI usGef;wdkif;/ jrpfaygufwdkif; apmifhae&onf/ jynf&Sifrif;=uD;
wyfawmfrSm vuf0J oif;udk,fawmf&H oHk;aomif; vuf,moif;udk,fawmf&H oHk;aomif;/ 'dkif;euf ol&J
waomif; oufol&J waomif;/ xD;avmif;um rD;aygufajymif;/ 'dkif;v$mpGJ ol&J ESpfaomif;/ &Jruf wodef;
wyfrawmfwGifygonf/ urf;&Hol&J oHk;aomif; ukvm;xD;avmif;um rD;aygufajymif; 'dkif;v$m;pGJ ol&J
ESpfaomif; ol&Jaygif; ig;aomif;ESihf om;awmftdrfa&S@rif; rif;carmif;udk pdefwifpm; O*~gysHwdk@ESifh ouU&mZf
(960)jynfh wef;aqqmifrkef; vqef; (11)&ufae@ armfwifudkvSnfhI oHv#ifjrdK@okd@ csDawmfrlaponf/
jynfh&Sifrif;vnf; 4if;ouU&mZf 4if;vwGif aemufucsDawmfrlI 'Gg&0wD oHwGJjrdK@odk@ a&mufawmfrlavv#if
tHawmfapwDodk@ wufawmfrI rsm;pGmaom yef;aygufayguf qDrD;wdk@jzifh xGef;nSdylaZmf&Sdcdk;jyD;v#if opPm
"dXmefjykawfrlavu tHawmfapwD txGÉf oHwdkifonf rif;xHodk@ nGwfv#uf a&mifjcnfawmfuGef@jrl;I wefcdk;
AsmÉd[m jyawmfrljyD;rS aejrjtwdkif; oHwdkifaeawmfrlonf/ (P-146) Todk@aom wefcdk; AsmÉd[mudk
rif;&mZm=uD;jrifawmfrlavv#if =unfvif0rf;ajrmufawmfrlI avSazgfodk@ qif;awmfrlcJh./ xdktcg0,f
avSazgifawmfOD;wGif odef;em;. A[dkwGif AsdKif;em;. yJhwGif vif;w em;./ Todk@aom twdwfedrdwfudk
oHwJjG edK@wGif oDwif;oHk;aeaom &ef;awmfwOD;udk yifhzdwfav#mufxm;av&m OD;wGif odef;em;onfhtvdk
[Hom0wD yJcl;jrdk@udk odrf;awmfrltHh/ A[dkwGif AsdKif;em;onfhtvdk qifjzL&wem &tHh/ yJhwGif vif;wem;onfh
tvdk vifudkwaom rdef;r&wem &tHh/ [lIzwfav#mufav./
rif;&mZmvnf; a[mwdkif;rSefygrl a&$ausmif;aqmufI vSLygrnfav#mufI yJcl;jrdK@odk@csDawmfrlI trwf
udk,f&H=uD;wyf rkwWrodk@ qdkufa&mufav&m rkwWrjrdk@ ta&S@usGef;=uD;jrdK@wGif vuf0Joif; udk,fawmf&H
ol&Jwaomif;ESifh ukvm;wefpm;apmEkudk wyfESifhxm;avonf/ csHK;csHK;us vuf,moif; udk,fawmf&H ol&J
waomif;ESifh jrdK@opfpm; Avwifudk tvHw&macsmif;wGif wyfESifhxm;avonf/ azgifqdyfwGif ol&Jwaomif;
ESifh oHaxmifpm; wHk;ndkudk wyfESifhxm;avonf/ rkwWrjrdK@ta&S@ajrmufaxmifh oHa&mjrpfnm vrf; jr&m0wD
jrdk@uonf uarmufuvdkawmmifxd oufrif;aumif;vSjzludk ol&JoHk;aomif;tjzD; tcdkifxm;avESifhonf?
om;awmftdrfa&S@rif;vnf; oHv#ifodk@a&ufv#if oHv#ifjrdk@udk vkyf=uHavonf/ rcHekdifIajy;xGufv#if ppfonf
tvHk;t&if;ESifh jrdK@wGif;odk@0ifI tcdkiftvHkae=uavonf?
ouU&mZf (960)jynfh wefcl;v awmifilbk&ifu jrdK@=u;pm;wwyf/ jrdK@vSpm;wwyf/ b,eefolwwyf/
tJ;jrydkufwwyf/ nDawmfrif;&Jausmfxifwwyf/ om;awmfewf&Sifaemifwxyf/ awmifilbk&ifwyfrjyKI aygif;
ckepfwyf/ ppfonfol&J ig;aomif;ESifh csDI aumvd,wGif tcdkifaeonf/
(P-147) ouU&mZf (960)jynfhwGif [Hom0wDodk@csDI awmifiljrdK@ta&S@u&Honf/ awmifilbk&if;om;
ewf&SifaemifjrdK@ ajrmufu&Honf/ tdrfa&S@rif; rif;carmif; awmifu&Honf/ rif;&mZm=uD; taemufu&H
onf/ ,if;okd@ ESpfjynfaxmifrif;wdk@ jrdK@udk&H=uonfwGif jrdk@wGif;om;wdk@ tpm;&duQm &Sm;yg;iwfrGwfonfjzpfI
tcsdK@vnf; awmifilbk&ifwifodk@0ifonf/ tcsdK@vnf; rif;&mZm=uD; wyfodk@0ifonf/ tcsdK@vnf; vGwf&m
xGufajy;avonf/ xdk[Hom0wD yJcl;rif;om;awmf rif;&JausmfpGmvnf; awmifilrif;wyfodk@0ifav
onf? ,if;odk@0ifa=umif;udk [Hom0wD yJcl;rif;=uD;=um;avaomf? igom;wdk@ pkonf/ ig;om;yif wzufjyK

71
acsaomf ighpnf;pdrfudk ighnD,lygapawmhqdkI tyf&avv#if [Hom0wD yJck;rif;udk awmifilodk@ydk@xm; avI
awmifilbk&ifonf [Hom0wDjynfh&Sifrif; sjrmufeef;rdzk&m; ESrawmforD; wlrawmf cifra&$wHk;ESifh [Hom0wD
yJcl;jynfudk pdk;tkyfawmfrlavonf/ / Tonfum; rSefeef;&mZ0iftvdk@wnf;?
q&mcrnf; &mZ0if/ "n0wDta&;awmfyHkwdk@Yum; (960)jynfh awmifaqmifrkef;vqef; (11)&ufrS
csDawmfrla=umif;/ [Hom0wDbk&ifvnf; awmifilodk@ajy;ava=umif;ESifh qdk=uavonf/
q&m crnf;&mZ0ifY [Hom0wD yJcl;rif;onf rif;&JausmfpGmjzpfa=umif; rif;&JausmfpGmyif igwdk@rif;&mZmodk@
ppfulawmif;a=umif; 4if;rif;&JausmfpGmyif awmifilodk@xGufajy;ava=umif; uJhodk@qdkonf/
,if;odk@ tkyfpdk;awmfrljyD;v#if aqGrsdK;awmf rSL;awmfrwfawmf taygif;wdk@u txl;xl;aom ykqdk;aumif; cgom
yifum/ aZmw&uf/ rl&D yuULeD/ o[ef/ zJ/ rSdKif;vHk;/ Zmy,if;/ paomvufaqmif qufoawmfrlonf?
qufoapjyD;aemuf igwdk@bk&ifrif;&mZm=uD; wyfodk@ txl;xl;aom ykqdka;umif; cgomaumif;/ rSdKif;vHk;/
a&$zsif/ rHk/ ,dk/ oeyfcg;rsm;udk vloHk;axmifudkifapjyD; rif;nDrif;om;rSL;rwftaygif; =uyfrapv#uf
ydk@qufawmfrlonf/ aemufrS qifjzLawmfwpD;ESifh [Hom0wDorD;awmf (P-148) rif;orD; cifraESmif;udk
rdzk&m;=uD;taqmifta,mifESihf wuG txdef;tcsD uawmfav;a,muf udk,fvkyfoHk;usdyaf y;awmfrlI
rl;rwftaygif;0ef;&Hapv#uf a0gESifhxrf;aqmifI igwdk@bk&if rif;&mZm=uD;tm; qufoawmf rlaponf?
,if;aomtcg ,dk;',m;bk&if jAe&mZfonf [Hom0wDjynfodk@ csDvmI awmifilbk&ifonf igwdk@
bk&ifrif;&mZmtm; [Hom0wDudk tyfESif;awmfrlcJh./ awmifilodk@ jyefavonf/ ,dk;',mbk&ifvnf;
awmifilodk@csdI 0ef;&Jv#uf vkyf=uHaomfvnf; r&edkif&Sdavonf/
igwdk@bk&ifrif;&mZm=uD;vnf; ,dk;',m;bk&if jAe&mZfcsDvma=umif;udk =um;awmfrlavv#if [Hom0wDjynfrS
&cdkifjynfodk@oGm;vkdaom bkef;awmf=uD;rsm;ESifh bk&m;&kyfxk ydÉuwfusef;*efwdk@udk avSESifhwifI ydk@awmfrl&
onf/ usef;*efwwfodvdrRmawmfrlaom ydÉuwW,bkef;awmf=uD;udkvnf; &cdkifjynfodk@ avSESifh ydk@awmfrlvdkuf
onf? tdrfa&S@rif;carmif;vnf; tvHk;t&if;ESifh awmuaeI ,dk;',m;ua&a=umif; &duQmydk@vmaom
avSwufwdk@udk qD;=udkI wdkufavonf/ vmor#ysufv#if ,dk;',m;rif; ydk@&duQmra&mufI iwfrGwfav
aoma=umifh wvcef@&Sdv#if ,dk;',m;rif; awmifilucGgI jyefavaomf oufrif;vrf;uqdk@I wdkufav
&m ,dk;',m;rif;nD jAorGefudk&I jynf&Sifrif;&mZmodk@ qufvmonf?
yifv,fa=umif; ,dk;',m;ucsDvmonfhwyfudkvnf; oabFma=umif; zdpD;wdkufav&m zsufqD;I vufeuf
vloltrsm;&avonf? ,dk;',m;rif; jAorGefudk aumif;pGmxm;awmfrlI ,dk;',m;jynf&Sd vufeufb¾m
rsm;udk awmif;&m ajymifrD;ayguf oHk;axmif/ em;razgufaom ajymif;=uD;/ jA&GwWod [laomajymif;rsm;udk
qufoawmfrlvmonf/ ,dk;',m;rif;nDawmfudkvnf; jyefay;awmfrlvdkufonf/ awmifilrif;uvnf;
[Homm0wDodk@ b=uD;awmf ausmfxifaemf&xmvufxuf ,laqmifcJhaom ,dk;',m;rif; jAom"dywd&mZm
t&kyf/ rdzk&m;=uD;t&kyf ,dk;',m;rif;q&m t&kyf/ { (P-149) &m0%fqif&kyf/ ,dk;',m;wdk@udk;uG,faom
&mr&kyf/ [Ekref&kyf/ tvr`g,f ajrGorm;t&kyf tp&Sdaom a=u;&kyfrsmESifhwuG a&$aiG b¾mwdk@udk qufo
awmfrlavonf?
rif;&mZm=uD;vnf; ,dk;',m;rif; awmifilrif;wdk@ qufotyfaom yÀmvufaqmifESifhwuG [Hom0wD
jrdK@&Sd ,dk;',m;tdrfaxmifpk oHk;aomif;/ wvdkif;tdrfaxmifpk oHk;aomif;/ vlaygif;ajcmufaomif;wdk@udk odrf;ac:
awmfrljyD;v#if ouU&mZf (961)ckwGif jyefawmfrlcJhonf/ vrf;c&D;t=um; armfwifodk@a&mufaomtcg trwf
r[mynmausmfaovGeaf omf =uD;us,fpHm oj*dLvfawmfrlI trwf=uD;udk oj*FDKvfaom ocsFDKif;&may: wGif
bk&m;apwDwnfxm;awmfrlcJhavonf? xdkapwD=uD;udk ,QKwdkif armfwifapwD [kxif&Sm;pGmac:a0:v#uf
&Sdukef.?
xdkrSonf pcef;oifh tpOftwdkif; csDvmawmfrlI 'Gg&m0wD oHwGJjrdK@odk@ a&mufawmfrlvmv#if ppfcsDpOftcgY
edrdwfa[mbufvdkufaom &[ef;awmftm; ESKwfuwd&Sdawmfrlonfhtwdkif; a&$ausmif;aqmufI vSLawmfrl
avonf/ xdkt&yfudk a&$ausmif;jyif [lI,ae@wdkifatmif ac:wGiforkwf=uavonf?

72
bk&ifrif;&mZmvnf; tvGefwifhw,fav#mufywfaom a&$iSufazgifawmfudk jyKjyifapjyD;v#if a&$ajymif;ajymif
qifv#uf &wemqifjzLudk wifawmfrlI a&$avS/ aiGavS tp&Sdaom avS&Htaygif;wdk@jzifh aumif;pGmavSmfcwf
csDvmawmfrlI a&$jrdK@awmfodk@jyefa&mufawmfrlavv#if ,dk;',m;wdk@udk twD;tu paumdtpdk@4if;jyif a=uGwJ;
wyf/ a=uGrodwyf/ &mZj*dKvfwyf/ awmifzufwyf/ jrdK@opfwyf/ rSdKif;wyf/ awmifilwyf/ usGef;aumif;wyf/
&Spfwyf/ tpkzGJ@awmfrlI up>ye'Dta^&S@zuf zGJwm;usGe;f / awmif&if;usGef;/ r&dk;usGef;/ &armifusGef; rsm;rSm
csxm;awmfrlonf?
xdkjyif wvdkif; oHk;aomif;udk qifatmufroif;rsm;rSm jznfhawmfrlI ig;Zif&dkif;usGef;wGif csxm;awmfrlonf?
(P-150) ,dk;',m;obiftu av;pdk@om;wdk@udk trwfoli,fawmf aoG;aomufodk@ tyfawmfrlavonf/
ppfwaumif;jrdK@pm; trwf=uD; r[mynmausmfom; usD;ndkudkvnf; tbenf; olaumif;jyKawmfrlI
ppfwaumif;jrdK@udk jrdK@pm;ay;awmfrljyD;v#if ynm0Hotrnfudk ay;awmfrlavonf?
Tonfum; q&mirnf; &mZ0if/ "n0wDta&;awmfyHk/ rSefeef;&mZ0ifwdk@udk axmufqI a&;jytyfaom
rif;&mZm yJcl;odk@ =uGcsDcef;ta=umif;wnf;? &mZ0ifcsif;rnDnGwfonfudk nSdI a&;vdkufygonf?
xdkrSwyg; bk&ifrif;&mZmonf a&tkef;rsdK;udk ,lcJapI iSuf=uD;acsmif;wGif aumif;pGmpdkufysdK;xm;awmf rlap
onf? ,if;upI ,QKwdkif&Sd=uavonf?
[Hom0wD yJcdk;jynfh&SiforD;awmf cifraESmif;udk wefaqmif;rdzk&m;ajrSmufawmfrlaponf? ajrmufOD;jrdK@eef;
awmfudk =unfh&_awmfv#uf csD;rGrfa;wmfrlonfrSm?
(1) wufxGef;vwfae vuf,macGI Oa’amwifxGÉf awmifusGef;ywfI xGef;wufaomif;aomif;
armif;vnf;jyefacguf aomufjcnfa&mufu xGef;aawmufajymifol aeESpfqlv#if xGufjyL
onfavm awG;xifarmpG aygaygawmifndk v,fxdyfydkxuf A[dk&fa&$eef; acgif;pGef;ig;qifh
jcaoFhoifhv#uf ,yfESifhpjrif rdkCf;jyif=uGm;=uGm; o=um;v#yfpJG ysH0Jbeef; ru&f;uGufpHk yGifhiHkcsyf=um
udEM&moGif azmifhwGif,Gef;rdk@ &dk@&dk@&Gm;&Gm; apmifhewfom;ESifh ,yfrqifhwef; a'gif;v#ufyef;&H
y'Hk=umav#muf =uufarmuf=uufwdkuf xD;pdkufaxmifwef a&$a'gif;wGefodk@ vSHcsGerf Sefzl; vif;a&mif
jrL;onf pnf&SL;xGef;csuf[efwum;?
(2) puf0ef;ywfacG usGef;vHk;arGr# Oa'ac:rSef; aAG,Gef;rsm;ajrmif ukaÉaxmifxd jrifhawmifxdyfrSm
a0,EWmESifh yrmwr$ wlarmvS&Sifh / yg'eufoef Adwefanmif&Guf uGrf;csufawmifwJ atmifqGJ
(P-151) vlvl csvnf;oGifoGif =u,fvjyifwd ysH0ifudk;yg; rsufpHkem;v#uf csL;om;aygufEG,f
qef;=u,fay:xkwf azG;ESkwfnGwfanmif; pHkaygif;rsm;zsif vnfwif&ifbuf pdef&gufiHkcsGef; yef;vnf;
csdef@oifh qdkifIyGifhodk@ 0wf&ifhcsdK@zsm; ,lpm;aus;iSuf awmif&Sufpmjyef cGH0f[efvnf; o¾mefrjcm;
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a0ylzsm;0,f tkef;wm;vufwif rsuf&ifjrESpf em;&pfjcnfoef; cg;yef;oG,farsmif pdefa=umif
rsufjrwf e0&wfwd &kyf"gwfqifhyGg; rdkCf;om;yZ…sef; pjrHk=umjyef a&$ovGefxuf rdkCf;pGefwdrfoGif
Zmb&ifudk yHkjyifvGrf;xm; tkef;om;a&$ajymuf "Ekazgufv#uf &dkufacgufoHawmif; teDarmif;
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bk&ifhorD;awmf cifraESmif;udk vufaqmifqufovdkufojzifh awmifilrif;u igwdk@bk&ifrif;&mZmudk wlawmf

73
[kac:awmfrlonf? igwdk@b&k ifrif;&mZmuvnf; awmifilbk&ifudk OD;&D;awmf[kac:awmfrlI rjywf rif;
apwrefvGwfI oifhjrwfcspf=unfpGm&Sd=uavonf/
w&Ha&mtcg c&D;wGifae olajy;olykef;wdk@onf zsufpD;vk,ufjyKavonf/ xdkta=umif;udk igwdk@bk&if
rif;&mZm=uD; =um;awmfrlavv#if vl (300) ausifcefhukd vufeufu&d,mESifh tvHktjcHKjyKapI awmifil
bk&ifodk@ apvdkufonfrSm auwkrwDESifh "n0wDt=um;wGif vlajy;vlykef;wdk@ zsufpD;vk,ufaomf ohwref
taptyg; ra&mufedkif&sd&onf? usGEkfyftvHk;t&if;ESifh oHvsifjrdK@wGif aeap&onfjzpfrS ESpfjynfaxmif
oHwrefta&mif;t0,f a&mufaygufvG,fI a&$wjym;wnf;uJhodk@ jzpfrnf[lI apvdkufv#if awmifilbk&if
vnf; igwdk@bk&if rif;&mZmapvdkufonfhpum;udk ESpfoufonfjzpfI wlawmftvdk&Sd&m tvHk;t&if;ESihf
ohv#ifwGifaeygap[lI rSmawmfrlvdkufonf/
igwdk@bk&if rif;&mZmvnf; bdk;awmfrif;bm=uD;om; ukvm;it*Fgudk oabFmoHk;pif;/ vge;usifavS
w&mausmf vlESpfaxmifausmfcef@EiS fh oHv#iwGif tcdkiftvHkaeaponf/ it*Fgvnf; oHv#ifodk@a&mufv#if
jrdK@jyusHK;ajrmif;wdk@udk cdkifvHkatmif vkyfaqmifjyifqifjyD;v#if oabFmom;ukefonfrsm;ESifh roifhoifhatmif
zsm;a,mif;ac:jiifI a&mif;0,fjcif;jyKavonf?
igwdk@bkifodk@4if;/ awmifilbk&ifodk@4if; vufaqmifyÀmrjywf qufo&onf/ ta&S@zuf rkwWrudk rif;jykaom
Anm; 'v ESifhvnf; txyfoifhatmif rdwfaqGcifyGef;jykonf/ aemuf Anm; 'vom; Anm;EG,fESifh
it*FgorD;udk ay;jrm;I orD;crufjzpf=uonf/
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udkvnf; rusdK;EGH/ awmifilvk&ifudkvnf; rusdK;EGH/ vufaqmif yÀmrquf/ tcdkifaeavonf/ igwdk@&cdkifjynfrS
awmifilodk@ awmifilrS igwdK@&ckdifjynfodk@ taptyg; ta&mif;t0,fvlrsm;udk csKyfxm;av onf/ ,if;odk@
ta=umif;udk jynfaxmifrif;ESpyg;wdk@ odawmfrlv#if awmifibk&ifu om;awmftdrfa&S@ rif;p aom
ol&Jig;aomif; igwdk@bk&if rif;&mZmudk om;awmftdrfa&S@rif; rif;carmif;udk uwWLvGef;usif wdkufavS=uD;
w&m wHpGyfavSi,fw&mausmfcef@ESifh ohv#ifodk@csDaponf/
i*fgvnf; jynfaxmifrif;ESpyg;csDvmv#if chedkifrnfr[kwf t=uH&SdI uwWLvGef;usifoabFmwGif ajymifaoewf
tjynfhpDpOfI oabFmrSm pm;eyf&duQm tjynfhtpHkESifh xGufajy;rnf[k xGufav&m igwdK@tdrfa&S@rif;om;
wyfESifhawGI wdkuf=u (P-153) avaomf tdrfa&S@rif;.avSonf oabFmudk tm;twefI uGJaygufysufpD;
acsI tdrfa&S@rif;udk it*Fg&avonf/
xdkigwdk@bk&ifrif;&mZmvnf; ajy;vmolwdk@av#mufxm;avv#if tvHk;t&if;ESifh udk,fwdkifcsDvmI
awmifiltdrfa&S@rif;ESifhtwl oHv#ifudk vkyf=uHaomfvnf; r&edif&Sdav&m rif;ESpfyg;wdkifyifI tdrfa&S@rif;udk
awmif;avaomf oHv#ifpm; it*Fgvnf; rav;rpm; ighudkusGefp[li rqdkESifh jynfaxmif&Sifrif;[lI qdkrS
ay;rnfqdkavv#if rif;ESpfyg;vnf;wdkiyf ifv#uf it*Fgtvdkodk@vdkufI ta&;jyD;jidrf;v#if aemufaemif ohv#if
jrdK@udk rvkyfr=uHjyD;/ uwdu0wfxm;v#uf rif;ESpfyg;jyefoGm;=uavonf? Tonfum; rSefeef;&mZ0if tvdk
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oGm;I zl;ar#mfaecdkuf rif;&mZmusGefawmfjzpfaom bk&if*sD/ pDumi,fvma&mufzrf;,lavonfudk =um;I
xsDawmfrlrnf=uH&m &Spfaomif;bkef;=uD; t*~odaOP,s u awmifol"g;r a&0,fus &SmIr& r_dudk;v [lI
odkufed'gef;&Sdyfonf/ udk;vvGefv#if jyefa&mufrnfhta=umif;ESifh av#mudxm;[efqdkonf?
"n0wDta&;awmfyHkY ynm0Ho trwfu ausmufovif;jzLqGqG a&wGifus &SmIr& r_dudk;v/ [lI
=wif;oH&Sdaoma=umifh udk;vvGefv#if --------------------
it*Fgudkvnf; yJcdk;utjyef (963)ckESpfuyif oHv#ifwGif xm;cJha=umif;ESifh qdkonf/ xdkit*Fgvnf;
rif;bm=uD;om; jzpfa=umif;ESifhqdkonf/ rif;zavmif;vufxuf it*Fgonf oHwGJpm;ESifh aygif;oif;I awmifil
bk&if rif;w&m;a&$xD;xH a&mufa=umif;ESihfqdkaom rdrdpum;ESihfyif rnDav/ ynm&Sd@owdxm; wmfrlygav/

74
rSefeef;&mZ0ifrSm it*Fgudk b&if*sD ukvm;jzpfa=umif;r#omqdkonf? tajctjrpfrygav/ ouU&mZf (966)ck
a&mufvwfaomf a=uGwJwyf wvdkif;waxmif (P-154)xGufajy;I awmifcGifpm; qD;=udKzrf;rd& a=umif;ESifh
rif;xhav#mufav&m bdk;awmfrif;bm=uD; ukodkvf qHawmf/ tHawmf/ eHawmf bk&m;oHkqlrSm xyfI
ausmufpmxdk;jyD;v#if vSLawmfrlonf/ bdk;awmfv_cJhaomukvm;av;axmifudkvnf; aemufxyfv_awmf
rlonf/ wvdkif;wpfaxmif bk&m;tonf/ocsDF Fwdk hpm;&ef ajrrsm;udkvnf; =udrfovD/ rD;ausmif;/ &J/ ovl/
urspf/ armfwifxdv,fcsnf; ESpfaomif; 0wfajr xyfIv_awmfrljyefonf/
ouU&mZf (967) cka&mufaomtcg om;awmftdrfa&S hrif; rif;carmif; ab;awmfukodkvf qHawmf/ tHawmf/
eHawmfbk&m; oHk;qludk tzl;tjrif;oGm;vdka=umif;ESifhcrnf;awmftm;av#mufav&m cGifhay;awmfrlI oHwGJ
odk@oGm;avonf/ oHwGJjrdK hodk ha&mufaomumv bk&m;ocsD F wvdkif;acgif;awmfusGef/ ukvm;acgif;/ tif&Gm/
rwlvm/ aemyH/ ucgF/ / xdkig;a,mufu crnf;awmfvnf;=uD;&ifhjyDjzpfI om;awmforD;awmfvnf;trsm;&Sd
onf/ aemifaomtcg eef;vkyJGjzpf&monf/ crnf;awmfxif&Sm;&SdpOfx;D eef;wufI crnf;awmfudkouFef;ESifh
xm;&v#if oHo&m ypPKyeftusdK;eSpfyg;yifvSonfjzpfygrnf vSnfhjzm;Iav#mufavaomf tdrfa&S@rif;
rif;carmif;arSmufrSm;/Icrnf;awmfudkeef;csrnft=uHESifh oif;yif;pnf;=uyfI bk&m;ocsD Fig;a,mufudk ol&J
tpdk hzGJ havI wyfOD;xm;ojzifhcsDvmcJhaomf xdkta=umif;udkcrnf;awmf=um;odojzifh=unf;a&tjynfh ol&J
vufeufudkiftoifhxm;jyD;rS ig;pif&dkif;usGef; bm;jrdK huqD;qdk hwdkufcHzrf;qD;av&m om;awmftdrfa&S hrif;
rif;carmif;udkzdrf;rd&avonf/ ocsD Ft=uD;acgif; vlaygif;oHk;axmifwdk haomfum; ouU&mZf (967)wGif ta&S h
jynfodk hom;r,m;udkaqmif,lI oEWdacsmif;zsm;uxGufajy;avonf/ usefwvdkif;ig;&m/ ukvm;ig;&m wdk hrSm
tvSnhfESifhomapmifhaeap/ oif;wdk hudkoHwJGrSmraeapESifh odrf;acgifjyD;v#if &wemyHk bk&m;rSmig;&m/ r[mrked
bk&m;rSmig;&m xyfIv_awmfrlavonf/
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qdkaompum;onfjyvwWHaom&mZ0ifwdk hESifhrnDxifI csefcJhonf/
(P-155) om;awmfudktjypfay;rnf&Sdav&m trwfynm0Hoav#mufxm;onfrSm t&Sifrif;jrwf a&S;aom
tcg bk&m;avmif;qifrif;onf t&Hwpfaxmifaomqifwdk hESifhopPmjyKv#ufaeawmfrlonf/ ta*gv[wWd
qifvnf; qifaygufwpfaxmifESifhaeavonf/ xdktcg bk&mavmif;qifrif;wGif trdEMu [laomnDawmf&Sd
onf/ ta*gv qifuvSnfhywfv#uf t&G,faumif;pGmoefrmaomumvY rif;rl&rSom aus;Zl;xGef;edkif&ef&Sd
edifrnf/tdkaomtcg yZmtusdk;&SdtHhenf;/ aemifawmfqifrif;udkjypfrSm;aprlqdkavaomf/ nDawmftrdEMuvnf;
ta*gvay;aomqif&Hig;&m;udk oif;jyKv#ufcsDvmaom qifrif;u oif;yif;qif wdk htm;jidrfpGmaeapI pD;csif;
xGufcHwdkufaomtcg ig;&maomqifwdk hrcHedkifaoma=umifh xGufajy;a&Smif&Sm;=uavaomf nDawmfudk&av
onf/ t=uHay;aomolta*gvqifrif;vnf; a=umufvefhIae&mvGJajymif;ajy;avv#if t*gvqifoif;yif;
w0uf bk&m;qifrif;xHa&mufvmonfwGif xdkawmfudkrSDwif;jyKv#ufaeaomqifwdk honfa=umufvefhI0if
a&mufvm=ujyefonf/
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ra=umufrvef h ighnDawmf trdEMu aemifawmfcGeftm;Av=uD;us,fa=umif;trsm;odatmifjyonfwGifrSqif
taygif;wdk h0ifa&mufonfrSm nDawmftrdEMu aus;Zl;yifjzpfonf/ nDawmftm;qifrif;csD;rGrf;a=umif; xHk;
a[mif;&Sdygonf/
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crnf;awmfbk&m; bkef;vuf&Hk;udkxif&Sm;pGmjyonfhtr_rSm jynfaxmifrif;wdk hwdk;Ia=umufvefhap&maomt
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onf om;awmfaAmavm=urf;awmf onf tbtm%mjypf(P-156) rSm;r_vnf;r&Sdao; pOfv#uf
qiftpG,fudkcsGefaomtr_ESifhpD&ifa=umif; xHk;a[mif;oufaoxif&Sm;xGuf&Sdonfrdefhawmfrlavaom/trwf
=uD;av#mufjyefonfum; jrifhjrwfaomw&m;udkomtEG,fawmfapmifhxdfef;awmfrlygonf/vuf&Hk;tm;udk;jyK

75
aomrif;rsm;udk bk&m;paomolawmfaumif;wdk h=udkufawmfrrlyg/ urBmtp r[morwW0HopOfvm omud,
tEG,f0if rif;wdk htrsdK;apmifh&maomw&m;udkzsufjrJr[kwfyg/ omuD0ifrif;jzpfv#uf omuD0ifrif;rsdK;
rrSefaomrdef;rESifhpHkzufav&m zGm;jrifaomom;orD;aomf4if; omuD0ifrif;orD;ESifh a,musmf;wpfyg;pHkzuf
av&mzGm;jrifaomom;orD;aomf4if; vuf&Hk;tm;udk;rif;rsdk;jcm;rif;rlaomf4if; w&m;rapmifh rajzmihfrrSwf
azmufjyefqdk;oGrf;wwfa=umif;jyKv#uf xHk;a[mif;usrf;*ef&Sdygonf/ rkwWrjrdK hudkorkwfItpwnfvmol
ruwl;vnf;/ Z*FvrsdK; xdkoludkta=umif;jyKv#uf yJcdk;rif;&mZ"d&mZfwdkifatmif qdkcJhaomxHk;&mZ0ifwdk honf
bk&m;paomolawmfaumif;wdk hcsD;rGrf;p&mr[kwfyg/ &mZ"d&mZf uJhodk htbdZPsm/ Asmyg'vGefusL;I olwxll;udk
wdkufcdkufzsufpD;owfjzwfwwfaom rif;oknwdk honfudk,fhtoufpnf;pdrfudkom pHkrufI olwyg;dtm;oem;
jcif;uif;v#if&ufpufpGmjyKusifhavaom xHk;qdk;omjzpfygonf/ ,if;odk hxHk;aumif;r[kwf xHk;qdk;xHk;oGrf;onf
omoemawmfrStyjzpfaomrif;oknwdk h. xHk;omjzpfI rif;aumif;rif;rGefwdk hrvdkuftyfyga=umifESifh trwf
ynm0Hoav#mufav&m trsufajyI om;awmfudktrwff=uD;odk htyfawmfrlavonf/
w&Ha&mtcg ajrmufOD;a&GjrdK hawmf.taemufzuftzdk hjzpfaom a&Gqnf0.urf;xdef;teD;a&jyif0,f jrwfpGm
bk&m;.&kyfxkawmfonf tvdkvdkay:vwfonf[kausmfaZmavv#if b0&Sifrif;&mZmonfqef;=u,fpGmaom
yGJvrf;obifudk pD&ifawmfrlv#uf rSL;awmfrwfawmfwdk hESifhwuG odef;oef;ruaomAdkvfygwdk hpk&Hk;nDnGwfqGJiif
yifhzdwftyfaomvnf;&kyfxkawmfon a&ay:(P-157)u r=uGrwuf&Sdavaom bk&ifrif;&mZmonfrsm;pGm
aomyef;aygufwdk@jzifh=uJajrSmufylaZmfI Todk@opPm"dXmefjyKawmfrl./ igonfjrwfpGmbk&m; &kyfxkawmf tm;yl
aZmfxdkufonfjzpftHhofd=um;ewfrif;onfulnDapownf;[k"dXmefawmfrlonf/
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a&mufawmfrlavv#if bk&ifrif;&mZm ESifhwuGwdkif;om;jynfoltaygif; wdk honf aomif;aomif;Ekarmf om"k
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&[ef;oHCmawmfwdk honf y&d,wf/ yÉdygwfw&m;udk=udK;pm;tm;xkwfawmfrl&ojzifh oomemawmfonf
tvGefawmufyxGef;vif;awmfrl.?
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awmfnpfEGrf;ysufpD;I omra%=uD;wdk@omaygrsm;aeygonf/ taqGawmfrif;jrwfu q&mawmfoHCmawmf

76
rsm;udkav#mufxm;awmif;yefI omoemjyKapvGSawmfrlapcsifyga=umif; ygavonf/ ,if;odk hygvmonfudk
rif;&mZm=uD;=um;awmfrlavv#ifrSL;rwftaygif;wdk hESifhwdkifyifI ajrmufwefaqmifq&mawmf pEN0dvmotm;
av#mufxm;awmif;yefI t&HoHCmESpfq,fESifhtuG ouU&mZf (960) ckwefaqmif;rkef;v oabFmESifh=uG
awmfrlv#uf oD[dkVfusGef;wdk ha&mufawmfrlv#uf armif&Sif/ omra% paomolwdk htm; &[ef;yOPif;cHapawmf
rlojzifh omoemawmfudkwnfapjyD;rSjyef=uGa&mufawmfrlvmonf/
bk&if;rif;&mZmonf ab;awmf'o&mZmrif; aqmufvkyfawmfrlhcJhaom r[mrkedodrfawmfudk topfxyfrHI
aumif;rGefpGmaqmufvkyfawmfrlv#uf edkifiHawmftwGif;&Sd &[ef;oHCmawmfwdk hudk yifhzdwfawmfrlI yOPif;wpf
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(969)ckESpfwydk hwGJvqef;(2) &uf Ak'<[l;ae hwGifqGrf;paomtvSlL=uD;udkay;vSLawmfrlonf/
xdkaemuf ESpfESpfcef heD;tcg ta&S hjynftaemufzufvGefrif;w&m;u vufaqmifyÀmum&wdk hjzifh arwWm
quf aygif;zufvdkyga=umif;ESifhwrefapvGwfa&mufvwfaomf igwdk hrif;&mZmvnf;ouU&mZf (97 1) ck
ewfawmfvqef;(5)&uf t*Fgae hoHzufIxnfhawmfrlvdkufonf/ tif;0odk ha&mufodk ha&mufv#if jrefrmrSL;
rwfwdk@eSifhESD;aESmwdkifyifajymqdkjyD;aemuf twef=umv#if jrefrmtrwfwdk@u OuUmysHtrwf. owWdAvudkod
=uvdkaoma=umifh&wkESpfydk'fudk axmifoif;rSL; trwfa&;om;v#uftjznfhcHavonf/ &wkESpfydk'frSm
(1) rr#aomif;axmif/ eef;nmawmif0,f/ tacgifpHxm;/ ewfrif;om;v#if/ aemufzGm;=uifazmuf/
arsmufom;awmfa=umifh/ rl;armfaojywf/ zdkrSv$wfodk h/ rcsGwf{uef/ aemifrSm[efum;/ jznf;oGef;avnSif;/ pdrfh
pdrfhcsif;v#uf/ tif=uif;0g;EG,f/ tvS,fvS,fudk/ pr`g,faysmfyg;/ a&S h0,fxm;I/ OD;xdyfem;jyif/ yefqifrwwf/
av;jrwf,k,/ ay;csifvS./ q,fqa&$xuf/ jypfrpufonf/ jzLnufxGwfavm/ jymvwfavm?
(P-160)(2) rvSawmif;atmif/ cef;omacsmif;0,f/ jrLarSmifroef;/ jcnfrwef;wnfh/ v0ef;wefaqmif/
aerajymifonfh/ udk,fa&mifv/#Honf/ xGef;awmhonf[k/ arG;=unfysH&Sm;/ usGekfyfem;0,f/ pum;udkom/ rl;armf
&SmrSs/=uHumawG;awm/ odcsifarmpG/ oabmqufquf/ ar;umjrufonf/ jzLnufxGwfavmjymvwfavm./
T&wkESpfydk'fudka&;I tjznfhcHxm;onfudk O*~~ysHtrwf=uD;jznfhqdktyfaom&wkwydk'fum;
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xGwfavm nm0wfavm? [lIjznfhqdkavonf/ xdkaemufvnf;trwf=uD;O*~ysHonf &wkydk'fpHkaygif; 5ydk'fudk
vnf;a&;om;avonf? pyfqdka&;om;aom&wkrsm;um;/

(1) r,fzJ@G yk'fpHk?

(1) csdefqxGufonf ESpf0ufty uvnf;usL;axG aeAdrmefvnf; ,k*eftem; qifvrf;oGm;I z0g;pxGef;

wnfhrGef;rxif udk,f&dyf0ifu pHkjyifjrdKifa=umif; Oa'gif; [oFm iSufwumvnf; ruGm,OfEGJ; odkuf0ifjrJ./
abmf&SJudk,fxl; rdef;rl;rajy ausmfaxGrom aevSnf&mudk aemifrSmjrJacs/ r,fuapodk@ aqmfaxG&ifha=uG;
wacs;acs;onf ? &pfaxG;ESKwfoH nSif;onfavm?

77
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&pfqifh bkef;ajrmifwifhom; usL;&ifhoHanmif; wacsmif;acsmif;v#if &SifaESmif;av;& tvSvGefusL; &SifOD;
vnf;rnf eD;onfom;csif; pdk;rif;ae&m qDuomv#if vSpfcGgwdrfr_H jrl;uckefonf yZ…Kefr,fu yif;onfavm?
(P-161) (3) pdefuqufonf bkd;e*fodef;cef@ wdrfES,fnGe@fr# auG@&Gef@csLpm; e*g;qdkifrsdK; rD;cdk;woG,f
tvS,fvS,fudk pdwf0,ftav#muf csHKxyfavSmufvnf; vGrf;atmufarhaxG csrf;rajywnf;/ azsmfajzoufr#
ocifuv#if a=umif;paxGvm o0%fpmESifh apygwref a&mufaumif;wefv#uf jyif;xefa&=uD; acsmif;ajrmif;
qD;I c&D;vrf;rSm zif;EGJ@=umonf usGefomrdkCf;a=umif;xif;onfavm?

(2) t&darawW,#bk&;zGJ@ydk'fpHk?

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iSufrsm;pHkESpf vnf&pfcsufwif vlwGifpaw wlae&$ifvef; csLcufeef;xuf tqef;xl;vnf &ifh&l;ajru
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usrf;vmaA'if odjrifaomol =uHI ,lavm/ jzD;xlrsm;ajrmif &maxmifukaÉ &HAdkvfaxGvnf; bHka&$eef;jrifh
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*lausmif;&Sd&m xdkifuma&&Gwf wwGwfwGwfonf &ifzufowfum rl;vJS@aom0f?
w&demr t"dy`g,frSm rif;&mZmvufxuf (972)ckESpfwGif[k qdkvdkonf?
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r&$ifaysmif;&d r&SdwwfyJ 0rf;uGJylqm aevSnfh&mY tmumvHk;0,f jrES,ftqif; 0g0if;w&yf 0if;v#yfcsufwif
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csdefcgukdrSnfh usL;vSnfhaom0f?
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pGef@tyf&m[k ynm&Sdrsm; usrf;pum;udk rSwfom;=uukefvltyHk?
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(1) atmuftmumAGD/ 0ga,mxDGI/ vDxufum;&D/ &dDxufjrDESifh/ yx0D[k/ (P-163) xlxEk pS o f ed ;f /
av;aomif;udfef; xuf/ &Hxdef;p=u0Vm/ nDpGm0ef;onf/ ausmufwdwnfom;/ vSnfhvnfywf&pf/ orkwfjrpfr/S

78
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oDwma&cJ/ vSpfcJGwdrf=um;/ ,jEMm;puf/ oHv#ufvSnfh0ef;/ vnfYxGef;r#/ &pfoef;jydk;ajymif/ b,ufa&mifESifh/
pufa&mifv#Hwuf/ wvufvufvif;/ w0if;0if;v#if/ tkef;tifxpfarmif;/ &dkufacsmif;yJhwif/ aumif;uif tvHk;
rnf;rnf; zHkr#/ &Gmvwfuv#if/ tvS=uifwef/ onf&efarG;rd/ rodygav/ &pfacGAsmyg/ r,frSmudk,fvGrf;/
aemifrSmcsrf;cJh/ ndkoef;0gv/ r&&dwfyGwf/ ewfvnf;redk;/ &ufudk;q,fvHk;/ rusKH;&moD/ vifhumvDonf/
oefEGDukefI/ yZ…Kef0\umv iH&OD;rnfavm/ [lIa&;om;cJhavonf/ aemufvmaemufom;wdk hod=um; ap
jcif;tudsK;iSm/ tpddk;&wdk hxkwfa0aom jrefrmnGefhaygif;usrf;rS a&;om;xkwfjyvdkufonf?
Todk hv#if rdrd=um;vG,fjcif; olwyg;udk=um;vG,fatmifqdkwwfjcif; tm;xkwfIrSwfwwfjcif; trSwfjrJjcif;
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jyKwwfjcif; [kqdktyfaomwrefwdk h.t*Fg&Spfyg;ESifhjynfhpHknDnGwfaomtrwf=uD;O*~gysHonf &Gufaqmif&efudpP
[lor#udk avmufiSjynfhapjyD;v#if udk,fwdkif;cGifXmeodk hjyefvmcJh&ayonf/
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wdk hjidrf;csrf;om,m0ajympGm&Sdavonf/ ynmtajrmftjrifESifhjynfhpHkaomrSL;=uD; rwf=uD;aoaX;ol=uG,fwdk h
onfaygrsm;ukef./ ydÉduwfaA'ift&mY vdrfrmwwfajrmufawmfrlaom&[ef;oHCmtaygif;vnf; rsm;pGm&Sfd
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taqmuftOD;rsm;udkvnf; xyfqifhjyKvkyfawmfrlonf?
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rif;apmrif;orD; yOPmvENmvnf;wa,muf/ ESrawmf okybma'0Dvnf;wa,muf/ ESrawmf eef;xufrdzk&*m;
vnf;wa,muf/ rdzk&m;acgif0dZvvnf;wa,muf/ y'kra'0Dvnf;wa,muf/ Erawmf tvwfZvmu
a'0Dvnf;wa,muf/ yJcdk;rif;oRd; cifraESmif;vnf;wa,muf/ rdbk&m; jzLvnf;wa,muf Todk@t;jzifh
udk;a,mufwnf;?
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pm; rif;ndkorD; atmifjzL/ &mZo=ufeo f rD; a':jzL/ om;rsm;rd orD;&SifaxG;/ rdzk&m;tjzL/ nDraumufjzL/
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0aw;/ awmufbwfpm;rif;jzL/ orD;awmfum; taemufbufbk&if rif;ndk arsmufom;awmf acgifaygufr/
OD;&pfawmifpm; ewf&Sifaemifr,m; ok&ma'0D/ ewf&SifaemfnD rif;vwfr,m; twkvoD&d aygif;ig;a,muf
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rif;=uD;jzL/ rif;=uD;ndk- ESpfa,mufwnf;//
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ro#m/ ig;a,mufwnf;/ orD;awmfwdk@onfvnf; rsm;pGm&Sdavao;ukef.?
w&Ha&mtcg om;awmftaemufbk&ifonf rZPsra'o t&yfom;wdk@ESifh usGefawmfaomif;wD;pm; b&if*sDwdk@
onf nDnmI aomif;usef;avonf (P-165) [k=um;awmfrlvwfv#if rsm;pGmaomtvHk; t&if;ESifhwuG
om;awmfOy&mZmudkapv$wfawmfrlI csDoGm;avaomf om;awmftaemufbk&if rif;ndkonf tmrmeuf
temjzpfI vGefESifhav./ orD; taemufrdzk&m;acgif aygufronf rsm;pGmaomtvHk;t&if;ESifh OD;&D;awmf
ppfwaumif;pm;xH0ifI cHESif./ Oy&mZmcsDoGm;I a&mufavaomf ppfwaumif;pm;tvdkvdkyif cE<majymif;

79
av./ nDawmf rdzk&m;acgifaygufrESifh tvHk;t&if;udk &awmfrlav./ ppfwaumif;jrdk@udkvnf; om;awmf
tvwf p=ufm0aw;udk jrdK@pm;ay;awmfrlavonf?
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pD;yGg;udk &Gufaqmifawmfrlv#uf tdrfedrfh (36)/ eef;ph (19)/ ESpfpkoufaomf (55)ESpf/ ouU&mZf (974)ck 0gqdk
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tcg tOPe e'Djrpfurf;&H carmif;qdyfY &wemwJeef;awmf0,f zGg;jrifawmfrlaoma=umifh rif;carmif;[laom
trnfawmfwGifonf[l./
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ajrmufrsufESmtbdk@0,f &awmfrlI pnfrsufESmuJhodk@ okwfoifpD&ifawmfrljyD;aomf taxmifruaom yef;&H
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wifvSLawmfrlonf?
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a&a=umif;/ csDawmfrlav./ b0&Sifrif;carmif;csDvmawmfrla=umif;udk armif;xGyfrif; yxefrif;wdk@=um;
avv#if rsm;pGmaomqifjrif;/ vufeufu&d,mwdk@udk &Hk;pkI wuUwsmu cHvmukef.?
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apv$wfawmfrlaom &JrufAdkvfygwdk@tm; armif;uGyfowfavonf[k b0&Sifrif;carmiftm; av#mufvm
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vma&mufwdkufcdkuf &Sufwifowfjzwf&Sdae=upOf b0&Sifrif;carmif;onf qifawmf&wem &efatmifxuf
wufpD;jyD;aomf (P-167) 7wemcsGef;udk vufpJaG wmfrlv#uf jzdKzsufwdkufEsifawmfrlavrS armif;uGyf
yxefrif;wdk@onf tjyif;qkwfcGgv#uf ajy;=uavonf? &JrufAdkvfygwdk@vnf; rsm;pGmaoa=u=uavonf/
vufeufAdkvfygwdk@udkvnf; rsm;pGm&awmfrlvdkufojzifh &efppfatmifjyD;v#if aejynfawmfodk@ jyefawmfrlcJh
avonf?
,if;odk@jyefvnfawmfrlcJhonfudk ppfonf&JrufAdkvfygwdk@ aoa=uysufpD;onfrsm;a=umif;udk trSwfjyKv#uf
ouU&mZf (977)ck 0gusGwfvjynfh/ t*Fgae@wGif oabFm=uD;/ avS=uD;/ avSi,fwdk@ESihfwuG usGefawmfaomif;xD;
pm; b&if*sDi,fonf b&if*sD;ppfESifhwuG OD;&pfawmifwdkifatmif a&mufvm./ ,if;odk@a&mufvmonfudk

80
=um;odawmfrlv#if ppft*Fgav;yg;ESifhwuG udk,fwdkifcsDawmfrlI wdkudzsufav&m rsm;pGmaomb&if*sD
ppfonf &Jrufwdk@onf ysufpD;aoa=u=ujcif;odk@ a&mufojzifh &GH@a=umufqkwfoGm;=uavonf/ b0&Sifrif;
carmif;vnf; aemufxyfcsDvdkufawmfrv l #uf aomif;xD;wdkifatmif wdkufcdkufysufpD;awmfrlavonf?
xdktcdkufwGif ab;awmf bdk;awmf crnf;awmfwdk@vufxufu usGef&if;cH=uol Oawykwf/ jrHkapmifh ao#muf
r%D wdk@onfvnf; ykefuefaomif;usrf;jyK=uonftjzpfudk =um;odawmfrv l #if aomif;xD;uvnf;
Ow&pfodk@csDawmfrlavaomf Oawykwf jrHkudk ta=utnufzsufqD;awmfrljyD;v#if qifjrif;Adkvfyg vufeuf
u&d,mwdk@udk rsm;pGmodrf;,lawmfrlv#uf aejynfawmfodk@ jyefawmfrlcJhavonf?
Todk@aomif;xD;Oawykwfwdk@ukd zsufpD;edkifeif;awmfrlvma=umif;udk jyKwkumrif; ydwfw&pfrif;wdk@onf
pyfpif;&dkaopGm yÀmum&rsm;pGmwdk@jzifh ESpfpOfysuf qufoufvm=uukef./
w&Ha&mtcg bk&ifrif;carmif;onf crnf;awmfvufxuf rD;=uD;avmifIygavaom a&$qif;xk aiGqif;xk
wdk@udk a&$aiGxyfavmif;I qef;=u,fpGm a&$qif;xk aiGqif;xkwdk@udk oGef;vkyfawmfrljyD;v#if eef;awmf
ajrmufzuf awmifacgif;0,f cdkifcef@pGmao wHwdkif; rD;wm;wdk@ESifhwuG qef;=u,fpGm (P-168) aom
&wemjy\'fausmif;awmf aqmufvkyfawmfrlv#uf ouU&mZf (983)ck uqkefvqef; (6)&uf t*Fgae@0,f
wnfxm;awmfrl.?
arsmufom;awmf rdzk&m;acgifaumif;r_ a&$bk&m;udkvnf; &wemjy\'fausmif;awmf0,f wnfxm;awmfrl.?
arsmufom;awmf rdzk&m;apmcspfonf 'geoDv OykwfoDwif;oHk;jcif;wdk@Y jrJjrHpGmaqmufwnfawmfrl./
b0&Sifaumif;r_awmf xlyg&mapwFDESifh twl jydkifv#uf xl;qef;av#mufywfpGm &wemESifhwuG &wema&$
ausmif;awmfudkvnf; aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;awmfrl./?
b0&Sifrif;carmif;onf aumif;r_awmf &efatmifjrifapwDawmf teD;Yqef;=u,fav#mufywfaom a&$ausmif;
Adrmefudk aqmufvkyfawmfrlI wdkif;jynftwGif;&Sd t&d,moHCmawmf oDv0ef/ *k%0ef yk*~dKvfrGef
yk*~dKvfjrwfwdk@tm; tyfESif;vSL'gef;awmfrlI =uD;pGmaomtvSLaumif;r_udk jyKpktm;xkwfawmfrlonf?
xdkb0&Sifrif;carmif;.om;awmf orD;awmf wdk@onfum; arsmufom;awmfrdzk&m;qifjzL&Sifjrpf/ &SifaxG;wGif
orD;awmf ewf&Sifr,f/ orD;awmfarSmufawmf/ orD;awmfa=umifr/ om;awmfrmef=uD;rif;aumif;tm;jzifh
av;a,mufzGg;jrifawmfrlonf?
udk,fvkyfawmf aomufa&pdk; a':jzlwGif om;awmfawmifzufpm; owd;rif;axG;wa,muf zGg;jrifawmfrlonf?
pm;awmfcHt=uD; rdcidaxG;wGif om;awmfausmufavSum;pm; a&$Oa'gif;wa,muf zGg;jrifawmfrlonf?
pm;awmfuGrf;pdk; rdrif;wGif om;awmfrmef=uD; [&DjzLwa,muf zGg;jrifawmfrlonf?
aomufa&tdk;pdk; =urf;rwGif rmef=uD;owdk;jzL rmef=uD;rif;vwf rmef=uD;rif;rsdK;/ orDa;wmf&wema&$qdkif;-
av;a,mufzGm;jrifawmfrlonf?
aomufa&pdk; rif;vSxGwfwGif wef;vGjpm; rif;jzLwa,mufzGm;jrifawmfrlonf?
pm;awmfuGrf;pm; oEWmrwGif orD;awmf=uD; tjzL/ orD;awmftvwf rmef=uD;rdndk – ESpfa,mufzGm;jrifawmf
rlonf?
(P-169) rif;ajymifuJhodk@xm;aom rif;vSwGif orD;awmfr,f=uD;wa,muf zGm;jrifawmfrlonf?
pm;awmfuGrf;pdk; a':jzLrwGif orD;awmf&Sifrif;wa,muf zGm;jrifawmfrlonf?
pm;a&;awmfpdk; tvwfwGif rif;=uD; O*~gom& wa,mufzGm;jrifawmfrlonf?
'g;pGJol=uD; iyiforD;wGif rif;=uD;rif;jy wamufzGm;jrifawmfrlonf?
arsmufom;awmf&if; okybma'0DwGif rif;=uD;rif;[&Dwa,muf zGm;jrifawmfrlI qifjzL&Sifjrpf arsmufom;
awmfrdzk&m; &SifaxG;wGif zGm;jrifawmfrlaom ewf&Sifr,fESifh xdrfjrm;awmfrlI tdrfa&S@t&may;tyfawmfrl
avonf? aygif;om;awmf orD;awmfwqJhudk; a,muf&Sdawmfrl./
TrSwyg; udk,fvkyfawmf armif;rrdwfoifwdk@rS zGm;jrifawmfrlaom om;awmforD;awmfwdk@onfum;
rsm;pGm&Sdavukefao;./

81
w&Ha&mtcg taemufjynf b*Fg (12)jrdK@wdk@onf ykeu f efaomif;usef;ava=umif; =um;odawmfrlI ouU&mZf
(983)ck eawWmfvwGif ppft*Fgav;yg;ESifcsD=uGodrf;tkyf jidrf;0yfapjyD;I jyefa&mufawmfrlvwfv#if onf;pGm
aom a&m*Ga0'emwdk@onf uyfa&mufawmfrlonfjzpfI rdzk&m;acgifESifhwuG om;awmf ajr;awmf trwf
aoemywd ouf&Snfausmfxif/ eENausmfxif vufsm &mZo=uFef oD&daZ,sausmfxifwdk@tm; wdkif;jynf0efudk
aqmif&Guf=uav[k rSmxm;awmfrljyD;v#if tdrfedrfh (35)/ eef;pH (10)/ ESpfpkoufawmf (45)ESpf ouU&mZf
(984)ck e,kefvqef; av;&uf paeae@wGif vGefawmfrlavonf/ eHawmfwevFmom;wnf;/
xdkrif;carmif;vGefawmfrlavv#if om;awmftdrfa&S@rif; rif;[&Donf ewf&Sifr,f rdzk&m;ESifh tbdodwfcHI
ouU&mZf (984)ck eH,kev f qef; q,f&uf aom=umae@wGif jynf.pnf;pdrfudk pdk;tkyfawmfrlavonf?
oD&dok"rR&mZm[laomtrnfudk cHawmfrl./ (P-170) i,frnfjzifh rif;[&D[lI ac:jcif;onf [&Dawmif.
ta&S@zufu crnf;awmf a&$eef;Armef0,f zGm;jrifawmfrilaoma=umifh rif;[&D[lI ac:avonf?
xdkoD&Dok"rRm&mZmrif;onf ab;avmif;awmfrif;bm=uD; jyKvkyfawmfrlcJhaom jrdK@awmf usHK; ajrmif;
a&avSmif ypPif jytdk; &ifwm; wHcg; wefaqmif; jy\'f/ Z&yf wHxm; a&wGif; a&uef ausmif;uef vk&m;
ponfwdk@ ysufpD;a[mif;EGRrf;&Sdaomt&mrsm;udk xyfrHjyLjyifI vkyfudkifawmfrlonf/ vufeuf rD;ayguf
tajrmuf pdefajymif;wdk@jzifh ywfvnf0ef;usif&Humv#uf toifhpDrHawmfrlonf/
bk&ifoD&do"rRm&mZmrif;onf rsm;pGmaom avS&Htaygif;ESifh qifjrif;Adkvfyg vufeufu&d,m ppft*Fg
av;yg;wdk@udk pD&ifawmfrlI ouU&mZf (984)ck wfaqmifrkef;cqef;q,f&uf we*FaEGae@wGif taemuf jynf
b*Fg (12)jrdK@wdk@odk@ csDawmfrlI rdrd.wdkif;edkifiH tdkif;tjcm;udk rSwfom;xma;wmfrlcJhjyD;v#if r=um tjrifhrSD0,f
b0&Sifrif;=uD; rdzk&m;armifESHESpfyg;wdk@onf up>ye'Djrpf.ta&S@zufurf; aovm*D&dtrnf&Sdaom ausmuf
awmfawmifxdyf0,f apwDawmfudk zl;tHh[k =uGoGm;zl;jrifawmfrljyD;v#if ouU&mZf (985)ck wef;cl;vqkwf
(7)&ufaom=umae@Y a&$aiG&wemwdk@jzifh qef;=u,fpGm aqmufvkyftyfaom &wemr¾yf twGif; t&d,m
oCFm yk*~dKvfoljrwftaygif;wdk@tm; rsm;pGmaomtvSL=uD;udk ay;vSLpGef@=uJawmfrljyD;v#if up>ye'Dudk
pHkqif;awmfrlI jyefvnfawmfrlcJhjyD;v#if a&$jrdK@awmf.ta&S@zuf tOPee'Djrpfudk qefwufawmfrlI bdk;awmf
rif;zavmif; yOPif;waxmifchawmfrlcJhaom qdyfurf;t&yf0,f =uD;us,fpGmaom tvSLr¾yf Z&yfwefaqmif;
udk aqmufvkyfawmfrlI tvSL=uD;udk ay;awmfrlonf/
ouU&mZf (986)ck uqkefvwGif aiGpiftqif;ESifhwlaom qifjzlrwpD;udk taemufjrdk@opfu qufoawmfrlI
&awmfrlonf/ xdkqifjzLr &wemudk eef;awmfta&S@awmifaxmifh0,f wefaqmif;jy\'f aqmufvkyf
awmfrlI xm;awmfrlonf?
(P-171) w&Ha&mtcg 'gumjrdk honfaomif;=urf;ava=umif; =um;odawmfrlojzifh ppf t*Fg v;yg;wdk hESifh
ouU&mZf(987) ckewfawmfvwGif csdDwufawmfrlIwdkufzsufawmfrlv#if 'gumpm;onfrcHedkifIxGufajy;av
onf/ &JrufAdkvfygvufeufu&d,m qifjrif;ESifhwuGjrdK htvHk;wGif&Sdaom a&$aiG 0wWK0efqefwdk hudk&&Sdawmfrl
avonf/ xdkta=umif;udktaemufb*Fg w&dk;rif;wdk h=um;avv#if xdwfvefha=umufvef hukefonfjzpfI cef h
jim;&dkaopGm yÀmvufaqmiftrsm;wdk@jzifh nGwfwmG ;zl;jrif qufovm=uukefonf/ ,if;odk@a&$aiGb¾m
qifjrif; vufeufu&d,m yÀmvufaqmifwdk@udkodrf;ydkufcH,lawmfrljyD;v#ifaejynfawmfodk@jyefvnfawmfrlcJh
avonf/
w&Ha&mtcg oHv#if [Hom0wdDjynfwdk@onfaomif;usef;ava=umif;udk=um;odawmfrlI ouU&mZfg(988) ck
ewfawmfvwGif bk&ifok"rR&mZm onfrsm;pGmaom&JrufAdkvfygaygif;wdk@ESifh=uGcsDawmfrlI 'Gg&m0wD oHwJjG rdk@odk@
a&mufawmfrlv#ifqifuJ=uD;eENausmifxifutr_awmfudkjyD;pD;atmifxrf;&Gufygrnf/ bkef;=uD;aomt&Sifonf
'Gg&m0wD oHwGJjrdK@wGifompHaeawmfrlyg[kav#mufxm;jyD;v#if qifuJ=uD;eENausmfxifonfrsm;pGmaom&Jruf
Adkvfygaygif;wdk@eSifh csDwufavv#if oHv#if[Hom0wFjrd@rsm;udk ta=utnufwdkufcfdkufodrf;,lv#uf/ twkwf
tcGefvufaqmifyÀmum&wdk@udk rsm;pGmodrf;,lcJhI b0&Sifrif;=uD;tm;qufoawmfrlvmv#if qifuJ=uDl;eEN

82
ausmfxiftm; rSL;rwftaqmifta,mif udkxyfavmif;Iay;awmfrlavonf/ ,if;odk@qufoawmfrlaom
vufaqmufwdk@udkodrf;ydkufcH,lawmfrljydD;v#if aejynfawmfodk@jyefvnfawmfrlcJh avonf
ToD&dok"rRrif;=uD;onf 'Gg&m0wFoHwGJe,fu qifeDwpfpD;/ taemufjrdkK@opfu qifjzLawmftrwpfpD;
&awmfrlaoma=umifh qifjzLocif/ qifeD&Sif [lIac:wGifawmfrlavonf/
xdkqifjzLocif/ qifeDocif jzpfawmfrlaom igwdk@&cdkifa&$eef;&Si(f P-172) bk&ifodD&dok"rR&mZmrif;=uD;ESifh
ta&S@jynftif;0jrdK@a&$eef;ocifbk&ifoD&dok"rR&mZmr[m"dywdbJG@cH omvGefrif;w&m;=uD;onf rif;apwref
&mZmoHa&;om; rSm=um;ay;ydk@=uojzifho[m,ENdjzpfawmfrl=uavonf/ Todk@jzpfawmfrl=uaomt&mudk
odom&kHnGefjyvdkufaytHh?
ouU&mZf(996) ck awmfovif;vwGif aZ,swref/ *kEM&mZwref/ a'0wrefwdk@ESifhvklaygif;wusdyfESpfa,muf
wdk@udkigwdk@&cdkifbk&ifa&$eef;&SifodD&dok"rR&mZmrif;u &mZoHjzifhapvGawmfrlvdkufonf/ &mZmoHum;
yp>dra'otaemufw&dk;jynf=uD;rsm;udktpdk;&aomt,lZPsyl&wnf;[laom &cdkifa&$eef;ocif/ qifjzL
rsm;ocif/ b0&Sifbk&ifodD&dok"rR&mZmcspf=unfojzifhjrwfedk;pGm=um;a&mufvdkufaom t&S@w&dk; okey& EW
tp&Sdaom xdkxdkaomtwdkif;wdkif;udktpdk;&aom &wema&$wGif;rif;ocif t0a&$eef;ocif/ tcspfawmf
b0&Sif rif;w&m;=uD;uvuf0JodOPnf;/ a0vkoref/ ydkufe&J/ wdk@a&$aypmudk OD;xdyfxuf
&Gufaqmifv#ufa&muf vmI Zif;r,fjynf=uD;Ytcspfawmf udk,fcsrf;omjcif;ESvHk;csrf;omjcif;jzifh omoem
awmfjyef@ygG;apyifa=umif; okwfoifcsD;jrSifhonfta=umif;udk=um;&v#if tvGef0rf;ajrmufonf/ tcspfawmf
tuQ&mpm0,fygvmonfh pum;a=umif;t"dy`g,fudkvnf;od=um;&jyD/ qdkbG,frJhrSefawmhonfcsnf; tcspf
awmfodk@ ydk@a&mufvmonfh tuQ&mYbdfk;awmfbk&m;qifjzLocif oem;arwWm&Sdjcif; onfvnf;
oifhvSonfyif/ xdkodk@rif;oHk;yg;oifhwifh&m wGif awmifilrif;t=uD;ESifh bdk;awmfbk&m;onf udk,fawmfjcif;
jrJjrHjcif;/ oabmfawmfcsif;jrJjrHjcif;/ tjzpfjzifhoifh wifhawmfrlavonfkum; jynfaxmifcsif; rif;wumwdk@
onf4i;f/ wdkif;um;edkifiHjynfolwdk@onf4if;/ rif;ESpfyg; onf&mZ0wfjzifhom qufqHcspfcifawmf rl=uonf
r[kwf/ oabmcspfyif[lI pdwfESvHk;t0yfcscsrSwfonfht a=umif;jzpfayavonf/ oabm&dk;udk odrnfholum;
tvGefodcJvSonf/ xdka=umif;ESpfa&;wGif tcspfawmft =udkKufudkodcsifonf[lIygavonf/ tcspfawmfurl
um; bdk;awmfcrnf;awmfawmifiljrdK@wnf rif;oHk;yg;tcspf zGJ@jcif;onfvnf;oifhonfyif/ ,if;odk@pm0,f
omoemawmft&SnfyGg;jyef@a=umif; jynfol&[ef;wkd@tudsK;pD; yGm;rsm;a=umif; om;awmfajr;awmfj rpfaawmf
tpdkiftquft&SnfjrifhpGmtcspfjrJatmifaqGawmfrsdK;awmftjzpf jrJaESmif;jcif;onfavsmharhavonf[lI
ynm&Sdol awmfaumif;wdk@qdkygavzG,fonfh ta=umif;rsm;udkaxmuf ojzifhcspfaomoabm&Sdaomum;
ypPKy`ef tem*wfudk odedkifaomajzmifhajzmifhpdkufpdkuf ESvHk;&Sdaomynm&Sdt aqGcifyGef;jzpfaomtrdsk;[lI
rSwfapvdkonf [lIygvwWH/ onfta=umif;rl &wema&$ayxuf tcspf[laom tuQ&m pma&;vdkuf
=uonfhaehuyiftaqGrSwfawmhonf/ trdsK;rSmwHkvnf;rSwfonfr[kwf/ trsdK;yifjzpf=u awmhonf/
odk@udkvnf; tcspfawmfpdwf0,f rdwftjym;wdk@wGifr[mrdwfjzpfa=umif; trdsk;xufjrJa=umif;udkrSwf ydkuf
av[ef &Sdonfvnf;oifhvSonf/ t&;rlum; avmurSefuif;wnf;[klaomtqufqufaom jrwfpGmbk&m;
wdk@onf ypPye` f oHo&mY tusdk;pD;yGm;.ta=umif; rpu,fwifcsD;ajrSmufawmfrlaponf? taqGudkomv#if
tvGefcsdD;rGrf;jcif;tm;xkwfawmfrl=uonf/ r[mrdwfwnf;[laomjrpfoufyifpnfyGm;jyef@cdkif jzD;avu
owW0g paomt&dkif;rsk;dwdk@Yum; rif;wumrif;om;tusdk;pD;yGm;&SdI wriftusdK;pD;yGm;r&Sdaomfvnf; vl
wumwdk@ ESpfvdkjcif; rjzpf&monf ta=umif;Y4if; rif;r_/ rif;a&;/ rif;&m [lIta=umif;oHk;yg;wdk@ESifh4if;
ynm&Sdwumwdk@vnf;csD;rGrf;axmremrnfhta=umif;udkvnf; omowemawmfwdkif;um;edkifiHawmfumv&Snf
jrifhpGm yGif;vif;om,mrnfhta=umif;udk4if;rif;ESpfyg;onfpDppf&SmazG=urnfhta&;omxifonf/ odk@jzpfIrif;
ESpfyg;onf pdkufpdkufrwfrwfpdwfw0rf;xJ =unfvifoef@&Sif;pGmtcspfarwWm&Sd&monfudk axmufojzifh
&wem a&$ayYa&;=um;vdkufonf/ tcspfawmfa&$eef;&Sif. jrwfaomOm%fjzifhxifodtwdkif;udkom od=um;
jyefapcsifhawmhonf/ tcspfawmfrif;apwdk@=um; (P-174) uavonfhta=umif;rlum; wdk@em;0,ft=um;

83
0Hhonfhowif;udk=um;jcif;a=umifh pl;prf;av&m=um;yavonf/ aZ,swrf/ *kEM&mZwref/ a'0wref wdk@t
v#ifa&mufvmvG,frS tcspfawmf Tusrf;cef@onfhowif;ESifh ta&;cyfodrf;udk=um;odrnf/ [lI&mZoHwGif
ygavonf/
apvGwftyfaom aZ,swref/ *kEM&mZwref/ wdk@onf 4if;ouU&mZf wefaqmif;rkef;vqef;wpf&uf
aom=umae@wGif tif;0bk&ifoD&dok"rR&mZmr[m"dywd bGJ@cH omvGerf if;w&m;=uD;tm; zl;jrif&ojzifh vuf
aqmifyÀmqufoIar;jref;awmfrljyD;v#if a&$aiGb¾mpaomqufo7efvufaqmifESifhwuG &mZoH a&$ay
a&;I eENaZ,strwffwdk@udk igwdk@&cdkifbk&if oD&dok"rRm&mZmrif;=uD;xH apv$wfawmfrlvdkufonf? ?
&mZoHum;? ?
okemy&EWwdkif; wr`'Dywdkif; uarŠmZwdkif;/ &rnwdkif;/ acrm&Xwdkif;/ aZm"de*&wdkif;/ &wemrl&a&$jynf=uD;/
oa&acwW&mjynf/ t&dr'Nejynf/ rkwWrjynf/ auwkrwDjynf/ [Ho0wDjynf/ ,mom0wDjynf/ jr0wDjynf/
rkwWrjynf/ 'g;0,fjynf/ Zif;r,fjynf/ usdKif;ionfjynf/ usdKif;wHkjynf/ teef;jynf/ usdKif;&Hk;jynf/ ionf0Djynf/
rdk;rdwfjynf/ oDaygjynf/ rdk;eJjynf/ anmifa&$jynf/ Aef;armfjynf/ rdkCf;aumif;jynf/ rdkCf;nSif;jynf/ uav;jynf/
rdkif;v#nf;jynf/ udkif;rm;jynf/ rdkif;armfjynf/ wdkif;=uD;rsm; taygif;ESifhwuG jynf=uD;rsm; taygif;udk tpdk;&aom
aiFwGif;ocif a&$wGif;ocif/ y,if;wGif;ocif/ ywWjrm;wGif;ocif/ a&$eef;ocif b0&Sif oD&dok"rR&mZm r[m
"dywd cspf=unfpGm; =um;a&mufvdkufaom rZPsdra'otaemufw&dk; jynf=uD;rsm;udk tpdk;&aom qifeD ocif
tcspfawmf b0&Sif oD&dok"rR&mZm ? ? [lIygavonf?
(&SnftHhpdk;I ra&;vdkufjyD? Tonfum; &mZmoHay;awmfrl=uonfhta=umif;)
oD&dok"rRm&mZmrif;. rdzk&m;wdk@onf ESrawmf&if;jzpfaom ewf&Sifr,fvnf; wa,muf/ nDrawmfjzpfaom
rdzk&m;arSmufawmfrvnf;wa,muf/ &mZolorD; 0if;vHk;vnf;wa,muf/tm;jzifh rdzk&m;oHk;a,muf&Sdonf?
(P-175) udk,fvkyfarmif;rwdk@onfum; rsm;pGm&Sdav./ om;awmforD;awmfwdk@onfum; ESrawmf&if;
rdzk&m;acgif ewf&Sifr,fwGif tdrfedrfhom;awmf rif;pae/ rmef=uD;pGmESifh orD;awmfa&$=uifpGm oHk;a,muf zGg;jrif
awmfrlonf?
TrSwyg; om;awmf orD;awmfwdk@onf wq,fhajcmufa,muf&Sdao;a=umif;ESifh qdkonf/ trnfemr raz:cJh
av?
xdkrif;. aumif;r_awmfbk&m;rSm ousrO…L trnf&Sdawmfrl./ xdkrif;rdzk&m;wdk@onf 'ge oDv paom ukodkvf
aumif;r_udk jyKpktm;xkwfawmfrl.//
rdzk&m;acgif ewf&Sifr,fonf rif;acgifa&$*lausmif;awmfudk aqmufvkyfI &[ef;oCFmawmfwdk@tm; vSL'gef;
awmfrl.?
xdkrif;onf tdrfedrfh 20/ eef;pH 16/ ESpfpkoufawmf 36-ESpf/ ouU&mZf (1000)jynfh eH,kefvqkwf ESpf&uf/
we*FaEGae@wGif vGefawmfrlavonf? eHawmf t*Fgom;wnf;? 8 ?
Tonfum; q&mirnf;&mZ0ifY jyqdktyfaom oD&dok"rR&mZm tcef;wnf;?
"n0wDta&;awmfyHkwGifvmonfh ta=umif;rSm ? ? rif;carmif; om;awmf oD&dok"rR&mZmrif;vufxuf
wGif trwfynm0Hoom; av;jrdK@pm; ivuf&Hk;vnf; wa,muf/ avmif;=uufpm; iukovvnf;wa,muf
&Sdonf/ avmif;=uufpm; iukovESifh rdzk&m;ewf&Sirf ,f cspf=udkuf=uavaomf avmf;=uufp; ,=wmtvGef
wwfonfjzpfI jynfh&Sifrif;eHudk ESdyfv#uf tif;tdkif,=wmjzifhvkyfjyD;rS rif;xHav#mufonfum; t&Sifrif;=uD;
qifjzLawmfa&mufvdrfhrnfav#mufI qifpg pyg;[def;pGudk a&uefwl;I csxm;aponf? ,if;odk@jyD;rl oli,f
wdk@udk iukkovu oifIqdkif;aponfum;/ ?
anmifyif=uD;&if;/ [def;pGcsif;/ rif;xD;wdk@&Sif/ bk&ifeef;&jzpfvdrfhrnf?
,if;odk@ oli,fwdk@qdkaompum;udk ynm&Sdivuf&Hk;=um;v#if jynfh&Sif (P-176) rif; oD&dok"rR&mZmxH
av#mufonfum; ? ? t&Sifrif;=uD;[def;pGonf t*FgeH [dEM- [laom tr_onf ,kwfaompum;/ t&Sifrif;
=uD;vnf; t*Fgom;/ eHudk qifpD;eif;onf/ Ak'<[l;om;trwfavmif;=uufpm; iukovjzpfygonf?

84
qifum;a&mufrnfr[kwf/ qifeH Ak'<[l;om; rif;jzpfvdkaoma=umifh waygifudk iukovaz:onfjzpfonf?
tif;tdkif,=wmaq;0g;ya,m*ESifh avmif;=uufpm;iukvvkyfxm;I t&Sifrif;=udD;udk,fawmfY a0'emuyf
a&mufv#uf,ck&Sdygonf/ ckESpfvESifh t&Sifrif;=uD;ewf&GmvGefrnftrSefjzpfygonf/ av#mufavaomf jynfh&Sif
rif;=uD;r,HkI ighudkxifjrif;atmifjy&OD;rnf trdefhawmf&Sdavaomf vlwpfa,mufukdjrdK@wGif;jrdK@jyif=wif;emacs
trwfivuf&Hk;uapvGwfvdkuf&m =um;cJhaom=wif;oHaomfum; (yXr=wif;) rif;[&D arSmufrSm;tvm;vm;/
[&DvJaojynfvJa=u? ('kwd,=wif;) usGefESifhrwefrif;jzpf=uHonf/ trSefwef@wef@ ckepfvwGifrif;jzpftHh/
(wwd,=wif;)zGwfurdausmif;jzpfv#ifacsmif;ajrmif;rcHom/usGefuolaumif;jzpfv#ifwdkfif;um;rpnf&m/ ,if;
odk@ =um;cJhaom=wif;oHk;&yfukd ynm&Sdtrwfivuf&Hk;av#mufonfum; t&Sifrif;jrwf t&Sifhi,frnfawmf
onf rif;[&D jzpfygonf/ t&Sifrif;vnf;aojynfvnf;a=uygrnf/ usGefuolaumif;jzpfrnfrSm iukov
qifeHrif;jzpfrnfhta=umif;xGufygonf/ iukov edkifiHolowW0gwdk hrD;uJhodk@ylygrnf[kav#mufxm;av&m
oD&dok"rR&mZm rif;=uD;tm; rdzk&m;ewf&Sifr,fuvSnfhzsm;v#ufajymqdkav#mufxm;avI avmif;=uufpm;
iukovrSm tjypfrnfodk@r&Sd csrf;ompGmt&mrysufxm;av&m trwfynm&Sdivuf&Hk;vnf; ynmenf;aom
rif;xHqnf;uyfIaeacsaomf aemiftjypf=uD;pGmjzpf&monf=uHv#uf rif;xHcGifhawmif;jyD;v#if &[ef;jyKIae
avonf/ ckepfvaphaomfum; odD&dok"rR&mZmrif;onf jyif;pGma0'emwdk;vwfI vGefawmfrlavonf[kqdk
onf/ Tonfum; (P-177) "n0wDta&;awmfyHkYvmaom oD&dok"rR&mZmrif;ta=umif;wnf;/
&mZm0ifa[mif;jrdK@wnfcef;wGif rif;zavmif;vufxufawmfY odkuf"gwf ed'ge;f usrG f;usifvdrRmawmfrlaom
ydEJaM wmfbek f;awmf=uD;/ [l;&m;ol=uD;iuk/ qifuJ=uD;trwfiykwdk@tm; ig.tEG,fawmfonf rnfr#jzpfxGef;
rnfenf;wGufcsufI av#muf&rnftrdfefhawmf&SdI wGufcsufav#mufxm;=uonfrSm t&Sifrif;=uD;tEG,f
awmfonf udk;qufwGifjywfygrnf/ jywfrnfum; ouU&mZf wpfaxmifaphwGif paeom;vufxufjywfyg vddrfh
rnf[lIvnf;aumif;/
t&Sifrif;=uD;tEG,fawmfpaeom;vufxufouU&mZf (999) ckuyifpI usGefEkyfwdk@vufikwfvufpudkzsufyg
vdrfhrnf/ waxmifaphwGif,if;paeom;udk; Ak'<[l;om;[dEM0ifrif;jzwfygvdrfhrnf[lIvnf;aumif;/
av#mufxm;a[majymcJhzl;onftwdkif; crnf;awmfrif;carmif;onf ouU&mZf (984) ckeH,kefvqef;(3) &uf
aom=umae@vGefawmfrlavv#if 4if;ae@nOfhoef;acgif;v$J (3) em&DtcsdefwGifom;awmfrif;[&Donf rif;jzpf
awmfrlavonf/ trnfawmfudk odD&Dok"rR&mZm[lI trnfcHawmfr. l / rif;tjzpfodk@a&mufawmfrlavv#if
bdk;awmfcrnf;awmfwdk@jyKvkyfawmfrlcJhaom jynfxJta&;udk rjyKvkyfr&Gufaqmif pnf;pdrfcsrf;omudkomcHpm;
v#ufaeawmfrl./
w&Ha&mtcgY atmufarhawmfrlv#uf odkufwwfivuf&Hk;ESifh [l;&m;ol=uD;rif;ausmfwdk@udk ac:awmfrlI
ar;awmfrlonf/ igh/tEG,fawmfonfb,fholtqufwGifjywfrnfenf;/ tb,folv#iftb,ft&yfu
tb,f &yfom;jzpfvwWH rnfenf;[kar;awmfrl./ odkufwwfivuf&Hk;ESifh [l;&m;ol=uD;rif;ausmfwdk@av#muf
xm;=uonfrSm t&Sifrif;=uD; t&Sifrif;=uD;tEG,af wmfonfpaeom;vufxufwGifjywfygrnf tb,ft7yf
utb,f&ufom; jzpfrnfenf;[kar;awmfrlonfrSm awmifzuft&yfuv#if Ak'<[l;om;jzpfygvwWH[k
av#muf =uavuke. f /
(P-178)odD&dok"rR&mZmrif;vnf;igvufxufwGifjzpfvwWHavm[kar;avawmfrljyefaomf/odkufwwfivuf&kH;
/ [l;&m;ol=uD;rif;ausmfwdk@av#muf=um;onfrSm t&Sifrif;=uD;vufxufYrjzpfygao;/ t&Sifrif;=uD;vGefawmf
rljyD;rS om;awmfrif;paevufxufwGifomjzpfvwWH&Sdygrnf[kav#muf=uavukefonf/ oD&dok"rR&mZmrif;=uD;
vnf; [,fodkufwwfivuf&Hk; ig.tEG,fawmfjywfv#if tb,ftEG,f/ tb,ft&ufom;jzpfvwWHenf;[k
ar;awmfrl./ odkufwwfivuf&Hk;vnf; t&Sifrif;=uD;tEG,fawmfudk usGefrdsK;Ak'<[l;om;jzpfvwWHrnfudk/
iSufwGifiSuf,kwf/ iSufacgifykwfudk/ iSufrsm;jcH&HjyKvdrfhrnf/
vlwGifvl,kwf/ vlpufqkwfudk/ vlrsm;&dkaojyKvdrfhrnf/

85
[lIodkufusrf;vma=umif;ESifh av#mufjyD;v#if t&Sifrif;=uD; t&Sifrif;=uD;.tEG,fawmfudkjzwffvwWHaom
rif;wdk@.&ufpOfrSm paeom;udk Ak'<[l;om;jzwfvdrfhrnf/ Ak'<[l;om;udk paeom;jzwfvdrfhrnf/ paeom;udk
wevFmom;jzwfvdrfhrnf/ wevmFom;;udk aom=umom;jzwfvdrfhrnf/ aom=umom;odk Ak'[ < l;om;jzwfvdrfh
rnf / Ak'<[l;om;udk paeom;jzwfvdrfhrnf/ paeom;udk t*gFom;jzwfvdrfhrnf/ t*gFom;udk =uoyaw;om;
jzwfvdrfhrnf/ =umoyaw;om;udk wevFmom;jzwfvdrfhrnf/ wevFmom;udk paeom;jzwfvdrfhrnf/ paeom;
udk&m[kom;jzwffvdrfhrnf/ w&mh&Spfq,fwdkifjyD;rSom paeom;wpfa,mufjzpfvdrfhrnf[k odkufwwfivuf
&Hk;av#mufay./ oD&dok"rR&mZmrif;=uD;vnf;qdwfqdwfaeawmfrl./ Todk@av#mufxm;jyD;aemuf [l;&m;
ol=uD;rif;ausmfaovGefojzifh odkufwwfivuf&Hk;wpfa,mufwnf;om&SdonfjzpfI wdkifyifazmfwdkifyifzufr
&jzpfavonf/S
xdktcg rif;yg.ajr;awmfjzpfol avmif;=uufjrdK@pm; trwfiukovonf rdrdrif;jzpfap&ef rEWmef,=wmtjzm
jzmwdk@udk rsm;pGm tm;xkwfjyKvkyfpDrHav./ (P-179) odkufwufivuf&Hk;vnf; t&Sifrif;=uD; udk,fawmf
iukovum; Ak'<[l;eHay:zdk@om[kav#muf./ oD&dok"rR&mZmrif;vnf; odkufwufivuf&Hk;pum;udk remr,l
rlI a&$vl;rD;ayguf oHk;csufESifh xD;jzLqif;v#uf jrSifhawmfrlI awmifxufwGif eef;xdkifawmfrl./
rdzk&m;ESifh iukovonf oifhwifh=uav./ avmif;=uufpm; iukovonf udk,feHay:odk@ qiftdk;wnfbdk@
Ak'<[l;eHay:odk@ rdrdrif;jzpfzdk@ukd =uHygonf[k av#muf./ av#mufonfhpum;udk remr,lrlI qiftdk;udk oD&d
ok"rR&mZmrif; wnfjyKawmfrlaponf/ qiftopf0ifaomtcg a&tdkifodk@ yufupm;omatmif uefwla;p./
ausmufpmwdkifY bDvl;&kyf ewfom;&kyfxkvkyfapI uefav;axmifhwGif pdkufap./ qifudkvnf; eH,kefv
qif;ap./ qif0ifaomtcg qifpm;zdk@ [def;apmpyg;cif; uefajrmufu pdkufysdk;ap.?
xdkaomtjcif;t&mpum;rsm;udk y&wWrwdkufae/ bkef;awmf=uD;wyg;ESifh ppfuGufq&mwdk@=um;avv#if oD&d
ok"rR&mZmtm; odkufpmudkqufav./ odkufpmqufa=umif;udk avmif;=uufpm; iukovtm; ac:I
jyawmfrlavv#if avmif;=uufpm;vnf; tusGeftbdk;udk r=udKufojzifh oHawmfOD;wifjcif;omjzpfonf[k
av#muf./ odkufwwfivuf&Hk;u t&Sifrif;=uD; Tavmif;=uufpm;v#if rif;jzpfvwWHrnf[k av#muf./
oD&dok"rR&mZmvnf; tenf;i,f,HkrSm;v#ufae./ avmif;=uufpm;onf qeftdk;udk tm;tefxkwfv#uf
vkyf./ odkufpmqufaom bkef;awmf=uD;udk &Smapaomf y&wWrwdkufwGif awG@I avmif;=uufpm;xH
yifhIay;av./ a&mufvwfv#if avmif;=uufpm;onf Todk@av#muf./ t&Sifbk&m; TjynfwGif
t&Sifbk&m;ESifh tusGefyfwdk@ES,f ESpfa,mufxufr&Syd g/ odk@jzpfI ta&;t&mwdk@udk =uHawmfrlyg[k '*dk;
ig;&m ,lv#uf t&Sif.vufaxmifh=um;wGif xdk;I vSLvdkuf./ ,if;odk@jyKjyD;v#if ppfuGyfq&m bkef;awmf
=uD;udk tdrfodk@ yifhapI twdkiftyifjyKay./
ppfuGyfq&mbkefa;wmf=uD;vnf; Todk@qdk./ rif;=uD;rif;jzpfv#if jynf (P-180) um;ysufvdrfhrnf/
tEG,fawmfwq,fhwqufjzpfvdrfhrnf[kqdk./ avmif;=uufpm;vnf; Todk@av#muf./ t&Sifbk&m; qif
xdk;jyD;I qifwdk@0ifv#if qifpmonftb,fudkay;&tHhenf;[k av#muf./ ppfuGyfbkef;awmf=uD;vnf; rif;=uD;
qifpm pyg;[def;apmudk ewfxm;uefajrmufzufu =uJjyD;aomf ta&S@wHcg;jzifh xGufvwfv#if =wif;wck=um;
vdrfhrnf/ ,if;=wif;twdkif;v#if rif;=uD;rif;jzpfvwWH@rnf[k ppfuGyb f kef;awmf=uD;qdkay./ qdkonfhae@Yyifv#if
qifpmpyg;=uJav./ =uJI vmvwfv#if t&SifppfuGyfbkef;awmf=uD;qdkonfhtwdkif; ta&S@wHcg;0wGif &yfI
=wif;emcHaomf oli,fwdk@ =wif;qdkvwdonfum;? ?
awmifjydef;jydef;ajymif/ 0efv,faumif/ uefaygif;uef&if;/ [defa;pmcif;/ eifhbv,fvkyf/ t=uHxkwfI/
v,fvkyf[efvdk/ xdkoltdkESifh 0gqdkvwGif prf;=urnf?
[laompum;udk vuf0Jzufu=um;cJhI ppfuGyb f kef;awmf=uD;tm; =um;cJha=umif;udk av#muf./ ppfuGyf
bkef;awmf=uD;vnf; Tpum;=wif;twdkif; jzwfvwfrnfrcsGyf[kqdkay./ avmif;=uufpm;vnf; '*Fg;ig;&m
udk,lv#uf t&Sifbk&m;vufaxmifh=um;wGifxnfhvdkuf./ t&Sifbk&m;vnf; ausmif;odk@ oGm;av./

86
odkufwwfivuf&Hk;u xdkpum;udk=um;avv#if oD&dok"rR&mZmtm;=um;av#muf./ rif;=uD;vnf; ighvuf
xufjzpfrnfavm[lar;awmfrl./ odkufwwfivuf&Hk;vnf; t&Sifrif;=uD;om;awmf vufxufwGifom
jzpfygrnf/ odkufpmusrf;wGif qdkonfrSm?
e*g;tEG,f/ tu,fudk;quf/ ajrmufvdrfhrnf/ ?
tqHk;e*g;/ wdkifavjim;/ e*g;tEG,fjywfvdrfhrnf//
[lI odkufpmusrf;*ef&Sdygonf/ odk@jzpfI Ak'<[l;om; bdk;awmfavmif;=uufpm; iukovonf tEG,fawmfudk
jzwfygvdrfhrnf[k av#muf.?
(P-181) rif;=uD;vnf; jzpfay:vwfrnfhol trSefjzpfI ae@vHk;ukefavaomfvnf; ESvHk;roGif;rdav/
odkufwwfivuf&Hk;vnf; t&Sifrif;=uD;/ tusGEfkyf,=wmjyKaytHh[kav#muf./ rif;=uD;vnf; qdwfqdwfom
aeawmfrl./ odkufwwfivuf&Hk;vnf; acgoHk;q,f/ yef;zGg;oHk;q,fESifh avmif;=uufpm;tdrfwGif ,=wmjyK
acs./ avmif;=uufpm;odavv#if ,=wmudk ywW&mjyKrnf tjcif;t&mum; oD&dok"rR&mZmonf t*Fg
om;jzpfaoma=umifh ipnf-[laom ywW&mudkqdk./ qdkonfrSmum;? ?
udk;&mudk;q,f/ udk;ck0,fyif/ iwGifpa&/ na&wef;cG/ jynfrrwfusGef/ [efyefaumif;pG/ usGef&nfaumif;onf
yg&Jb//
[kwfonfhvifcsm/ vifEGJ@aESmif;/ vifaumif;qdkonf/ aumif;vwfrnf// ipnf,l,l/ ESma&mifjzLudk armifjzl
usHK;I r&wum; yg&Jb?
ipnfwayguf/ ig&aumufrSm &Sdavonfvnf; yg&Jb?
aus;uwkyfyif&if;/ ipnfwGif;/ eif;avarmifrif;/ wa,mufcsif;/ eif;rdarmif=uD;/ eifhOD;&D;rSm/ wl;&Gif;iSg;acs/
wl&Gif;r&/ &efwif;&Sm/ c&mpdk;rnftdk;rdef;r/ eifhrdarmif=uD;/ eifhOD;&D;rSm tdk;ysnfiSg;acs/ tdk;ysnfr&/ &efwif&Sm/
c&mpdk;rnf tdkrdef@r/ ipnf,l,l/ ESma&mifjzLudk armifjzL usHK;I r&wum;yg&Jb?
om;yg&Judk ausif;rSmrxm;/ tdrfrSmxm;I &Sifrsm;jyKrnf/ =uhygonf/ tacgif;udkifvnf;/ tacgif;r&/
&rf;&rf;wum; yg&Jb?
tjrD;udkifvnf; tjrD;r&/ &rf;&rf;wum; yg&Jb?
vrl;eDawmif&dk;/ ,myHk;qdk;rSm/ uaygufwck &Sdavonfvnf; yg&Jb?
[kwfonfhvifcsm/ vifEGJ@aESmif;/ vifawmif;qdkonf/ aumif;vwfrnf? ipnf,l,l/ ESma&mifjzLudk/
armifjzLusHK;Ir&wum; yg&Jb?
bDbdk;eef;oHk;/ vrefukef;wGif/ tjcif;xHk;q,f/ jyvwfrnfvnf; yg&Jb? (P-182) tif;0yk*H/ edkifiHa'o/
jynfvHk;cGwGif/ Áaygufwck&Sdavonfvnf; yg&Jb?
[kwfvifhvifcsm/ vifEJ@G aESmif;/ vifaumif;qdkonf/ aumif;vwfrnf? ipnf,l,l/ ESma&mifjzLudk armifjzLusHK;
Ir&wum; yg&Jb?
rmefatmiftqHk;/ ausmufwvHk;rSm/ Áaygufwck&Sdavonfvnf; yg&Jb?
[kwfvifhvsifcsm/ vifEJ@G aESmif;/ vifaumif;qdkonf/ aumif;vwfrnf/ ipnf,l,l/ ESma&mifjzLudk armifjzLusHK;
Ir&wum; yg&Jb?
ukvm;weftrsm;/ ukvufem;wGi/f Áaygufwck&Sdavonfvnf; yg&Jb?
taemufrSmvnf;/ yp&mt=um;/ tlcsmrsm;wGif/ Áaygufwck&Sdavonfvnf; yg&Jb?
[if;rm;orD;/ [efvHk;=uD;ESifh/ em;aÈmif;0wfum/ uIvmonf/ igvnf;wcsuf/ vrefawmwGif/ ajymvdkuf
v#uf/ [kwfwnfhvifcsm/ cifEGJ@aESmif;/ vifaumif;qdkrnf/ aumif;vwfrnf/ ipnf,l,l/ ESma&mifjzLudk
armifjzlusHK;r&wum; yg&Jb?
acgif;udkudkifvnf;/ &rf;&rf;wum;/ tjrDudkifvnf;/ &rf;&rf;wum; yg&Jb?
ipnfom;udk/ wefatmifrpm;/ tvGefpm;vdk@/ uhaumif;acs;&nf/ ,dkvwfrnfvnf; yg&Jb?

87
[kwfvifhvifcsm/ vifEJ@G aESmif;/ vifaumif;qdkonf/ aumif;vwfrnf/ ipnf,l,l/ ESma&mifjzLudk armifjzL
usHK;r&wum; yg&Jb? [lIqdkavonf? Todk@qdkaom ipnftjcif;t&mudk odkufwwfivuf&Hk;=um;v#if
t&Sifrif;=uD;/ bdk;awmfavmif;=uufpm; iukovonf bdk;awmfudk,f&H=uD; ivHk;wif vGefawmfrlavv#if
txl;xl; ,=wmywW&mudk =uHpnfygonf/ t&Sifrif;=uD;rodygavm/ o=um;rif;pf;pdrfuJhodk@aom pnf;pdrfudk
cHpm;Iom aeawmf (P-183) rlbdonf? tEG,fawmfjywfygvwfrnf=uHonf/ bdk;awmfiukov
rif;jzpfqpf&Sdygonf/ t&Sifrif;=uD;tm; zdpm;Iredkifygv#if tusGEfkyfvnf; wjynfw&Gmodk@ ajy;&ygrnfom/
t&Sifrif;=uD;pOf;pm;awmfrlygav/ ausmufqdyfESifh pdk;a&$yef;ewf/ ausmufADvmwGif =wif;emygav[k odkuf
wwfivuf&Hk;av#muf.?
oD&dok"rR&mZmvnf; eef;&Sifvkvifaxmifpm;ESifh bkef;awmfpm;wdk@udk =wif;emawmfrlaomf/ ausmufqdyf
ewfonf/ rif;[&Dudk ynfapmifhxm;onf/ [&Dvnf;ao/ jynfvnf;a=u/ ? [kidkoHudk=um;cJ./
pdk;a&$yef;ewfwGif =wif;emaomf? ? pdk;a&$yef;ewfvnf;/ usGefuvlonf/ tu,fwef@wef@/ waxmifaphwGif
jzpfvwWH@/ [lIqdkoHudk=um;cJh./
ausmfAvmwGif =wif;emaomf? ? zGwfurD;ausmif;jzpfaomf/ acsmiff;ajrmif;rcsrf;om/ usGefuolaumif;jyKaomf
jynf&Gmrcsrf;om/ [laom=wif;udk=um;&.//
=um;cJhonfhtwdkif; em;awmfav#muf=uavv#if rif;=uD;onfa=umufojzifh odkufwwfivuf&Hk;udk ac:I
ar;awmfrl./ odkufwwfivuf&Hk;vnf; t&Sifrif;=uD; ausmufqdyfewfidkonfhtvdkrSm/ t&Sifrif;=uD;ysufpD;
tHhaomta=umif;/ ? pdk;a&$yef;ewfqdkaom =wif;t&rSm/ usGefurif;jzpftHhaota=umif;/ ? ausmufzDvm
=wif;t&rSm / usGefurif;jzpfv#if jynf&Gmrcsrf;om ysufpD;odrfzsif;thhHaomta=umif; jzpfygonf[k av#muf.?
oD&dok"rR&mZmvnf; odkufwwfivuf&Hk;udk odkuf"gwfusdef;cef;wdk@ESifh wGufcsufI=unfhyg[k rdef@awmfrl./
odkuf"gwfusdef;cef;wdk@ESifh wGufcsufI=unfh&SKaomf ouU&mZfwaxmifaphwGif awmifu Ak'<[l;om;
tEG,fwq,fhwquf rif;wdk@jzpfvdrfhrnf/ jynf&Gmysufvdrfhrnf[k av#muf./ rif;=uD;vnf; qdwfqdwfae
awmfrl./ ?
rif;jzpfvwWH@rnf=uHaom iukovrSmvnf; ywW&m ipnfudkqdkap./ qdkapaompum;udk jynfoljynfom;
wdk@onf wcgr#r=um;zl;aoma=umifh jynftvHk;onf (P-184) vufckyf wajzmufajzmufwD;v#uf
qdk=uavukef./ odkufwwfivuf&Hk;vnf; ipnftjcif;t&mESifh ywW&mqdkaomta=umif;udk =um;v#if
t&Sifrif;=uD;/ bdk;awmfavmif;=uufpm;onf/ t*FgeHudkeif;I ipnfjcif;udkqdkygonf? t&Sifrif;=uD; em;cHawmfr
jyKoifhyg[kav#muf./ rif;=uD;vnf; qdwfqdwfaeawmfr. l /
w&Ja&mtcg avmif;=uufpm;iukovonf ipnfESpfom;udkac:v#uf ESkwfxnfh./ a,mufsm; igonf reuf
apmapm rif;tdrfodk@wufrnf/ eifonf qnf0wGifavS&HkY ipnftjcif;t&mudk jyaeESifh[k rSmvdkuf./
avmif;=uufpm;vnf; reufapmapmuonf rif;tdrfodk@wufvwf./ qnf0avS&HkwGif ipnfqdkaom pum;
udk =um;avv#if xrf;pifESifh&yfIemcH./ emcHaompum;udk rif;tdrfodk@wufv#if oD&dok"rR&mZmrif;=uD;udk
av#muf./ t&Sifrif;=uD; ipnf[lwHk.&Sifh/ tusGEfkyftoufwbdk@wGifonfom =um;bl;.&Sifh[k
av#muf./ ,if;tcgwGif &Spfaomif;bkef;awmf=uD; *k%rO…LESihf odkufwwfivuf&Hk;wdk@&Sd=u./
&Spfaomif;bkef;awmf=uD; *k%rO…Lu Todk@rdef@awmfrl./ Tipnfpum;udk=um;u ckepf&uftwGif; ysufpD;tHh
[krdef@awmfrl./ odkufwwfivuf&Hk;vnf; Todk@av#muf./ (pmrsufESm 133 udk quf=unfhygav/)
rif;=uD;vnf; remr,lrlI eef;&6ifjyifodk@oGif;jyD;v#if ajrwvif;wGif ipnfESpfI jyap./ rif;=uD;onf rdzk&m;
armif;rrd\Hwdk@ESifhwuG xGufI=unfhawmfrl/ ipnfpum;udk =um;awmfrlv#if ouU&mZf waxmifjynfhwGif
eH,kefvqkwf (2)&uf wevFmae@ oD&dok"rR&mZmrif;onf vGefawmfrlavonf[k qdkawmfrlonf/ ? ?
Tonfum; &mZ0ifa[mif; jrdK@wnfcef;Y vmaom oD&dok"rR&mZmrif;. tcef;wnf;??
xdkrif;vGefawmfrlavv#if xdkrif;vGefawmfrlaom wevFmae@Yyif tdrf (P-185) edrfhrSm arG;zGg;awmfrlaom
om;awmfrif;iaeonf eef;wufrdzk&m;ESifh rif;jyKawmfrlav./ rif;jyKawmfrlpOf ausmufa&m*g aygufvwfI

88
r,fawmfrdzk&m; ewf&Sifr,fonf avmif;=uufpm;iukovESifh [l;&m;wwf &JxGwfwdk@ESifhwdkifyifI
eef;awmfta&S@ajrmufaxmifh urf;em;0,f 0if;pm;rt&yfodk@ ,m,Dajymif;Iaeapaomf/ a&m*gcsrf;om
ygrnf[k [l;&m;wwf&JxGwfav#mufaom pum;udk vdkufem,Hk=unfI r,awmfewf&Sifr,f tqdyfaq;cyfI
ay;ojzifh tdrfedrfh 18/ eef;pHt&uf ESpfq,f/ ESpfpk oufawmf wq,fh&SpfESpfESifh t&uf ESpfq,f/ ouU&mZf
waxmifjynfh 0gqdkvqef;ajcmuf&uf/ =uoyaw;ae@wGif vGefawmfrlavonf/ eHawmf paeom;wnf;? 9?
Trif;paewGif omuD0ifrif;qufjywfavjyD/ 'kwd,ajrmufOD;jrdK@wnf/ rif;yg=uD;tp/ rif;paetqHk;&Sdaom
rif; (9)quf eef;pHESpf aygif; (107)ESpfwnf;// ?
Tonfum; 'kwd,ajrmufOD;jrdk@wnf rif;yg=uD;tp rif;paetqHk;&Sdaom rif;udk;qufwdk@.trnf tdrfedrfh/
eef;pH/ oufawmf/ ouU&mZf/ ESpfaygif;/ rdzk&m;wdk@udk a&;om;jyqdktyfaomta=umif;wnf;?
Trif;yg=uD; tqufudk;qufwGif rif;yg=uD; eef;wufouU&mZfudk (893)ck eH,kefvqef; w&uf/ paeae@wGif
eef;wufa=umif;ESifh &mZ0ifa[mif;/ &mZ0ifvuFm/ q&mirnf;&mZ0ifwdk@Y qdk=uavonf/ "n0wDaw;
awmfyHkYum; ouU&mZf (878)ckwGif eef;wufawmfrljyD;rS ouU&mZf (879)ckESpf ukvm;b*Fg wqJhESpfjrdK@udk
csDwufawmfrla=umif;/ ouU&mZf (879)ck waygif;vqef; (5)&uf/ eHawmfpaeae@ obif=uD;pGmESihf
aAm"dyifrSm tvSLawmf=uD;pGm ay;vSLawfrla=umif;/ ponfjzifhqdkavonf?
tcsdK@&mZ0ifopfYrl eef;wufouU&mZfudk (893)ck eH,kefvqef; w&uf/ paeae@wufa=umif;ESifh (143)eHygwf
wGif qdjyD;v#if rif;yg=uD;taemufodk@ ppfcsDcef;Y "n0wDta&;awmfyHktwdkif; (879)ck wefaqmifykef;vqef;
(9)&ufae@ (P-186) atmifwyfxGufawmfrla=umif;ESifh (146)eHygwfwGifqdkjyefavonf/ eHygwf (150)wdkif
a&mufonfhumv ouU&mZf (878)ckwGif xD;eef;wufawmfrla=umif;ponfjzifh "n0wDta&;awmfyHkodk@
vdkufIqdkavonf/ a&S@aemufqifjcifI,lav?
TrSwyg; rif;zavmif;tcef;rsm;wdk@Yvnf; &mZ0ifa[mif;wdk@ESifh "n0wDta&;awmfyHkwdk@ pum;onf
uGjjym;csGwf,Gif;&Sdavonf? &Sda=umif;rsm;udk 4if;rif;wdk@.tcef;Y a&;n$efjyqdktyfavjyD/ jyqdktyfonfhtwdkif;
omv#if vdkufemrSwfom; ESvHk;xm;=uygav ynm&Sdol taygif;wdk@? (Tonfum;pum;csyf)?
TwGifa&$@um; ? &rf;jAJjrdk@ awmifausmif;q&mawmf OD;pENrmvmonf aumif;pGmjyKjyif/ pD&ifa&;om;
tyfaom &cdkif&mZ0ifopfusrf;Y ajrmufOd;jrdK@wnf rif;apmrGeftEG,fawmf wqJhESpfquf/ 'kwd,ajrmufODF;jrdK@
wnf rif;yg=uD;tEG,fawmf udk;quf/ aygif; ESpfqJhwqufwdk@.trnf/ tdrfedrfh/ eef;pH/ oufawmf/ ouU&mZf/
ESpfaygif;/ rdzk&m;wdk@udk axmufxm; pmem usrf;*efvmwdkif; aocsmjyKjyif/ pD&iga&;om;tyfaom yOPrwGJ
onf jyD;pD;jcif;odk@a&mufjyD/ ?

yk? 'd? tm- ESifhjynfhpHk&ygvdk.?

&cdkif&mZ0ifopfusrf; yOPrwGJ TwGif-a&$@jyD;jyD?

? pmrsufESm (132)rStquf ? ? ? t&Sifrif;=uD; Tipnfpum;udk =um;u ckepf&uftwGif; ysufpD;tHh[k

q&mawmfrdef@awmfrlygonf/ rdef@awmfrlonfhtwdkif; rSefaumif;rSefrnfxifygonf[k av#muf? ?? ??
rSwfcsuf? ? bk&ifoD&dok"rR&mZmta=umif;udk tao;pdwfod&Sdvdkygu t*Fvdyfpma&;q&m=uD; arm&pf
aumvpf a&;om;aom ay:wl*Dc&pf,Hbkef;=uD; oHtrwf- refe&pfudk,fwdkifrSwfwrf;wifxm;cJhonf/
(THE LAND OF GREAT IMAGE) udk zwfoifhygonf? odk@r[kwf- bmomjyef (&wem
a&$ajrufOD; -vS'if bmomjyefol) udkvnf; zwfedkifygonf?
ajrmufOD;acmwf &ckdifjynfta=umif; odvdkygu tdENd,edkifiHrS xkwfa0cJhaom (MAGH RAIDERS IN
BENGLE) udkzwf=unfhoifhygonf?
(pmul;ol. pum;csyf?)

89
 &cdkif&mZ0ifopfusrf;
qXrwGJ
earmo\b*0awm t&[awm orR,orŠK"\

Todk@v#if yOPrwGJjzifh rif;apmrGeftp- rif;paetqHk; &Sdaom rif;ESpfq,fhwqufwdk@.trnf/ tdrfedrfh/ eef;pH/

oufawmf/ ouU&mZf/ ESpfaygif;/ rdzk&m;/wdk@udk a&;om;jyqdkjyD;I ,QKtcgY qXrwGJjzifh ukov e&ywDrif;/ -
tp/ orRwrif;tqHk;&Sdaom rif;ESpfq,fh&Spfqufwdk@.trnf/ tdrfedrfh/ eef;pH/ oufawmf/ ouU&mZf/ ESpfaygif;/
rdzk&m;wdk@udk a&;om;jyqdkvdkufaytHh?
(164) e&ywdrif;- tp/ orRwrif;tqHk;&Sdaom rif;ESpfq,fh&Spfqufwdk.trnf/ tdfedrfh/ eef;pH/ oufawmf/
ouU&mZf/ ESpfaygif;/ rdzk&m;wdk@udk a&;om;jyqdktyfaota=umif;?
rif;paevGefawmfrlavv#if rif;yg=uD;.jrpfjzpfawmfrlaom avmif;=uufpm;/ iukovonf/ rdzk&m;ewf&Sif
r,fESifh bdodwfcHI rl;rwfwdk@nDnGwfv#uf ouU&mZf waxmifjynfh 0gqdkvqkwfESpf&uf paeae@eHeuf
wA[dkausmfwGif jynfpnf;pdrfudk tkyfpdk;awmfrlI e&ywd=uD;-[laomtrnfudkcHawmfrlonf?
xdkrif;um; rif;om; rif;ajr;/ rif;rsdK;/ rif;aqG/ rl;rwfwdk@udk ae@wdkif; nOfhY ac:v#ufowfIypfavh./
Todk@owfypfavonfrSm avmif;=uufjrdK@Y xD;eefpHawmfrlaom eef;us=uD; rif;jzpfaomtcg pdwW&/
em&'&Sifi,fwdk@ owfcgeD;wGif vuf,mem;rS ,dkusaomaoG;udk vuf,mvuf0g;jzifh cHI jrwfpGmbk&m;&kyfxk
aygifawmfwGif vuf0g;pHk[wfjyD;v#if t&Sifbk&m; tusGEfkyfonf TjynfY rif;wzef rif;jzpfv#if tusGEkyf
&efolwdk@. aqGrsdK;/ paomolwdk@udk owfjzwf&vdk./ owfjzwf&jyD;rS tusGEfkyfvdrf;usHxm;cJhaom
vuf,maygifawmfY aoG;vuf&monf a=uysufygapownf;[k "dXmefopPmjyKcJhonfhtwdkif;jzpfI owfjzwf
&avonf? ,if;odk@owfjzwfavjyD;rS &kyfxkawmf. vuf,maygifawmfY aoG;vuf,monf a=uysuf
avaom[l./ xdk@a=umifh arSmufawmf{jcif;Y? ?
{ydrfhjywfjywf/ usL;a&&Gwfydrfh/ xdkrwfESpfyg;/ =uHpnfxm;I/ aq;0g;rEWmef/ wwfyGeftEWd/ aZmf*D0dZ…m/ ynmpD&if/
bDvl;oGifodk@/ &SifpdwW& em&'wdk@ rdbk&m;jzpf/ &vfrowf/ q&mrSwfI =unfndk&dkao/ awmif;yefavrl axG
axGvmvm/ emem&kyf[ef/ befbefqif;qif; vdkufavv#if;aomf vGwfjcif;rxif *lxJ0ifI &Sifawmf&kyfxk
udk,fhaumif;r_xGif/ jyKwkefopPm/ xdkd"dXmum;/ ,if;cgu0,f ajrmufOD;EG,fI ESpfq,fhESifha'G; eef;wufa0;rS
&Sifhab;awmfrif;/ &Sif&if;cGif;cg aoG;vuf&mrl a=uaom[lonf ? ewfvlthrD; rSL;wnfhav/ rSL;wnfharSmuf
awmf [kwf.a=omf/ a&aomESpfusdyf/ jzl&dyfazG;azG;/ ESpfa,mufa0;0,f/ &Sifhab;awmfcspf/ rif;acgifjzpfrS
a=uvyfwnfheDaxG;/ vuf&maoG; {;vnf;,Of,Of{;/ ? [lIpyfqdkawmfrlavonf?
xdke&"drif;onf jynfaxmifcsif;rif;xHodk@ a&$aus;wref apv$wfawmfrlonf/ ? 4if;pmrSm?
e0ybm/ udk;a&mifvmI jzLjymjydk;jywf/ bdwfvwfa&mifqD;/ ajymifnD;&_zG,f/ udk;oG,fvnf&pf/ uspfv#pf,k,/
tdkol0? ? 'Dy (P-189) usGef;ndk/ vHk;udkpdk;&ef/ cgcsdefwefI a0,efocif/ olZmvifudk armif&Sifajymav/
rSmv$wfap./ [kwfayoavm/ oabmusL;vGef/ ajrmufpGef;rSdKif;vHk? awmif;wHky&m/ o#rf;&GmwqG,f/
Zif;r,ftkef;aygif/ rdk;acgiftif;0/ [Hom0wD aemufqDyqm/ rif;wdk@rSmum; zl;vmrnfudk om=unfqdk@I
armifndkaus;&Gm/ v#ifvwfapwnfh/ [kwfayoavm/ oabmqef;=u,f/ jy,mwfrm,m/ wwfvdrRmonf/
olZmarG;avm awmarG;avm/ ? [laompmjzifhaprSmawmfrlvdkufonf/
xdkrif;e&ywdonf a&S;uwnfxm;cJhaom bk&m; &kyfxkqif;xk *lausmif;wdk@udk xyfqifhIvkyfawmfrlonf?
acs;acsmifzsm;wGifvnf; xif&Sm;pGmukodkvfaumif;r_udk jyKpkay;vSLawmfrlonf? ? w&Ha&mtcg/
udk,fawmfrusef;rm/ rom,m&SdvifhI b¾mwdkufawmfrS OpPmypPnfudk xkwfawmfrlapI tvSL=uD;udk
ay;awmfrljyD;v#if om;awmf owdk;Oy&mZmudk orD;awmf&wemukrRm&DESifh ay;jrm;awmfrlv#uf xD;eef;tyf

90
ESif;ygav[k ewf&Sifr,ftm; rSmxmawmfrljyD;rS tdrfedrfh oufawmf (56)ESpf/ eef;ph (7)ESpf/ ESpfpkoufawmf (63)
ESpf/ ouU&mZf (1007)ck eawWmfvjynfhausmf wq,fhw&uf/ Ak'<[l;ae@ vGefawmfrlavonf? eHawmf Ak'<[l;
om;wnf;/ Tonfum; q&mirnf;&mZ0ifY e&ywdrif;ta=umif;wnf;/?
tif;apmuf&mZ0if tqdkrSm? ? xdke7ywdrif pdk;phawmfrlaom tcgY taemufyp>dra'o yqmjynfY rif;acgif;
a&mif rif;jyKawmfrlI tdkrif;vwfaomf om;awmft=uD; tdrfa&S@rif; wvaomusLudk wdkif;jynfudktyfESif;I
rif;jyKawmfrlap./ xdkrif;om; wvaomusLonf rw&m;jyKusifhojzifh oRD;awmf ESa&mifpdonf ykefuef
aomif=urf;I redkifojzifh ESrawmfoufoli,fwdk@ESifhwuG xGufajy;0ifa&mufvmonfudk om,mjidrf;csrf;
aexdkifapI ouf olZmudkodrf;ydkufawmfrlv#uf ta&miftqif;oonffudk csD;r$rf;awmfrlonfum;/ ?
ausmfqef;jym;I/ bk&m;&ifyifh/ bkef;awmfyGifhom;/ aemufcGif yp>dr a'opdk;aqmif/ rif;acgifa&mifv#if/
jynfaxmif&Snfv#m;/ (P-190) tdkvwfjim;I om;=o&o/ wvaomusL/ rif;rlaomcg/ usifh&mroifh/
vifhIjynfol/ vlwdk@wnD/ ESa&mifpdESifh/ wljydppfruf/ ykefuefzsufI ajy;xGufoGm;&m/ oufolZmvnf;
aemufygwnD/ ESa&mifpdESifh/ wljydruGm/ &JAdkvfygESifh/ rwf&mcrf;em;/ om;r,m;wdk@/ ajy;oGm;0ifajrmuf/
usGefcHa&mufonf/ v#Habmufpuf a&$awmf0,faom0f? ?
pufa&$awmfa&mif/ xGef;v#Hajymifom;/ jynfaxmifaemufrSm/ yqmxdkrif;/ 0ifvmv#if;aomf/
jznfhwif;odrf;jref;/ &meef;wnfaqmuf/ 0rf;ajrmuf=unfjzL/ =uifawmfrlI &efolrrSwf/ ynwfavjim;/
odrf;jref;xm;onf/ bk&m;qk,lar#mfapaom0f? ?
bk&m;qk,l/ ar#mfawmfrlI/ oufolZmaoG;/taxG;t=uD;/ rif;orD;udk/ xHeD;ruGm/ apygawmfxm;/
rd\Hrsm;ESifh/ rsuf0g;pDrH/ jrwHaxGaxG/ a&$aiG'*Fg;/ a&aomfrsm;./ wdkif;om;jynfol/ vl&[ef;tm;/
oem;awmfrl/ wdk@bkef;wl./ jrwfvla0csm/ p=ufmajymif&Gef;/ wifhxl;qef;onf/ &H0ef;awmfrsm;/ a&$vSnfhaom0f?
&H0ef;abmfa&$/ aysmfpHaeI wifhaxGvSpGm/ o*Fga&mif&Gef;/ vGefxl;qefonf/ a&$eef;Owif/ oyv†ifxuf/
aeoGifa&S@wl/ xGufawmfrlu/ v#hvlajymif0if;/ &mrif;Asm'dwf/ xdkwHqdyf. bkef;&dyfawmfonf/
vGefcsrf;=unfom;/ aemufjynfvGefaomf/ &mZmarmfcg/ 'g*gjynfaxmif/ wabmifol&wef/ eif;yxefwdk@
&$ifvGef=unfpGm/ odkufrSmed'gef;/ usdef;cef;odk@av#muf/ usGefcHa&mufom;/ Ta=umif;vsm;udk a&$em;av#muf
wif/ armfuGef;qifonf/ 0ef;usifausmfqef;jym;vSnfhaom0f? ?
yv#rf;xifI/ xdyfjyifOD;pGef; va&mifxGef;odk@/ wdk@usGef;tm;vHk;/ udk,fa&mifzHk;onf/ wifhqHk;0if;ajymif;/ vSxGwf
acgifrl/ jzla&mifjymxGm;/ a&$tom;ESihf/ jrvm;pdefoG,f/ vudk,fES,fodk@/ =uifzG,fvSwifh/ ajcmufjypfcGifhI/
vS&ifh t&nf/ ajcmufxyfjynfvnf;/ &Sdrnfrxif/ jrifv#ifudk,fvHk;/ oufqHk;wdrf;rwf/ cENmjywfvdrfh/
ewfvnf;rwl/ vlvnf;ru/ b,f'gea=umifh/ tvSodk@0ifvGefoenf;??
nOfharSmifxGifY/ trjyifqJhav;/ 0if;a&mifajy;om;/ I,faoG; &Sdrf;&Sdrf;/ qif;jrpdrf;udk/ cyfodrf;&Sifvl/
ESvHk;rlvdrfh/ rZPsL (P-191) yef;jrwf/ yGifha&mifv$wfodk@/ rdjrwfjympif/ oufvHk;=uifr#/ O'uFk&kcs/ xGifr_onm/
jra*g,mESifh/ jyKAŠg&yfawmif/ awmifnmrZrŠL/ usGef;av;qlwGif/ &Sifvljydkifzuf/ &rnfcufI/ jydK;jyufa&mif
oG,f/ aomfwmES,fodk@/ ESdkif;qG,frav#mf/ tpkay:wGif/ oauUmfa'0/ ESkwfujywfjywf/ oHcsDv$wfonf/
b,fESkwfoifhudkwefoenf;?
vSpHwifhI/ auo$ifjrESpf/ xHk;uspfv#ifEiS hf/ a&oyfrGrf;zsif;/ jrLaw0if;r#/ tqif;a&$a&mif/ cef;vHk;ajymifom;/
wefaqmiftwl/ xGm;jymjzLv#uf/ rdk;olewf&yf/ ESdkif;r0yfwnfh/ ajcmufxyfwHcGef/ vSwifh[efESifh/ ,k*efxdyfzsm;/
b,fo=um;onf/ rSwfom;aemifwdk@&efoenf;?
[laomysdK@uAsmwdk@jzifh yqmrif;orD; oufolZmudk ouU&mZf (1001) ESpfu e&ywdrif;=uD; csD;r$rf;awmfrl
onf[k tif;apmuf&mZ0ifYqdkonf/ Tonfum; tif;apmuf&mZ0ifYvmaom e&ywdrif;ta=umif;
wnf;?
&mZ0ifa[mif; jrdK@wnfcef;Y vmaomta=umif;rlum;/ rif;paevGefawmfrlavv#if rl;rwfwdk@udk
avmif;=uufpm;t=uHESifh ajccsif;cyfv#uf/ rif;vsma&G;ap./ avmif;=uufpm;vnf;/ ajccsif;cyfcHay.?

91
aemufrS avmif;=uufpm;udk v$wfI rif;vsma&G;ap./ rif;v#mr&&Sdonfudk *k%rZ…L q&mawmjrifavv#if
trsufawmfxGufI usGefudkomv#ifjykav[kqdkawmfrlv#uf/ urŠvmudk vufjzifhwufwufcwfI qif;oGm;
awmfrlavonf?
,if;odk@qif;oGm;avv#if ouU&mZfwaxmifjynfh/ 0gqdkvqkwf/ckepf&uf/ paeae@ wufae wA[dk&fausmfwGif
avmif;=uufpm; rif;jyKawmfrl./ avmif;=uufpm; rif;jykawmfrlvwfv#if rl;rwfwdk@Eifh rif;om; rif;rsdK;wdk@udk
nOfha&mufvwfv#if ac:Iowfjzwf azsmufzsufypfav./ *k%rZ…L q&mawmfudkvnf; awmausmif;odk@
v#dK@xm;av. pifuGyfbkef;awmf=uD;vnf; taemufodk@ajy;av./ odkufwwfivuf&Hk;vnf; uHoma&=unf
jynfodk@ajy;av./
avmif;=uufpm;vnf; e&ywd[laomtrnfudkcHawmfrl./ (P-192) ppfuGyfbkef;awmf=uD;ESifh odkufwwf
ivuf&Hkwdk@udk ac:awmfrlapI ajy;a=umif;udkodaavaomf/ vdkufI&Smap./ a&=unfjyifrSm odkufwwf
ivuf&Hk;udk&cJhI ppfuGyfbkef;awmf=uD;udkum; r&cJhav/ odkufwwfivuf&Hk;udk &cJhI oGif;jyavv#if
e&ywdrif;=uD;vnf; odkufwwfivuf&Hk;udk jrifavv#if [,fodkufwwfivuf&Hk;/ rif;onftb,fa=umifh
ajy;avoenf;[k ar;awmfrl. odkufwwfivuf&Hk;vnf; t&Sifrif;=uD;onf tusGEfkyfqdkaompum;udk
ESvHk;xm;awmfrlojzifh toufudka=umufaoma=umifh ajy;ygonf[kav#muf./
e&ywDrif;=uD;vnf; Todk@ar;awmfrl./ [,f odkufwwfivuf&Hk;/ TjynfwGif rif;wa,muf/
igwa,mufom&Sdonf/ &[ef;wGifvnf; ppfuGyfq&mawmfwyg;om &Sdawmfrlonf/ ppfuGyfq&mawmf
udkvnf; ig&Smapawmfrlonf/ &awmfrrlcJh[k rdef@awmfrljyD;v#if [,f odkufwwfivuf&Hk; twwfynm
onfudk tb,frif;pdk;v#if owfthHoenf;[k rdef@awmfrl.?
[,f odkufwwfivuf&Hk; rif;onfodkuft&mrSm irSefuef/ od=um;&aohtwwfromay/ bm;rJh/ ewforD;/
Asm'dwf&ewfom;/ bDvl;rodkufusrf;wdk@Y twkvGwfwwfonf/ ppfuGyfq&mawmfvnf; twkvGwfwwf
onf/ bk&m;ynmuJhodk@ ajrmfjrifaomynm&Sdayonf[k rdef@awmfrl./
odkufwwfivuf&Hk;udk [,fodkufwwfivuf&Hk;/ igw&if;emvdkonf[k rdef@awmfrl./ odkufwwfivuf&Hk;vnf;
rGe;vGJig;em&DwGif w&if;emxGufavaomf xGufcsif;v#if w&ifudkjrifav./ jrifaomw&if;rSm jymwpk/ xrif;
wpk/ usnfawmufwvHk;wGif a&xuf0ufavmufESihf avSum;rSoufonfudkjrifav./ jrifjyD;v#if
eef;awmfodk@jyefvwfI e7ywdrif;xHav#muf.//
t&Sifrif;=uD; tusGEkfyfonf w&if;emacsaomf wckaomw&if;udkjrifcJhygonf/ rdef;rwa,mufonf qHyif
G Hk;v#uf pHaumwcsyfwGif (P-193) zGJwpk/jymwpk/ xrif;wpk/ usnfawmufwvHk;wGif a&xuf0uf
oHk;pkcJx
avmifESifh avSum;rS oufvmonfudkjrifcJhygonf[ak v#muf./
rif;=uD;vnf; Tw&if;udk rif;yifowf[k odkufwwfivuf&Hk;udk rdef@awmfrl./ odkufwwfivuf&Hk;vnf;
t&Sifrif;=uD;/ w&if;udkbwfonf&Sdaomf t&Sifrif;=uD;bwfrnfESifh wlygrnfum; aumif;ygrnf/ rwlygrl
trsufawmfcH&rnf[k av#muf./ rif;=uD;vnf; odkufwwfivuf&Hk; rif;bwfrnfpum;udk ighESvHk;Y0ifrnf[k
rdef@awmfrlav./
odkufwwfivuf&Hk;vnf; t&Sifrif;=uD; w&if;tvdkum;/ ? qHyifoHk;pkcGJI xHk;onfrSm tEG,fawfvufxuf
wGif oHk;pkcGJI owf=uvwWH@/
zGJwpk jymwpk/ xrif;wpktvdkrSm tEG,fawmfvufxufwGif zGJjymuJhodk@ cGifjydKysufpD;vwWH@//
usnfawufwGif a&xuf0ufavmuftvdkrSm tEG,fawmfvufxufwGif wdkif;jynfa&Smuf&Sm;&SdvwWH@/ [lI
bwfav#mufay./ e7ywdrif;=uD;vnf; igvnf;,if;odk@xifonf[k rdef@awmfrl.//
e&ywdrif;=uD;vnf; odkufwwfivuf&Hk;tm; [l;&m;wwfwdk@ESifh ig.tEG,ftqufonf rnfr#qufjzpfrnf
ESifh jynfusdef;cef;udkwGufI =unfh&rnf[krdef@awmfrl./ odkufwwfivuf&Hk;vnf; wGufI=unfhaomf
wq,fhwqufajrmuf &ojzifh jynfusdef;cef;onf waxmifaphupI ysufvwfjyD;v#if waxmifig;q,fudk;
wGif TajrmufOD;jrdK@onf zGJjymuJhaom axmif;axmif;ysufvwWH@/ waxmifajcmufq,faphwGif rkefwdkif;xvdrfh

92
rnf/ iv#if=uD;vSKyfvdrfhrnf/ aoaysmufysufpD;rsm;vdrfhrnf/ oif;wdk@twGufu rl;rwfjyKv#uf oHk;pkoHk;jzmcGJI
owf=uvdrfhrnf/ t&Sifrif;=uD;tEG,fawmfonf wq,fhwqufajrmufwGif aom=umomjzpfvdrfhrnf?
ponfjzifhav#muf.?
e&ywdrif;=uD;vnf;/ [,f odkufwwfivuf&Hk;/ odkufpum;udk ightm;oHawmfOD;wif[k rdef@awmfrl./
odkufwwfivuf&Hk;vnf; oHawmfOD;wif (P-194) [kav#muf./ ? e&ywdrif;=uD;vnf; [,f odkufwwf
ivuf&Hk; qifrJqifjzL jzpfvwfrlum; qifjzLtjrD;jywfvwWH@/ [lonf tb,fudkqdkoenf;[k ar;awmfrl./
odkufwwfivuf&Hk;vnf; t&Sifrif;=uD;/ t&Sifrif;.tEG,fawmfwGif t&SifESifhwuG oHk;q,fom
taumif;jzpfvwWH@/ t&SiftEG,fawmfwGif Ak'<[l;om; oHk;qufjzpfvwWH@/ Ak'M[l;om; oHk;cgvnfv#if wdkif;jynf
ysufvwWH@/ jywfavjyD;rS oif;wdk@twGufu qufvwfrnf[k av#muf./
t&Sifrif;=uD; wenf;wHkaomfum; ab;awmfapmrGefonf yXr TajrmufOD;jrdK@udk wnfvmonf/ ab;awmf
apmrGef/ =uoyaw;om; tqufjywfcgvnf; =umoyaw;om; rif;acgif&mZmwGif jywfygonf/ bdk;awmf
rif;yg=uD; paeom;tqufjywfrnfhtcgwGifvnf; paeom; rif;paewGif jywfygonf? t&Sif.tEG,f
awmfudkvnf;Ak'<[l;om;jzwfygvdrfhrnf[k av#muf.?
t&Sifrif;=uD;wenf;wHkaomfum; TjynfwGif tqHk;Y paeom;jzpfvmrnf/ ,if;paeom;onf tjrdK@udk
udkfifwwfv#if rif;aumif;jzpfvdrfhrnf/ eef;xuf oHk;q,fae&vdrfhrnf/ tEG,f ckepfqufjzpfvdrfhrnf/ tpGef;
ig;ckwGif jzpfvdrfhrnf/ paeom;udk Ak'<[l;om;jzwfvdrfhrnf/ Ak'<[l;om; tuQ&mav;ckESifh aygif;I tpGef;
&SpfckxufwGif ysufvdrfhrnf[k av#muf./
e&ywdrif;=uD;vnf; [,f odkufwwfivuf&Hk; odkufpmudkom oHawmfOd;wif[k rdef@awmfrl./ odkufwwf
ivuf&Hk;vnf; oHawmfOd;wifygrnf[kav#muf./
t&Sifrif;=uD; twGif;uefrSm/ =umeDaxmifaomif;/ =umaumif;axmif&m/ yGifhaomcgvnf' r,fwdk@yef&m/
y'krRmvnf; rygao;/ ,if;=umyGifhum; oma,mifhom,m/ &cdkifrSmomyGifhpygrnf/ ,if;=umyGifhukd r*g;t&
=udKvwfrnf/ e*g;r& wefcdk;=uD;pGm jcaoFhomv#if &vdrfhrnf/ jcaoFhqGwfjyD;/ bk&m;=uD;rSmwifvwWH@/ jcifao
ESpf (P-195) ck tjrD;vSKyfum ra[mufom/ oif;vnf;bmom/ wckjcifaoh/ tjrD;vSKyfum a[mufavum/
yÉduU&m; jcm;em;&Gmjynf jyKvdrfhrnf/ ta&S@wjcm; oHwHcg;udk jcm;vdrfhrnf/ ? [kav#muf.? ?
e&ywdrif;vnf; [,f odkufwwfivuf&Hk; e*g;-[lonf / jcaoFh[lonf tb,fudkqdkvdkoenf;[k
ar;awmfrl./ odkufwwfivuf&Hk;vnf; t&Sifrif;=uD;/ jcaoFh[lonfrSm t&Sifrif;. tEG,fawmfwGif =uGif;
usef&pfaom e8g;/ jcaoFhwdk@jzpfrnf/ t&SiftEG,fawmftqHk;wGif aom=umom; jzpfvmrnfhaom=umom;udk
Ak'<[l;om; zsufvmrnf/ ,if;Ak',[l;om; ajcmufuftqHk;wGif t*Fgom;jzpfvmmygrnf/ ,if;t*Fgom;udk
e*g;t& =udKvdrfhrnf/ e*g;tqHk;wGif t*Fgom;jzpfvmrnf/ t*Fgom;tqHk;wGif =umoyaw;om; jzpfvdrfhrnf/
xdkrif;vufxuf jynf xGm;xGm;nufnuf ysufvdrfhrnf[kav#muf.?
e&ywdrif;=uD;vnf; [,f odkufwwfivuf&Hk;/ jzm;vnf;yHk;yHk; jynfhvwfrnf/ awmifoltdrfyg; csnf;vwfrnf/
twGif;oli,f rdr,f&ifacgif; qmvwfrnf/ xrif;cJudk tkXfcJ[lIypfvwfrnf/ [laompum;onf tb,fudk
qdkaom pum;enf;[kar;awmfrl.?
odkufwwfivuf&Hk;vnf; t&Sifrif;=uD; jzm;vnf;yHk;yHk;jynfhvwfrnf- [lonfrmS t&Sifrif;=uD;onf qifeH
awmifol tdrfyg;eef;yg;csnf;vwfrnfudk qdkvdkygonf/ twgif;oli,f/ rdr,f&ifacgif; qmvwfrnf-[lonf
rSm t&Sif.ESrawmfonf t&Sifrif;jzpfrnfavm/ rjzpfrnfavm[k awG;awmylyef qmavmifjcif;&Sdonfudk
qdkvdkygonf? xrif;cJudk tkXfcJ[lI ypfvwfrnf-[lonfrSm rif;om; rif;ajr;/ rl;=uD;rwf=uD;wdk@onf
a&0,fusvdrfhrnfudk qdkygonf[kav#muf.?
e&ywdrif;vnf; [,f odkufwwfivuf&Hk;/ rif;ESifhppfuGyfq&mawmf=uD;onf a*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m;uJhodk@
odjrifayonf[k rdef@ (P-196) awmfrl./ e&ywdrif;=uD;vnf; [,f odkufwwfivuf&Hk;/ acsmif;&dk;uwdrf/
usGef&dk;rwdrf-[lonf tb,fudkqdkvdkoenf; ar;awmfrl./ odkufwwfivuf&Hk;vnf; t&Sifrif;=uD; acsmif;&dk;

93
wdrfI usGef;&dk;rwdrf- [lonfrSm t&Sifrif;. tEG,fawmfonf acsmif;&dk;wdrfaomfvnf; tEG,fawmfrwdrf[k
av#muf./ e&ywdrif;=uD;vnf; [,f odkufwwfivuf&Hk;/ q'NefqifrsdK;/ q,fqufpdk;rl tusdK;jynfrSm r&Sdyg-
[lonfrSm t&Sif,tEG,fawmf q,fqufpdk;tkyfaomfvnf;/ wdkif;jynfolwdk@Y tusdK;pD;ygG;&Sdrnfr[kwf
av#muf.? e&ywdrif;=uD;vnf; [,f odkufwwfivuf&Hk;/ t&Sifrif;=uD; a&$xD;wu,faqmif;vwfrnfvnf;
wOF;om-[lonftb,fudk qdkoenf;[kar;awmfrl./ odkufwwfivuf&Hk;vnf; t&Sifrif;=uD;/ t&Sif.
tEG,fawmfonf qJhwqufajrmufygvwfrnf/ wqJhwqufwGif wqufom a&$xD;aqmif;&ygvdrfhrnf
[kav#muf.?
e&ywdrif;=uD;vnf; [,f odkufwwfivuf&Hk;/ ightEG,fawmfonf tESpfb,fr#wdkifatmif jzpfvdrfhrnf
enf;[k ar;awmfrl./ odkufwwfivuf&Hk;vnf; t&Sifrif;=uD;tEG,fawmfonf (72)ckavmufwdkif jzpfvdrfh
rnf/ (73)avmufwGif jywfygvdrfhrnf[k av#muf./
e&ywdrif;=uD;vnf; [,f odkufwwfivuf&Hk; usGefESifrwef wyGifhyef/ woefvHk;vHk; wuHk;usGefESifh r&mavm/
[lonftb,fudk qdkoenf;[k ar;awmfrl./ odkufwwfivuf&Hk;vnf; t&Sifrif;=uD;/ usGefESifrwef
wyGifhyef-[lonfrSm t&Sif.tEG,fawmfonf/ woefvHk;vHk; jynfhygrnfr[kwf/ wyGifh[lonfrSm t&Sifrif;=uD;
tEG,fawmf wqJh (P-197) wqufwGif xD;wa,mufom jyef@ygvdrfhrnf/ =uGif;aom ajr;awmf jrpfawmfwdk@
onf xD;aqmif;&vdrfhrnf r[kwfyg[k av#muf.//
e&ywdrif;=uD;vnf; [,fodkufwwfivuf&Hk; ighudkajr;awmfoD&dok"rR&mZmonf udk,fwdk@[l;&m;wwf
odkufwwfwdk hESifhwdkifyifI ighudkrif;rjzpf&atmif tif;rEWmef,=wmwdk@jzifhightdrf=uiSef;atmufwGifjyKvmonf/
ig,ckrif;jzpfvmonfwum;/ ,if;=uiSefatmufwGifwl;I&acsonfwum; rif;jzpfxdkufaomoludk tb,f
ewfvlzsufIysufedkfiftHhenf;/ tvSLaumif;r_ uHomvdk&if;wn;f;[krdef@awmfrl./
odkufwwfivuf&Hk;vnf; t&Sifrif;=uD;onftvSLaumif;r_uHESifhomaeawmfrrlyJ ywW&may:a=umif;eSifh
tb,fa=umifh=uHawmfryl goenf;[kav#muf./ e&ywdrif;=uD;vnf; [,fodkufwwfivuf&Hk; a,musFm;
0d&d,xGef;wHk;uodk@h[laompum;&Sdaoma=umifhigvHk;v0d&d,jyKonf/a*gwrjrpfpGmbk&m;onfvHk;vtm;xkwf
awmfrljyD;rS bk&m;tjzpfodk@a&mufawmfrlonf/ igwHkaomvnf; vHk;vjyKjyD;rSomv#if rif;tjzpfodk@a&mufvm
onf/ odk@jzpfI vHk;v0d&d,omt&if;jzpfonf[krdefhawmfrlonf/
odkufwwfivuf&Hk;vnf; t&Sif;rif;=uD; t&Sifrif;=uD;onf ajr;awmfodD&dok"rR&mZmrif;udk ipnftjcif;t&m
udkqdkakoma=umifhvl@jynfodk@nSD;I ewfjynfpH&onf/ t&Sif;rif;=uD;vnf; tvdkukefwef/ t=uHvdk&if;[klaom
pum;jzifh0d&d,vHk;vpum;omrSef.[kav#muf./
e&ywdrif;=uD;vnf; [,fodkufwwfivuf&Hk; rif;wdk@onfpnf;pdrfrysuftouf&Snfa=umif; usifhtyfaomw
&m;udk ightm;av#muf[krdef@awmfrl. t&Sifrif;=uD; rif;wdk@usifhtyfaomw&m;rSm
'geodDvpaomrif;usifh w&m;q,fyg;udkusifh&jcif;vnf;wyg;/
&wemoHk;yg;udk nGwfwGm;=unfndk &dkaoav;jrwfqnf;uyf&jcif;vnf;wyg;/(P-198)
ig;yg;oDvudk tjrJusifhoHk;&jcif;vnf;wyg;/
&wemoHk;yg;wdk@. tr_=uD;i,fwdk@udk&Gufaqmifv#uf aus;uGsefjyKvkyf&jcif;vnf;wyg;/
&wemoHk;yg;wdk@tm; pGef@=uJvSL'gef;jyD;rS oHk;aqmif&jcif;vnf;wyg;/
xdk&wemoHk;yg;wdk@. 0wWKypPnf;ufkd roHk;aqmifyJ a&Smif=unf&jcif;vnf;wyg;/
xdk&wemoHk;yg;wdk@. ypPnf;oHk;yg;udk rif;wdK@xm;bdOD;/ vlowW0gwdk@ oHk;aqmifpm;oHk;onf&Sdaomf zGJrD;uJhodk@
war$@ar$@v#if ysufpD;av&onf? t=uifrdbwdk@onf om;ajr;&[ef;jzpfv#if rdrdtr_udpPudk jyKvkyfapcdkif;jim;
tHh/ xdkrdbwdk@onf ysufp;D av&m./ rdbwdk@qif;&Jyef;vwfaomf om;ajr;&[ef;wdk@onf ovHk;jrif;acgif;jzifh
&if;I vkyfausG;jcif;udk jyKtyf./ &[ef;ykÀm;wdk@tm; ESdyfpufnSif;qJjcif;udk rjyK&m/ rsdK;pOfjykef;wD;&m./
odk@jzpfI a&ajrudk tpdk;&aom rif;wdk@onf rusifhtjyKay&m/ jyKrdrSm;rlum; om;pOfrsdK;quf ysufpD;&m.[k
av#muf.?

94
e&ywdrif;vnf; [,fodkufwwfivuf&Hk; igwdk@rif;jzpfvwfrnf[k v,fydkif/ tkef;ydkifaus;udk ajr;awmfoD&d
ok"rR&mZm wnfawmfrlcJhonf/ ,if;urlv#uf ocsFDv,fwGifjznfhonf/ tkef;udkvnf; ocsFDajra,mufaom
tkef;udk vmwnfcJhonf/ odk@jzpfv#uf if rif;jzpfvmonfwum;[k rdef@awmfrl./
odkufwwfivuf&Hk;vnf; t&Sifrif;=uD; oD[dkusGe;f Y rif;wOD;onf eef;ouf av;q,f &Snf&ef&Sdv#uf ocsF
Dudk tyg;awmfwGif xm;I appm;avaoma=umifh bkef;vnf;r=uD;/ touftwdkif;vnf; rae&/
om;pOfajr;qufrxGef;um;ygav/ t&Sifvnf; &wemoHk;yg;wkd@. ypPnf;0wWKudk a&Smif=unfavjcif;a=umifh
tEG,ftpOfawmfonf jyef@yGg;wdkwufavonf[kav#muf./
e&ywdrif;vnf; [,fodkufwwfivuf&Hk; ? rif;um;udk;EG,f/ udk;q,fudk;quf/ waxmifxufwGif rysuf
rusef/ jzpfwHkjyeftHh/ (P-199) [lonftb,fudkqdkoenf;[k ar;awmfrl./ odkufwwfivuf&Hk;vnf;
t&Sifrif;=uD; TajrmufOD;jrdK@xufwGif rif;apmrGeftquf wEG,f / nDrvdvif ig;quf wEG,f/
bapndkwquf wEG,f/ puFmolwquf wEG,f/ rif;apmtdkwquf wEG,f/ rif;acgif&mZmwquf wEG,f/
rif;yg=uD;oHk;qufwEG,f/ p=ufm0aw;wquf wEG,f/ rif;zavmif;ig;quf wEG,f/ tm;jzifh
rif;aygif;udk;EG,ftqHk; udk;&mudk;q,fudk;cktquf/ waxmifxufwGif t&Sifrif;.tEG,ftusef rif;wdk@jzpf
vmrnf/ rif;udk oufwdk@jrdK@udk axmifjyKIwnfavaoma=umifh waxmifaphwGif ysufrnf[kqdkygonf? ?
(pmrl&if;wGif? ? rif;udk;EG,fjzpfvmrnf/ ajrmufO;D jrdK@Y rif;tEG,fudk;qufjzpfaomfvnf; rif;qufudk;q,f
udk;quf rjzpfr&avaoma=umifh4if;? ?
rif;zavmif;tm; ydef;eJ;awmifbkef;awmf=uD; [l;&m;ol=uD; iuk/ qifuJ=uD;iykwdk@av#mufxm;=u&m/
t&Sifrif;=uD; TajrmufOD;toufonf w&mmudef;om wqJhESpfjrdk@ESifh wGJqufaoma=umifh jrdK@ouf
waxmif[kqdkygonf/ aemifvm [l;&m;wwfwdk@onf TjrdK@udkqufwufvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg[k av#mufxm=u
onfudk4if;??
udk;&mudk;qJhudk;ckumI ysufvdrfhrnf/ waxmifaphwGif [dE0N if Ak'<[l;om;jzpfvdrfhrnf/ ,if;tEG,fqufquf
ajrmufOD;xufwGif jzpfvdrfhrnf/ rysufrusef ESpfq,fxdkcg jzpfvdrfhrnf[lI4if;?
[dEN0ifwGif pnfyifqufquf jzpfvwWH@/oHk;qufty jzpf=ur&Snf/ rpnfrxGef;/ jzpfvdrfhrnfvnf;
t,Gef;,Gef;/ e*g;&ifaoG;/ *VKefarG;onfrcsGwfyg/ *VKef&ifaoG;/ e*G;arG;onfrcsGwf&m/ [k odkufpt&av#muf
xm;aoma=umifh4if;??
udk;qJhudk;qufudk rif;[lIr,lom/ udk;&mudk;q,fhudk;ckudkom ,loifhonfoabm&I a&;jyjyifqifvdkufay
onf/aemh[dEM0ifonf pnfyifq,fqufjzpfvwWH@/ qdkonfYvnf; e&ywdrif;aemH@ q,fquf[lI,lav//
e&ywdrif;=uD;vnf; [,fodkufwwfivuf&Hk; igvnf;touf (56)ESpfrS rif;jzpfvmygonf/ udk,f. touf
um; b,fr#&SdjyDenf;[k ar;awmfrl./ (P-200) odkufwwfivuf&Hk;vnf; t&Sifrif;=uD;/ tusGEkfyftpuf
(77)ESpf&SdygjyD/ &ufaomfum; wevFmom;jzpfygonf[k av#muf./
e&ywdrif;=uD;vnf; [,fodkufwwfivuf&Hk; odkuf-[laompum;udk =um;od&jyD/ ed'gef;-[lonf
tb,fudkqdkoenf;[kar;awmfrl./ odkufwwfivuf&Hk;vnf; t&Sifrif;=uD; ed'gef;-[laompum;onfum;
vli,fwdk@0rf;Y ewfwdk@0if/ ewfwdk@ajymqdktyfaompum;onf ed'gef;-rnfygonf[k av#muf./
t&Sifrif;=uD; wenf;wHk;aomfum; vlwdk@Y ysdK@/uAsm/ vuFm/tJ;/ tef- pum;onfvnf; ed'gef;rnfygonf[k
av#muf./
e&ywdrif;vnf; [,fodkufwwfivuf&Hk; ed'gef;pum;vnf; rSefonfavm[k ar;awmfrl./ odkufwwfivuf
&Hk;vnf; t&Sifrif;=uD; bk&m;a[mawmfrlaom pum;vnf;rSefygonf/ orma'0 ewfwdk@a[mtyfaom
ed'gef;pum;vnf;rSefygonf/ &aoh/ qwfr/ bDvl;/ bm;rJh/ od=um;/irSefuef/ *0rŠwf/ ewforD;/ ewfom;/
Asm'dwf&/ tp&Sdaom odkufwdk@onfvnf;rSefygonf? ToHk;yg;aompum;wdk@onf rSefonfcsnf;[lI
av#muf.//

95
e&ywdrif;=uD;vnf; [,fodkufwwfivuf&Hk;/ yg&mocifusrf;wdk@Y qdktyfaompum;onfrSef.avm[k
ar;awmfrl./ odkufwwfivuf&Hk;vnf; t&Sifrif;=uD; yg&ocifusrf;wdk@Y qdktyfaompum;onf rrSefbJ
&Sdrnfavm/ urBmOD;pmonf rSefyg.[kav#muf.//
e&ywdrif;=uD;vnf; [,f odkufwwfivuf&Hk; yg&ocifusrf;wdk@wGif tb,fedrdwfnSif;wdk@udk qdkoenf;[kar;
awmfrl./ odkufwwfivuf&Hk;onf t&Sifrif;=uD; txuftmumo aumif;uifY jyaomedrdwfrSm? //
vpGefxdyfzsm;/ =u,frsmcsif;eif;/ ayguf=uxGif;rl/ rif;wdk@cE<m/ ysufpD;&m./ aus;iSufrsm;wdk@/ ysHoGm;aomifoJ;/
vl;vm0Jaomf/ cyJ;owW0g/ ysufpD;&m./ ajrrSmaomfum; usJG EGm; qdwf 0uf a=umifacG;=uufwdk@ ajcvufyGg;
rsm; jzpfwHkjim;rl wdkif;um; (P-201) jynf&Gm ysufpD;&m./ rif;rSmOyg'/f jzpfwHkwwf./ usrf;jrwfyg&m
txGufwnf;/ ? [laompum;onf yg&musrf;Yvmaom pum;jzpfygonf[kav#muf./
Todk@ponfjzifhav#mufxm;jyD;aemuf odkufwwfivuf&Hk;onf touf&Spfq,fESpfESpf/ ouU&MZf (1005)ck
uqkefvqkwf wq,fhav;&uf/ paeae@ rdk;aomufav;A[dk&ftcsdefwGif vGefavonf?
e&ywdrif;=uD;vnf; r[mrkedodrfawmfwGif ,if;paeae@ tvSL=uD;ay;awmfrlI aecdkuf odkufwwfivuf&Hk;
vGefava=umif;udk =um;awmfrlavv#if idk,dkawmfrlv#uf igonftb,folESifhwdkifyif&tHhenf;[kqdkawmfrlI
rD;aygufckepfcsufypfazgufapv#uf rif;rsdK;udk bkwf=unf;oj*FKvfouJhodk@ bkwf=uD;oj*FKvfawmfrlonf?
om;pOfajr;qufwdk@udk ppfaq;ar;jref;awmfrlI aus;&Gmay;awmfrlv#uf teD;tyg;xm;I appm;awmfrlonf?
odkufwwfivuf&Hk;udk tm;usawmfrlv#uf a*gwrbk&m;uJhodk@ ar;wdkif;udk r,dkfifr,Gif; ork'N&muJhodk@
tjynfhyif&Sdonf[k csD;r$rf;woawmfrlavonf?
odkufwwfivuf&Hk;vGefavv#if trwfjynfpdk;=uD;udk ac:awmfrlI [,fjynfpdk;=uD; odkufwwfivuf&Hk;onf
odkuf"gwfudef;cef;[l;&m; aA'ift&mY twkvGwfwwfayonf[k rdef@awmfrl./ jynfpdk;=uD;vnf; t&Sifrif;=uD;
usGefawmfivuf&Hk;onf odkuf"gwfudef;cef; [l;&m;aA'ift&mY twkvGwfwwfygonf/ Om%fynmvnf;
tvGef=uD;us,fygonf[k av#muf./
e&ywdrif;=uD;vnf; [,fjynfpdk;=uD; tpfudkonfvnf; odkuf"gwf[l;&m;t&mrSm twkvGwfwwfonfjzpfI
odkufwwfivuf&Hk;uJhodk@om[k igxifawmfrlonf[k rdef@awmfrl./ jynfpdk;=uD;onf toufudk a=umufI
qdwfqdwfae./
e&ywdrif;=uD;vnf; [,fjynfpdk;=uD; odkufwwfivuf&Hk;vnf; odkuf"gwfudef;cef; [l;&m;t&mrSm twkvGef
wwfonf// tpfudkvnf; igwdk@ (P-202) a,mifESpfwwfonf/ odk@jzpfI tpfudkonfightwdkif;yif&rnf[k
igrSwfawmfro l nf[k rdef@awmfrl./ jynfpdk;=uD;vnf;OD;csIae.?
e&ywdrif;=uD;vnf; "gwfudef;cef;ESifh jynfudef;cef;udk oHawmfOD;wif[krdef@awmfrl./ jynfpdk;=uD;vnf;
"gwfudef;cef;udk oHawmfOD;wifygrnf[k av#mufI wGuf=unfhjyD;aomf waxmifaphwGif teG,fawmfudk
awmifu Ak'<[l;om; t&Sifrif;=uD;jzpfvmygofn[kav#muf./ jynfudef;cef;udk av#mufawmfrlonfum;
usGefawmfodkufwwfivuf&Hk;xuf tusGEkfyfwwfrnfr[kwfyg[kav#muf./
[,fjynfpdk;=uD; odkuf[l;&m;t&mrSm tb,gvlewfv#if a[majymI ukeef dkifrnfenf;[k rdefhawmfrl./
Todk@ajyma[maepOf aps;=uD;wGif rkqdk;rwtdrfudk rD;avmifvwfI rkqdk;rudk zrf;,ljyD;v#if rif;=uD;udk quf
vm./ rif;=uD;vnf; jynfpdk;=uD;udkrdef@awmfrlonfrSm [,fjynfpdk;=uD; ab;awmfbdk;awmfwdk@vufxufu
tdrfudkrD;avmifv#if tdrf&sifudk rD;wGifypfcsonfrSm tb,ftusdK;&SdtHhenf;[kar;awmfrl./ jynfpdk;=uD;vnf;
t&Sifrif;=uD; tusdK;r&Sdyg/ tjypfom&Sd&ygonf[kav#muf./ e&ywdrif;=uD;vnf; ,ae@rSmI rD;wGifrypfap
ESif/h =udrf/ odkif;/ 'kwf/ vSpfuefjzifh qHk;rI touftEW&m,fudk vGwf&rnf[k rdef@awmfrl./
w&Ha&mtcgu e&ywdrif;=uD;u [,fjynfpdk;=uD; odkufwwfivuf&Hk;onf a*gwrbk&m;uJhodk@ ighvufudkudkif
I jyedkifavonfr[kwfavm[k rdef@awmfrl./ jynfpdk;=uD;vnf; t&Sifrif;=uD; odkufwwfivuf&Hk;onf
aA'ifav;yHkwGif wyHkvef@wwfygonf/ ynmOm%fvnf;us,f0ef;ygonf/ odkufwwfivuf&Hk;ES,f a,mifvl
onf ESpfa,mufr&Sdyg/ odkuf"gwfudef;cef; t&mwGifvnf; ESpfa,mufr&Sdyg/ a&S@aemufjzpfrnfudk ouwf/

96
j'AfudkifI jyedkifygonf/ tusGEkfyfum; aA'ifav;yHkwGif yHkcGJr#udkom wwfygonf/ usGefawmf odkufwwfivuf&Hk;
ES,f a,mifrwwfyg[ak v#muf./
e&ywdrif;=uD;vnf; jynfpdk;=uD; yHk;cGJaomaA'iftwwfonf a[majymIukefrnfavm[k rdef@awmfrl./
(P-203) e&ywdrif;=uD;vnf; [,fjynfpdk;=uD; ig.tEG,f tb,fr# tqufwGifjywfrnfenf;/ odkufusrf;
t&av#muf[k rdef@awmfrl./
jynfpdk;=uD;vnf; av#mufygrnf[k 0efcHjyD;v#if ? ?
(1 6 4)ukove&ywdpaom28-qufta}umif;? -14*- q'Nefawmifxdk;? e*g;rsd;udkjzwfvwHW@? tEG,f
q,f quf ajrmufvwHW@ ? ?
'g;qdrf&GJ; &GJ; ? 'g; udkif0GJ;vsuf? ol&J;axmifaomif;ajrmHvdrifhrnf? ?
ajrmufOd;jrLES,fvGifhvdrfhrnf? ?
eHrJ;xdkcgrsm;vdrfhrnf? ?
tvZd…eSifh/ 'kwf'g;vsSnd;? vufudkifjyd;? &Sif}ud;ol&J;xGufrfhrnf? ?
&Siif ,faoaomufrsm;vdrfhrnf?
okrfoifr0jyKvdrfhrnf?
[def;'kwf0pfcsd ? tnDaomif;=urf; rsm;vdrfhrnf/ ?
uif;cGef/ qdyfcGef/ ol@xufvGefI aumufvdrfhrnf/ ?
ajrmufOD;jrdk@ES,f vGifhvdrfhrnf/ ?
omoemvnf; a&mif0gxdkcgnHhvdrfhrnf/ ?
oif;wdk@twGuf rl;rwfxdkcgjyKvdrfhrnf?
Tod@kodkufusrf;vm &Sdygonf[kav#muf./ ? e&ywdrif;=uD;vnf; ighom;ajr;vufxufwGif jzpfvwWH@rnf
avm[k ar;awmfrl./ jynfpdk;=uD;vnf; t&Sifhom;awmfwdk@vufxufr[kwfyg/ ajr;awmfwdk@vufxufom
jzpfygvdrfhrnf[k av#muf./ (Todk@ ponfjzifh odkufwwfivuf&Hk;enf;wl ar;awmfrlor# odkuf"gwfudef;cef;
t&yf&yfudk ajzqdkavonf? us,ftHhpdk;I ra&;vdkufonf?)
w&Ha&mtcgu e&ywdrif;=uD;onf jynfpdk;=uD;udk [,fjynfpdk;=uD; igonftpfudkodkuf"gwf udef;cef;wdk@udk
av#mufxm;wwfonf[k odawmfrrl/ ,QKrSom igodawmfrlonf/ igonftrsm;wumtvdkuf jyKrdavaomf
tvlyifrqHk;avavm[k rdef@awmfrlI tudkESifhigonf twdkifyif&ayonf? odkufwwfivuf&Hk;vnf;
aocJhonf/ ppfuGyfq&mawmfvnf; taemufodk@ajy;cJhonf/ tpfudkonf (P-204) q&mjyKv#ufighudk qHk;ryg/
igonfrif;om;rif;orD; rl;rwfynm&Sdwdk@udk azsmufzsufI &Spfaomif;q&mudkvnf; awmausmif;odk@v#dKxm;
rdavonf? igonf t0Dpdi&Jodk@oGm;&vdrfhrnf[k =uHrdonf/ tpfudkonfv#if ighudk q&mjyKv#uf uGyfnSyfqHk;
ryJhjyifyg[k rdef@awmfrl./
jynfpdk;=uD;vnf; t&Sifrif;=uD; odkufwwfivuf&Hk;ESifh ppfuGyfq&mawmfwdk@onf a*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m;a[m
awmfrlouJhodk@ a[majymor# rSefuefygonf? ork'N&muJhodk@ ynmtajrmftjrif=uD;us,fygonf/ ork'N&mY
usufpm;ig;=uD;tm; eENESifwlygonf/ tusGEkfyfonfum; acsif;wGifusufpm;aom ig;pvHk;ESifhomwlygonf
[kav#muf./
e&ywdrif;=uD;vnf; jynfpdk;=uD; igonf rl;rwfynm&Sdwdk@udk wGufpmqifjcifrjy. vufvGeavaoma=umifh
jynfpdk;=uD;ESifh ayacsmif;pm;om =uGif;sefavonf[k rdef@awmfrl./ jynfpdk;=uD;vnf; t&Sif.z0g;awmf
atmufwGif usGefawmfcHxdkufI usef&pfygonf[kav#muf./
w&Ha&mtcg ta&S@jynftif;0jrdk@ omvGefrifw&m;u jrefrmtrwfwdk@udk &mZoHESifh apv$wfIa&mufvm
onf/ &mZoHwGif a&$ayjyifY a&;Ir&/ vdyfIaxmifhapmif;Yomv#ifyg&Sdavonf? a&$ayudkjzef@I =unfhaomf
pmudkrjrifaoma=umifh trdef@awmf a&;awmifpm;ESifh a&S@awmfbufwdk@udk *k%rZ…L q&mawmfxHodk@v$wfI
toem;cHapawmfrl./ t&Sif*k%rZ…Lvnf; qGrf;oHk;aqmifcgeD;qJJqJwGif a&muf=uav./ t&Sif*k%rZ…Lvnf;

97
oHk;aqmifawmfrrlbJ qdkif;aeawmfrl./ trdef@awmfa&;awmifpm;ESifh a&$awmfbufwdk@onf toem;cH0ifI
&mZohudkqufuyfav./ &mZoHudkjzef@I =unfhaomf pmudkrjrifaoma=umifh uspfuspfvdyfI=unfhavaomf
axmifhapmif;wGif &mZoHygv#ufonfum; ? bk&m;yv†ifusonf [kwfwnfavm/ &mZyv†ifrSm acs;ao;jzef;
onf/ [kwfwnfavm/ =u,frsm;taygif; a&0,fusonf/ [kwfwnfavm/ [lIygvwfonfudk jrifawmf
rlavonf?
(P-205) jrifawmfrljyD;v#if &mZoHtvdkudk jyefqdkonfum; eifwdk@t&Sifonf igudk awmausmif;odk@v#dkxm;
onfudk bk&m;yv†ifusonf[kqdkvdkonf/ usGefurif;jzpfonfudk &mZyv†ifudk acG;ao;jzef;onf[k qdkvdk
onf// rif;om; rif;orD; rl;=uD; rwf=uD; wdk@udk owfzsufI a&0,fypfonfudk =u,frsm;taygif;
a&0,fusonf[kqdkvdkonf? Tpum;twdkif; eifwdk@t&Sifudkav#mufav[k rdef@awmfrlvdkuf./
trdef@awmf a&;axmifpm;ESifh a&S@awmfbufwdk@vnf; vmvwfI e&ywdrif;=uD;udk av#muf=uav./
e&ywdrif;=uD;vnf; &mZoHtvdkpum;udk =um;awmfrlv#if &mZoHjyefay;&ef igrusGrf;usifaywum;[k
rdef@awmfrl./ trdef@awmfa&;awmifpm;ESifh a&S@bufawmfwdk@u t&Sifrif;=uD;&mZoHjyefay;&efudk q&mawmf
*k%rZ…LES,f a,mifudk tb,folv#if&SdthHygenf;[kav#muf./ e&ywdrif;=uD;vnf; *k%rZ…Lq&mawmfxHodk@
trdef@awmfa&;awmifpm;ESifh a&S@awmfbufwdk@udk av#mufxm;awmif;yef&ef v$wfawmfrlvdkuf./ trdef@awmf
a&;axmifpm;ESifh a&S@awmfbfwdk@ *k%rZ…Lq&mawmfxhodk@a&mufavv#if wumawmfrif;w&m; av#mufxm;
oem;cH apv$wfygonf q&mawmft&Sifbk&m;/ wdkif;jynf. ta&;tusdK;pD;yg;G udk axmuf&_awmfrlaom
tm;jzifh &mZoHwapmifpD&ifI ay;awmfrlyg[k av#mufxm; toem;cH=uav./
av#mufxm;onfhpum;udk =um;awmfrlavv#if *k%rZ…Lq&mawmfonf trsufawmfxGufI eifwdk@t&Sif
onf rif;om; rif;orD; rSL;=uD; rwf=uD;wdk@udk owfjzwfI ypfrnfudkum; jyKwwfonf/ &mZoHjyefay;vdkuf
&efudkum; rwwfavavm[k ar;awmfrl./ trdef@awmfa&;awmifpm;ESifh a&$awmfbufwdk@onf av#mufxm;
=uonfrSm t&Sifbk&m;onf wrlump bk&m;uJhodk@ jrifodawmfrlayonf/ wumawmfwdk@um; jrif&mudkom
jrifygonf/ rjrif&mudk rjrifyg[kav#muf=uay./ *k%rZ…Lq&mawmfvnf; trdef@awmfa&;axmifpm;ESifh
a&$awmfbufwdk@udk rSmxm;awmfrlvdkuf./ eifwdk@t&Sifudk igrSmvdkuf (P-206) rnf/ rif;apwrefwdk@udk
tzl;tjrifcHv#uf &mZohudk bwf&_=umawmfrlvwfv#if ar;jref;pHkprf;jcif;udk jyLv#uf uukoefjrwfpGmbk&m;
om;awmf aum%m*Hkavm/ aum%*kHbk&m;om;awmf\yavm/ u\ybk&m;om;awmf a*gwravm/
Todk@rdef@awmfrljyd;v#if &mZoHudk Tenf;twl a&$aywGifa&;I ay;awmfrlvdkuf[k rSmawmfrlvdkuf./
trdef@awmfa&;axmifpm;ESifh a&$awmfbufwdk@onf jyefvwfI e&ywdrif;=uD;udk xdkpum;twdkif; av#muf
=u./ e&ywdrif;=uD;vnf; tcGef0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om&SdawmfrlI t&Sif*k%rZ…Lq&mawmfonf ig.q&mawmf
jzpfonfudk xm;bdOD;/ rE<wfrif;. q&mawmfjzpfjcif;ESihfom wefayonf[k csD;r$rf;awmfrljyD;v#if
pdwfqENum;qdk;onf[krdef@awmfrl./
[,fjynfpdk@;=uD; igrif;jzpfI ESpESpfajrmuf puU&mZf (1002)ckwGif ta&S@jynftif;0bk&if omvGefrif;w&m;u
&mZoHESifhapv$wfI jrefrmtrwfwdk@a&mufvmonfudk igu &mZoHjzifh jyef=um;vdkuf&onf/ ,if;tcg
jynfpdk;=uD;r&Sdygavm[kar;awmfrl./ jynfpdk;=uD;vnf; t&Sifrif;=uD; ,if;tcg tusGEkfyftoufonf rnfonf
rSmaerSef;rodyg/ ajc&if;awmfwGifum; &Sdyg./ nOfhtcg rSL;rwfwdk@aysmufavonfjzpfI a=umufvef@jcif;ESifh
ae&ygaoma=umifh rrSwfrdyg[k av#muf./
e&ywdrif;=uD;onf om;awmftdrfa&S@owdk;rif;om;wdk@onf wdkif;jynfudktkyfpdk;edkif=urnfavm[k jynfpdk;=uD;
udkar;awmfrl./ jynfpdk;=uD;vnf; t&Sifrif;=uD;odkufusrf;wGif ? ?
0rfwdwzuf/ &Sifi,fxuf/ ESpfzuft=um;/ qnfaygifem;wGif / e*g;phyg,fvwWH@// ?
e*g;oHk;EG,f/ waGoHk;ywfvnfvwWH@?
e*g;pHjyK/ &yfwxkrSm/ rvkom/ ol@oRD;ESifh/ ol@aus;ol@usGef/ ol@0efqefudk/ =unfedkifap? /
&[ef;ykÀm;/ ouf=uD;rsm;udk/ ylaqmifhylqmrjyK&m?

98
wwfaomfum;/ eef;xufESpfq,f/ tu,frcsGwfaevwWH@/
rwwfaomfum;/ ajcmufESpfajcmufvaevwWH@?
[lI odkufusrf;&Sdyga=umif; oHawmfOD;wifygonf[k av#muf./ e&ywdrif;=uD;vnf; [,fjynfpdk;=uD; ighudk
crnf;awmf owdk;"rR&mZmonf ckepfESpfuyif,lv#ufar$;awmfrlonf/ ighudk bdk;awmfrif;zavmif;onf
a*&d,bk&m;odk@ ,lawmfrlv#uf nOfhtcgY ighudk odjcif;odaponf/ ightoHudk=um;ojzifh bdk;awfrif;zavmif;
onf ighudk ar$;pm;rnf[k awmif;awmfrlonfudk r,fawmf bkef;r&Sifu ray;edkif[kav#mufxm;avaom
a=umifh ,if;tcg igvGwfavonf/ tvSLu yg&rD&Sdaomoludk tb,f o=umewfv#if zsufedkifvdrfhrnfenf;?
[,fjynfpdk;=uD; ighukd ajr;awmfoD&o d k"rR&mZmonf tkef;pdkufv,fvkyftr_udk jyKapjyD;v#if xdktkef;cif;
v,fajrrsm;wdk@udk ocsF DwnfI ighudk tkef;cGef/ ajrcGefwdk@udk cH,lpm;aomufapv#uf avmif;=uufjrdK@pm;
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vnf; oD&dok"rR&mZmrif;onf (964) ck zGg;omjzpfI rif;ukov e&ywdonf tESpf ESpfq,fvHk;
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rdzk&m;ewf&Sifr,fxGufI om;awmftavmif;udk oj*FdKvf&avonf? avmif;=uufpm;iukovvnf;
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xdkrif;=uHjyeffonfum; vifudkrwG,f/ om;udkrcifaom rdef;r (P-209) ESifhigaygif;&acsv#if xdktusifht=uH
aysmufrnfrxif/ ightm;vnf;jypfrSm;ojzifh =uH&monf/ jrdK@ajrmufwGif =uD;pGmtdrfaqmufI ausmuftkXf
wHwdkif;ESifh 0ifumapjyD;rS jrdK@ajrmufwGif rdzk&m; ewf&Sifr,fudkxm;I eef;wGif;odk@roGif;bJ xm;avonf?

99
oD&dok"rR&mZmom;awmftvwf iwHk;cifudk taemufuHomjrdK@pm; ay;awmfrlI xm;cJhonf/ uHompm;
vnf; jcm;em;avaomf e&ywd=uD; rif;rzrf;rd xGufajy;I awmawmifcdkrSDor# a&S;rSL;rwfwdk@ESifh rif;om;rif;
aqGwdk@ xGufoGm;=uavI taemufuHomjrdK@odk@ csnf;a&muf=uavonf? a&S;ol&Jaumif;udk,fawmf&H
toif; wodef;teuf vuf0Jig;aomif;wdk@vnf; a&S;ynm&Sdolawmfaumif;trsdK;/ ivuf&Hk;udk &[ef;jyKaom
t&yf bk&m;ay:wdkufwGif&Sd&mrS ac:,ljyD;v#if uHomjrdK@odk@ tvHk;t&if;ESifh xGufoGm;=uavonf? uHompm;
udkum; ukvm;wdk@u jrefrm=uD;rif;[k ac:a0:orkwf=uonf?
trwfavmif;=uufpm; e&ywdjyD;- trnfcHI ouU&mZf (1002)ckwGif eef;wufawmfrlavaomf rif;jzpftHh
[laom aemuftem*wfudk odxifjrifonfhtwdkif; rif;tjzpfodk@ iga&mufjyD/ aemift&SnftxGef;
atmifjrifawmfrlbk&m;/ xifawmfrlbk&m;/ ESpfql wnfawmfrlrnf/ a&S;bapm oD&drif;yg=uD;wnfcJhaom &if&dk;
awmf "gwfapwD/ eH&dk;awmf "gwfapwD ESpfqlae&monf vlwdk@aetdfESifh teD;tpyft&dyf rZ…LrvGwf&Sdavonf/
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jzpfawmfrlaom pEN&mrq&mawmf/ ? oufusrOPLq&mawmf/ // Zdermefatmifq&mawmf/ avmurmefatmif
q&mawmf/ &wempHOD;q&mawmf/ reDol&mrq&mawmf/ &wempHa&G;q&mawmf/ &wemrOPLq&mawmf/
r,maAm"dq&mawmf/ r%dousq&mawmf/ &wemrSefuif;q&mawmf/ pEN&m &mrq&mawmf/ taygif;
wusdyfESpfyg;udk eef;awmfodk@yifhac:I e&ywdrif;=uD;udk,fwdkif ar;awmfrlav&m q&mawmfwusdyfESpfyg;wdk@
jynfh&Sifrif;xHqdkaom xHk;aomfum; ?
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rlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;ocifonf a&S;OD;pGm ewfom;awmif;yeftyfonfudk ta=umif;jyKI oHk;q,f&Spfzsm
r*Fvmw&m;udk a[majymawmfrl&mY ? ?
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puf oy`K&fokyef\oor`wWdpuf/ twWormywWdpufoHk;yg;udk jyD;apedkifygonf/ ywd&lya'o0go or`wWdpuf
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eD;oyfavaoma=umifh a&maESma&mufayguf tdrfatmuf tdrfyg; tvm; t (P-211) aeroifh&Sdavv#if
ql;wGifzufusyrm ywd&lyt&yfr[kwf/ rwifhrw,faom t&yfYjyKrdavaoma=umifh xdkukodkvf&Sifwdk@onf
toufr&Snf pnf;pdrfrwnf/ ysufpD;jcif;odk@ a&mufav&monf?
ynm&Sdwdk@udk aygif;abmfrSD0Jqnf;uyfar;jref;v#uf ywd&ly wifhoifhav#mufywfaom t&yfY ukodkvfaumif;
r_udk jyKonf&Sdaomfum; avmuD avmukwW&mcsrf;ompD;yGg; rsm;ysmwdk;wuf toufcENm jrifh=um'Gef@&Snf/
wnfaytyfaomta=umif; jzpf&monf?

100
a&ajroeif; rif;wdk@onfvnf; taetoGm; tpm;ttdyfrSm;I ywd&ly wifhtyfaom t&yfYom ae&m
pm;&m oGm;&m tdyf&macsonf? rwifhtyfaom trSKudk jyKrdavaomf =uufoa&r*Fvmqkw,kwfI pnf;
pdrftoufwdkav&monf?
a&ajroeifrif;wdk@onf "gwfawmf/ ar$awmf &kyfxkawmfrsm;wdk@/ ab;OywftEW&m,fjzpftyfonfudk4if;/ rwifh
tyfrav#mfywfaom t&yfY usa&mufaeawmfrlondudk4if; jrifv#if ab;tEW&m,fvGwfatmif4if;/
wifhtyfav#mufywfaom t&yfodk@a&$@ajymif;I4if; xm;awmfrl=ubl;onfrSm ?
jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAŠmefpH,lawmfrlonfaemuf wESpfausmfajrmuf&Sdaomtcg t&Sifr[m u\y&[EWm
t&Sifjrwfonf "gwfawmfwdk@udk wdwWdwdk@a=umifh ab;tEW&m,fjzpfawmfrltHhonfudk jrifawmfrlI &mr&GmY
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apwDawmfwdk@rS a0pk "gwfawmf wqJhav;jynfwdk@udk yfihaqmifjyDF;rl tZmwowfrif;xHtyfI &mZj*dKvfjynf.
ta&S@awmifaxmifh wifhtyfav#mufywfaomt&yfY tawmif&Spfq,f Orifwl;I txl;xl;aoma&$aiG&w
em/ eH@omu&ruf/ =uKwf apwDwdk@Y oGwfoGif;I Xyemxm;cJha=umif;udk okwfr[mt0 tXuxm/
r[my&dedAŠmeokwf tzGifhY vm&Sdawmfrlygonf?
jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAŠmefpHawmfrlonfhaemuf omoemouU&mZf (222)ckESpfwdkifa&mufonfhtcg oD&dok"rRm
aomurif;=uD;onf (P-222) tZmwowfrif; XmyemoGif;xm;awmfrlcJhaom "gwfawmfwqJhav;jynf
wdk@udk xkwfaz:,laqmifv#uf ZrŠL'DygusGef;wGif &Spfaomif;av;axmifaom jrdK@=uD;wdk@Y wifhtyfav#muf
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tXuxmwdk@Y vmygonf/
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&Sd r[mrked&kyf&Sifawmfudk vuf,mrif;rif;eeftm; eef;wifvmaom jyL wvdkif;wdk@onf a=umom;ESifh
aygifawmfudk ,lav&m yv†ifawmfrSusI rav#mufywfaom acsmufxJwGif ajrrkef@zHk;v#uf awG@&Sdavonfudk
n0wDjrdK@.ajrmufzuf teD; av#mufywfaom uwnkwawmifodk@ a&$@ajymif;yifhbdwfawmfrlI “c-q yOPm
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ajrmufOD;jrdK@wnfp ab;awmfrif;apmrGefvnf; ouU&mZf (794)ckESpfwGif rsufarSmifawmf"gwfudk rav#muf
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a&mufawmfrlaomumvrS rav#mufywfaom vlwdk@aetdrt f &dyftvGwfjzpfonf? ajymif;jyD;rl "gwfawmfudk
yifh,lawmfrlavI ouU&mZf (894)ckwGif ywd&ky wifhtyfav#mufywfaomt&yf 0oJawmifxdyfwGif
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em;Y&Sdaom bapmoD&drif;bm=uD;aumif;r_ &if;&dk;awmf/ eH&dk;awmfapwDESpfqludk ajymif;jyD;rS "mwfawmfudk
&wemyef; awmifjzifhyifhaqmifawmfrlI ouU&mZf(1003) ckwGif ywd&lywifhtyf av#mufywf aom
awmifxdyfY &if&dk;awmf"mwfudk jrifawmfrklapwD/ eH&dk;awmf"mwfudk xifawmfrlapwD[lI wnfawmfrljyD;v#if
'Hk;ukvm; wpf&mausmfpDausmufpmxdk;IvSlawmfrlonf/
w&Ha&mtcgY txufomuD0ifrif; od&dok"rR&mZma&$a&;aqmifrdzk&m;udk e&ywd=uD;rif; trwfoHaxmif
iwHk;ndKoifhjrwfaea=umif; jynfh&Sifrif;e&ywd=uD;odavaomf q&mawmfwpfusdyfESpfyg;u dkeef;awmf odk@yifh
aqmif awmfrlI jynf&Sifrif;udk,fwdkifar;jrefawmfrlonfum; xD;jzLaqmif;/ &mZyv†ifxdkif bdodufcHaom

101
{u&mZf rif;rdzk&m;om;orD;wdk@udk rSL;rwfjynfolwdk@tdrfaxmifzufjyKaumif;ygtHhavm/ a&S;xHk;a[mif;usrf;
*eftvmeSifhrdefhawmfrlygrnfta=umifhESifhav#mufxm;avaom q&mawmfwpfusdyfESpfyg;wdk@rdef@awmfrlonf
xHk;aomfum; omoem'g,umjzpfawmfrlaom w&m;rif;jrwf vlewfwdk@q&morRmorŠK'<jrwfpGmbk&m;onf
a[m=um;awmffrltyfaomr*Fvmw&m;awmfY *g&a0gp &dkaoxdkufaomokltm; &dkaom&jcif;onf4if;
ed0gawmfp rmefrmeudkeSdrfhcsxdkufaomolwdk hY ESdrfhcsjcif;onf4if; uwnKwm ol@aus;Zl;udkodwwfaomol.
tjzpf4if;/ r*Fvmw&m;[lIa[mawmfrlaoma=umifhavmukwW&mr_jzpfv#if owW0gtaygif;wdk htm; r[m*&k
%mawmfjzifhvGefpGmoem;awmfrlI oHo&m0Ëfqif;&JrSvGwfajrmufatmif xkwfaqmifawmfrlwwfaomjrwf
pGmbk&m;onf aus;Zl;txl;=uD;jrwfawmfrlygonf/
avmuDr_wGif rdbq&morm;wdk honfom;orD;wynfhwyef;wdk htm; ypPKyefoHo&m csrf;ompD;yGm;rsm;jym;
apa=umif; aumif;jrwfaomtavhtusifhjzifh qHk;ryJhjyifwwfaoma=umifhaus;Zl;txl;=uD;ygonf
(P-224)a&ajroeif;bk&if{u&mZfrif;jrwfwdk@onfvnf; wkdif;edkifiHol&Sifvl&[ef;wdk htm;7ifawmfYjzpfaom
om;uJhodk htkyfxdef;apmifha&Smuf axmufrjyKpk=unfh&_odrf;jref;aeonfjzpfI aus;Zl;&Sif=uD;yifjzpfygonf/
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0ufwdk@uJhodk@4if; aom%od*Fgbm,xm tdrfacG;ajracG;wdk@uJhodk@4if; b0d\wdjzpfvwWH [lI okwfygax,s
ygVdawmfYvmyg onf/
wenf;rSmvnf; p=umrif;wdk@om;r,m;Adkvfygwdk@Yusifhtyfaom tarBmZeAv&m, paomusifh0wfq,fyg;
wGif t"rR&m*ESifh 0doravmbESpfyg;udk xnfhoGif;v#uf usifh0wfw&m;wpfq,fhESpfyg;jzpfa=umif;ESifhygax,s
txmuxm Yvm&Sdawmfrlygonf/ xdkwGift"rR&m*[lonfrSm t"rR&ma*gwd t"rR& m*[lonfum;
rmwmrmxkkp>m/ ydwkp>mrmwkvmedwdtm'dau trd/ rdaxG;/ OD;&D;.r,m; t&D;tp&Sdaomt,kwWxmae
roifhaomt&mY &ma*gwyfESpfoufjcif;wnf;/ 0doravmabmwd 0doravmb[lonfum;
y&dabm*,awWok oHk;aqmifoGm;vmjcif;iSmxdkufukefaom Xmaeokyd t&mwdk@Yvnf; twdAv0avmabm
tvGefwyfESpfoufaomavmbwnf;/ rdp>m"arRmwd rdp>m"rR[lonfum; yk&domeH a,musfm;wdk@. yk&daook
a,usfm;wdk@Y ÁwWdeH rdef;rwdk@. Áwdok rdef;rwdk@Y qEN&ma*g wyfESpfoufwwfaomavmbwnf;/ Todk@
ygax,stXmuxm YzGifhjyawmfrlygonf/

102
Todk@ t"rR&m* 0doravmb rdp>m"rRwdk@ ajymaomtcg rdk;wdk@onf aumif;pGmr&Gmukef/ aumufyJtoD;tESH
wdk@onfvnf; aumif;rGefpGmrjzpfyGg;ukef/ a0\0%f ewfrif;=uD;wdK@onf =urf;wrf;ukefaom bDvl;wdk@udk
vlwdk@. oGm;vm&mvrf;c&DS;wdk@Y v$wfukefonf[lI t*FkwW& tXuxm wduedygwfY vmygonf?
xdk@a=umifh wdkif;jynfjrdK@&Gm ed*Hk;Zeykwfwdk@udk apmifh=uyfodrf;tkyfawmfral om rif;aumif;rif;jrwfwdk@onf t"rR
&m* 0doravmb (P-226) rdp>m"rRwdk@udk rjyKrusifh rvGefusL;&atmif qHk;rwm;jrpftyfyga=umif;/
,Qifqdktyfaom rif;usifhw&m;ESifhrnDnGwf wifhtyfav#mufywfaom t&yfY taetoGm; tpm;taomuf
udkrjyK/ trdkufr_tavhtvm ol,kwfrmwdk@ESifhom a&mjyGrf;aygif;oif;v#uf rif;wdk@cHtyfaom bdodwfr*Fvm
udk rcHrjyK/ vk,ufqdk;oGrf;aom rif;oknwdk@ tkyfpdk;aomr\edkifiHY owW0gwdk@ csrf;omjcif;r&Sd/ 0dy&d
azgufjyefI usifh=uHaom rif;rsm;udk bk&m;tp&Sdaom olawmfaumif;wdk@ uJh&JhzG,ftjypfom rsm;pGm&SDav
onf? ,if;odk@aom rif;,kwfrmwdk@. om;r,m;jzpfacsrlum; uwnkw aus;Zl;wif&ef ta=umif;tay:
rolawmfaom rif;,kwfrmwdk@ESifh uif;uGm&jcif;onfyif aumif;jrwf&maoma=umifh xdkrif;wdk@r&Sdonfh
aemuf tav#mufob0 pyf&Suf=uaom olwdk@tm;vGefusL;aomtjypfr&SDoifhyg 'g,umrif;jrwf [lI
w&mawmfwusdyfESpfyg;wdk@ rdef@awmfrl=uaomf jynfh&Sifrif;e&ywd=uD; trdef@awmf&Sdonfum; aus;Zl;&Sif
oD&dok"rR&mZmrif;onf omuD0ifrif;rsdK;pOfvm bdodwfcHaom rif;aumif;rif;jrwf jynfolwdk@tm;vnf;
w&m;ojzifh apmifxdrf;awmfrlaom rif;jzpfacsonf? xdkrif;. rdzk&m;armif;rtm; tjcm;olraeoifh.
oHaxmifpm;iwHk;nDkvnf; aus;Zl;rodaom ol,kwfrsdK;jzpfonf/ pm;aus;udkESkwfI pD&D a&cyftpdk@rSm
jznfhawmfrlavonf? a&$a&;awmifrdzk&m;vnf; oduQmysufaom &[ef;ESifhwlonf/ jynfwef;qmrjzpfap/
rdef@awmfrlI a,musfm; rdef;rESpfa,mufudk ,kwfaomtpdk@Y jznfhawmfrlavonf?
w&Ha&mtcg e&ywd=uD;rif;onf onf;xefpGmemawmfrlvwfI t&dkuft&m xD;eef;udk om;awmft=uD;
ndka&mifjzLESifh pm;awmftvwf jrdK@opfpm; atmifausmfZH ESpfa,muf&SdonfwGif (P-227) om;awmft=uD;
ndka&mifjzLonf ynm&Sdwdk@ESifh rESD;aESm/ ynm&Sdwdk@pum;udk rem,l/ oGrf;oGyf jydefzsif;aom aus;usGefwdk@ESifh
ob0jyKv#ufaeavonf? om;awmftvwf jrdK@opfpm;atmifausmfZHaomfum; ynm&Sdwdk@udk &SmI
aygif;zufa&maESmjyD;aomf a&S;xHk;a[mif; aumif;aomt=uHESifh [D&d=owy` w&m;udk apmifhxdrf;um
yn&Sdt*FgESifhnDavonf? xdkom;awmfESpfa,mufwdk@wGif xD;eef;wdkif;jynfudk rnfolodk@tyfoifha=umif;ESifh
q&mawmfwusdyfESpfyg;udk ar;awmfrlav&m q&mawmfwusdyfESpfyg;wdk@ rdef@awmfrlaom xHk;aomfum;
omoem'g,umawmfrif;jrwf jrwfpGmbk&m;onf a&S;OD;pGma[majymqHk;rawmfrltyfaom r*Fvmw&m;
awmfY a'0ykwWewfom; AmvmeH olrku d fwdk@udk ,mtao0emp/ t=uifrrSD0J rqnf;uyf&jcif;onf4if;/ y¾d
wmeH/ ynm&Sdaomolwdk@udk ,mao0emp t=uifrSD0Jqnf;uyf&jcif;onf4if;/ ylZae,meH ylaZmfxdyfaom
olwdk@udk ,mylZmp t=uifylaZmf&jcif;onf4if;/ twWd &Sd./ {wH ToHk;yg;aomw&m;onfomv#if OwWrH
jrwfpGmaom r*FvH r*Fvmw&m;rnf.[lI wGH ewfom;onf *%Sm[d rSwf,lavm? Todk@ajym=um;jyo
qHk;rawmfrl&m r*Fvmw&m;awmfY ynmr&Sdaomoludk rrSD0Jrqnf;uyf raygif;az:oifha=umif;
ynm&Sdolawmfaumif;udkomv#if rSD0Jqnf;uyfaygif;az:&rnf ta=umif;/ ylaZmfxdkufaomoludkomv#if
ylaZmfcsD;jrSifh&jcif;ta=umif;ESifh vm&Sdawmfrlygonf?
oABda&0 olawmfaumifwdk@ESifhomv#if ormaox aygif;az: rSD0J ,SOfwJGukef&m./ oABd olawmfaumif;wk@dEiS fh
oEW0H rdwfaqGjyKI aygif;az:jcif;udk ukaAŠx jyuke&f ./ owh bk&m; tp&Sdaomolawmfaumif;wdk@./ o'<rRH
ig;yg;oDv &Spfyg;oDv q,fyg;oDv/ av;0aom owdyXmef-tp&Sdaom olawmfaumif;wdk@. w&m;udk
tnm, odI aoa,sm yGg;pDojzifh jrifhjrwfonf/ a[mwd H jzpf.? (P-228) ygyda,m ,kwfrmaomolwdk@
atmuf ,kwfrmjcif;onf uk'gpeH w&Hwcgr# ea[mwd rjzpf/ Todk@vnf; "rRy' paom usrf;*efwdk@Y
vmyfonf?

103
Zmwfedygwfawmfwdk@wGifvnf; oH0&rif;om;onf w&mhwa,mufaomom;awmfwdk@wGif ti,fqHk;jzpf
ygv#uf ynm&Sdaomtrwfaumif;ESifh aygif;az:rSD0J ,SOfwGJESD;aESmjcif;jyKavaoma=umifh crnf;awmfrif;.
t&dkuft&mxD;eef;wdkif;jynfudktyfESif;cH&awmfrlbl;a=umif;ESifh oH0&ZmwfwGif vm&Sdawmfrlygonf?
,if;odk@usrf;*eftvmynm&Sdojzifh ylaZmfchxdkufaom oljzpfrSvnf; wdkif; edkifiholwdk@ ylaZmfcHv#uf q,fbdk@
wbdk@jynfolwdk@vkyfcGef b¾mudk cH,loHk;aqmifxdkufygonf/ ynmr&Sdrdkufaomtavhtvmudk =udKufaomf
rif;wdk@pdk;tkyfaomfedkifiHY wdkif;oljynfom;taygif;wdk@onf rmeaxmifvGm;&ufpuf=urf;wrf;v#uf udk,fESifh
&Sd&if;aomolrSwyg; oem;jcif;r&Sd tavhtodtjrif ynmjzifhowW0gwdk@ndk;i,fysufpD; rsm;jym;aoqHk;rsm;av
onf/ xdkodk@,kwfrmaomrif;wdk@tm; bk&m;tp&Sdaomynm&Sdolawmfaumif;wdk@csD;rGr;f zG,f&mr&Sdaoma=umifh
toufpnf;pdrfwdkav&monf/ xdkjynfwdk@Yvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m; qHk;rawmfrltyfaomw&m;rwnfavI
&efolrsdL;ig;yg;a&maESmqufqHvsuf edkifiHacsmufcsm;ysufpD;wwfa=umif; xHk;a[mif;usrf;*eftvmrSm
a0omvfdrif;wdk@onf tcsif;csif;rnDr# ty&d[med,w&m; uif;vGwfatmif 0\um&ykÀm;vSnfhzsm;ukef;
wdkufjyKav&m ynmtqiftjcifr&Sd rdrdoabmxm;onfhtwdkif; aerSm;=uonfhtwGuf ysufpD;qHk;yg;& av
a=umif;ESifxHk;a[mif;usrf;*efvmygonf/ 'g,umawmfrif;jrwf[k q&mawmfwdk@rdef@awmfrlavaomf/ jynf&Sif
rif;vnf;=udKufawmfrlavI om;awmft=uD;udkxD;eef;rtyf om;awmftvwf jrdK@opfpm;odk@xD;eef;wdkif;jynf
udktyfawmfrlavonf/ [lIqdkawmfrlonf/ Tonfum; "n0wD ta&;awmfyHkYvmaome&ywdrif;
ta=umif;wnf;/
(P_229) T"n0wD ta&;awmfyHk Ye&ywdrif;onf ouU&mZf(1002)ckwGifeef;wufonf[lI4if;/
rdzk&m;ewf&Sifr,fudkeef;wGif;odk@roGif;yJ jrdK@ajrmufwGifomxm;onf[lI4if;/ ouU&mZf(1003)ckwGif
xifawmfrlapwDudkwnfawmfrlonf[lI4if;/ om;awmftvwfufkdomxD;eef;tyfonf[lI4if; a&;om;yg&Sd
aomt&mwdk@onf&mZm0ifa[mif;wdk@ESifhrnDav/ tuQ&myk'fygXf towftxm; pum;oGm;trSmwdk@udkrl
ysifqifxnfhoGif;uma&;vdkufonf/
tcsdK@&mZ0ifopf (219) eHygwfY ajrmufOD;jrdK@wGifrdzk&m;ewf&Sifr,fudk eef;wGif;odk@roGif;yJ jyifYxm;avonf
[lI4if; avmif;=uufpm;iukovonf e&ywd=uD;trnfudkcHI ouU&mZf (1025)ckESpfwGif eef;wufawmfrl
avonf[lI4if; qdkjyD;vsif "n0wDta&;awmfyHktwdkif;a&;avonf/ tqHk;a&mufcgeD; eef;tyfcef; (226) eH
ygwf Yum;e&ywddrif;=uD;onf rdzk&m;ewf&Sifr,fudk rSmxm;ajymqdkoifhaom pum;t&yf&yfudk rSmxm;awmf
rkljyD;rS vGefawmfrla=umif;ESifh q&mirnf &mZ0ifodk@vdkufIqdkjyefonf/ a&S@aemufpOf;pm;I rSm;onfrSefonf
udkod=uav/ Tum;trSmpum;csyf/
xdke&ywdrif;vGefawmfrlavvsif om;awmft=uD;jzpfaomtdrfa&S@rif;onf ESrawmf&if; &wemukrRm&D ESifh
tbdfodufcHawmfrlI ouU&mZf (1007) ck ewfawmfvjynfhausmf (11)&ufAk'<[l; ae@nav;y[dk&fwGif
jynfpnf;pdrfudktkyfpdk;awmfrlavonf/ owdk;rif;w&m;[laomtrnfudkcHawmfrlonf/
xdkrif;Yrdz&k m;acgifonfum; ESrawmf&if; &wemukrmR &D wnf;/ awmifrdzk&m;um; &Sifvwfwnf;/ ajrmufrdzk
&mum; apmydk@r,fwnf;/ taemufrdzk&m;um; rdzk&m;jzLwnf;/
rdzk&m;acgifwGif pENmwa,muf/ rif;rJvkvifwa,muf/ orD;awmf r,f=uD;wa,muf r,fvwfwa,muf/
tm;jzifh av;a,mufzGg;jrifawmfrlonf/ rdzk&m;jzLwGif om;awmf rif;csGwfwa,mufzGg;jrifawmfrlonf/ (P-
230) rdzk&m;ydk@r,fwGif pENybmrnfaom orD;awmfwa,mufzGg;jrifawmfrlonf/ udk,fvkyfawmfrsm;wGif
zGg;jrifawmfrlaomom;awmf orD;awmfwdk@um; wusdyfru zGg;jrfonfjzpfI om;awmf orD;awmftaygif;onf
oHk;usdyfausmfcef@&Sdawmfrlownf;/
xdkowdk;rif;w&m;onf eef;wufawmfrlI &ufaygif; (30)&Sdv#if r,fawmfrdzk&m;ewf&Sifr,fudk a&$0ef;awmf.
ajrmufzufjzpfaom [&Dawmifta&S@zufwGif eef;tdrfaqmufI xm;avonf/ xdkae@upI r,fawmfeef;[k
tpOfxm;=uavonf? xdkrif;onfum; ueuU'ef xD;jzlzGifhI yGifhawmfrlaoma=umifh xD;jzLyGifh[ef xD;&pf
xnfhI '*Fg;cwfawmfro l nf?

104
xdkbk&ifowdk;rif;w&m;onf r[mrked&kyf&Sifawmfudk zl;ar#mfthH[lI csDawmfrljyD;v#if rsm;pGmaomtvSLawmf
ESifh ylaZmfawmfrlcJhI "dXmefjyD;aomf up>ue'Djrpfudk pkefavI OD;&pfawmf"gwfudk ylaZmfawmfrljyefonf?
ylaZmfi "dXmefawmfrljyD;v#if O&pfawmifaygufrS taemufodk@csDawmfrlav./ orD;vSjyifodk@a&mufv#if
xdkwGifwn pcef;csawmfrlI csDawmfrlavonf/ yJvGef;qdyfodk@a&mufavv#if wnpcef;csawmfrlI
=unf;a=umif;/ a&a=umif;csDawmfrlavaomf &rRmyl& uarBmZrnfaom oufjynfodk@a&mufawmfrlavv#if
oufrif;wdk@onf rsm;pGmaom vufaqmifyÀmwdk@jzifh qufozl;ar#mfvmukefonf/ xdkrSonf wwUwsm
upI (7)jynfaxmifaomrif;wdk@onf 0yfpif;ylaZmfvm=uukefojzifh rsm;pGmaom vufaqmifyÀmwdk@udk
vufcHodrf;,lawmfrlI aejynfawmfodk@ jyefawmfrlcJhI a&mufawmfrlv#if jyif0if;wxyfudk vkyfawmfrl./
vkyfawmfrlv#if ta&S@awmifaxmifhu e*g;zsufI ausmufwdk@onf rjrJbJ ae@csif;jydKcJv#if csOf;Ivkyfawmf
rljyefonf/ rjyD;pD;cif tnmt&yf ia&$&Gmodk@oGm;acsrSm;I jyef=uGawmfrlvwfaomf temonf;pGmjzpfI
rsm;pGmaomtvSLudk ay;awmfrl./ xdktcg temonf vGefpGmonf;vwf&mwGifigoGm;acsaomtcg rigor#
aom olwdk@udk jynf&Gwdk@Y pDppfI (P-231) axmifwGifjznfhav[k trdef@cscJhaomtjzpfonf
rdp>mrw&m;jyKwwfaom olwdk@ajcmufvSef@Iompm;=uavaoma=umifh owW0gwdk@ qif;&J&acsonf[k
oHa0*,lawmfrlonf/
xdkrif;onf temonf;vwfI aotHhaomta=umif;udk odI ighom;awmfudk rdzk&m;acggifonf apmifr
=unfh&_vdkufyg[k rSmxm;awmfrlI trwfwdk@udkac:jyD;v#if om;awmftm; wdkif;jynfxD;eef;udk tyfESif;
awmfrlI tdrfedrfh (26)ESpf/eef;pH (7)ESpf ESpfpk oufawmf (33)ESpf/ ouU&mZf (1014)wGif vGefawmfrlonf/
eHawmfpaeom;wnf;/ 2?
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jynfpf;pdrfudk tkyfpdk;awmfrlav./ pENok"rR&mZm[laomtrnfudkcHawmfrlonf/ crnf;awmfvkyfawmfrlcJhaom
jrdK@ 0if;/ usHk;/ ajrmif;wdk@udkvnf; xyfqifhI vkyfawmfrlonf/ ouU&mZf (1019)ck eawWmfvwGif 0ifrem;usD
awmfESifhr[mrkedodrfawmfudk rD;avmifavaoma=umifh pENok"rR&mZmrif;onf rSL;awmfrwfawmfwdK@ESifh
wdkifyifI aumif;rGefpGmaom opfom;wdk@udk ,laqmifapv#uf ouU&mZf (1020)jynfh waygif;vjynfhausmf
w&uf we*FaEGae@wGif r[mrkedodrfawmfudk aqmufvkyfawmfrlonf/
ouU&mZf (1021)ckuqkefvqef; (2)&ufwe*FaEGae@wGif &wempHOD;apwDESifh ausmif;awmfudk aqmufvkyf
vSL'gef;avonf/ ouU&mZf (1023)ckEspf wydk@wJv G wGif bdk;awmfe&ywdrif;xH usGefcH0ifa&mufaexdkifvmol
yqmrif;om; ESa&mifpDonf pENok"rR&mZmrif;udk ykefuefav&m redkifI up>ye'D jrpfnmzsm;odk@ajy;
avonf/ om;awmfESpfa,mufESifh aemufygol&Jwdk@ =uGif;usef&pfonfudk owfIypfav./ =uGif;usefaom
ol&Jwdkudkvnf; opPm&nfwdkufI urHav;jrm;udk udkifapv#uf rif;xHwGif tvSnfhESifhapmifhae&av./
xdkolwkd@onf urHonf[k wGifav./
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rD;wdkufavv#if raemoD[ ajrmufOD;pm;aoav./
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vma&muf a=umif;ESifhqdkonf/ &mZ0ifa[mif;jrdK@wnfcef;ESifh tif;apguf&mZ0ifwdk@rS e&ywdrif;vufxuf
ouU&mZf (100 1)ckESpfuyif yqmrif;om;ESa&mifpDonf ESrawmf oufolZmwdk@ESifh cdk0ifvma&muf aexdkif
vma=umif;ESifh qdkonfjzpf&um; q&mirnf; &mZ0if pum;ukd pOf;pm;&ef&Sdacsonf/ Tum;trSmpum;csyf)?
ouU&mZf (1026)ck 0gacgifvqef;w&ufae@0,f a&$eef;awmfudk aqmufvkyfawmfrl./ xdkouU&mZf
wydk@wJv G wGif ppfwaumif;udk armif;uGyfwdk@zsufavv#if udk&H=uD; &mZAvausmfxifESifh ukvm;yOPifudk
zrf;,lavonf/ Zk EWmwfppfonftaygif;wdk@vnf; ppfwaumif;jrdK@rS qkwfIajy;cJh&./ xdkESpf4if; waygif;v
wGif azgifawmfrpD;oifha=umif;ESifh av#mufxm;wm;jrpfaomfvnf; em,lawmfrrl/ azgifawmfpD;v#uf
r[mrked&kyfxkawmfudk tzl;tar#mfoGm;avaomf tavmif;orm;usGef; armfzsm;wGif wifv#uf xkacs./

105
wzefoGm;avaomf oa&acsmif;odk@a&mufvwfaomtcg ppfwaumif;udk armif;uGyfwdk@zsufyga=umif;ESifh
av#mufxm;vmaomf avSawmfpD;I a&$jrdk@awmfodk@jyefawmfrlc. Jh / a&mufawmfrlv#if ppwaumifjrdK@udkzsuf
acs[k ppfol=uD;udk apv$wfawmfrlvdkuf./ ppfonfavSwuf vufeufu&d,mwdk@onf ysufpD;IjyefcJh&=u
ukef./ ouU&mZf (1028)ck eH,kefvqef; (5)&ufae@rSonf 0gqdkvukefeD;wdkifatmif usGwf=uD;avSausmf
avSusifoHcsdwf/ wdk@wGif vufeufu&d,mwifI aygif;wGwfuapmifhae&./
ouU&mZf (1032)ck ewfawmfvjynfhausmf w&uf we*FaEGae@ rdxk&m;acgifom;awmf O*~gAvudk &[ef;jyK
awmfrl./ nDawmfudk ppfwaumif;pm;ay;awmfrl./ (P-233) ouU&mZf (1032)ckwGif jymodkvqkyf
(10)&uft*Fgae@wGif nDawmfppfwaumif;pm; ykef;pm;vmaomf 0if;awmfxJuaeI ppfcHawmfrl&m
vufeufrSefI nDawmfppfwaumif;pm; aocJh./ aemifawmfvnf; idk,dkjrnffwrf; nSdK;EGrf;av.
ouU&mZf (1033)ck eH,kefvwGif a&$eef;ta&S@zuf wHcg;xGwfrSonf r[mrkedodrfawmfa&mufatmif p=uFef
qnfzdk@awmfrl./ 0gqdkvqkwf(11)&ufaom=umae@wGifa&$*l[modrfawmfESifhausmif;awmfudkaqmufvkyfv_
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a&$jy\'f wdk@udkwrkwf=udK;wdk@jzifhwnf;IqGJiifavSmf,l=uuke. f / a&pkef a&qefwdk hudkvnf;rdrdwdk@u(12)
awmiftvsm;&Snfaom0g;ckepfvHk;wdk@udk xm;cJhjyD;rS 'gG&m0wDoHwJjG rdK@odk@a&mufawmfrlavvsif tHawmf/
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rif;onfckepfc&dkifawmifpOfwdk@Y apwDykxdk;wdk@udkvnf; wnfxm;awmfrlI tvSl=uD;ay;awmfrljyD;vsif
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xdkpENok"rR&mZmrif;onf rif;usifhw&m;q,fyg;/ o*F[w&m;av;yg;/-ponfwdk@udk =udK;pm;jznfhusif;awmf
rlI tdrfedrfh 25-ESpf/ eef;pH 22-ESpf ESpfpkoufawmf (47)ESpf/ ouU&MZf (1036)ck 0gqdkvqef; (5)&uf.
wevFmae@wGif vGefawmfrlavonf/ eHawmf wevGmom;wnf;/
(P-234) q&mirnf;&mZ0ifY tdrfedrfh/ eef;pH/ ESpfaygif;/ ouU&mZf/ ae@pJo G nf tif;apguf&mZ0ifwdk@ESifh nD
onfjzpfI tif;apguf&mZ0ifwdk@tvdkjzifh a&;;om;vdkufonf/ Tonfum;trSmpum;csyfwnf;?
xdkpENok"rR&mZmrif;vGefawmfrlavv#if om;awmftdrfa&S@rif; O*~gAvonf rdzk&m;ok0ÀuvsmESifh bdodwfcH
I ouU&mZf (1036)ck 0gqdkvqef; ajcmuf&uf t*Fgae@wGif oD&dok"rR&mZm-[laomtrnfudkcHawmfrlI
jynfpnf;pdrfudk tkyfpdk;awmfrlonf? 0gacgifvqkwf wq,fhw&uf wevFmae@0,f taemufrif;orD;udk rif;zk
&m;ajrSmufawmfrlcJh./ awmfovif;vqef; oHk;&uf t*Fgae@wGif tvSL=uD;ay;awmfrl./ wefaqmifrkef;vqef;
q,f&ufae@ taxG;awmfoHwGJjrdk@pm; rif;&JausmfpGmudk ukvmwefodk@v#dKav./ ewfawmfvqkwf ajcmuf&uf
ae@wGif jcdyfjrdk@udk wnfawmfrljyD;v#if r*Fvmeef;awmfudk aqmufvkyfawmfrlI r*FvmOD;apwDESifh r*FvmOD;
ausmif;awmfudk wnfxm;aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;awmfrl./ ewfawmfvqkwf q,f&ufae@wGif eef;wufawmfrl
onf/ tvSL=uD;udkvnf;ay;awmfrlonf? jymodkvwGif r[mrked&kyfxkawmfodk zl;ajrmfuefawmhjcif;iSg =uGcsD
awmfrlav./ jynfoljynfom;wdk@udk bk&m;&kyfxkawmftxHY opPma&wdkufI jyefcJh./ wefcl;va[mif;
vjynfhausmfw&uf =umoyaw;ae@wGif avmurm&fatmifodfawmfY yO…if; waxmifcHawmfrlapI tvSL
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106
odk@ wufawmfrlonf/ eef;wufawmfrlI wqJhwvaeawmfrljyD;v#if tdrfedrfh 27-ESpf/ eef;pH 11-ESpf
ESpfpkoufawmf (38)ESpf/ ouU&mZf (1047)ck uqkefvqef; wqJhw&uf wevFmae@0,f udk&Hawmfom
av;aomif;ESpfaxmifwdk@onf jcdyfjrdk@r*Fvmeef;xufwGif ykefpm;I vGefawmfrlavonf/ eef;awmfudkvnf;
rD;wdkufavonf/ rdzk&m;ESifh udk,fvkyfarmifrwdk@onf rsm;pGmaoa=uysufpD;=uavukef./ vuf,mjref
ppfuJ=uD;ESifh rSL;=uD;rwf&mvlolwd@k vnf; aoa=uysufpD;=uukef./ OpPma&$aiGwdk@udk zsufqD;vk,ufI
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om;wnf;? 4? ?
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vlrsm;wdk@onf oabmrwl rnDrnGwfjzpf=uaoma=umifh nOfhcsif;owfIypf=uav./
xdkP*~gAvrif; vGefawmfrlavv#if nDawmfoHwJjG rdK@pm;udk jynfom;rSL;rwfwdk@nDnmI ouU&mZf (1047)ck
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awmfrl=uukefonf/ xdkrif;um; 0&"rR&mZm-[laomtrnfudkcHawmfrl. vl=uD;ol=uD;wdk@udk aiGusyf oHk;
q,f/ jynfolwdk@udk aiG wq,fhig;usyfpD rif;ajrSmufbdodwfoGef;awmfrlaomtcg r*Fvmqkay;oem;awmf
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wydk@wJv G wGif taxG;awmf oHwJjG rdK@pm; rif;&JausmfpGmudk ukvm;wefodk@v#dKxm;&mrS ,lapawmfrl./
xdkvwGif tvSL=uD;udk ay;awmfrlonf/ wydk@wJv G jyfnhausmf udk;&uf/ we*FaEGae@0,f a&$eef;awmfudk
rD;avmifI rdzk&m;armif;rrdwfoHESifh udk,fvkyfawmfwdk@onf rsm;pGmao=uukef./ oli,fawmf=uD; pEN*gr%d
onf rsm;pGmaom&JrufAdkvfygESifh 0&"rR&mZmrif;udk ouU&mZf (1048)ckodk@twuf wefcl;vqkwf w&uf/
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ckwfIajy;av./ ajy;av&mudk,f&H=uD; pnfolausmfxifvdkufI zr;qD;avaomf&cJhI 0&"rR&mZmrif;udk
qufawmfrl./ xdktcg 0&"rR&mZmrif;onf oli,fawmf=uD; pEN*gr%dwdk@udk owfIypfav.?
ouU&mZf (1048)ck wydk@wGJvqlwf av;&uf aom=umae@0,f oif;jyifaygif;xkwf ukvm;wdk@nDnmI
acgif;wumukvm;onf 0&"rR&mZmrif;udk ykef;pm;avv#if jynfolESifh ol@&JAdkvfwdk@ wdkufcdkufavaomf
acgif;wum ukvm;onf rcHedkifI taemufjynfodk@ajy;av./ xdkESpf vlwdk@onf 0ufoufa&m*gaygufI
aoa=uukef./ pyg;tawmif;w&mudk aiG'*Fg; oHk;q,fay;&./
qifuJ=uD; w&rsm;ESifh vuf0Jjref/ vuf,mjrefwdk@udk 'g;vSHcsDpGJv#uf v$wfawmfxuf0,f ouU&mZf (1049)
jymodkvwGif udk,f&Hawmfom;wdk@onf owfjzwfIypfavukef./ a&S;rif;pOfrif;qufxm;awmfrlaom b¾m
usDuswdk@wGif &Sdaom a&$aiGwdk@udkvnf; tuketpif,il ifavukef./ rif;orD;armif;rwdk@udkvnf; udk,fydkif
r,m;tjzpfjzifh ,l=uavukef./ rif;vnf;rwnf/ jynfvnf;r&yfjzpf=uukef. xdkudk,f&Hawmfwdk@udk
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rlav./ ? &Sifysdk/ yO…if;ysdKwdk@udkpk&Hk;I noefacgiftcg0,f/ a&$eef;awmfodk@wufI rif;w&m;udk,lap/ apv$wf
awmfrlvdkufukef./ tapmifhom;udk,f&Hawmf (P-237) wdk@onf odavv#if xdk&SifysdK yO…if;ysdkwdk@udk
qD;Iowfjzwfav./ rif;&Ja&$awmif/ oif;a'0trwf / avmurm&fatmifbkef;awmf=uD;/ r%dbkef;awmf=uD;/
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odrfwdk@udk wufIzrf;qD;jyD;v#if a&;&mr&jyKusifh=uukef./

107
qua&mol=uD;- trnf&Sdaom ukvm;ESifh oa&o*FgZmwdk@ nDnmI vmvwfjyD;v#if ouU&mZf (1050)
jynfh 0gqdkvwGif 0&"rR&mZmrif; udk ykef;pm;vmjyef./ udk,f&Hawmfudk ckcHwdkufcdkufavaomf jyefIajy;cJh
=uukef./
4if;vwGifyif wvdkif;eJaumrdESifh pnf;wifbkef;=uD;wdk@onf wvdkif;ol&Jtaygif;wdk@ESifh 0&"rR&mZmrif;udk ykef;
pm;vmjyefukef./ udk,f&Hawmfwdk@ckcHIwdkufcdkuf=uavv#if ajy;jyefavukef./
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0gacgifvY rif;om; uEMpm;udk udk,f&Hawmfom;wdk@ zrf;,lv#uf a&wGifESpfIowfypfavukefonf./
xdkvwGif wvdkif;eJ; aumrDESifhukvm;wdk@onf nDnmI OD;&pfawmif0,f wyfwnfI aomif;=urf;=u
avukef./ udk,f&H=uD;xGufIwdkufacsaomf redkifI jyefcJh&./
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ESihf udk,f&h=uD;wdk@ csDoGm;wdkufcdkufjyef&m rwf&maus;pm;wdk@onf ysufpD;I udk,f&H=uD;wdk@onf jyefcJhukef./
,if;0gacgifvqkwf wqJhoHk;&uf t*Fgae@wGif udk,f&H=uD;onf tnmrSmwyfudkoGm;I wdkufavaomf atmif
jrifIjyefcJh./ udk,f&H=uD;onf rsm;pGmaom&JrufAdkvfygESifhwuG csDoGm;avI ouU&mZf (1051)ck uqkefvqef;
&Spf&uf t*Fgae@wGif OD;&pfawmifwyf/ wvdkif;eJ;aumrDudk wdkufavaomfedkifav./ /
xdkESpfvnf;aumif; r[mrkedpufawmf&mrSm wae@wnf;wGif (P-238) oHk;=udrfwufus jzm;a&jyefI waygif;
vqkwf wqJhESpf&uf/ t*Fgae@ r*FvmapwDESifh ausmif;awmfudk wnfxm;aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;awmfrl./
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awmfrl./
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eef;usawmfrlavonf/ ? eHawmfAk'<[;l om;wnf;? ? 5?
xdkrif;eef;usawmfrlavv#if aemifawmftdrfa&S@rif; r%d'wWudk rdzk&mokbm&ESifh bdodwfcHI ouU&mZf
(1054)ck 0gqdkvqef;&Spf&uf/ paeae@wGif udk,f&Hawmfwdk@onf nDnGwfIkeef;wifawmfrl=uavukef./ xdkrif;
um; r%dok"rR&mZm-[laomtrnfudkcHawmfrl./
udk,f&Hawmfwdk@onfaumif;jrJo&l Jvpm &duQmudkawmif;=uavaomf ighwGifOpPma&$aiGr&Sd[kqdkawmfrlavv#if
xdkvwGifyif r%dok"rR&mZmudk udk,f&Hawmfom;wdk@onf eef;awmfucsI 0&"rR&mZmudk eef;wifawmf
rl=ujyefukefaomf rkdCf;r&GmbJ aeylvwfv#if 0&"rR&mZmudk eef;rScsI r%dok"rR&mZmudk eef;wifawfrl=ujyef
ukef./
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&ef t0q,fvH&Sdaom oabFmESifhtxl;xl;aom vufaqmifyÀmwifI ajrmufOD;jrdK@awmfodk@ ouU&mZf
(1055)ck awmfovif;vwGif a&mufvm./ r%dok"rR&mZmrif;vnf; 0gusGwfvqef;&Spf&uf =umoyaw;
ae@wGif &wempHOD; odrfawmftwGif;Y &[ef;ynm&Sd vlynm&Sdwdk@ESifh wdkifyifawmfrljyD;aomf (P-239)
r[maZ,strnf&Sdaom ppfol=uD;udk a&$xD;ESpfaqmif aqmif;apv#uf rif;crf; rif;em; rif;t[efuJhodk@
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wq,fhw&uf paeae@wGif yGJ=uD;obifqif,ifusif;yapv#uf oD[dkVfeif; apwrefwdk@ESifh tawG@cHI aqG;aEG;
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rif;apwrefwdk@onf jyefoGm;=uavukef./

108
jyefoGm;=ujyD;aemuf udk,f&Hawmfwdk@onf r%dok"rR&mZmrif;udk eef;csI 0&"rR&mZmrif;udk eef;wif=ujyef
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usawmfrlv#if nDawmfjzpfaom oHwGJjrdK@pm; owdk;atmifudk rdzk&m;okbm&ESifh bdodwfcHI ouU&mZf (1056)
ck jymodkvqef;ig;&ufae@ eef;wifawmfrI l jynfpnf;pdru f kd pd;k tkyaf wmfrlav./ xdrk if;um; pENmol&d,"rR
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0gacgifvqkwfajcmuf&uf/ aom=umae@wGif eef;usawmfrlavonf? eHawmfpaeom;wnf;? ? 8?
xdkrif;eef;usawmfrlavv#if tEG,ftrsdK;jcm;aom &[ef;vlxGuf *ljzludk rdz&k m;ÁENrmESifh bdodwfcI H
ouU&mZf (1058)ck 0gacgifvqkwf ckepf&uf/ aom=umae@wGif a&$eef;wifawmfrl=uavonf/ xdkrif; (P-241)
um; rm&kr`D, -[laotrnfudkcHawmfrlonf/ xdkrif;eef;wufI wq,fho;Hk &uf&Sdv#if eef;usrif; aemf&xm
udk &Spfaomif;bkef;=uD;ausmif;wGif &[ef;jyKI xm;&mrS ,lIowfypfap./
xdk rm&kr`D,rif;vufxufwGif vuFm'DyoD[dkVfusGef;Y bk&m;omoemawmf nSdL;EGrf;ysufpD;onfjzpfI pnfyif
jyefhyGg; xGef;um;apjcif;tusdK;iSg omoejyK&[ef;oHCmawmfwdk@tm; av#mufxm;I apv$wfygrnf
ta=umif;ESifh t0q,fvH&Sdaom oabFmESpfpif;ESifh tyifhtav#mufa&mufvmavv#if rm&kr`D,rif;vnf;
rSL;rwfynm&Sdwdk@ESifh wdkifyifawmfrlI ouU&mZf (1058)ck jymodkvfvqef;ajcmuf&uf/ we*FaEGae@ owWXme
q&mawmf ÁENeO…LESifh avmif;=uufq&mawmfESpf*dk%f;udk oHCmawmfav;usdyfESifh oD[dkVfusGef;odk@
omoemjyKawmfrl&ef awmif;yefapv$wfawmfrlI oD[dkVfusGef;odk@a&mufawmfrlavv#if omoemawmf.

109
tnpft=u;udk okwfoif&Sif;vif;awmfrljyD;rS oD[dkVfom;wdk@tm; Oyor`'uHudk pDrH&GufaqmifawmfrlI
&[ef;rsm;pGmjykapawmfrlonf/ omoemawmfudk okyfoif&Sif;vif;I yOPif;&[ef;cHapjyD;v#if jrwfpGmbk&m;.
atmuf vuf0JpG,fawmfudkzl;ar#mfthHaomiSg oHCmawmfav;usdyfwdk@onf tEk&10 jrdk@odk@=uGawmfrlavv#if
pG,fawmfapmifhwdk@onf cvkwfarsmufvufudk rzGifhvdkbJ ae=uavv#if owWXmeq&mawmfonf &Zewv
tmumoH/ euQwWm& y&duQwWH / tp&Sdaom wq,fhav;*gxmwdk@jzifh &Gwfawmfrlv#uf bk&m;ocif
*k%faus;Zl;udk csD;;usL;axmyemjyKaawmfrlavv#if cvkyfzrsmufvufwdk@onf tvdkvdkyGifhavojzifh
pG,fawmfjrwfudk &dScdk;ylaZmfzl;ajrmfuefawmhjyK=uavukefonf? xdk&ZewvtmumoH- tp&Sdaom
wq,fhav;*gxmwdk@onf owWXme cvkyfzGifh[lI wGifavukef./
Tt&mwGif oD[dkVfusGef;Y &SdaompG,fawmf"gwfwdk@udk txufvuf0J pG,fawmfjrwfjzpfa=umif;ESifh rSefeef;
&mZ0if 56 eHygwf/ q&mawmfirnf;&mZ0if 229/ eHygwfwdk@Yqdkonf?
(P-242) omoemvuFm&usrf; 27 rHygwf/ pG,fpHkausmfxif yXr 169 eHygwf/ 4if;'kwd, 777 eHygwfwdk@Yum;
txufatmuf[lI txl;rqdk/omoemouU&mZf (830)wGif ZrŠL'dyfusGef; uvd*F&GpfjynfrS ukrmoD0rif;.
orD;awmf a[rrmvm/ orufawmf 'ENukrmwdk@ oabFmjzifh oD[dkVfodk@ul;&m pG,fawmfudkyifhaqmifavI
pD[dkrif; ajcmufq,fhESpfqufajrmuf udwWdoD&darC rif;eef;phudk;ESpfwGif a&mufa=umifESifhqdkonf?
orEWm*s'dyed 'kwd,wGJ 256 eHygwfYum; txufvuf,mpG,fawmfudk a'g%ykÀm;Oao#mif=um;Y
xmonfudk o=um;rif;,ljyD;aomf wm0wd Hom plvmrkedapwDawmfY Xmyemav./ atmufvuf,m
pG,fawmfudk a'g%ykÀm; ajr=um;Yxm;onfudk a,,aoe e*g;,lI e*g;jynf0,f &wemapwDY Xyem
av./ txufvu0jpG,dawmfudk a'g%ykÀm; ykqdk;=um;Yxm;onfudk *E<&wdkif; wuUodkfvfjynf ,QKtcg
yef*syfjynftaemufajrmufaxmifh yo#0gjrdk@e,fom; rax&fwOFD;jrifI wefcdk;jzifhaqmif,ljyD;aomf *E<&wdkif;
om;ESifhwuG apwDwnfIudk;uG,favonf/ atmufvuf0JpG,fawmfudk t&Sifom&dykwW&mwynfh t&Sifacr
ax&fonf &J&JrD;v#Hawmufaom oif;yHkxJrS ,laqmifawmfrlI uvduFwdkif; 'ENyl&jynf jA[R'wfrif;=uD;tm;
oifrif;=uD;rSmI ukrmoD0rif;wdkifatmif udk;uG,f&vwWH@qdkItyfay./ rif;tqufqufudk;uG,fv#uf
omoemouU&mZf &Spf&moHk;q,fapha&mufaomtcg ukrmoD0rif;vufxuf a[rrmvrif;orD;ESifh
orufawmf 'ENukrmwdk@ ykÀm;a,mifaqmifI pG,fawmfudk,ljyD;aomf ukefonfwdk@ESifh oabFmpD;I oD[dkVf
usGef;odk@a&muf=uavv#if oHCrax&fudkav#muf./ oHCrax&fvnf; udwWdoD&darC rif;tm;odap./
rif;vnf;vmvwfI &Sdcdk;ylaZmfavv#if wefcdk;jymÉD[mudk jrifaoma=umifh 0rf;ajrmufI oD[dkVfusGef;
tvHk;jzifh ylaZmfavonf[k 'gXm"mwk0ifYvnf; vma=umif;ESifhqdkonf?
,QKtcg Ek&mrjrdK@rS udk;q,fhig;rdkiftuGm ta&S@awmifaxmifht&yf aocE<jrdK@ / tkXfwHwdkif; ausmufwdkif jzifh
aqmHvkyf (p-243) aomESpqifhusmif;wGif yv†ifcHkxuf a&$=uKyfckepfxyftwGif; oDwif;oHk;aeawmfrl
onf[k rSwfom;av/ Tonfum; trSmpum;csyf/
owWXmeq&mawmf ÁENrO…L ESifh avmif;=uufq&mawmf oHCmawmfav;usyd fwdk@onf xuf0ef;usiftxGÉf
&Sdaom okreukÉ trnf&Sdaom oD&dyg'awmifodk@ =uGa&mufawmfrlavv#if bk&m;ocifajcawmf&mudk
zl;ajrmfuefawmhjyD;I xdkawmif.xuf0ef;usifudk =unfh&_awmfrlI vuFmESpyf k'f pDuHk;&Gwfqdkawmfrl./
vuFmESpfykd'fum;? ?
(1)? r=um;bl;atmif vl@abmifvGefjyD; tHHh0SJ;csD;om;/ v#HnD;a&mif0if;/ oHk;vl@rif;v#if/ =uGESif;trSwf/ xdkawmif
xGÉfY/ twwf0dZ…m/ atmif&maZmf*sD/ wy\Dwdk@/ trSDwHuJ/ taejrJom;/ &J&Ja&mif0g/ ol&d,mpEN/ aevDxGuf
0if/ =unfhrjrifwnfh? opfyifopf&Guf/ &Gef;&Gef;wufr#/ cwfvufoHao#mif;/ ta,mif;r&Sd/ 'dXdrdp>m/
vlwumwdk@/ xufrSmra&muf/ oHaumif;oHvGif/ xuf0ef;usifvnf;/ rpiftykyf/ qufqkwftaumif;
avrSma&mif;wnf;/ tacgifrdkCf;xd/ oD&dyg'if vGH@0Srf;xifonf/ r*~if&Spfwef edAŠmeftv,fcsufraom0f?
(2)? txl;xl; =um;aomfrl;r#/ aus;Zl;ig;yg;/ xdkawmifzsm;0,f/ avum;jyif;axG/ raoqDrD;/ xdkCf;=uD;xef
jyif;/ &eH&SdKif;om;/ ovif;toGif/ wvif;jyifvnf;/ us,fwGifr[kwf/ ig;awmifrkXfwm/ ajrrsufESmxuf/

110
t&maomif;axmif/ rsm;ajrmifukaÉ oef;wufavvnf;/ rsmaxGa&mif&Suf/ jrausmufcGufum;/ zufaomf
edkifavmuf/ tapmufreuf/ vuf&Spfopf&Snf/ wnfonfa&vnf;/ aomufonfrcef;/ tHhbeef;wnf;/
apmif;wefrD;wm;/ oHwHcg;atmuf/ ewfwdk@arSmufom;/ a&mifawmufrnSdK;/ rdkCf;vnf;raxmif;/ csrf;&dyf
aumif;wGif/ usdef;vSnfh0ifonf/ Orifvdkifeef;r0,faom0f?
TvuFmESpfydk'fjzifh oD&dyg' awmifudk csD;r$rf;awmfrljyD;rS oD&dyg'awmifrS qif;=uGawmfrlcJhI oD[dk
(P-244) rm&kr`d,rif;udk wvdkif;ESifhukvm;wdk@ up>ue'D jrpfnmzsm;Y wyfwnfv#ufaomif=urf;jyefav
onf/ rm&kr`d,rif;vnf; r[maZ,s trwfudk avSwufvufeufu&d,mwdk@jzifh apv$wfawmfrlavv#if
ouU&mZf (1058)ck wydk@wGJvqef;ig;&uf wevFmae@csDI xGufavaomf oa&acsmif;zsm;pyf=um;wGif
awG@=uHKI wdkuf=uav&m r[maZ,strwfonf om;ajr;wdk@ESifhwuG aoqHk;avukef./ &JrwfAdkvfygwdk@onf
rsm;pGmaoavukef./ avSwufvufeuf 'g;vSHajymif;rD;ayguf paomu&d,mwdk@udk wvdkif;wkd@rsm;pGm&av
ukef./ r[mrkedodrfudk vnf; rD;wdkuf=uavukef./ bk&m;&kyfxkawmf0,f qifmifvSLxm;tyfaom a&$aiG
OpPm &wemwdk@udkvnf; rsm;pGm,l=uukefav./
,if;odk@vudeufu&d,mOpPma&$aiGwdk@udk &avv#if wvdkif;eJ;okwESifh ukvm;wdk@onf/ &Hk;pkI ouU&mZf
(1058)ck waygif;vjynfhausmfESpf&ufae@0,f ajrmufOD;jrdK@awmfudk wdkufcdkufzsufpD;vmukef./ rm&kr`d,rif;
vnf; jrdK@wGif;Y&Sdaom vlolrif;rdzk&m; udk,fvkyyfarmif;rrd\H tvHk;pHkwdk@udk ,lcJhI aygif;xGuf&GmwGif
wyfuJ=uD; eENAvonf apmifhxdrf;I aeav./ wvdkif;AdkvfeJ; okwESifhukvm;wdk@onf jrdK@udk&Iaeav&m
udk,f&Hawmftaygif;wdk@onf pka0;I ouU&mZf (1059)ck uqkefvqkwf ckepf&uf wevFmae@0,f wdkuf=u
avaomf wvdkif;AdkvfeJ;okwESifh ukvm;wdk@onf ysufpD;I ajy;cJhavv#if udk,f&Hawmfwdk@onf jrdk@awmfudk
tkyfpdk;&avukef./ rm&kr`d,rif;um; tdrfedrfh 60/ eef;pHwESpf/ ESpfpkoufawmf 6 1-ESpf ouU&mZf (1059)ck
wGifeef;usawmfrlavonf? eHawmfAk'<[l;om;wnf;? 9? ?
xdkrif;eef;usawmfrlavv#if rsdK;jc;&wemOD;bkef;awmf=uD;udk 0wfjzLvSJapI rdzk&m;zGm;r,fESifh bdodwfcHI
ouU&mZf (1059)ck uqkefvqkwfwq,fhw&uf =uoyaw;ae@wGif udk,f&Hawmfwdk@onf nDnGwfI
eef;wif=uavukef./ xdkrif;onf umv*E<wf-[laomtrnfudk cHawmfrl./ pm-135 wefaqmif;rkef;vwGif
zavmif;bk&if*sDonf oavFmpD;I up>ye'Djrpf=uD;udkqefI wvdkif;ESihfukvm;wdk@udk wdkufavaomf&rf;0wGif
ysufacs./
ouU&mZf (1060)jynfh uqkefvwGif jynfolvltaygif;wdk@onf tcsif;csif;rxGufroGm;edkifatmif wdkufcdkufI
vkpm;=uukef./ umv*ENmwfrif;um; tdrfedrfh 60/ eef;pHwESpf/ ESpfpkoufawmf 6 1-ESpf/ ouU&mZf
(1060)jynfhwGif wEBAdkvf ykef;pm;I vGefawmfrlavonf/ eHawmft*Fgom;wnf;? 10? ?
xdkrif;vGefawmfrlavv#if om;a&$pm I,frnfarmifjzLudk eef;wufrdzk&m;ESifh bdodwfcHI ouU&mZf (1060)
jynfh eH,l\kefvjyfnhausmf wq,fhw&uf =uoyaw;ae@wGif eef;wifawmfrl=uavonf? xdkrif;um;
e&"dywd trnfudkcHawmfrl./
eef;wufawmfrlI &ufaygif; oHk;q,fckepf&uf&Sdv#if awmifzufwv$m;wGif tkyfcsKyfIaeaomtrwf eENpnf
olonf rsm;pGmaom&JrufAdkvfygESifh vmvwfI ouU&mZf (1060)jynfh 0gacgifvqef;av;&uf wevFmae@
wGif e&"fdywdrif;udk eef;awmfucsjyD;v#if pENok"rR&mZm [laombdk;awmftrnfudk cHIeef;wufawmfrl./
eefwufI wq,fhav;&uf&Sdv#if jynfolwdk@onfr=udKufI eef;awmfucsjyD;v#if e&ywdrif;udk eef;wifawmfrl
=ujyefonf/
jynftvHk;vnf;iwfrGwfI acsmif;ajrmif;awmif=um; ajrjyifa=umif;vrf; wdk@Y olacgif;xyfr#aoa=uavukef.
a&wGifvnf;=uGrf;xif;uJhodk@ olaumif;wdk@onf arsmavukef./ awmifolawmifom;csif;vif;wdk@onf
zrf;qD; ,liifIa&mif;pm;avonfvnf; rsm;vSukef./ jynfwyg;odk@ ajy;oGm;xdk;0ifavaom olwdk@onfvnf;
rsm;jym;ukef./

111
(P_245) a&$aiGOpPm&Sdukefaomfvnf; 0,f&ef&SmIr&jzpf=uukef./ wEW cdk;oltcsif;csif; ESdyfpufnSif;qJ;jyK=u
ukef./
xdke&ywdrif;udk ouU&mZf (106 1)ck ewfawmfvwGif ppfuJ;=uD; eENpnfolonf rsm;pGmaom&JrufAdkvfygwdk@
ESifh vmIykef;pm;avaomf xdkrif;onf a=umufvef@I avmif;=uufusGef;/ oref;acsmif;0,f ykef;atmif;I
aeavjyD;v#if eENAvppfol=uD;udk rsm;pGmaom&JrufAdkvfygwdk@ESifh wdkifacs[kapvdkufaomf a&aumif;acsmif;
0,f aomif;=urf;I aeaom eENpnfoltrwfudk xdkESpf wydk@wGJvwGif wdkufavv#ifysufpD;I ajy;cJhav./ OpPM
a&$aiGom;r,m;tm;vHk;wdk@ukd&I e&"dywdrif;udk qufovmay./ e&"dywdrif;vnf; a&$jrdk@awmfodk@0ifI
aeawmfrlavonf?
ppfuJ=uD;eENpnfolvnf; om;r,m;a=umifhtjidK;xm;I rsm;pGmaom&JrufAdkvfygwdk@ESifh ouU&mZf(1026) ck
0gqdkvqef;wpf&uf =umoyaw;ae@wGif a&$eef;awmftaemufzufuwufI ykef;pm;avaomf e&m"dywd
rif;=uD;onf tdrfedrfh(21)ESpf/ eef;pH(12)ESpf ESpfpkoufawmf (23)ESpf ouU&mZf(1062)wGifvGefawmfrlavonf/
eHawmf=umoyaw;om;wnf;/ 11?
xdkrif;vGefawmfrlavvsif rif;&JausmfpGm rnfaomom;awmfausmfod*Fonf rdzk&m;onfzGm;apmESifhbdodufcH
awmfrlIouU&mZf(1062)ck 0gqdkvqef;ESpf&ufaom=umae@wGifa&$eef;wufawmfrlavonf/ xdkrif;onf
pEN0drv"rR&mZm [laomtrnfudkcHawmfrl./
xdktcgajrmuft&yf,dk;acsmif;zsm; wnfacsmif;Yewfrif;a&mufvmonf[k,Hkavmufatmifajym=uukef./
o'Ng/ oDv/ okw/ pm*/ ynm/ [D&d/ =owy` [kqdktyfaomolawmfaumif;OpPm&wemckepfyg;Y wnfI
om;ig; =unfa&Smifv#ufaumif;pGmusifh=uukefavmh/ rusifhaomolwdk@onf aoa=uysufpD;I i&Jodk@a&mufay
vwWH/[k=uD;pGmaomwdwfwabmifwdk@onfay:ukef./ vlwdk@YarG;pm;aom=uufwdk@onf ysHIaysmufavukef./
&Gmwdkif;Yvklrsm;onf Z&yf r¾yfaqmufI oDwif;usifhoHk;aqmufwnf=uuke. f /
(P-246) eENpnfol ESifhoufa&$pHwdk@onf rJusGef;ursm;pGmaom&JrufAdkvfygwdk@ESifhcsDvmjyD;aomf ouU&mZf
(1062)ck waygif;v0,f pEN0drv"rR&mZmrif;udkykef;pm;vmukef./ xdkrif;vnf;uHjzLusGef;wGifaevm./
ouU&mZf (1063)ck ewfawmfvqkwf w&ufaom=umae@wGifeef;aqmufawmfrl./
ouU&mZf (1064)ck 0gqdkvqef;w&uf t*Fgae@0,f aumvd,rif;. eef;&m jrdK@&m jrdK@om,mwGifaeawmfrl
vmaomf &efzufjzpfaomoli,fawmf=uD;eENpnfol/ od&daZ,s/ 'g;ydkif=uD; aZ,sjzL/ oif;ryHk;a&$/ awmifzuf
pm;&tdrfjzL wdk@aygif;zufIrsm;pGmaom&JrufAdkvfygwdk@ESifh tnmayusGef;t&yfucsDvmI ouU&mZf(1064)ck
ewfawmfvwGifpEN0drv"rR&mZmrif;udkykef;pm;=uavjyef./rif;vnf;awmwef;uGsef;odk@ajy;av./eENAvppf
ol=uFD;udkrsm;pGmaom&JrufAdkvfygwdk@ESifhwdkufacs[kapawmfrlvdkufI wdkufavaomfokli,fawmf=uD;eENpnfol
tp&SdaomAdkvfygol&Jtaygif;wdk@onftnmayuGsef;okd@ajy;=uavukef./ pEN0drv&mZmrif;vnf; awmwef;
uGSsef;rSonf aygif;wGwfodk@ajymif;awmfrljyD;v#ifeef;awmfaqmufIaeav./
xdktcgYynmr&SdaomvlwwWdwdk@onfbk&m;qif;wkapwDykxdk;wdk@udkwl;jzdK;zsufpD;IXmyemoGif;a&$aiGwkd@uudk
,l=u avukef./omoemawmfudkykwfcwfzsufpD;v#ufaeokl oa&o*FZmeSifh bk&m;azmufacgif;aqmiftp&Sd
aomolcdk;wEWwdk@udkazmufzsuftHhaomiSm pEN0drv"rR&mZmrif;onf q&mawmfpaomoHCmawmftygi;f
rSL;rwftp&Sdaomynm&Sd taygif;wdk@ESifhESD;aESmwdkifyifawmfrklav&m/ vlwdk@onf=wifed'gef;tvdkqdkonfum;/
olcdk;wdk@udk wEWAdkvf acgif;udk&dwfjzwfowfvwWH/
a,musfm;wpfa,muf wdkifwm;aqmufI &yfapmufjynfudkzsifvwWH/
[lI=wif;ed'gef;xGuf&Sdygonf/ "gwfav;yg;wGif taEWm"mwfr paej*dK[ftm;&Sdygonf/ odk@jzpfI paeom;wpf
a,mufudk wEWAdkvfrif;[k trnfrSnfhac:I wdkufowfaprS bk&m;azmufomoemzsufwdk@udkESdrfESif;edkifygrnf[k
av#muf=uavv#if eENAvppfol=uD;uav#mufxm;onfrSm taemuf"edawmfudkpdk;ydkifaom a&$wHk;ndkonf
ynmtqiftjcifESifhvnf;jynfhpHkygonf/ tajrmftjrifESifhvnf;jynfhpHkygonf/ tm;tifAv&JpGrf;owWdvnf;&Sd
ygonf/ rSL;&m rwf&m ta&;Yvnf; vHk;csHKnDnGwfjynfhpHkygonf[kav#mufay./ pEN0drv&mZmrif;vnf;

112
=udKufawmfrlI ouU&mZf (1064)ck wydk@wJG vqef;av;&uf paeae@wGifa&$wHk;ndkudk wEWAdkvfrif;trnfrSnfh
awmfrlonf/
oif;rydk;a&$onf 0jyef&GmwGifaomif;usefIaeav&m wEWAdkvfrif;wdkufavaomediaf v./ oif;rydk;a&$um;
oif;aygif;acsmif;odk@ajy;avI awmifzufpm;&tdrfjzLESifhaygif;zufjyD;vsif ajraygifwyf=uD;pGJIaomif;usef;jyef
av./ wEWAdkvfrif;csDI wdkufjyefavaomatmifjrifav./ oif;rydk;a&$onf&rf;jAJusGrf;odk@ajy;av./wrdom;
csif;ndDawmfjzpfol &rf;jAJpm;atmifa&$u rsm;pGmaomavSwufESifh vufeufu&d,mwdk@udkay;vdkufojzifh jyef
vmjyD;vsif tnmt&yftkef;wyif0,f oD&daZ,sppfol=uD;ESifh oli,fawmf=uD; eENpnfolwdk@odk@ aygif;zufjyD;
v#if tkef;wyift&yfYwyfwmwnfI aomif;=urf;avjyef./ pEN0drv"rR&mZmrif;vnf; wEWAdkvftm;oif;r
ausk;udkay;awmfrl./
oif;rydk;a&$/ oli,fawmfeENpnfol/ od&daZ,s/ vuf0J0if;rSL; owkd;ndk/ vuf,m0if;rSL;owdk;jzL/ ESJpJG/ ESJpkwf/
ESJokc/ awmifzufpm;&tdrfjzL ta&S@'g;awmfpdk; wHk;ndk/ qdktyfjydD;aomvklwdk@onfpkaygif;IvmjyD;v#if ouU
&mZf(1065) ckawmfovif;vqkwf(6)&ufaom=umae@wGif usdef;usGef;=uufoa&&Gm udkzsufpD;av&m trwf
wEWAdkvfcsDvmI wkdkufavaomedifav./ vklrsm;wdk@aoavonfum; 'g;rusjrpfwGifolaoaumifjynfh rSs
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=uyfpifusGef;YppfuJ&Jabmfvnf;trwfawmfoif;r wEWAdkvfrif;ESifhudk,fwudk,fopPmjyKIae=u&mwGif eENAv
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wGwf&GmudkzsufpD;I,lav./ oif;rtrwfwEWAdkvfrif;=um;avaomf rsm;pGmaom&JrufAdkvfygESihf csDIwdkufav
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wdk@udk&vdkuf./
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qifuJ=uD;oufawmf&Snf/ 'g;ydkif=ufD;OD;'D wdk@onfaygi;f zufI ouU&mZf(1066)ck uqkefvwGifxdrfwdkifuwyf
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vuf,mjrefxGef;jzKESifh oufpHa&$ wdk@ESifh=uufoa&&Gmom;trsm;wdk@onf oif;rwEWAdkvfrif;udk awmfovif;
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w=udrfwHkvnf; oufpHa&$ ESifh ppfuJ&Jabmfwdk@xH0ifuyfnDnmv#uf avmif;=uwf/ pr`v,f/ awmfwef;/
pnf&Gm/ ig;Zif;&dkif;acsmif;/ (P-248) =uyfpif/ a&$yef;wif/ rif;u/ 'g;rus/ rif;r/ od*Fyg/ oif;aygif;/ t=unf
w&dk;vklrdsK;wdk@ESifhaygif;zufIppfavSpD;jyD;v#ifZD;ikwfwdk&GmwGifwyfcsIaevm./ oif;rtrwfwEWAdkvfrif; xGuf
I wdkufavaomfoufpHa&$ESifhppfuJ&Jabmfwdk@onf ysufpD;Iajy;=uavjyefonf/
oHwJpG m; aZ,sjzLESifh avmif;=uwfpm; ipH/ taemuf0if;rSl;,ufoJwdk@onfnDnGwfI =uufoa& om;vkl
trsm;ESifh trSm;cHI oif;rtrwfwEWAdkvfrif;xH0,fopPmjyKv#ufuGsefcHvmukef./
w=udrfwHkvnf; =uyfpifusGef;Y ppfuJ&Jabmfonfaomif;=ur;fjyefav./ ouU&mZf(1067)ck uqkefav;&uf
wevFmae@wGif aoemywdtrnf&Sdaom oif;rwEWAdkvfrif; wdkufavaomf ppfuJ&JabmfonfysufpD;Iajy;
avv#if ausufckyfptif;ucHIaomif;=urf;jyefav./ wEWAdkvfrif;vdkufIwdkufjyefavaom ppfuJ&Jabmfum;
ysufpD;I yfdEMJacsmif;odk@ajy;avonf/ av;jrdK@acsmif;wGifaeaomppfol=uD;eEMAvonf xGufvmI tyg;awmf

113
u&yfv#ufwyfwnfIAdkvfrif;=uyfabmfESifhusGef;vHk;om;wdk@onf aomif;=urf;jyefavukef./ oif;rwEWAdkvfrif;
vdkufIwdkufjyefavv#ifppfol=uD;eENAvonftukefysufpD;I av;jrdK@acsmif;odk@0ifIajy;jyefav./
OD;&pfawmifpm; irJ onfvlolaygif;pnf;I jynfawmifndkuwyfwmaqmufvkyfI aomif;=urf;jyefvm./
oif;rtrwfwEWAdkvfrif;onf ouU&mZf(1067)ck wefaqmifrkef;vqkwfckepf&uf =umoyaw; wGifvdkufI
wdkufavaomf ysufpD;v#uf OD;&pfawmifpm; irJ udkzrf;I&avonf/
xdktcg&wemyl&jynftif;0udktpdk;&awmfrlaom r[modD[ol&tdrfa&S@rif;u &cdkifjynf0,f udk,f&Hawmfaygif;
av;aomif;ESpfaxmifwdk@onf jynf&Sifrif;udkr&dkraojyKusifhavaoma=umifh rif;rwnfjynfr&yfjzpfaea=umif;
odawmfrlI &cdkifjynfudkppfwdkufodrf;,lrnft=uHESifh Adkvfrif;ndk&pfudk tpHktprf;apvGwfvdkuf&m awmif (P-
249) pOfv rkef;acsmif;od@ka&mufvmv#if vrl;ol=ud;atmifausmf ab;aESmif;wkfd@ESifh jynfxJa&;udk ESD;aESm
ajymI ta=uif; udkodavv#if tvG,fwuklodrf;,ltHh[k jrefrmAdkvfrif;ndk&pfonf wyfwmwnfI aeav./
xdkt&yfudk ndk&pfwyf&m[kac:av./ wyfwmwnfjyD;aemuf vrl;ol=uD;atmifausmf ab;aESmif;wdk@ESifh
wdkuf=uavaomf jrefrmAdkvfrif;ndk&pfedkifavv#if ololwdk@udkrsm;;pGmzrf;qD;I ,lkjyD;aomfta&S@jynf a&$
=uuf,ufY&GmwnfI xm;av./
tif;0bk&if r[moD[ol&tdrfa&S@rif;vnf;tvGeftm;&awmfrlI jynfjrdK@0ef om*&odk@ &cdkifjynfwGif
ydÉuwfaA'ifwwfol ynm&Sd &Sdr&Sdudk pHkprf;axmufvSef;&rnf[k qifhqdkawmfrltyfonfjzpfI jynfjedK@0ef
om*&u pmESifhvlapv$wfI vrl;acsmif;ol=uD;xHa&mufvmv#if pmwGifygonfudk =unfh&_jyD;v#if jynfxJt
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avonf? usGef;acgifatmifa&$vnf; abmufacsmif; OD;pGef;awmft&yfY ouU&mZf (1068)ck awmfovif;v
wGif wyfwmwnfI aomif;=urf;jyD;v#if &Gmaygif;wGufudk wdkufzsufI,lrnf[k jyKvwfaomf oif;rtrwf
wEWAdkvfrif;vnf; aygif;xGuf&Gmudk usdef;odk@,lIwnfjyD;v#if aps;qdkif/ 'kuUefcsav./ pEN0drv"rR&mZmrif;udk
vnf; a&$jrdK@awmfu ajymif;,lacsI pvuFmolawmif armfwGif 0g;eef;awmfaqmufIxm;av&m
eENAvcdk;,ljyD;v#if awmwef;usGef;Y xm;av./ oif;rtrwf wEWAdkvfrif;wdkfufavv#if ysufpD;I eENAv
onf abmufacsmif;odk@ajy;av./ xdkpEN0drv"rR&mZmrif;um; tdrfedrfh 20/ eef;pH 6/ ESpfpkoufawmf 26-ESpf/
ouU&mZf (1068) waygif;vuG,f Ak'<[l;ae@wGif eef;usawmfrlavonf? eHawmfwevFmom;wnf;? ? 12?
xdkrif;eef;usavv#if awmifbufpm;&JabmfoD[om; (P-250) owdk;vSudk rdzk&m; zGm;aoG;ESifh bdodwfcHI
ouU&mZf (1068)ck wefcl;vqef;w&uf =uoyaw;ae@wGif eef;wifawmfrlav./ xdkrif;um; pENmol&d,
&mZm-[laomtrnfudkcHawmfrl./ ouU&mZf (1069)ck ewfawmfvwGif tif;0jynf&Sif oD&dr[m
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aZ,sjzLonf ckcHIwdkfufavaoma=umifh jrefrmppfonfol&Jwdk@onf aoa=uysufpD;Iajy;avukef./
&vdkufaomvloHk@yef; vufeufu&d,mwdk@udk pENol&d,&mZmrif;w&m;tm; qufovmay./
ouU&mZf (1070)jynfh wydk@wGJvqef;q,f&uf Ak'<[l;ae@wGif oif;rtrwf wEWAdkvfrif;onf up>ye'Djrpf
nmodk@qefwufI rsm;pGmaom&JrufAdkvfygESifh OD;pGef;awmft&yf abmufacsmif;wyfudk wdkufavaomf edkif
av./
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av./
ppfuJ;&Jabmfvnf; ydEMJacsmif;u aomif;=urf;jyefav./ ouU&mZf (1070)jynfh waygif;vqkwfESpf&uf
t*Fgae@wGif oif;rtrwf wEWAdkvfrif;onf 0Hvufawmfay:uvrf;jyapI wdkufavv#if tvHk;pHkaom
vufeufu&d,mwdk@udk &vdkufukef./ ppfuJ;&Jabmfum; awmifpOfurf;/ trf;'g;vufodk@ ajy;av./
4if;ouU&mZfwGif &rfljAJ@pm; atmifa&$om; &mZkESifh oif;rtrwf wEWAdkvfrif;orD;udk xdrf;jrm;I aexdkif=u
av&m &mZlonf xGufajy;I &rf;jAJ@usGef; tbxHodk@a&mufavv#if tbESifh wdkifyifI wyf=uD;wnfjyD;I

114
wef;acsmif;udk a&cHk;xdk;v#uf aomif;=urf;av./ xdkta=umif;udk oif;rtrwf wEWAdkvf=um;avaomf csDoGm;
I ouU&mZf (107 1)ck waygif;vqef;oHk;&uf =umloyaw;ae@wGif wdkufav./ &rf;jAJ@wyfudkatmifjrifI
&rf;jAJ@p;atmifa&$ESifh oruf&mZl vlolusGJEGm; pyg;qefa& (P-251) aus;usGef vufeufu&d,mwdk@udk
&avv#if &rf;jAJ@pm; atmifa&$om;tb wdk@udk trsufrmefrxm; a&S;utwdkif;uJhodk@yifcspfcifav;jrwfae
=uav./
pENol&d,&mZmrif;um; tdrfedrfh 46/ eef;pH 4/ ESpfpkoufawmf 50/ ouU&mZf (1072)ck awmfovif;vwGif
vlqdk; wEWAdkvfykefuefI vGefawmfrlavonf/ eHawmfwevGmom;wnf;? 13? ?
aemufYjyqdktyfaom 0&"rR&mZmrif;rSpI pENol&d,&mZmrif;wdkifatmif udkqufaomrif;wdk@onf
tm%mpufrwnfr&yf/ eef;awmfudkr# rydkifav/ udk,fawmf&Hav;aomif;ESpfaxmifwdk@onf jynfhocift&Sif
rif;udk eef;wifeef;csjyKvkyf=uukef./ xdk@a=umifh zsufonfvnf; udk,fawmf&H/ ysifonfvnf; udk,fawmf&H-[k
tpOftwdkif;qdk=uukef./
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0gusGefvwGif a0vkom& pENb&mZmwdk@udk wrefapv$wpf Hkprf;vmonfrSm &ckdifjynf0,f rif;r&Sd=um;od&
onfjzpfI r[mrkedbk&m;=uD;odrfudk igaqmufawmfrlvmrnf/ &ckdifjynfom;wdk@ =udKuf=urnfavm[k pHkprf;
ar;jref;vmaponf/ xdktcgusdef;wdkifjrdk@wGif oif;rtrwf wEWAdkvfrif;pdk;tkyfI ae&mrS=um;avv#if ig&Sdonf
/ ppfwdkufvdkv3iftjrefcsDvmcJh[k &Jwif;pGmrSmxm;vdkufjyD;v#if oif;rtrwf wEWAdkvfrif;onf eef;wuf
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onf/ xdkriif;um; pEn0dZ,&mZm [laom trnfudkcHawmfrl./
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xm;awmfrl./ udk,f&Hawmfwdk@onf aESmifh,SufzsufpD;avaoma=umifh twGif;axmif/ tjyifaxmif/
twGif;udk,fawmf&H/ jyifudk,fawmf&H / rif;aqmifrif;crf;aqmif&Gufaomol/ qifonfjrif;onf/ ukvm;/jref
rm/ wvdkif;/ [dENKwf/ csif;/vif;/ ouf/ jrHK/ xHk; /[m&d/ ocsF D/ "¾v/ [,m;/ vrdkif;/ tp&Sdaomvltaygif;wdk@
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wdk@.teD;tyg;Y ayyifaygif; &Spf&mwdk@udk pdkufysdK;I vSLawmfrlonf/ &Spf&maomausmif;wdk@Y oDv0ef/ *k%0ef
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0wWKwdk@udkvnf; vSL'gef;awmfrlonf/
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om;I vSLawmfrlonf/ xdkolwdk@udk oHCDuausmif;usgef[kqdk=uukef./ xdkolwdk@udk [de0Ho/ ol,kwfrsdK;[lI
rqkdtyfukef/ rif;uESdyfpufIvSLacsaoma=umifhom cH&avonf? xdkolwdk@vGwfvdkrlum; udk,fbdk;aiGa=u;
ay;I rvGwfukef&m/ tb,gta=umif;enf;[lrlum; tvSLcHaomq&mawmf/ oHCmawmfwdk@onf oHk;q,fh
wbHkolwdk@udk oem;jcif;om&Sdonf? rkef;xm;jcif;r&Sd/ udk,fbdk;aiGa=u;vdkI cHonfr[kwf/ rif;u vSLIom

115
cHawmfrl&onf/ xdk@a=umifh udk,fbdk;aiGa=u;ay;I r (P-253) vGwf&m/ bkef;=uD;aomrif;wdk@ v$wf rSom
vGwfedkif&monf[k 'dXmEk*wd usrf;wGifqdkonf?
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rSdKif;ppfuJ t&mudkay;awmfrlonf?
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iaemufudk av;jrdK@acsmif;pm;t&mudk ay;awmfrlonf/ aemf&xmudk qifuJ;=uD;t&mudk ay;awmfrlonf/
oruf[if;omudk omrt&mudk ay;awmfrlonf/ a,mufzawmf ppfaqmfudk &rf;jAJhusGef;udkay;awmfrlavv#if
&rf;jAJhpm; oHawmifoHk;cG-[lI wGifavonf/ =uGif;aomol&Jwdk@udkvnf; toD;oD; jrdK@&Gmc&dkif ay;oem;
awmfrlonf?
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(xdkpmoHk;uk'fonf wdrfjrKyfavaoma=umifh rawG@rjrif&&Sdavonf/ aemufynm&Sdwdk@&v#if oGif;xnfhygav?)
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a&mufaESmuf,Sufonf jzpfaoma=umifh &ckdifjynf=uD; &Sifbk&ifrif;w&m;u oem;axmufyHhulnDapcsifyg
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rdzk&m;acgifvGefawmfrlyga=umif;ESihf av#mufxm;vmv#if ZKEWmwfppfol=uD;wdk@udk jyefac:awmfrljyD;rS pEN0dZ,
&mZmrif;w&m;onf &aomvlolwdk@udk odrf;;,lawmfrlI (P-255) aejynfawmfodk@ jyefawmfrlcJh ayonf/
&cJhaomwvdkif;jrefrmwdk@udk iZif;&dkif;acsmif; =uyfpifuseG f;Y &GmwnfI oif;wdk@udk txdrf; xnfhI xm;av./
w=udrfwkefvnf;l ukvm;wefjrpfzsm;Yaeaom ppfuGyfausmfaoG; iykvJ icsif&mwdk@onf tr_awmfudk
rxrf;vdkaoma=umifh pkuU&mu aeI vlrsm;wdk@udkzsufpD;vmonfhta=umif;ESifh pEN0dZ,&mZmrif;w&m;udk
av#muf=um;vmv#if ppfonfol&J vufeufu&d,mwdk@udk jyKjyifpD&ifawmfrlI ouU&mZf (1083)ck wydk@wGJ
vqkwf ajcmuf&uf aom=umae@ ae@oHk;A[dk&f ig;em&Dtcsed fwGif a&$azgifjy\fxuf pD;awqmfrlv#uf up>y

116
e'DjrpfudkqefavI pkuU&modk@a&mufawmfrlavaomf ppfuGyfausmfaoG; iykvJ icsif;&mwdk@udk qHk;ruGyfnSyf
jidrf0yfpGmaeapI Oa'ykwf OwW&Zf rokENa& ouf armif;uGyfwdK@udk ESdyfuGyfjcif;udk jyKawmfrlv#uf edkifiHawmf
jzpfapjyD;v#if a&$jrdK@awmfodk@jyefawmfrlcJh./ ausmaf oG; iykvJ icsif;&mwdk@vnf; b0&Sifrif;w&m;. ajcawmf&if;
0,f aevmukef./
w=udrfwHkvnf; yif;0gppfwaumif;wdk@onf aomif;=urf;jyefavaoma=umifh ppft*Fgav;yg;wdk@udk pD&ifawmf
rlI rsm;pGmaom ol&Jtaygif;wdK@ESifh ouU&mZf (1085)ck ewfawmfvwGif a&eef;=uufoa& azgifawmfodk@
wufpD;awmfrlI a&a=umif;obif usif;yawmfrlv#uf =uGcsDawmfrlavaomf yef;0g/ ppfwaumif;/ aomif;xDF;
ajceif;/ wwsm ykÀm;usGef;rsm;udk zsufpD;I vloloHk;yef; OpPma&$aiGwdk@udk rsm;pGm,laqmifawmfrlv#uf
a&$jrdK@awmfodk@jyefawmfrlcJh&m ausmufyef;wlodk@a&mufawmfrlavv#if avjyif;rkefwdkif;xvwfI avSwdk@onf
rsm;pGmysufpD;ukef./ vlvnf; (3700)aoavukef./ oma;wmf awmifzufjrdK@opfpm;vnf; a&wGif
rwf&yfusI aoav./ om;awmfaoavv#if 0denf;xdk&fq&mawmfvnf; igaezG,fr&SdjyD[kqdkv#uf a&wGif
qif;Iaoav./ xdk0denf;xdk&fq&mawmf a&wGif;qif;Iaojcif;ta=umif;rSm om;awmfudk 0denf;xdk&f q&m
awmftm; tyfESif;awmfrlvdkufaoma=umifh tjypfudka=umufIaoavownf;/
(P-266) pEN0dZ,&mZm rif;w&m;vnf; avSawmf&H 7-pif;ESifh r,lurf;bufwGif a&mufawmfrlvm./
wef;v$Jpm;vnf; a&wGifepfavaomolwdk@udk qnfwifI xrif;a&pmwdk@udk 0pGmausG;ar$;ay./ xdkt&yfrS
onf tpOftwdkif;csDvmawmfrlI a&$jrdK@awmfodk@ a&mufawmfrlvm./ &cJhaomukvm;wdk@udkvnf; &kyf&Sif
awmfr[mrkedtp&Sdaom odrfausmif;wdk@wGif tvkyftausG; vSL'gef;awmfrlav./ xdkESpf0,f wef;vGJpm;
udkvnf; vuf0Jjreft&mudk ay;awmfrl./ usdef;ol=uD; aoa&jyefIaomufonfudk vnf;,Of aus;atmif
qHk;rawmfrl./
awmifvrl;udk qifxl;rcyf&m?
awmifvufyHudk qifrxdk;ap&m/
[lI oli,fwdk@ rkcedrdwfay:vwfv#if rif;udk,fwdkif AdkvfygESifhcsDv#uf vrl;&Gmudk odrf;,lawmfrlI rif;jyuif;
wGif ta&G;cHawmfrl. vrl;pm;vnf; xdkolwdk@udk a&G;,lI &GmnfjrJwnfjyefav./
'Ghg&m0wDrnfaom oHwGJjrdK@wGifvnf; a&S;rif;wdk@ wnfxm;awmfrlcJhaom tHawmf eHawmf/ qHawmf
"gwfoHk;qlwdk@udk jykpkokwfoifap&ef vSLxm;aom ukvm;wdk@onf tr_awmfudkrxrf;&GufvdkI ouU&mZf
(1085)ck wydk@wGJvwGif vlaygif;oHk;axmifckepf&m tdrfajcom;wdk@onf ta&S@tif;0jrdk@odk@ ajy;0ifjydlv#if ajrwl;
jrdK@Y &GwnfIae=uav./ xdktcgwGif vuf0Jjreftrwf AdkvfygtvHk;t&if;ESifh jynfhpHkonfudk jrifavv#if
aqGawmf rsdKk;awmf rl;awmf rwfawmfwdk@onf remvdkaoma=umifh pEN0dZ,&mZrif;w&m;udk av#mufxm;=u
avv#if rif;w&m;vnf; TodK@rdef@awmfrl. trwfvuf0Jjrefonf eef;awmfudk rD;avmifaomtcgY
0if;awmfudkausmfIvdkufvmonf/ xdkaomtcg igwa,mufwnf;aeawmfrlonfjzpfv#uf ighudkrowfav/
ppfwaumif;utjyefwGif Adkvfpk oif;pkwdk@ESifhuGJI r,lurf;qdyfwGifaeaomtcgYvnf; (P-257) ighudkrykef
uefav/ Todk@jzpfI aqGawmf rsdK;awmf rl;awmf rwfawmfwdk@pum;udk emcHI ig vuf0Jjrefudk rowfoifh[k
rdef@awmfrlavonf?
,if;odk@rdef@awmfrlI rowfrzswfaeawmfrlavv#if rdzk&m;om;awmf orD;awmf arSmufawmf=uD;rwdk@onf
r,Hkv#if ,Hka=umif;vSnfhywfav#mufxm;ajymqdkaompum;udk =um;awmfrlavv#if wu,fxifrSwfI
pEN0dZ,&mZmrif;w&m;onf vuf0Jjreftrwfudk owfrSawmfrnf[k om;awmf orD;awmf aqGawmf
rsdK;awmf rl;awmfrwfawmfwdk@ESifh wdkifyifawmfrlI owftHaomiSg tjypfudk&Smavaomfvnf; r&cJh&um;[k
pOf;pm;=uHbefIae&mwGif a&$eef;awmftaemufjzpfaom 'dkif;usDt&yfY awmusm;wpkonf ae@cif;xifxif
0ifI aeyga=umifESifh av#mufvm. xdktcgpEN0dZ,&mZmrif;w&m;onf tcGifhawmfjydoabm&awmfrlI
vuf0Jjreftrwfudkac:awmfrljyD;v#if 'dkif;usDt&yfwGif 0ifIaeaomawmusm;udk owfap[kapawmfrlvdkuf./
vuf0Jjreftrwfvnf; oGm;avjyD;v#if xdkusm;udkowfI rif;=uD;tm;qufoawmfrlvm./

117
xdk@aemufykÀm;awmifwGif usm;wpk/ 0oJbufwGifusm;wpk/ xdkESpfpkaom usm;wdk@ay:aygufojzifh owfap
awmfrl&mYvnf; vuf0JjreftrwfwGif wpHkwckaomtemr&jzpfavonf/ [l;&m;vSt&yfY awmusm;wck
onf tcGef&Jjyefvwfaomf xdkusm;udkowftHhaomiSg rif;udk,fwdkifcsDIoGm;apaomf [l;&mvSwdk@a&mufawmf
rlv#if vlrsm;wdk@tm; usm;udk0ef;&HqD;apjyD;rS vuf0Jjreftrwfudk ac:awmfrlI wdkufaomfu 'g;udkxkwfI
ay;awmfrljyD;v#if awmusm;udkckwfacs[kapawmfrl./ vuf0Jjreftrwfvnf; a&S;uusm;udkckwfaom'g;ESifh
ckwfyg&ap[k em;awmfav#mufaofvnf; pEN0dZm&mZmrif;w&m;onf igh'g;uJhodk@xufjrwfaom'g;onf
tb,rSm&SdthHenf;[k rdef@awmfrlavv#if vuf0Jjreftrwfvnf; nSdK;orf;aomrsufESmESifh ao&thhHvnf;
Ttcg &Sif&thHvnf; Ttcg qdkjyD;v#if jrHKamifpm;usGef;&Zf 0a&mif;acsmif;pm; usGef;&Zfwdk@ESifh usm;&Sd
&moGm;avI usGefwa,mufudktpmcsv#uf usm;udkckwfavaomf 'g;rxuf (P-258) avaoma=umifh
usm;udkw0ufomjywfavv#if raoI vufzeftrsm;udk udkufvmaomf usGef&if;0a&mif;acsmif;pm; ulnDI
ckwfavrS usm;aoavonf/ vuf0Jjreftrwf vufzefudk usm;xdI tem&udk aq;xnfhI ukoav&m
oufomrnfhta&;udk jrifawmfrlaoma=umifh pEN0dZ,&mZmrif;w&m;onf usm;qdyfESifhroifhaom aq;udk
wifavv#if usm;qdyfwufI vuf0Jjreftrwfonf aojcif;rvSao&av./
pEN0dZ,&mZmrifw&m;onf vuf00Jjreftrwfaoavaa=umif;udk =um;awmfrlavv#if ighom;awmf vuf0J
jreftrwfuJhodk@ wjynfwedkifiHrSm ppfrufusvwfv#if tb,folwdkuftHhenf;[k idk,dkv#uf rsuf&nfus[ef
jyKawmfrlonf/ tm;us[efvnf;jyKawmfrlonf/ pdwfxJrSmrlum; TtcgrS ighrSm&Sif;&Sif;&efrsdK;uif;.[k
tvGeftm;&awmfrlavonf?
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rsmpGm&Sdukef. rl;aumif;;/ rwfaumif;/ ol&Jaumif;/ qifaumif;/ jrif;aumif;wdkonfvnf; rsm;pGm&Sdukef.
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tvGefrsm;jympGm&Sdukef./ xdkrif;onf vlwdk@vSnhfywfajymqqdktyfaom oum;udk vdkufemI vuf0Jjref
trwfudk usm;ESifhwdkufowfI aoavv#if tm;avsmhavaoma=umifh orufawmf omronf wvdkif;
ukvm;wdk@ESifhnDnmI eef;awmfxufwGif ykefuefavv#if tdrfedrfh 45/ eef;pH 21/ ESpfpkoufawmf 66/
ouU&mZf (1093) uqkefvwGif vGefawmfrlavonf/ eHawmf=uoyaw;om;wnf; ? 14? Tonfum;
q&mirnf;&mZ0iftvdkwnf;?
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&$ifr_omavhvmI awmawmifvSnfhywfaeav&m &efwift&yfY qif;ausmhzrf;&m usJG&dkif;cwfI (P-259)
aovGefav onf/ xdkrif;tavmif;aumifudk jrdK@odk@a&mufrS &Spfaomif;bk&m; a&S;rif;wdk@ oj*fKvfaomt&yfY
oj*Fkvfavonf/ owdk;vSrif;usJ&G dkif;cwfI aumZmouU&mZf (1070)jynfhwGif vGefav&m toD;oD;
e&ywdtrsdK; rl;rwftEG,fjywfavonf/ ,if;odk@aomtcg aus;&Gmacgif;ol=uD;wdk@onf tvdkvdkaomif;=urf;
rif;rl=uavonf/ xdkodk@rif;rl&Sd=uavaomf 0efacgif wHk;ar#mfqdkol tiftm;pk&Hk;Irsm;vwfv#if toD;oD;
aomif;=urf;rif;rlaeolwdk@udk wdkufcdkufavaomf ouU&mZf (1072)ckwGif ajrmufOD;jrdK@Y xD;opfeef;opf
aqmufvkyfI 0dZ,&mZmtrnfudkcHjyD;v#if rif;jyKavonf/ ,if;odk@ta=umif;tm;jzifh xif&Sm;odapvdkI
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rysufruGJ eef;yGJjrifh=um ,id;odk@&mwGif ewf&Sifbkef;&Sd oD&dok"rR&mZm nmaysmfpjrJ eef;yGJraESm trappPmaoG;
qif;jidrfhav;udk cspfa=uG;a&S;0wf awmifnmewfrl rjywfZmwd rodw&m; avmif=uufpm;ESifh ,Ofyg;rdw0if
a&$pif&wem onf;csmvnf;qHk; udk,fvnf;&H_;I a&S;xHk;wdrf;yg; avmif;=uufpm;v#if xGufzsm;a&mufav
=u,frsm;=uG,fodk@ tjrKwnfqD om*DjrwfrsdK; rl;&Dk;rwfrGef aovGefysufjyKef; nSdK;okOf;jrdK@&Gm aemufrsufESmY
b*Fgukvm; oufrsm;vnf;&dkif; vlwdkif;xGuf0if obiftvGJ eef;yGJravsmf axmifay:ESpfck j*dkvfckudef;a&muf

118
rif;&dk;aysmufI pnfayguxD;usdK; rwfrsdK;zGifhvSpf 12-wGif wufopfaev 0dZm,v#if axmifrS pGef;u,f
ckepfq,fESifh ouU&mZfwGif &macwfpdk;tkyf edkifiHcsKyfonf r&_yfwnf;jynfa&; a&ES,f{; [lI a&S;uqdkcJhaom
0dZ, ppfatmif{jcif;Yqdkonf/
xdkrif;vufxuf ouU&mZf (1073)ckESpfwGif 0dZ,rif;onf yJvGrf;a=umif;vrf; wdkufodrf;csDoGm;avaomf
a*gawmf yv†ifESifh (P-260) ppfwaumif;jrdK@ oufrifaumifvSjzludkom &awmfrlonf/ xdk@tjyif ukvm;
q,fjrdK@wdk@udk wdkufiredkfifavv#if yif;0gwGif wyfcsv#uf 0dZmrif;aejyD;rS uHomjrdK@odk@ trwf &dk;pm;jratmif
udk apawmfrlI a&S; rif;aqGrif;rsdK; trwf=uD;wdk@ om;ajr;wdk@udk ac:apI omuD0ifrif; oD&dok"rR&mZmrif;.
ajr; vSatmifESifh ynm&Sdtrwf av;jrdK@pm; ivuf&Hk;om; cifndk xdkESpfa,mufom &vmawmfrlonf/
0dZ,rif; vnf; jyefawmfrlcJhI jrdK@awmfodk@a&mufaomtcg cifndkudk udk,f&H=uD;trwfcef@awmfrlavonf/
rif;.ajr;awmf vSatmifudk orD;awf bkef;=uG,fESifh ay;jrm;awmfrlI omr[laom rif;om;pm;aom
aus;udkay;awmfrlonf?
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eHvdrfhrnf [lIqdk=uavonf? ,if;odk@qdk=uaom wabmifpum;udk omuD0ifrif;ajr; vSatmif=um;
avaomf igwdk@omuD0ifrif;rsdK; t&dk;tpOf om;ajr;wdk@apmifhtyfaom Zmwd0Houdk rysufap&/ pmr&DiSufyrm
trsdL;apmifhxdrf;&monf[kqdkjyD;v#if usGef,Hkw&mudkac:I uHomjrdK@odk@xGufoGm;avonf/ 0dZ,rif;vnf;
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axmif&SdojyOpPmay;edkifjcif;a=umifh4if; pnf;pdrf=uD;pGm&Sdjcif;a=umifh4if; aygif;zufItjcm;trsdK;udkrjyK=uav/
,if;odk@w&m;apmifhaomw&m;jrJonfjzpfI 4if;0dZ, ppfatmif{;jcif;wGif
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onf/ Tonfum; "n0wDta&;awmfyHkYvmaom 0dZ,rif;ta=umif;wnf;/
tcsdKK@&mZm 0ifopfYum; owdk;vSrif;onfouU&mZf (1132)ckwGif jynfpnf;pdrfudktkyfpdk;awmfrla=umif;
xdkrif;aemuf 0dZ,rif; (P-261) udkum;ouU&mZf(1070)jynfhwGif &wema&$eef;awmfudk topfpD&if
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jyKoifhonf/ Tonfum; trSmpum;csyfwnf;/
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ao&rnfrcsGwfjzpfaoma=umifh a=umufvef@jcif;udk rjyK=uvifh/ [D&d=owy``w&m;udk jrJap[kqdkaytH@/ ol
owfy&0gwdk@vnf; rif;om;wdk@udk owf=uavuke. f / ti,fqHk;jzpfaom rif;om;bjzLonf a=umufvef@I
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avukef./ cs&mt&yfwGif usGef;wckay:avI xdkuseG f;udk rif;om;usGef; (P-262)[kac:=uavukef./
=uGif;aomrif;om; rsm;udkum; &[ef;jyKI toD;oD;xm;avukef./ pENol&D,,&mZmrif;w&m;onf
usm;ckwfaom vuf0Jjref trwfom;udkvnf; ykefuefrnfhtrSwf&SdI owfypftHhaomiSg ol&Jwdk@udkac:I

119
&Jqkay;jyD;v#if eef;awmf twGif;u pk&Hk;v#uf tapmifhxm;I usm;ckwfaom vuf0Jjreftrwf..om;
oHaxmifpm; nDtpfudk ESpfa,mufwdk@udk ac:awmfrlaoma=umifh vdkufoGm;av& eef;awmftwGif;
b¾mpdk;ESifhawG@avaomf b¾mpdk;u tpfudkwdk@udkac:onfrSm ta=umif;wckckudkjyvdkI ac:onfjzpfvwWH@/
xdk@a=umifh vufeuf u&d,mudk ,lIoGmrS oifhrnfxifonf[q k dkav./ oHaxmifpm; nDtpfudk ESpfa,muf
vnf;oGm;avI rif;txHodk@a&mufavv#if Adkvf&_cHIaejyD;rS jyefvm=u&mwGif xdk qkpm;aomol&Jwdk@onf
xdk;ckwf=urnf=uHpnfaomfvnf; vlwdk@.t=um;wGifjzpfI rxdk;rckwfvdkuf&onfudk pENol&D,&mZm rif;jrif
av&m oHaxmifpm;nDtudkwdk@udk xyfrHac:jyD;v#if csdKomaompum;udk ajymqdk[efjyKjyD;rS jyefItxGufwGif
ol&jwdk@onf xdk;ckwfvdkufv#if vSH&m'g;&mwdk@ESifh xGufajy;=uavukef./
oHaxmifpm;udk qifwif;ukyfwGifzrf;I&av. wa,mufudkum; 0oJzufodrfwGif&av./ xdkolESpf
a,mufudk okomefwpjyifodk@aqmif,lI owfavaomf mDti,f xGef;ay:a&$onf vGwfI ajy;avv#if
ykef;v#dKI vSH&n'g;&mtemwdk@udk aq;0g;ukoIaeav./ =uGif;aom om;wdk@onfvnf; csrf;ompGm
ae&avukef./ wa,mufaom tb,r[m&mZmrif; jzpfrnfholudkum; pENol&D,&mZmrif;. orD;awmf
ESifh xdrf;jrm;I ydkufonfpkydkift&mudk ay;awmfrlav./
xdkpENol&d,rif;w&m;um; aoa&ao&ufwdk@udk ae@wdkif;aomufawmfrl. EGm;.0rf;wGif;om;udkvnf;
ae@wdkif;oHk;pm;awmfrl./ rif;usifhw&m;wdK@ESifhrnDrnGwf =urf;wrf;cufxef apmif;rmef=uD;oljzpfI rw&m;
aom trltusifhwdk@udk jyKI rl;rwfol=uD;wdk@udkvnf; rsm;pGmowfjzwfI (P-263) ypfav./ xdkrif;.
udk,fvkyfawmfwdk@onf ndrf;aiG@&GH&Sm=uonfjzpfI tqdyfaq;cwfv#uf owf=uavv#if tdrfedrfh 36/ eef;pH
3-ESpf ESpfpkoufawm 39-ESpf/ ouU&mZf (1069)ckwGif vGefawmfrlavonf/ eHawmf Ak'<[l;pm;wnf;? 15? ?
xdkrif;vGefawmfrlavv#if om;awmftdrfa&S@rif; wufacsonf eef;xufrdzk&m;ESifh bdodwfcHI ouU&mZf
(1096)ckwGif jynfpnf;pdrfudk tkyfpdk;awmfrlav./ e&"dywd[laomtrnfudk cHawmfrl./ xdkrif;vnf;
crnf;awmf pENol&d,&mZmrif;uJhodk@ ukodkvfaumif;r_ w&m;wdk@Y arhavsmh. w&m;udkvnf;rsapmifh
=urf;wrf;cufxef./ trsufapmif;rmef=uD;./ bk&m;ay:bkef;awmf=uD;onf eef;awmfodk@=uGvmawmfrlI
y&dwfemqJwGif eef;&Sifr,fawmfudk ac:awmfrlI Tae@onf xD;ydkifeef;ydkifae@jzpfI om;awmfrif;w&m;udk
=unfh&_apmifha&Smuf&rnf[k rdef@awmfrlv#uf =uGoGm;awmfrlonf/ r,fawmfrdzk&m;vnf; peJwufbkef;
awmf=uD; qdkcJhonfhtwdkif; om;awmfrif;w&m;udk apmifrI aeav./
xdktcg vuf,m0if;rSL;ppfcsDonf rif;tjzpfudk tvdk&Sdonfjzpfaoma=umihf rdrd.tdrfwGif ar$;pm;xm;aom
jrdKusGef pkyfzG,f/ yef;zG,f wdk@udk e&"dywdriftm; vkyf=uHacs[kapvdkuf./ pkwfzG,yf ef;zG,fwdk@vnf; oGm;avI
a&$0if;awmftem;odk@a&muf=uavv#if udk,fvkyfawmf AdkvfygESifh rdef;rwdk@onf avSum;axmifIay;vm
ukef./ pkwfzG,fyef;zG,fwdk@vnf; xdkavSum;jzifhwufI vdkufvH&SmzG,favv#if eef;awmfawmif uefjyif0,f
p=uFefoGm;aepOfwGif pkwfzG,fEShyef;zG,fwdk@onf vSHESifhxdk;vdkufavv#if e&"dywdrif; vJawmfral v./ S
r,fawmfrdzk&m;vnf; om;awmfrif;w&m;onf oGm;vmaomajcoHudkr=um;aoma=umifh oGm;I=unfh&_
avaomf vSH&mESifh tlxGufIaeonfudk jrifavv#if bk&m;ay: peJwyfbkef;awmf=uD;ajymaompum;onf
rSefacsjyD[k rl;awmfrwfawmfwdk@udk ac:awmfrlI ppfwefqmtpHkESifh y&0k%f wHcg;0if; oHk;xyfwGif tjynfhapmifh
aeawmfrlav. rdk;aomufvwfv#if vuf,m0if;rSL; ppfcsDonf ol&JoHk;&mESifh rif;jyKrnf[k=uHavaomf
rajrmufbJ&Sdav./
r,fawmfrdzk&m;vnf; om;awmfe&"dywdrif;udk nOf@Y ykefuefvmolwdk@udk &SmzG,favaomf 0if;rSL;ppfcsDEiS fh
pkwfzG,fyef;zG,fwdk@udk &avv#if owfIypfav./ udk,fvkyfawmf AdkvfygESifh rdef;rwdk@udkvnf; ocsFDwnf
av./ xdkrif;um; tdrfedrfh 2 1/ eef;pH 1-ESpf ESpfpkoufawmf 22-ESpf ouU&mZf (1097)ckwGif vGefawm rlav
onf/ eHawmfwevFmom;wnf;? 16? ?
xdkrif;vGefawmfrlavv#if r,fawmfrdzk&m;onf rl;awmfrwfawmfwdk@ESifhwdkifyifI om;awmfavmif;=uufpm;
acG;acsudk ef;xufrdzk&m;ESifh bdodwfcHI ouU&mZf (1097)ckwGif rif;jyKapawmfrlav./ jynfoljynfom;wdk@

120
onfvnf; avmif;=uufpm;acG;acs rif;jzpfavonfudk em;0 yg;0r#rodav[kqdkaoma=umifh e0y0&m
[kqdk=uukef./ wHqdyftrnfawmfum; e0y0& &mZm[lao wHqdyfemr cHawmfrl./
xdktcg0,f oli,fwdk@wabmifqdkvwfonfum; tola&mufrnf iSufaxmufausmfonf a':wHcg;rSm
vl;vmcwfI jrnfvwfonf/ [qdk=uonfhta=umif;udk jynfolwdk@avmufxm;v#if e0y0& &mZmrif;onf
vuf,mjrefaxmufausmfudk ac;awmfrljyD;v#if owfIypfawmfrlav./
&rRm0wDrnfaom &rf;jAJ@usGef;wGif uefwdkif;&GmY ol=uD;irJonf &Gmolwdk@xHausaiGaumufcHI pm;onf[k
e0y0&&mZmrif;. OD;&D;awmf qifuJ;udk 12-&Gmom;vl=uD;wdk@onf av#mufvmaomf toufudkraoapESifh/
tdrfaxmifa=uatmifjyKav[k rdef@awmfpmwHqdyfcyfESdyfay;vdkufonf/ xdkwq,fhESpf&Gmom;vl=uD;wdk@onf
vmcJhjyD;v#if uefwdkif;&Gmol=uD;irJudk tdrfaxmifudkzsufI toufaoatmifowf=uav./ ol=uF;
irJom;ajr;wdk@onf a&$jrdK@awmfodk@vma&mufI e0y0&&mZm (P-264) rif;udkav#mufxm;vmjyefaomf
e0y0& &mZmrif;onf &rf;jAJHwq,fhESpf&Gmom;vl=uD; wq,fhESpa,mufwdk@udk ac:acsawmfrlapI ppfaq;
ar;jref;awmfrlavaomf OD;&DawmfqifuJ=uD; wHqdyfcwfpmay;aom a=umifh owfIypfonf[k av#muf=u
avv#if OD;&D;awmfqifuH=uDludk ac:awmfrlI ar;awmfrlav&m OD;&D;aawmfqifuJ=uD;u [kwfrSefyga=umif;ESihf
av#mufxm;avv#if e0y0&&mZmrif;u ppfajrjyify ol&Jaumif;wdk@udk tvdk&Sdtyf./ tr_=uD;I,f
jyKzG,fupP&S&mY cifyGef;aumi;fudktvdk&Sdtyf./ &efoludk atmifvdkv#if Oyg,frm,mY vdrRmaomoludk
tvdk&Sdtyf./ OD;&D;awmfrSmvnf; wHqdyfpmay;rdaomtjypfonf a&mufv#uf&Sdacsonf/ udk,fcE<mvGwf
atmif ynm&Sdvlvdrfrmwdk@ESifh wdkifyifI qD;wm;umuG,fjyKav[k rdef@awmfrl./ OD;&D;awmfqifuJ=uD;vnf;
&rf;jAjusGef; wq,fhESpf&Gmom; vl=uD;wq,fhESpa,mufwdk@udkac:I csdKompGmajymqdkjyD;v#if igay;vdkufaom
pmwGif qifajcpum;tb,fodk@ ygavoenf; =unfhyg&ap[kawmif;avv#if &rf;jAJ@usGef;wq,fhESpf&Gmom;
vl=uD;wq,fhESpa,mufwdk@vnf; pmudkxkwfjyav./ pmudk&cJhv#if zspfI ypfav./ xdkta=umif;udk
e0y0&&mZmrifodavv#if ol=uD;irJudkowfI ypf&efay;aomwHqdyfpmudk tyf&rnf[kawmif;awmfrlav
v#if &rf;jAJhusGef;wq,fhESpf&Gmom;vl=uD;wdk@u ray;rtyfedkifaoma=umifh eifwdk@yifiguxm;onfhvl=uD;udk
yefuef=uonfr[kwfwHkav[k rdef@awmfrlI xdkwq,fhESpf&Gmom;vl=uD;rsm;udk owfIypfav./ xdke0y0&
&mZmrif;um; tdrfedrfh 20/ eef;pH 2-ESpf ESpfpkoufawmf 22-ESpf/ ouU&mZf (1099)ck awmfovif; vwGif
vGefawmfrlavonf/ eHawmf=umoyaw;om;wnf;? 17? ?
xdkrif;vGefawmfrlavv#if xdkrif;=uD;.b=uD;awmf om;jzpfaom nDawmfonf eef;xufrdzk&m;ESifh bdodwfcHI
ouU&mZf (1099)ck awmfvif;vwGif a&$eef;wufawmfrlav./ xdkrif;um; pEN0dZ,&mZm-[laomtrnfudk
cHawmfrl./
(P-265) xdktcg apwkwW&m avmif;acst&yfu csif;wdk@onf qif;a&mufvmI av;jrdK@acsmif;udk zsufpD;av
aoma=umifh wyfapmifhxm;aom ukvm;uwsmonf av;jrdK@acsmif;rSajy;vmI a&$0if;awmf awmifzuf
tayguf wHcg; 0u0ifjyD;v#if &Srf;awmifodk@wufI yef;0gom; ukvm;ajcmufaomif;wdk@ESifh ajymif;wyfwnfjyD;
v#if ouU&mZf (1099)ck wefcl;vqef;ESpf&uf wevFae@ nOfhoef;acgiftcsdefwGif a&$eef;awmfudk ajymif;
vufeufjzifh ypfav./ pEN0dZ,&mZmrif;vnf; nOfhoef;acgiftcsdefjzpfaoma=umifh =uHpnftyfaomiSg
rwwfedkifonfjzpfI rdzk&m; armif;rrd\Hwdk@udk ,laqmifv#uf a&$jrdK@awmf ajrmufwHcg;rS xGufoGm;awmfrlI
&Spaomif;q&mawmfausmif;wGif ykef;atmif;Iaeawmfrlav./ ukvm;uwsmvnf; a&$eef;awmfudk&av./
rdk;aomufvwfv#if pEn0dZ,&mZmrif;vnf; trwfawmfppfuJ=uD; oli,fawmf=uD; ydkufonfydkif paom
trwfwdk@ESifh jcH&HI a0gjy\'fawmfpD;v#uf csDvmjyD;v#if &uQawmift&yfu ppfcHawmfrlvm./
ukvmuwsmESifh wdkuf=uavaomf ukvm;uwsmvnf; a&ayguf0wHcg;uaeI aoewfvufeufwdk@ESifh ypf
avaomf aoewfvufeufxdrSefI pEN0dZ,&mZmrif;onf vGefawmfrlavv#if ppfofAdkvfygwdk@onf
ysufIajy;=uavukef./ xdkrif;um; tdrfedrfh 22-ESpf &Spfv/ ouU&mZf (1099)ck wefcl;vqef;oHk;&uf t*Fgae@
wGif vGefawmfrlavonf/ eHawmf aom=umom;wnf;? 18?

121
xdkfrif;vGefawmfrlavv#if ukvm;uwsmonf ouU&mZf (1099)ck wefcl;vqef;oHk;&uf t*Fgae@wGif ukvm;
ol&wef&mZm-[laomtrnfudkcHv#uf rif;jyKawmfrl./ rif;jyKawmfrljyD;v#if ukvm;taygif;wdk@ESifh pkaygif;
wdkifyifI jynfwGif;jynfywdk@Y wdkufcdkufvk,ufzsudqD;ukef./ odrfausmif;wdk@Y&Sdaom a&$qif;xk aiGqif;xk
wdk@udk ,lukef./ ukvm;q&mjzpfaom acgif;wum/ armvm/ azgufusd/ wk\dbdem/ wdk@onf &Hk;pkI
odrfausmif;wdk@udk ydkif&SifcH,lIae=uukef./
(P-266) uwsmol&wefrif;xHvnf; oGm;vmwufowfI 'l;axmifaygif=um; jykvkyfukefv#uf tm;&Sdtm;rJh
jyK=uavaomf qifuJ=ud;/ oli,fawmf=uD;/ ydkufonfydkif/ paom trwfAdkvfygwdk@onf aygif;pkI ukvm;
uwsm ol&wefrif;udk 0ef;&HIwdkuf=uav./ xdktcg up>ye'Djrpfnmzsm;Y aeaomukvm;wdk@onf rsm;pGm
aygif;pkI wdkufpnf wdkufarmif;wD;I wdkuftHh[kcsDvmv#if qifuJ=uD; oli,fawmf=uD;/ udkufonfydkif paom
trwfwdk@ qD;Iwdkufavv#if ukvm;wdk@onf xGm;xGm;nufnuf ysufpD;Iajy;avukef./
ukvm;uwsmol&wefrif;vnf; ta=umifudk=um;avv#if up>ye'Drnmzsm;odk@ajy;av./ Tukvm;ol&
wef&mZmrif;um; a&$eef;awmfxufwGif oHk;&ufpdk;tkyfcJhI eef;uusavonf/ xdkrif;um; tdrfedrfh 24/ eef;pH
3-&uf/ ESppkoufawmf ESpfq,fhav;ESpf/ ouU&mZf (1099)wefcl;vqef;ajcmuf&uf/ aom=umae@wGif
eef;usawmf rlavonf/ eHawmft*Fgom;wnf;/ ? 19?
xdkukvm;ol&wefrif;eef;usavv#if pEN0dZ,rif;.nDawmf tdrfa&S@rif;onf rdzk&m;a&$a&ESifh bdodwfcHI
ouU&mZf (1099)cl wef;cl;vwGif a&$eef;wufawmfrlav./ xdkrif;um; rSL;rwfjynfolwdk@onf cspfcifjrwfedk;
avaoma=umifh arwWm&pf&mZm-[laomtrnfudkrSnfhac;=u./ oli,fawmf=uD;udkvnf; vuf,mjreft&m
udkaya;wmfrlonf/ ydkufonfydkiftrwfudkvnf; oHawmifpm;t&mudkay;awmfrl./
ukvm;ol&wefrif;uwsmonf up>ye'djrpfnmY ae&m0,f &Gmom;wdk@ay;qufvmv#if owwfypfav./
xdkarwWm&ofrif;um; tXod/ 'ood oDwif;oHk;wdk@Y arhavsmh./ 'gepaomukodkvfaumif;r_udk jyKjcif;Y
vGefpGmtm;xkwfjyKvkyf=udk;yef;awmfrl./ omoemawmfudkvnf; pnfyifxGef;vif;om,matmif csD;jrSifh
axmufyHhjyKpkawmfrl./ xdkrif;um; tdrfedrfh 20/ eef;pH 5-ESpf/ ESppkoufawmf 25-ESpf/ ouU&mZf (1104)ck
wydk@wJv G qef; q,f&uf/ we*FaEGae@wGif temqdk;jzpfI vGefawmfrlavonf? eHawmfwevFmom;
wnf;? ?20?
xdkarwWM&pfrif;vGefawmfrlavv#if taxG;aawmftdrfa&S@rif. crnf;awmfonf apoEWma0ESifh bdodwfcHI
puU&mZf (1104)ckwydk@wGJvqef;q,f&uf we*FaEGae@wGif jynf..pnf;pdrfudk tkyfpdk;awmfrl./ trsdK;av;yg;
wdk@tm; ab;&efr&Sdaponfudk ta=ummif;jyKI e&tb,&mZm-[laomtrnfcHawmfrlonf?
xdkrif;eef;wufI ESpfESpf/ ouU&mZf (1106)ckqydk@wGJvqef; 10-&uf Ak'<[l;ae@wGif e&tb,&mZmrif;u
ta&S@[Hom0wDjynfudk tpdk;&aom qif;usm;ocifbGJ@cH ordefaxmrif; wdkif;jynfudkwdkufacs[k cufawmf
uf,mjref *lwmudkapv$wfawmfrlvdkuf./ vufjref*lwmvnf; ol&Jvufeufu&d,m ajymif; jrwjyl;wifaom
avStpif;oHk;&mESifh csDxGufavv#if awmifcGif=udrwvDodk@ a&mufavaomf voltjynfh or`eftpif;
udk;odef;,lI xdkt&yfucsDavv#if 'vjrdk@odk@a&mufav./ [Hom0wDwvdkif;rif; ordefaxm./ trnf
ppfawmif;pm;onf rsm;pGmaom&JrufAdkvfygwdk@ESihf anmifyif=uD;wyifatmufwGif umynfESifh wyfwnfI
aevm./ tb, r[m&mZmrif;jzpfrnfhol oHawmifpm;onf anmifyif=uD;udk azgufxGif;I usdK;avv#if
anmifyif=uD;ydI wvdkif;ig;&mwdk@onf aoa=uysufpD;=uavukef./ ppfawmif;pm;ESifh =uGif;aomwvdkif;rsm;
onf xGufajy;avv#if igwdk@&cdkifppfonfwdk@onf ykodrf/&efukef/ "EkjzL/ [oFmw / {&m0wDvuf0Jvuf,mY
aeaom wvdkif;atmufom; jrefrmwdk@udk wdkufcdkufzsufpD;I rsm;pGm,laqmifcJh=uukef./ wvdkif;trwf
i0efpm;udkvnf; r,m;ig;a,mufESifhawG@&cJhay./ ,if;odk@[Hom0wDjynfrS udk,fjynfodk@jyefvdkI a&;om;
pyfqdkcJhaom vuFmrSm?
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ESifhukef/ waygif;ukefI =udwf=uHyiG fhvef;/ wef;cl;qef;aomf/ a&oGef;obif/ va[mif;wGifum; cspf&Sif

122
xGwfxm;/ bk&m;rdef@rSm csdefcgyef;ref/ qifcsdef (P-267) wefI trSefvopf/ twmjzpfrl/ &Sifcspfbk&m;/
olawmfrsm;wdk@/ w&m;apmifhum/ t&Dmaygif;/ olawmfaumif;tm;/ qGrf;avmif;ausG;um/ qDeH@omESifh/
tdyf&mcsdK;a&/ pk@a0ruif;/ csJcd sOfcifI a&oGif;ESifhazsmf / vSLjyD;aomfrS ESpfabmfwlyif/ odrfwGifywfukH;/ oDwif;oHk;
I eD*Hk;Zeyk'f/ odkufjrdKufaocsm/ ESpf&mjynfhvkyf/ ESpfjrdK@&kyfwGif/ &HkcsKyfajymifajymif/ jcifhaqmif,lZem/
aomif;rsufESmwGif/ rjrifjydKifwl/ rO<Laemwwf/ awmifjrwfjrifhrdk&f/ ESkef;qdkrjrif/ xHk;yHkxifodk@/ rsuf&SifywWjrm;/
wHcGefv$m;v#uf/ od=um;jrdK@wl/ &efolrc/ t,kA…K[k/ "n0wD jrdK@od*F Dodk@/ jyefcsDumv/ wefaumif;pG[k/
jzpf=updwfwl/ a[mifwrlI/&Sifvl&[ef;/ rsdK;udkv$rf;v#uf/ wcGef;pum;/ qufrjym;wnfh/ onf=um;vGef=uif/
ar$bcifwdk@/ a&$&ifrcGJ/ =umjrifhjrJI 0rf;xJylavmif/ rsufawmifr&Suf/ ydkufzufom;udk &ifhusL;idkonf/
vRf;qdk&uf&Snf=umvwfwnf;/ [lIa&;zGJIqdkavonf?
ouU&mZf (1107)ck 0gusGwfvwGif taemufulvm;wefjynfodk@ [&rm;wdkuf vuf,mmjref*lwmudk apv$wf
awmfrlvdkufonf? vuf0Jjrefvnf; oGm;avI rD;acsmif;odk@a&mufavaomf jrdK@ol=uD;iyifudk c&D;vrf;n$ef
apI oGm;jyefavomf ausufyef;awmif;jrdK@a[mif;odk@a&mufavv#if r[m*sD&kyfxkawmfudk zl;ar#mf&
av./ ,if;odk@zl;ajrmfIaepOf &wempHOD;q&mawmfvnf; r[m*sD&kyfxkawmfudk yifhawmfrl&ef=uGvmawmfrl
v#uf &kyx f kawmfr[m*sDwyg;udk yifh,lawmfrlavonf? usef&kyfxkawmf r[m*sDwyg;udk vuf0Jjreftrwf
yifhaqmifawmfrlv#uf e&tb,&mZmrif;tm; qufoawmfrlavv#if e&tb,&mZmrif; aeawmfrlaom
awmifeef;aqmifY &wempDcs,faom jy\'faqmifwGif usdef;0yfawmfrlapv#uf udk;uG,fawmfrlonf/
T&kyfxkawmf r[*sDudk a&S;rif;tqufqufwdk@onf yifhaqmifIr&av/ e&t,&mZmrif;vufxufrS
yifhaqmif&,lawmfrlI udk;uG,f&avownf;?
(P-268) w&Ha&mtcg pEN0dZ,&mZmrif;.om;awmfjzpfaom jyvSESifh a=umifacs;wdk@onf usdef;t7yfu
avSESpfpif;ESifhvmI awmifzuft&yfaygufyifwHcg;u 0g;avSum;axmifI wufjyD;v#if udk,fvkyfrsm;ae&m
wJtdrfudkrD;wdkufv#uf ouU&mZf (1109)ck waygif;vqkwf 11-&uf wevFmae@wGif ntcg0,f e&tb,
&mZmrif;udk ykefuefvm./ om;awmftrf;pm;ESifh udk,f&Hawmftapmifhta&Smufwdk@ qD;cHIwdkufavaomf
rif;om;jyvSonf em&Dpifeef;a&S@0,f aoav./ rdk;aomufv#if jyvSwdk@ESifhwbwnf; nDtudk &[ef;jyKIae
aom av;awmifpm; rif;pHa&$wdk@udk e&tb,&mZmrif;u yifhac:I jyvS a=umifacs;wdk@ ykefuef
&modk@ygonf/ rygonfudk ar;jref;pDppf&m ryga=umif;ESifh ajymqdkaomfvnf; e&tb,&mZmrif;u r,Hkav
aoma=umifh olomef ckepf&uf tapmifhrSv$wfavonf?
w=udrfwHkvnf; rD;acsmif;zsm;Y aeaom jrdKoif;=uD;onf &dkif;;jyavaoma=umifh e&tb,&mZmrif;vnf;
jrdKoi;=uD;udk qHk;rpdrfhaomiSg trwfawmfqifuJ=uD;udk apv$wfawmfrlvdkuf./ qifuJ=uD;vnf; rsm;pGmaom
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vm jyD;aemuf e&tb,&mZmrif;onf vuFmwydk'fa&;om;apI crufawmfvuf,mjref *lwmESifh
trwfoHk;axmifwdk@udk ukvm;wefrD;acsmif;odk@ apawmfrlvdkufjyefonf? ? vuFmrSm?
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cdkuf&efrjyK/ cdk;olrk'drf;/ &efppifjidrf;ap/ wyfwnfacs[k/ oajywHcGe/f bkef;oefvl@b0/ 0gusGwfv0,f/ {u-
&uf=uGif;/ aqmif;wvif;Y/ vrif;wefaqmif/ wajymifajymifv#if/ awmifodk@vSnfhoGm;/ aiG&xm; (P-269)
jzifh/ v#ifvsm;odkodk/ ESif;pdkpdk0,f/ avcsdKysH@oif;/ tcsrf;jyif;I/ rDrif;wlyif/ rsdK;xGifxdyfyef/ rwfaumif;usGefudk/
tvGef&uf&Snf/ =umrwnfatmif/ av;jynfig;jzm/ ig;&mjrpfr/ up>y[k/ pD;us0Sefwuf/ ESpfzufodk@aESm/
awmifESifhawm0,f/ jra=um&Sufcdkif/ cufcsif;qdkifI oHjydKif&ifh&SK/ jcdK;=uLaus;iSuf/ quf&ufOa'gif;/ waomif;

123
aomif;onf/ vrf;a=umif;vrf;pOf jrnfvdrfaomf/ TvuFmudka&;om;ay;tyfv#uf apv$wfawmf rlvdkuf
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crufawmfvuf,mjref*lwmESifh trwfoHk;axmifwdk@qefoGm;I rdacsmif;odk@a&mufoGm;avv#ifjjrdkoif;=uD; udk
wdkufavaomfouU&mZf(1112)ckwydkwGJvwGif[&rm;wdkufIysufpD;av./waygif;vwGifum;e&tb,&mZ
mrif;onf &Gmawmfysm;wJwGif aumifr_awmfodrfudk ylaZmfuefawmh jyKawmfrl./
(P-270) w=udrfwHkvnf; e&tb,&mZmrif;onf crufawmfvuf,mjref*lwmudk AdkvfSL;jyKI Adkvfrif;
oHv#yfpJG ri;fuefusifoefwdk@ESifh ol&JAdkvfygwdk@udk taemufjynfodk@csDapawmfrl./ vuf,m jref*lwm vnf;
rsmpGmaom&JrufAdkvfygESifh ouU&mZf (1113)c awmfovif;vwGif csDoGm;=uavaomf 'gumpm; tmum
aygufupD;cHI wdkufavaoma=umifh ppfonfawmfwdk@onf ysuf[pD;I jyefcJh=u&ukef./
ouU&mZf (1114)ck eH,kefvwGif taemufjynfu rif;apwrHv$wfI a&mufvm./
ouU&mZf (1115)ck 0gacgifrSonf wefaqmifrkef;vwdkifatmif oabFmrsm;a&mufvm./ xdkoabFmwdk@Y
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omronf taemufjynfukvm;rif;xH ppfyefI e&tb,&mZmrif;udk wdkufthH[k ol&Jrsm;pGmESifhcsDvm&m
c&D;t=um; 'gumjrdK@odk@a&mufv#if rif;om;omronf aoqHk;av./ aoqHk;v#if ukvm;ppfonfwdk@vnf;
jyefoGm;=uav./
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apawmfrlvdkufI ouU&mZf (1116)ck waygif;vwGifcsDoGm;avaomf yif;0g ppfwaumif;t&yf0,f jrpfem;
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awmfrlI csDoGm;wdkufcdkufavaomf awmifzujrdK@opfpm;udk zrf;I&av./
xdke&tb.&mZmrif;vufxuf tif;0jynfudk tpdk;&aom qifjzL&Sif r[m"rR&mZm"dywdtrnf&Sdaom
[Hom0wDa&mufrif;ESifh [Hom0wDjynfh&Sif qifusm;ocif wvdkif;rif;ordefaxmwdk@ t=udrf=udrf ppfyGJqifI
wdkuf=uavaomf tif;0qfjzL&Sifrif;&H_;aoma=umifh rif;/ rdzk&m; jynfolwdk@udk ,loifh&m,lv#uf [Hom0wD
odk@ aqmif,lavaomf tif'0jynfonfysufpD;avI jrefrmvlolwdk@onf ajy;xGufvm a&muf=uukef./
xdkodk@a&mufvmukefaomjrefrmwdk@udk e&tb,&mZmrif;onf pm;eyf&duQmay;awmfrlI jydef;acsmif;wdk@Y
&GmwnfI csxm;awmfrlavonf? ckepfck&dkifawmifpOfwGifvnf;to/D;oD;&GmwnfIxm;awmf rlavonf/
xdkjrefrmwdk@onfouU&mZf(1116)ckwGifjyefIoGm;=uavukef./ tcsdJ@wdk@vnf;usef&pf=uuke. f /
w&Ha&mtcg omoe"Z trnf&Sdaom0denf;"dk&fonf rif;jzpfrnftrSwf&SdI e&tb,&mZm rif;udkykefuef
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r[kwf[lI xm;jrJxm;cJhavv#if 0denf;xdk&fonf teD0wfI aejrJaeav./ rdk;aomufv#if ol&Jwdk@onf
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=unfh&_avaomf aot&uftdk;wdk@ESifh ppf0wfwefqm tvHk;pHkwdk@udk&avI e&tb,&mZm rif;tm;
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v#dkav/ aqrsdK;wdk@udk owfav[k rdef@awmfrlaoma=umifh owfavv#if 0denf;xdk&f aqGrsdK;jzpfaom
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124
axmifpm; pHa&$ay:wdk@onf wnDwnGwf=uH&if;ol jzpf=uI aemifta&;udk a=umuf ojzifhO*~ga&$ESifh
pHa&$ay:wdk@onf 0denf;xdk&fudk rmefatmifusGef;odk@ rydk@bJ toufaoatmifowfI 0denf;xdk&f qHk;avonf/
owfIaoavonfum; ouU&mZf(1117) ck0gqdk vjynfausmfwpf&uf Ak'<[l;ae@0,fowfIaoavwnf;/
nOfhtcgY0denf;"dk&ftavmif;em;0,f om"kom"k [lIoHk;&ufwdkfif atmif ac:oH=um;av./ xdkESpfrdk;
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qifawmf aqmufykwfao./
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=uD;onfvufvGwfav.
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awmfrlonf?

125
xdkrif;vufxuf tif;0jynfudk tpdk;&awmfrlaom aemifawmfrif;=uD;u &cdkifjynfYpdk;tkyfaomrif;onf
awmifcGif=udrfwvDY aomif;=urf;Iaeaom Adkvftndkudk t=udrf=udrfwdkufaomfvnf; r&edkfiaomta=umif;
udk =um;odavv#if jrefatmifAdkvfiedk;udk wdkufzsufacs[k apawmfrlvdkuf./ jrefatmifAdkvfiedK;vnf;
vufeufudkifvlaygif; oHk;&mESifh csDvmjyD;v#if =udrfwvDwGif Adkvftndkudk ouU&mZf (1123)ck wefcl;vqef;
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rmefatmifusGef;wGifaeaom Adkvfrif;vmOD;/ Tvlav;a,mufwdk@aygif;zufI tif;0jrdK@odk@oGm;jyD;aomf
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wyfwnfIaeav./
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awmifpm; ixGef;atmifonf &cdkiftrwfwGif&Sdaom tajymifrdef@rwdk@udk,lI jrefrmwdk@ydkifonfxifrSwfv#uf
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vnf; wef;vGJuonf awmifukyf/ yef;axmf /ywif;/ &rf;jynfhi,fwdkifatmif tjyefjyefzsufpD;aeav./
pENy&r&mZmrif;vnf; av;jrdK@a=umif;csDvmaom jrefrm (P-283) ppfonfwdk@udkedkifavv#if awmifpOfwGif
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vmonf[k =um;avv#if awmifukyfuajy;av. /

126
&rf;jynfhjynfpdk;wdk@u jrefrmwdk@onf wcg&v#ifaemuf&rnfxifI vmjyefwwfonfjzpfaoma=umifh aemuf
xyfvdkufI jrefrmedkifiHudk zsufpD;wdkufowf&v#if awmfrnfxifyga=umif;ESifh av#mufxm;=u&m &rf;jynfh
oHawmifpm;u igwdk@edkifiHwGif &efppfudkjidrf;apvdkv#iaf wmfjyD/ ol@edkifiHodk@vdkufIwdkufcdkufacsu &efp&Snf
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qefwawmif;udk '*Fg;wjym;ay;&./
pENy&r&mZmrif;. aqGawmfrsdK;awmfwdk@onf a,mufzawmf &rf;jynfhoHawmifpm; ykefuefrnf=uHygonf[k
av#mufxm;=uonfudk ,Hk=unfawmfrlI vuf,mjref/ eENoD&d[ef@wm;av#mufwifaomfvnf; redkif/
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pm;odavv#if Trif;onf awmifzufav;cufrwdk@. pum;udkem;0ifI ighudkowfrnf=uHonf/ igrckcH[k
twi;trmjyKv#uf od*yF grif;xHodk@ a&mufavv#if pENy&r&mZmrif;u atmifwrefapv$wfI om,mpGm
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w&uf/ t*Fgae@wGif wdkufavaomf pENy&r&mZmrif;udk &ojzifh &[ef;jyKIxm;av./ pEny&r&mZm
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wdkifwGif rD;ausmif;pD;jyD;v#if tcdkuftwef@odrfawmfudk aqmufvkyfawmfrl./ tcdkiftcef@odrfawmfudk
aqmufvkyfawmfrl&ef nDawmf&rf;jynfhpm; cspfoludk wm0efjykawmfrl./ nDawmf &rf;jynfhpm;cspfolonfvnf;
awmifpOfurf;/ vrŠKt&yfodk@oGm;a&mufI ysOfopfrsm;udk pk&Hk;I xm;jyD;v#if vuf0Jjrefjraz:a&$udk a&$jrdK@
awmfta&mufwif,lapI r[mrkedodrfawmfudk aqmufvkyfjcif;iSm trwfawmfom; 0&Hajzonf rD;
avmif&mwdkifikwfudk az:ESkwfI wGif;ckepfawmifeufatmifwl;I ouU&mZf (1127)ckjymodkvqef;oHk;&uf/
aom=umae@ eHeufwufaeig;em&D/ "ekvuf/ rum&pef;pD;I r[mrkedodrfawmfudk aqmufvkfawmfrljyefonf/
odrfawmfy&dap>'um; tvsm; oH awmif ckepfq,f/ teH oHawmif ig;q,f/ tapmufjrifh oHawmif &Spfq,f
jrifh. aZw0efbHk;ig;qifh / edyef;tjcif pGef; tawmifoHk;q,f jrifh./ tonfwdkif w&mhwqJHig;vHk;&Sd./
xkyfwqJhoHk;awmifESifh tcGJ&Sd./ nDawmf&rf;jynfhpm;cspfolvnf; aemifawmf tb,r[m&mZm rif;=uD;tm;
odrfawmfjyD;a=umif;udk =um;av#mufvm./ tb,r[m&mZm rif;=uD;vnf; arsmufom;awmfrdzk&m;
tp&Sdaom om;awmftdrfa&S@rif; rSL; rwfjynfoltaygifjcH&Hv#uf "n0wDjrdk@a[mif;odk@a&$azgifpD;I =uGawmf
rl./ a&mufawmfrlavv#if (P-285) r*Fvmee;awmfodk@wufwmfrlI &kyfxkawmfr[mrkedudk ylaZmfuefawmh
jyD;rS =uD;pGmaomobifudk pD&ifawmfrlI tvSL=uD;udk ay;awfrljyD;rS a&$eef;awmfodk@ jyefawmfrl./
ouU&mZf (1129)ckepf eH,kefvqef;w&uf aom=umae@ nOftcsdefwGif vESpfql aumif;uifjyif
0,fxGufay:vmay./ tb,r[m&mZmrif;vnf; rsm;pGmaomrSl;rwftaygif;wdk@ESifh wdkifyifawmfrlavv#if
a,muQrawmf [l;&m;aoG; jynfpdk;=uD;u 7-&ufy&dwfawmfudk emawmrlv#uf aiGufdk v &kyfvkyfI ykÀm;
wdk@udk ylaZmf&ygrnf[k av#mufavv#if xdktwdkif;jyKI vSLawmfrlavonf/
ouU&mZf (1130)jynfh waygif;vwGif taemufjynfu armifpuGyfukvm;wdk@ppfcsDvmmonf[k =um;
awmfrlavv#if ukvm;ykef;/ qm;vif;ueft&yfu wyf=uD;wnfI udk,f&Hawmfwdk@udk apmifha&Smufawmf
rlap./ ]

127
tcgwyg;Y 'dk;a0qdkaomolonf ydÉduwfaA'if tXm&otwwfynmwdk@udk wwfodvdrfrmaoma=umifh
pmzwfwwft&mudk ay;awmfrljyD;v#if vGrf;jcif;pmwapmif zGJ@qdkapI eef;awmfY zwfjyav#mufxm;ap./
zwfjyav#mufxm;avaomf rdzk&m;ESifh twGif;,Ofyg;avojzifh ta=umif;udk tb,r[m&mZmrif;=uD;
=um;awmfrlavv#if pmzwfwwf'dk;a0onf a=umufvSaoma=umifh ta&S@jynfodk@ ajy;av./ v,f
udkif;jrdk@odk@a&mufavaomf v,fudkif;jrdk@pm; pma&;u &cdkifpmzwfonf tb,fta=umif;ESifh a&mufvm
oenf;[k ar;./ &cdkifpmzwf'dk;a0u aoab;udka=umufI ajy;vmmonf[kqdk./ v,fudkif;jrdk@pm; pma&;u
ajy;IvGwfonf[k bk&m;a[mawmfrlonfavm[k ar;jyef./ pmzwf'dk;a0u tm,kuQ, Oyap>'u ESpfyg;
&Sd&mwGif tm,kuQ,udk ajy;IrvGwf Oyap>'u udk ajy;v#if vgwfedkif&aomta=umif;&Sdonf/ Ak'<ynmwf/
&mZynmwf ESpfyg;&Sd&mwGif Ak'<ynmwfudk ajy;IrvGwf&m/ &mZynmwfudk ajy;v#if vGwfedkifavonf/
vGwfbl;onfrSm tavmif;awmfra[mfo"monf (P-286) &mZynmwfudk ajy;IvGwf bl;avonf
tusGEfkyfonfvnf; &mZynwfa=umifhajy;vmmonf[kqdk./ ]
Tt&mwGif ObuQ, udk,fajy;IvGwfonf[kyg./ Oyap>'u [lIom,loifhonf?
v,fudkif;jrdK@pma&;u &cdkifpmzwfwwfqdkaom pum;onf rSefvSof[kqdkayonf/ &cdifuvlwwfynm&Sd
a&mufonf[k tif;0rif;=uD; =um;awmfrlavv#if odrf;ydkuf,lawmfrnfta=umif;udk pmzwf'dk;a0odavv#if
rdrd&cdkifjynfodk@ jyefvmcJhay./
tcgwyg; 'Gg&m0wD oHwGJjrdK@udk jrefrmjynfom; wdrf=um;Adkvfwdkufvmv#if oHwJpG m;bawmfonf qD;cHI
rwdkufvdkaoma=umifh &cdkifjynfodk@ajy;vm./ xdkta=umif;udk tb,r[m&mZmrif; odawmf rlavv#if
nDawmf&rf;jynfhpm;cspfol ukvm;wefpm; csif;oG,fwdk@udk ouU&mZf (1135)ck 0gusGwf vqkef udk;&uf
paeae@wGif apawmfrlvdkuf./ jrefrmwdk@udk oHwGJom;wdk@wdkufI ajy;avaaoma=umifh ppfonf udkrawG@bJ
jyefvmcJhukef./ oHwJpG m; bawmfjyefoGm;avv#if oHwGJom;wdk@u aumif;aomfcsnf;. raumif; aomf=unf.
[kqdkjyD;v#if tkwfcJ vSifuefwdk@jzifh ypfESifvdkuf=uav./xdkae@upI oHwGJjrdK@onf vufvGwf av./
w=udrfwHkvnf; avmif;=uufom;wdk@onf 0oJzuf&Sd usd&Snfudk rD;wdkufjyd;v#if ouU&mZf (1135)ck ewfawmf
vqkwf7-&uf wevFmae@wGif tb,r[m&mZmrif;udk ykefuefvmaomf redkifI ajy;avukef./ tb,
r[m&mZmrif;vnf; rSL;rwfwdk@udk opPma&wdkufawmfrlavonf?
xdkrif;um; ukodkvfaumif;r_udk rsm;pGmjyKpkawmfrl./ oDv odwif;ESifhvnf;jynfhpHk. trsdK;av;yg;udkvnf;
oem;=uifemawmfrl./ ay;urf;pGef@=uJjcif;&Sd./ om;awmtdrfa&S@rif;&Jaz:onfum; raumifr_'kp&dkufudk usifh.
&[ef;oHCmwdk@tm; ykwfcwfjcif;udk jyK./ jynfolwdk@udkvnf; tvGeESdyfpuf./ xdktdrfa&S@rif;&Jaz:tm;
raumif;aom (P-287) t=uH&Sdavonfjzpfaoma=umifh trwf vuf,mjrefudk ac:awmfrlI ouU&mZf
(1135)ck jymodkvfvqkwf 6-&uf wevFmae@wGif owfIypfav./
'g;ydkif=uD;aom=umonf jrdK@awmfrSxGufoGm;I ppfawGukvm;wdk@udk qkay;jyD;v#if rsm;pGmaom &Jruftaygif;
udkpkI OD;&pfawmifwGif wyfcsjyD;v#if wdkufpnfwD;I aomif;=urf;av./ xdkta=umif;udk tb,r[m&mZm
rif;=um;awmfrlavv#if wrHapv$wfawmfrlI 'g;ydkif=uD;aom=umxhodk@a&mufavv#if t0ifcsnf; cHI
aeav./ nDawmf&rf;jynfhpm;cspfoludk xyfrhIapv$wfawmfrlvdkufjyefaomf 'g;ydkif=uD;aom=umu a&$eef;
&Sifrif;w&m;udk rvkyfr=uHyg/ om;awmftdrfa&S@rif; &Jz:udkom vkyf=uHthH[kqdkjyD;rS opPma&wdkufI &rf;jynfh
pm;cspfoludk t0ifchav./ 'g;ydkif=uD;aom=umonf rsm;pGmaom&jrufESifhcsDvmjyD;v#if ouU&mZf (1135)ck
wydk@wJv G qef;6-&uf wevFmae@wGif a&$jrdk@awmfodk@0ifI wdkufaomf&av./ tb,r[m &mZmrif;um;
tdrfedrfh 55/ eef;pH 9/ ESpfpkoufawmf 64/ ouU&mZf (1135)ck wydk@wJGvqef;6-&uf wevFmae@ nOfhwA[dk&f
ausmfktcsdefwGif 'g;ydkif=uD;aom=umykefuefI vGefawmfrlavonf? eHawmf=umoyaw; om;wnf; ?

128
xdkrif;vGefawmfrlavv#if 'g;ydkif=uD; aom=umonf rdzk&m;yef;olZmESifh ou&mZf (1135)ck wydk@wGJvqef;
7-&uf t*Fgae@wGif bdodwfcHi a&$eef;wufawmfrlav./ pENokre&mZm- [laomtrnfudkcHawmfrl./
ukvm;weefpm;csif;oG,fudkol&Jukvm;wdk@ckwfavonfjzpfIa&$eefawmfodk@wufajy;avaomfpENokre&mZmr
if;onf ukvm;wefpm;csif;oG,fudkac:jyD;v#if vufaq;uefausmif;Y &[ef;jyKIxm;awmf rlav./
&rRm0wD rnfaom&rf;jynfhusGef;udk iaygifwdktm; pm;apawmfrlI oGma;vojzifh a&mufavaomf tcGef
b¾mwdk@udkvnf; a&S;usGef;pm;rif;wdk@xuf qxufwefbdk; wdk;Iaumuf,lv#uf tr-tcif;tjypftem
vnf; (P-288) rsm;pGm&Sdjcif;udkjyK./ usGef;olwdk@onf rcHedifbJ&sdvwfv#if 12-&Gmom;vk=uD;wdk@onf
nDnGwfI ausmufacsmif; &rf;jAJ@=uD;&GmwGif paejzL[laomoludk AdkvfrSL;jykapI vmjzL/ armifaxG;wdk@udk
t=uD;jyKI &rf;jynfhpm;iaygifwdkudk xefjyif;pGm wGif;0ef&HI 'kwf/aqmuf/ykwf/wdk@jzifh &dkufESuf=uavaomf
&rf;jynfhpm; iaygifwdkonf ajy;av./ xdkta=umif;udk ajrmufzuf a=umif=uD;atmifpHk=um;avaomf
taqmwv#if vmvwfI AdkvfpaejzLxH aygif;zufvm./ Adkvfrif; paejzL/ vmjzL/ armifaxG;/ ajrmufzuf
a=umif=uD; atmifpHk Tav;a,mufolwdk@&Hk;pkI wdkufpnfwD;v#ufaomif;=urf;av./ ukvm;wefpm;
csif;oG,fvnf; &[ef;tjzpfrS 0wfjzLvSJjyD;v#if usGJjcHawmifodk@ajy;avI trf;pm;taygif;wkd@ESifh aygif;zufjyD;
v#if aomif;=urf;jyefav./
pENokre&mZmrif;vnf; trwfawmfvuf,mjref i=uHKudk rsm;pGmaom&JrufESifhcsDavI wdkufavaomf
ukvm;wefpm; csif;oG,fESifh trf;pm;taygif;wdk@ ysufpD;Iajy;av./ aemufrS jynfoljynfom;wdk@onf
ukvm;wefpm; csif;oG,fESifh trf;pm;taygif;wdk@udk a&$jrdK@awmfta&muf ydk@qufvmv#if ouU&mZf (1136)ck
uqkefvqef;3-&uf t*Fgae@wGif owfIypfav./
&rf;jynfhi,fpm; vufrawmf taoaxmifpm;pHa&$ay:/ ukvm;em,m=uD; orŠmefpm; TvloHk;a,muf
wdk@onf pENokre&mZmrif;udk vuform;&Hkodk@xGufawmfrlv#if zrf;qD;thH[k wdkifyifa=umif; ESifh vuf,mjref
i=uHku pENokrerif;tm; av#mufxm;I odawmfrlv#if aygufyifwHcg;0 vuform;&Hkodk@xGufawmfrl&mwGif
&rf;jAJ@i,fpm;onf ykqdk;udk tay:u0wfI twGif;u 'g;ESifhv$m;udk,lI rif;yGJ&ifjyifodk@a&mufvmv#if
pENokre&mZmrif;u tapmifhudk,f&Hawfwdk@udk zrf;acs[kapawmfrlvdkuf./ &rg;jynfhi,fpm;vnf; 'g;ESifh
v$m;udkxkwfIvmjyD;v#if ppfa&;cHIoGma;vaomfvdkufzrf;aomolwdk@ESifhv$mcsif; xdIowf=u&m 'g;
taqmuf usGwfI(P-289)usavojzifhzrf;I&avv#if&rf;jAJi,fpm;udkowfIypfav./
xdkrif;vufxufawmftcg ta&S@jynftif;0jrdK@udk tpdk;&awmfrlaomqif;jzL&Sifrif;u &ckdifjynf. txWKy`wd
udkodvdkaoma=umifhol&defpuUudk &mZwref a&$ayvGmESifhapvdkufawmfrlonfjzpfI ouU&mZf(1116)ck
awmfovif;vqef;&Spf&uf paeae@wGif a&mufvm./,if;odk@a&mufvmaomf ol&dfefpuUwGifygaom&mZoH
um;Todk@wnf; wdkif;=uD; jynf=uD; xD;aqmifeef;aerif;wumwdk@udk tpdk;&awmfrlaom tvGefbkef;awmf
=uD;jrwfawmfrlvSaom qifjzlocifbo&Sifrif;w&m;=uD; bk&m;a&$pufawmftpHkudk OD;xdyfxuftjrJ &GufI
twGif;aoemywd rif;r[mtocF,m pnfol=um;odvdkufonf/ &cdkif"n0wDrif;wGif pD&ifae&Sdaom
trSL;trwf jrdK@pm;jynfpm; a=u;pm;&Gmpm;wpkudk n0wDjrdK@onf a&S;ab;avmif;awmf rif;=uD;apmfpGmuJ.
rif;acgif=uD; rif;w&m;a&$xD;wdk@vufxuf vufeufedkifiHjzpfaoma=umifh rif;nDrif;om;wdk@udk jrdK@pm;jrdK@0ef
cef@xm;awmfrl wefonfht&mY rl;rwfwdk@udk jrdK@pm;jrdK@0ef cef@xm;awmfrlonfht&m n0wD&ckdifrif;wdk@udkyif
tpOfrysuf xD;eef;jrdk@jyESifh omoemjyKpkawmfrlv#if oAŠnKwbk&m; omoemawmfawmufxGef;yGifhvef;ap
tHhaomta=umif; om;awmftpOf ajr;awmftquf pnfyifcdkifjzD; jyefhyGg;apthhHaomta=umif; jynfolwum
owW0gtaygif;wdk@ jidrf;csrf;om,maptyfaomta=umif;rsm;udk axmufxm;awmfrlI jywfvwf&Sdav
onfEiS fh ,QK bkef;awmf vuf&Hk;awmf tm%mawmf xGef;awmufyawmfrlI &wemyl& tif;0 r[m&mZXmeD
rif;aejynfawmf=uD;onf t,kp…syl& ok'\e o=um;rif;. pH&m om0wd Hom ewfjynfuJhodk@ tvGefpnfyif

129
om,monf/ oAŠnKw bk&m;ocif omoemawmftwdkif;xuftvGef xGef;yyGifhvif;awmfrl onf rif;nD
rif;om; rSL;awmfrwfawmfrSpI &[ef;ykÀm; jynfoljynfom; pnfyifvSaoma=umifh ZrŠL'dyf ajrtjyif0,f
xD;aqmif;eef;ae =unf;a&cGefoGif;&Sdaeonf/ rif;taygif;wdk@onf (P-290) a&$z0g;awmfjrwf atmuf
cnGwfusdK;EGHpGm qif=uD;jrif;=uFD; orD;unm txl;xl;aom vufaqmif vufeuf qufovma&muf
=uonf/ *E<mv&pfwdkif; udk tpdk;&awmfrlaom w&kyfO'nfyGg;rif;onf edkifIhawmf&yfpGefjynfem;odk@ xdyg;vm
a&mufaESmuf,Sufaeaoma=umifh usGefawmfrsdK;&JpGrf;owWd&Sdaom ewfppfonfESifhwlaom AdkvfrSL;wdk@ ESifh
ol&Jolcufwdk@udk cef@xm;awmfrlI qHk;rESdyfuGyf&Sif;vif;ap&mwGif O'nfyGg;om; wl oruf &Jrufvufeufudkif
vlav;aomif;ausmf aoa=uysufpD;jcif;odk@a&muf=uavonf? O'nfygG;vnf; cnGwf usdK;EGHvmonf/
*sGrf;wdkif; 'Gg&m0wD ,dk;',m;jynf v0&X wdkif; pENmylv vif;Zif;jynf. 'rRygv oufausmfvrSdKif; rsufESmrJ
ÁENywWe*dk&f &Srf;/ r%yl&jynfrsm;ESifh wdkif;=uD;jynf=uD; xD;aqmif;eef;ae rif;taygif;wdk@onf qif==uD; jrif;=uD;
orD;unm txl;xl;aom vufaqmifvufeuf qufoI a&$z0g; awmfatmuf tr_awmfudk xrf;&Guf
ygrnft=umif;ESifh &Sdcdk;oHawmfOD;wifa&muf=uonf? pnf;pdrfcef;em; ravsmhr,kwfap&/ xyfyGg;jyKpkawmfrlI
wdkif;edkifiHwGif xD;aqmif;eef;ae rif;taygif;wdk@enf; pm;jrJ/ wdkif;c&dkif jrdK@jyESifh tr_awmfudk xrf;&Gufap&onf/
"nwD &ckdkifrif;vnf; ta=umif;cyfodrf;rsdK;udk =um;odwef av&monf? "n0wD&ckdifrif;u a&$z0g;awmf
atmuf rvmra&muf rusdK;rEHG rqufro aeomrnfr[kwf/ t&yf&yf xD;aqmif;eef;ae rif;taygif;wdk@enf;
a&$z0g;awmfatmuf vma&mufap&rnfh ta=umif;udk jyefqdkrSmxm;I ac:ap? bk&m;Asm'dwfawmfjrwfudk
Od;xdyfxuf qif&Guf&onftwdkif; ol&defpuUudk cef@xm;I ac;vmaponf/ a&$jynfawmf0,f ta=umif;
cyfodrf;rsdK;udk &cdkif"n0wDrif; trSL; trwf jrdK@pm;jynfpm; =unf;pm;&Gmpm;wdk@=um;od&ayonf? &ckdif
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ememb0/ 0demb0w&m;oabmESifh ruif;omonfudkaxmufI &cdkif'n0wDrif;udk tjrJESvHk;oGif;
atmifvSHK@aqmfjyD;v#if cef@xm;awmfrlolwdk@RESifh t&yf&yf xD;aqmufeef;ae (P-291) rif;wdk@enf; vma&muf
ap&rnf/ r[mrked urRnf; emrawmf&Sdaom oAŠnKbk&m;ocif &kyfxkawmfudk ylaZmfawmfrl&ef a&$xd; 2/
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aiGaygufayguf &kyfxkawmfudk a&$ouFef;uyfvSL&ef a&$qdkif; 30-wdk@udk ay;tyfvdkufonf/ tvSLawmfudk
aumif;rGefpGm wifvSLylaZmfap&rnf/
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onf ,if;odk@a&muf vmonfudk igwdK@&cdkifbk&if pENolre&mZmrif;. jyiftrwf aZ,sbj' pnfol ausmf
xif pD&ifa&;om; jyefay;tyfaom &mZoHum; Todk@wnf;?
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tvGef&Sdaom (200)aom pufwdk@jzifh arS;&Suftyfaom EKnHhajyjypfqef;us,faom ab;jrlwdk@udk
azsmufvGifhyg,fcGgtyfaom ydwmef;wnf;[laom jrwfaomajcawmftjyif &Sdawmfrlaom r[mrked&Sifawmf
bk&m;. 'g,um awmf&if;jzpfawmfrlaom rD;cdk;jrlarSmif wdrfawmif arS;&Suf &efudkzsufI xGef;awmuf
ajymifajymif rdk;acgifvSnfhoef; aepuf0ef;uJhodk@ bke;f rDawaZmf tmEkabmfjzifh &Sdefapmfaygufjy awmfrlaom
&cdkifb0&Sif rif;xufrif;w&m;. ajcawmfpHkudk OD;xdyfxuf aqmif&Gufv#uf =uD;jrifhjcifokd@ a&mufaom
&cdkifa&$jynfawmf. jyifyt&yfYpD&ifaeaom aoXaZXOwWr[kv jzpfaom Adkvfrif;udk,f&H=uD; aZ,sbj'
pnfolausmfxif trdef@jyef=um;vdkufonf/ &wemyl&udk pdk;&aom tif;0a&$eef;ocif rif;w&m;.
twGif;aoemywdrif; r[mocF,mpnfol ol&defpuUwdk@udk cef@xm;vdkufI ygvmaom&mZoH pmwGif
&cdkifa&$jynf=uD;onf rif;=uD;pGmapmfuJ rif;acgif=uD; rif;w&m;a&$xD;/ {u&mZfrif;tqufquf vufeufedkif
iHawmfjzpfaoma=umifh rif;ndrif;om; rSL;awmfrwfawmfwdk@udk jrdK@pm;jrdK@0efcef@xm;awmfrlonf/

130
&ckdifa&$jynfh&Sifudk(P-292) rif;. xD;eef;jrdK@jyESifh jyKpkawmfrlonf[l&mYum; a&S;ab;avmif;awmf
r[mpENol&d, rif;vufxufawmfY igwdk@jrwfpGbk&m;onf &mZj*dKvfrS "n0wD&ckdifjynfodk@ 0gawmf
(20)ajrmufwGif wynfh oCfmawmfig;&mESifh =uGvmawmfrljyD;v#if aovm*D&dausmufawmfawmify
oDwif;oHkawmfrlvmI r[mpENol&d,rif; yifhzdwfawmif;yeftyfonfjzpfI &kyf&Sifawmfr[mrkedudk o=um;
jA[Rm 0do=uHKewfom; e*g; *VKef *krB%f taygif;ESifh pkaqmif;&H0ef;I oGr;f vkyfawmfrlaomtcgonf
ZrŠL'DygusGef;tjyifY w&mhwa,mufaom rif;taygi;f wdk@onf cnGef@usdK;EGHvmukefonfom/ &cdkifa&$
jynfjrdk@awmf=uD;vnf; oAnKbk&m;ocif xif&Sm;&SdawmfrlpOfuyif omoemawmf wnfxGef;&m
vnf;jzpfayonf/ ab;avmif;awmf pENaumvd,rif;/ '\&mZmrif;wdk@ yGifhvif;jzpfxGef;awmf rlaomtcgY
vnf; twdkif;wdkif;tjynfjynfY wnfaepdk;pHawmfrl=uaom rif;rsm;taygif;wdk@onf nGwfaysmif;c,
usdK;EHGukefvmonfom/ ab;avmif;awmfrif;&mZmvufxuf [Hom0wD yJcdk; / ,dk;',m;jynfwdk@onf
vufeufedkifiHawmf jzpfaoma=umifh tvsm; tawmif (20)/ vHk;ywfoH ajcmufawmif&Sd/ em;razguf
ao;aom ajymif;=uD;ESifh tvsm;(15)awmif/ (10) awmiftp&Sdaom taxmifruaomajymif; ta&r&
aom vufeuf u&d,m ,dk;',m;jynfh&Sifrif;.t&kyf arsmuf&kyf tvrŠm,f/ paomt&kyfawmfrsm;
qifjzL&wem yJcdk;rif;=uD;orD;awmf cifaESmif;wdk@udk qufoawmfrlv#uf c,usdK;EGJHvmukefonfom
qif;jzL&wem yJcdk;rif;=uD;orD;awmfwdk@om tedpPoabmESihf ,SOfukefonf taxmifruaom
ajymif; ,dk;',m;jynfh&Sif t&kyfrsm;onf rysufrpD; xif&Sm;&Sdao;onf/ a&S;ab;avmif;awmfwdk@ESifh tif;0
a&$eef; ocif rif;w&m;onf r[mrked&kyf&Sifawmf. aygifawmfudk vufpGJI wnDwnGwf ESpfjynfhwjynf/
ESpfrif;wrif;/ aygif;oif;qufqHI ypPKy`ef oHo&mtusdK;yGg;wdk;apjcif;iSg opPm&nf oGef;v#uf r[mrked
&kyf&Sifawmf. aygifawmfa&udk aomufawmfrl=uavonf/ xdktcgrSpI,QKwdkifatmifvnf; aeESifhvuJhodk@
a&$ESifhjruJhodk@ ZrŠL'Dyg ,lZemaomifjyif (P-293) wnfaxmifzuf jyK=uukefonfom zdk;acgif e*g;&pf
wdk@Yvnf; opf=uD;0g;&HkjcHK/ ykwfaygif;wdk@onf rdkCf;jcm;ajrjcm;udk odpdrfhaomiSg t0dnm%u jzpfukefv#uf
udkif;nGwfvmmukefonfom bkef;awmfvuf&Hk;awmf awmufxGef;awmfrlI rsm;aomv,f,m wzuf
qnfuef av;axmifhuef a&mif;r_0,fr_ESifh,SOfaom jrwfaom0wWK cJzG,fpm;zG,f t[m&wdk@jzifh
jyGrf;jyGrf;jynfhjynfh usrd;cdkfiaom ypPif/ &ifwm; jytdk;/ wefaqmif;/ us,f0ef;aphpyfaom jrifhaomwHwdkif;/
eufaomusHK;ajrmif;wdk@jzifh qef;=u,faom txl;xl;tjym;jym; rsm;pGmaombmomESihf,SOfaom trsdK;av;yg;
wdk@ESifh rSDcdk&mjzpfaom oD&dt,kpPyl& [korkwftyfaom jrwfaoma&$jynfawmf=uD;onf tavmif;awmf
wumwdk@usdef;atmif;awmfrl&mjzpfaom wkodwmewfjynfuJhodk@ om,mpnfyifavonf? &wemoHk;yg;wdK@Y
Adkif;/ 0g*Grf;onf cdkif;ESdKif;jcifiSg rwwfaumif;aom EKnHh=unfndkjzLpifoef@&Sif;aom ESvHk;awmf&Sdaom
&cdkifb0&Sif rif;w&m;=uD;onf oAŠnKbk&m;&Sif omoemawmf tpOfyGifhvif; pnfyif apa=umif;
wdkif;aejynfol &Sifvl&[ef;wdk@jidrf;csrf;om,m pnfyifjyef@yGg;jcif;udk tjrJawmifw pD&ifav onfjzpfaom
a=umifh4if;/ arwWmykAŠ*Fr tp&Sdaom av;q,fudk; Xme p&d,/ '\&mZ "rRwdk@udk vkv†=udK;ukyf jznfhusifh
avh&Sdaoma=umifh4if; rZPsdr a'ow&dk; wdkif;=uD;jynf=uD; xD;aqmif;eef;aerif; wum taygifwdk@onf
qif=uD;jrif;=uD; orD;unm txl;xl;aom vufaqmify¾mwdk@udk qufoI cnGwfusdK;EGH vmukefonfom
ememb0 0demb0 oabmESifhruif;onf udkaxmufI t&yf&yfaom rif;wumwdk@enf;
vma&mufap&rnf[lonfrSm &cdkifb0&Sif rif;w&m;rSom ememb0 0demb0ESifh ruif;onfr[kwf/
&wemyl&udktpdk;a&awmfrlaom tif;0a&$eef;&Sif rif;w&m;=uD;rSm vnf; ruifav onfom/ vloHkyg;wdk@.
c&D;vrf;n$efjzpfawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m; omoemawmf ig;axmifywfvHk; cyfodrf;aom owW0gwdk@tm;
tjrdKuf edAŠmefudk ay;pdrfhaomiSg xm;awmfrlcJhaom udk,fpm;awmf r[mrked/ r[mZdef/ tX0do/ qHawmf/
OD;&pfawmf/ nSyf&dk;awmf/ (P-294)oif;usyfawmf/ ar$;awmf tp&Sdaom q,fyg;aom o&d& "gwfawmfwdk@.
'g,umawmf&if; jzpfawmfrlaom wdkif;=uD;;jynf=uD;rsm; ocif &cdkifb0&Sif rif;xuf rif;w&m;=uD;udkyif
t&yf&yfaom xD;aqmif;eef;ae rif;wumwdk@enf; vma&mufap &rnf[laom pum;udk qdkomrnfrxif/

131
[lI a&;om;jyefay;vdkufonf? (T&mZoH ESpfyk'fwdk@ um; &mZ0ifaygif;csKyf a&;jytyfaom &mZoHwdk@
wnf;? )
pENokr&mZmrif;w&m;vnf; ouU&mZf (1135)ck wef;cl;vupI &rf;jynfhusGef; 12-&Gmom;wdk@onf
&dkif;jyavonfudk ESdrfESif;tHhaomiSg trwfawmfvuf0J;jref teEWoD&dausmfxifudk apv$wfawmfrl./
vuf0J;jrefvnf; rsm;pGmaom Adkvfygtaygif;wdk@ESifh ouU&mZf (1136)ck wydk@wJv
G qef; (11)&uf paeae@wGif
&SdavI rif;&yfodk@a&mufavv#if rif;&yfAdkvfrif; atmifpkefu tusGEfkyfykefpm;onfr[kwfyg/ aomif=urf;
Iaeaom Adkvfrif; paejzL/ vmjzL/ armifaxG;wdk@udk wdkufvSefzsufqD;I jidrf0yfygjyD;/ arC0wD rmefatmif
usGef;Y q,f&Gmol=uD; atmifausmfpHonf aomif;=urf;Iaeonfjzpfaoma=umifh rD; ti,fonf
avmifpmrsm;v#if tm;=uD;bdouJhodk@ &SdrnfjzpfI taqmwvsifcsD=uGI wdkufawmfrlygav/ atmifawmf
rlIjyefvmv#if tusGEkfyfvnf; vufaqmifawmfqufygrnf[kav#mufav./
vuf,mjref teEW oD&dausmfxifvnf; rmefaatmifuseG f;odk@csDoGm;I wdkufavaomf q,f&Gmol=uD;
atmifausmfpHonf qD;cHI wdkfufavaoma=umifh &cdkifppfonfwdk@ redkifonfjzpfI jyefvmcJh./ xdkta=umif;
udk Adkvfrif; atmifpkef=um;avv#if igvnf; vufaqmify¾m rqufoGif;jyD aomif;=urf;. [kqdk./
vuf0J;jref teEW oD&dausmfxifvnf; rif;&yfacsmif;odk@0ifI opfykwfawmfcHwyfudk wdkufavaomf &rf;jynfh
Adkvfrif; atifpkefol&Jwdk@onf qD;cHIwdkufaoma=umifh &cdkifppfonfwdk@ ysufpD;I jyefvnfukef./
(P-295) &rf;jynfhi,fpm; vufrawmfwdk@ ykefpm;&m0,f taygif;tzufjzpfonf[k taoawmifpm; pHa&$az:
tp&Sdaom vlwkd@udkajccsif;cwfI xm;&mu vGwfav./ xdkvGwfaomvlwdk@wGif tonfaxmifpm; pHa&$az:
t=uD;jyKv#uf ouU&mZf (1137)ck uqkefvqef; ckepf&uf paeae@ wA[dk&f ig;em&DwGif a&$eef; awmfudk
rD;wdkufiavmifav./ pENokre&mZmeif;vnf; a&$eef;awmfudk rD;wdkufaomolwdk@tm; zrf;I &avaomf
uqkefvqef; q,f&uf t*Fgae@ a&$eefawmfudk aqmufvkyfawmfrl.
0&D;awmforD; rr,f=uD;ESifh bdodwfcHawmfrlI ouU&mZf (1137)c awmfovif;vqe'w&uf/ we*FaEGae@
wGifjrdK@csmwdkifaqmufawmfrl./ av;&ufwdkifatmif a&xGufI wGif;r&edkifbJ&Sd./ jynfolwdk@u jrdK@tt
xGufcJhjyD;[kqdk./ av;&ufajrmufaomae@rS jrdK@csmwdkifudk aqmuf&. wGif;acsmifaoma=umifh jrdK@csm
wdkifonf awmifzufodk@ ,drf;av./
ppfawGukvm;wdk@onf om;r,m;wdk@udk taemufjrdK@odk@ydk@Ixm;jyD;rS ukvm;taygif;wdk@udk &Hk;pkv#uf csDvm
jyD;v#if awmifwHcg;0wGif qdyfvm./ ppfwefqmtpHk qif0wfv#uf 0if;awmfuk0ifavaomf tv,f0if;od@k
ajymif;&HkwGif q&mawmfaq;wdkufbkef;=uD;ESifh a,mufzawmfavmif;=uufpm; O*~gphwdk@udk ukvm; wdk@ awG@
avv#if owfIypfavuke. f / pENokre&mZmrif;w&m;vnf; oufawmfapmifhol&Jwdk@r&Sd avaoma=umifh
eef;wGif;armif;rwdk@udk tm%may;awmfrl./ eef;wGif;&Sdudk,fvkyfawmfarmif;rwdk@onf cHvifh=uukef./
q&mawmf 0denf;xdk&fvnf; bmomrwlaom ukvm;olykefwdk@udk wdkufav[k A[kp& &[ef; wdk@udk
apvdkufI wdkuf=uavaomf ukvm;wdk@onf ysufpD;I ouU&mZf (1137)ck awmfovif;vqkwf (13)&uf
=umoyaw;ae@ av;A[dk&kyf tcsdefwGif avSpD;I ukvm;wdk@onf taemufodk@ajy;0if=uav./ trwfawmf
teENoD&dausmfxif tp&Sdaom rSL;rwftaygif;wdk@onf aemufxyfI avSpD;v#uf ukvm;wdk@ ae&m
ppfawGjrdK@odk@a&muf=uav&m (P-296) ukvm;wa,mufudkr#rjrifI jyefvmcJh=uuke. f / ukvm; wdk@tm;ppf
wdkufavaom A[kp&&[ef;wdkudk vlxGufapI tajymifudk,fvkyfawmf wa,mufpDay;I aus;&Gmc&dkifY
xm;awmfrl./
w=urfwHkvnf; ausmufckyfptif; &Gm0,f vuf0J; &ENolonf &Gmolwdk@ESifh nDI aomif;=urf;jyefav./
pENokre&mZmrif;w&m;vnf; orufawmfteENoD&dausmfxifudk apawmfrlvdkuf./ csDv#ufoGm;avv#if

132
ouU&mZf (1138)ckwydk@wGJvwGif ausmufckyfptif;&Gmudk wdkfavaomf vuf0J&ENoludk zrf;I&avv#if owf
Iypfav./ &Gmolwdk@udk opPmawmfwdkufI jyefcJh./
w=udrfwHkvnf; pmzwfwwf'dk;a0ESifh udk,f&Hawmf ayga&$wdK@onf pENokre&mZmrif;w&m;udk rcpm;vdkaom
a=umifh &rf;jynfhAdkvfrif; atmifpkefxHodk@ pENokre &cdkifrif;udk wdkuf&avatmif ppfyefavuke. f /
Adkvfrif;atmifpkefvnf; ppft*Fgvufeufu&d,m rpHkrvifao;/ jynfhpHkv#ifcsDvmthhH/ qdkifiHhyg[kqdkavaomf
remr,lvdkI pmzwfwwf'dk;a0wdk@onf awmifpOfurmodk@ oGm;=uavukef. vloltaygif;pkI &or#wdk@ESifh
avSig;pif;pD;I csDoGm;avv#if ausmufckyfptif;wdkifa&mufvm./ xdktcg ausmufckyfotif;om;wdk@vnf;
avmif;xyfI aomif;=urf;jyefavonf? pENokre&mZmrif;w&m;vnf; orufawmf vuf0J;jref
teENoD&dausmfxifudk apjrJapawmfrlavv#if ouU&mZf (1139)ck t*Fgae@csDoGm;avI uefoma&ausmf0,f
aevm./ xdkta=umif;udk pmzwfwwf'dk;a0wdk@=um;avI csDvmjyD;v#if wdkuf=uavaomf vuf0Jjref
teEnoD&dausmfxifudk 0g;ccsGefxdyg;i tem&avv#if jrdK@awmfodk@ jyefIajy;av./ a&mufI av;&uf&Sdv#if
0g;csGefxdk;aom'g%fESifhaoav./ xdkodk@aoavonfudk ta=umif;jyKI vuf0JjrefuHomus[k ac:=uukef./
pENokre&mZmrif;w&m;vnf; orufawmf vuf0JjrefaoqHk;cJhv#if wzuf&efppfudk wdkufthHaomolr&Sd
onfta=umif;udk odawmfrlavv#i(f P-297) tvGefa=umufvef@vSaoma=umifh pENolre&mZmrif;
w&m;onf tdrfedfrfh 50/ eef;ph 4-ESpf/ ESpfpkoufawmf 54-ESpf/ ouU&mZf (1139)ck uqkefvqkwf 2-&uf
wevFmae@wGif a&$eef;awmfrS qif;Iajy;av./ eHawmfaom=umom;wnf;?
xdkpENokrerif; eef;rSqif;Iajy;avv#if udk,f&Hawmf ydk;a&$onf rdzk&m;'gjzLESihf ouU&mZf (1139)ck
uqkefvqkwf oHk;&uf t*Fgae@0,f pmzwfwwf'dk;a0/ uGrf;wHkawmifpm; omr/ wHk;ausmfa0wdk@onf
nDnGwfI a&$eef;wifawmfrl=uavonf/ pEN0drv&mZm[laom trnfudkcHawmfrl./ pENokre&mZmrif;udk
jynfolwdk@zrf;qD;I ydk@vmv#if &[ef;jyKI &Spfaomif;ausmif;wdkufwGifxm;av./
ukvm;wefpm;pzdka0onf pEN0drv&mZmrif;w&m;udk rcpm;vdkI rsm;pGmaom&JrufAdkvfygESifh od*Fygt&yfu
aomif;=urf;av. pEn0drv&mZmrif;w&m;vnf; uGrf;yHkawmifpm;omr wHkausmfa0wdk@udk apawmfrl
vdkuf./ uGr;f yHkawmifpm; omr wHk;ausmfa0wdk@vnf; &rf;jynfhpm;ausmfatmif [,m;ydkif acG;acswdK@ESifh
csDavI ouU&mZf (1139)ck eH,kefvqef;q,f&uf we*FaEGae@ ukvm;wefpm;pzdka0udk wdkufavaomf
uGrf;yHkawmifpm;om wHk;ausmfa0wdk@onf ppftm;rwefaoma=umifh qkwfcJh&avv#if rif;pD;avStpif;
ESpfq,fESifh avStrsm;udk ukvm;wefpm; pzdka0&vdkufav./ uGrf;yHkawmifpm; wHk;ausmfa0wdk@vnf;
ol&Jwdk@udk qkay;v#uf 'g;yl;Iwdkuf=uavaomf ukvm;wefpm; pzdka0udk zrf;I&avv#if ol&Jwdk@onf
rsm;pGmckwfxpfavaomfvnf; rjywfr&Saoma=umifh "g;jyefpD;[k wGifav./ 'g;jyefpD; pzdka0udk a&$jrdK@ awmf
odk@,laqmifavI &[ef;jyKv#ufxm;avonf?
xdkpENokre&mZmrif;w&m;vnf; aornfhab;udka=umufaoma=umifh 'g;ydkif=uD; pmzwf'dk;a0tm; orD;
awmf ,ufoJhr,fudk ay;av./ uGrf;yHkawmifpm;omr wHk;ausmfa0wdk@vnf; igodk@aomolwdk@tm; orD;udk
ray;/ 'g;ydkif=uD;;pmzwf'dk;a0udk ay;&moavm[k qdkjyD;v#if pENokre&mZmrif;w&m;vnf; &[ef;jyKI
wq,fhig;&ufaphwGif ausmif;u,lacsI rif;xGufqnf0wGi(f P-298) owfIypfav./ tavmif;aumif
onf jzm;wufjzm;us arsmI oHk;&uf&SdavrS bk&may:bkef;awmf=uD;onf pEN0drv&mZmrif;w&m;tm;
arwWm&yf I ywdefusGef;wGif oj*dK[favonf?
oHwJpG m; baxmfonf &rf;jynfhusGef;odkoGm;I Adkvfrif;atmifpkefudk &cdkifjynfodk@oGm;I rif;jyKyg[k yifhac:av.
Adkvfrif;atmifpkefvnf; olawmfausmfyHk O*~ga&$/ xGef;ay:/ xGef;cdkif/ ajc0ef;/ Tol&Jtaygif;wdk@ESifh ouU&mZf
(1139)ck eH,kefvjynf@ausmfig;&uf =uoyaw;ae@wGif wdkufavSpD;I csDav&m aygif;wkwfjyif0,fa&mufvm.
pEN0drv&mZmrif;w&m;vnf; uGrf;yHkawmifpm;om wHk;ausmfa0 oli,fawmf ol=uD; iwHk;=um/ ukvm;

133
wefpm; O*~gpH/ pmzwfwwf'dk;ap wdk@ufkapawmfrlvdkuf./ csDIoGm;=uavv#if aygif;wkwfjyifywdkuf=u av./
oli,fawmfol=uD; iwHk;=um/ ukvmwefpm; O*~gpHwdk@ vSifuef vufeufxdygI aoavukef./
uGrf;yHkawmifpm;om wHk;ausmfa0/ pmzwfwwf 'dk;a0wdk@onf ajy;avukef./ &rf;jynfhAdkvfrif; atmifpkefvnf;
aemufxyfvdkufvma=umif;udk =um;avaomf pEN0drv&mZmrif;w&m;onf tdrfedrfh 46/ eef;pH &ufaygif;
av;q,f/ ESpfpkoufawmf av;q,fajcmufESpfESifh t&ufav;q,f/ ouU&mZf (1139) eH,kef vjynfhausmf
wqJhoHk;&uf =uoyaw;ae@wGif a&$eef;awmfrS qif;I &Spfaomif;odrfwGif 0ifI aeawmfrlav./ eHawmf
=uoyaw;om;wnf;/ ? 26?
xdkpEN0drv&mZmrif; eef;rSqif;I &Spaf omif;odrfwGif aeavv#if &rf;jAJh Adkvfrif;atmifpkefonf eef;xuf
rdzk&m;pdefcdkifESifh ouU&mZf (1139)ck eHmkefvjynfhausmf wq,fhoHk;&uf =uoyaw;ae@wGif bdodwfcHI
jynfpnf;pdrfudk pdk;tkyfawmfrlav./ owd0d&d, jrJpGJonfudk ta=umif;jyK pENowd\&mZm plaomtrnfudk
cHawmfrlonf/
(P-299) vuf0Jjrefbaxmf vuf,mjref acgifrJoG,f/ rSL;rwftpHkwdk@udk a&$aus; aiGaus;ay;awmfrl./
0gqdkvqef; &Spf&uf aom=umae@0,f awmifrdzk&m;atmifr,frS om;awmfoka'<mfOD;udk zGg;jrifawmfrlonf?
pEN0drv&mZmrif;udk zrf;I&avv#if &[ef;jyKIxm;awmfrlav./ pmzwfwwf 'dk;a0/ uGrf;yHkawmifpm;
wHk;ausmfa0wdk@ ausmufcjyft&yfuaeI aomif;=urf;avukef./
pENowd\&mZmrif;w&m;csDoGm;awmfrlIouU&mZf(1139)ck0gacgifvqef;wpf&ufwevFmae@wdkufavaomf
ysufpD;Iajy;avukef./
tb,r[m&mZmrif;.nDawmfjzpfaom&rf;jAJpm;cspfolonf pENowd\&mZmrif;udkzsm;cef;Iopfikwfay:
onf[krav;rcef@aompum;udkqdkonf[k pENowd\&mZmrif;udk av#mufavv#if &rf;jAJpm;cspfolonf
a&S;uvnf;ESdufpufzl;avonf/ ,ckvnf;ESdyfpufaompum;udkqdk&moavm[k rdef@awmfrlI ukvm;ykef;
awmifaumif; iwwfwifudkowf&efapckdif;awmfrlvdkuf./ iwwfwifvnf; oGm;avI &rf;jAJ pm;cspfolufdk
zrf;,lIowfypfav./
ouU&mZf (1139)ck awmfovif;vqef;oHk;&ufAk'<[l;ae@ ig;Zif;&dkif;acsmif;0,f ioHaxG aomif;u=urf;jyef
av./ pENowd\&mZmrif;w&m;vnf;csDoGm;Iwdkufavaom ioHaxG ysufpD;Iajy;av./
ouU&mZf(1139)ck0gusGwfvjynfhausmfav;&ufwevFmae@wGif ,dk;oHjyif0,fwHk;cifa&$onfaomif;=urF;jyefa
v./ pENowd\&mZmrif;w&m;csDoGm;Iwdkufavaom wHk;cifa&$ysufpD;I ajy;av./ ouU&mZm(1139)ck
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134
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135
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136
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137
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138
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139
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140
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141
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ta=umif;udk igwdk@&cdkifbk&if orRw&mZmrif;w&m;=um;odawmfrlavv#if odkufwwf acgif;jzLawmif
q&mawmf ap&Sdaom &[ef;ynm&Sdf vlynm&Sdwdk@ESihw f dkifyifawmfrlavv#if orRw&mZmrif;w&m; [laom
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rdfef=um; av#$muf=um;=u avaomf orRw&mZmrif;w&m;vnf; rsm;pGmaom rSL;rwftaygif;jcH&Hv#uf
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ta*~~gyknapm&mZm [laomtrnfudk cHawmfrlv#uf wHqdyfcwfESdyfxkwfjyefawmfrlonf/
tr&yl&rif;om;awmftdrfa&S@rif;wdk@ppfcsDvmonf/ awmfovif;vwGif;vnf; &rf;jynfhuSGsef;Y uvefawmif
=uD;onf/ xdef@xdef@&dkufv#uf=udk;Ijrnf;[nf;./

142
tr&yl&rif; om;awmftdrfa&S@rif;vnf; a&a=umif;pkefvmawmfrlv#uf 7efukefodk@a&mufawmfrlavv#if
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vdkuf. wvdkif;AdkvfcsKyf trwf'defvnf; qifcvkwf jrif;cvkwfwdk@udkxGifIcsDvm. Awmifa=umif; a&a=umif;
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wyfwnfIaevm./ "rR&mZf&mZmrif;om;awmf tdrfa&S@rif; oufpHa&$vnf; a,mufz awmfppfuGyf/
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143
wyfwnfIaevmjyD;v#if jrefrmwdk@.wyfudk ajymif;ESifhypfavaomf vufeufxdrSefI jrefrm atmufom;wdk@
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av./ jrefrmatmufom;wyfrSL;wdk@vnf; tdrfa&S@rif;oufpHa&$ rif;jyKaeaom Zifacsmif;t&yfudk &av./
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144
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146
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147
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148
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ouU&mZf (1095) ckwGif =umoyaw;rif;eef;wufI ouU&mZf (1105)ckwdkifatmif wdkif;jynfom,m ygao;
onf/ aemufaomfum; ,pfrsdK;aomufpm; om;ig;owfnSpfusifh=uHv#uf txdrf; awmfom; ijzlESifh aygif;
zufI rif;usifhyufav&m tpfudk trwf=uD;yg av;a,mufaomtrwfwdk@udk pD&ifav onf/ ,if;odk@
jzpfvwfaomf jynfwdkif;um;jidkjiifojzifh toD;oDvdkvdk aomif;=urf;qdk;oGrf; jyKav&m xdkrif; (P- ) trwf
yJcdk;jrdk@uaeI jcm;em;csDwufwdkufzsufavv#if ouU&mZf (1113)ckwGif tif;0jrdK@ysufI =umoyaw;rif;vnf;
yJcdk;jrdk@odk@ygoGm;avonf? ta=utnmjrdK@&Gmrsm;udkvnf; wvdkif;wdk@wdkufzsufI aoa=ursm;jym;aom
a=umifh vGwf&mvGwfa=umif; awmifil&mZmESifh rif;wHk;jrdK@wGif ae=u&m awmifil&mZm aovGefv#if yJcdk;
wvdkif;wdk@ vma&mufwdkufcdkufvmjyefrl rchr&yfedkifatmif &Sdonfwcsuf/ Owk&moDrnD rajzmifhI tpm;
&Sm;yg;iwfrGwf&Sdonfwck xdkodk@ta=umif;qdkufvwfaomf bkef;awmfjrwfudk cdkvdkI om;r,m;aus;usGef
wpkESifh 0ifa&mufvma=umif; wifav#mufavv#if tb,&mZmrif;onf rif;=uD;eEN ausmfxiftrsdK;ESifh
t&nfudk =udkufawmfrlojzifh qifuJ=uD; trwfcef@awmfrlonf? nDa&$qifudk a=uGxJpm; &moDDudk ausG;r
aoG;pm;t&may;awmfrlI t&mxm;awmfrlavonf?
ouU&mZf (1122)ck wGif trwfqifuJ=uD; orD;&Sifpdk;rif;udk aumuf,lawmfrlI ajrmufrdz&k m;xm;awmfrl
onf? ajrmufrdzk&m;nDr rdyef;&Hudkvnf; a&S;ynm&Sd trwf=uD;om; a&$oJESifhay;jrm;awmfrljyD;v#if a&$wdkuf
aiGwdkuf/ vufeufwdkufrsm;udk tyfawmfrlI pm;aus;&dk;usGef;ESifh pdefwifudk ay;awmfrlonf[lI4if;//
tb,&mZmrif;aemuf ESpfqufajrmuf y&r&mZmrif; eef;wufawmfrlI om;awmfwyg; Od;abmifa0udk
zGg;jrif awmfrl&m jynfh&Sify&rrif; trdef@awmf&so d nfum; r[morRwrif;upOfvm om*D0ifrif;rsdk; wdk@Yom;
a,musfm;aomf4if;/ om;rdef@raomf4if; awmifnmxm;wGif zGg;jrifavaomf rif;aqGrif;rsdK; rSL;&dk;rwf&dk;
rrSefaom rdef;rtm; edk@xdrf;eDk@wdkuf xnfh&dk;xHk;a[mif;r&Sd/ ighom;awmf OD;abmifa0udkvnf; edk@xdrf;edk@wdkfxm;

149
&ef a&S;xHk;xrf;ESifh av#muf&rnf trdef@awmf&Sdaom a&S;ynm&Sdtrwf ynm&SdtrsdK;pOfvmjzpfaom pdefwif
pm;trwf a&$oJ;a v#mufaomxHk;aomfum;? t&Sif;rif;jrwf avmu'Dy0ifusrf;Y tvmrlum; &mZj*fkvf
jynfh&Sif AdrŠdom&rif;onf imfawmfrlpOfu vufyrf;onfwOD; ausmufukef;Y pD; (P- ) awmfrlcJhaom
ta=umif;jzifh rif;jzpfawmfrkaomtcg om0&[laomtrnfESifh ueDpmplaomjrdJudk pm;aus; ay;awmfrlavI
xdkrif;wGif om;awmftZmwowfudk zGg;jrifvwfrl om0&r,m; qdENyENtm; tZmwowfudk xdef;ay;awmf
rlavonf/ qdENyENvnf; okwr&Sd/ o0&vnf;ynmr&Sd/ xHk;a[mif;pma[mif; rwwf vufyrf;onftrsdK;
qdENyENvnf; rSL;rwforD;rsdK; t&Dk;tpOfr[kwfI edk@xde;f t*fgudk rodav/ cufxefaomtavhESif aexdkifolwdk@.
edk@udk pdk@rdavhvmacsI tZmwowfrif;t&G,fa&mufvwfrl crnf;awmf AdrŠdom&rif;tm;jypfrSm;avonf/
todwOPe jynfh&Sif uHorif;ESrawmf a'o*rBm.om; 0oka'0 paom nDaemifwusdyfwdk@udk tE<ua0¾u
[laomppfrSL;trwf.r,m; omrEWed*Hk;&Gmol eENda*gygvmtm; edk@xdef;tyfav&m xdkrdef;rw7mr&Sd avmb
=uD;aom rdef;rESifh jim;ojzifh xdkrif;o;nDaemifwusdyfwdk@ t&G,fodk@a&mufaomtcg OD;&d;awmf uHorif;udk
jypfrSm;avonf?
OwW&r"k&mjynfh&Sif om&qdENrif;udk oabFmol=uD; oHjrpfpGmu xl;qef;aom&xm;wck qufo&m o'<g=uD;
I ru&kyDwdkif;udk pm;aus;ay;awmfrlonf/ xdkrif;. rdzk&m;=uD;0,f orD;awmf ok0ÀukrRmudk zGg;jrifawmf
rlavv#if oHjrpfpGmr,m; tebuQd obivonfrtm; edk@xdef;ay;avaomf xdkrdef;rY tusifhoDvr&Sd/ oGrf;
oGyfaomtrlt&mudkom avhvmI rif;orD; ok0ÀukrRmt&G,fodk@ a&mufvwf&m apmif;orm;ESifh rSzl;av
onf/
vlwdk@rSwyg; pum;rwwfaom A&m%oDjynfh&Sif Ov†mu rif;Y odE<0 [laomjrif;udk i,fpOfu vlukef;
wa,muftm;tyfI xdrf;ap&m xdfrf;oltvdkuf jrif;awmfodE<0vnf; ukef;IoGm;avv#if vlpef@udk wzef
jyeftyfxdef;aponfwGifrS jrif;awmfodE<0 pef@ava=umif; xHk;a[mif;xGuf&Sdygonf/ toufr&Sd t0dnm%u
jzpfaom A&m%oDjynfh&Sif '"d0g[erif;. tAB EW& o&ufcsdkyifonf cg;aomt&o&Sdaom wrmmyifwdk@Esifh
tjrpfcsif; a&mpyf,Sufwifav&m csdKaomt&omaysmufI cg;aomt&oma&mufzl;ygonf? aemufrS xdk
wrmyif (P- ) wdk@udk wl;EkwfypfapI ysm;&nf wifav;&nf avmif;v#ufay;jyefrS csdKaom t&omjzpfzl;
ava=umif; xHk;a[mif;usrf;*ef&Sdygonf/
t&Sifrif;jrwf rif;om;rif;orD;paom o0dnm%u t0dnm%uwdk@Y tm'd tp xdef;olomrlvjzpfygonf
o0dnm%u wdk@rSmrlum; rdbxdef;olwdk@rvdrfrm vuf&Hk;rme =urf;wrf;cufxef axmifv$m;qdk;oGrf;acsu
xdk@twl om;orD;wdk@ qdk;oGrf;av&monf/ wxm*awm vmjcif;aumif;aom twdZmwom; jzpfrSom xdk;
xGif;I odjrifedkifaom owWd&Sdaoma=umifh owdxm;Edkif&ef&Sdygonf/ twdZmwom;vnf; tvGef&Sm;yg;
a=umifh usrf;*efYjyqdkygonf/ t0dnm%u jzpfaom O,sOfv,fajrwdk@rSmvnf; xdrf;olraumif;u ysufpD;
wwfygonf/
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ndkaomrdef;rwdk@Y edk@&nfzefaomt&om&Sd./ xdkedk@udkpdk@aomoltm; Od;acgif;Y a0'emjrJ./ tom;jymaom
rdef;redk@&nfum; csnfaomt&om&Sd./ xdkedk@udkpdk@aomoltm; 'Gg&Ya0'em jrJ. tom; a&$0ga&mif
&Sdaomrdef;redk@&nfum; qdrfhaomt&om&Sd./ xdkedk@udk pdk@aomoltm; jrwfaomESvHk;jrJ./ tom; rJaom
rdef;redk@&nfum; cg;aomt&om&Sd. xdkEdk@udk pdk@aomoltm; ajcvuf OD;acgif;wdk@Y a0'emjrJ. tom;
eDaomrdef;redk@&nfaomfum; pyfaomt&om&Sd. xdkedk@udk pdk@aomoltm; &ify a0'emjrJ./

150
Todk@usrf;*efxHk;a[mif;vm&Sdyga=umiflESifh av#mufxma;avaomf jynfh&Sifrif; trdefhawmf&SdjyefonfrSm
pdefwifpm;wdk#trsdK;onf "n0wD 'kwd,jrdK@wnf uH&mZm=uD;rif;uqif;oufI rSL;&dk;rwfpOf om;ajr;ynm&Sd
cHwGifv#uf rif;quftrsm; ESpfaygif;&Snf=um pdwfwifpm;wdk@trsdkrwdrf/ v&mifyrm csrf;{;pGmom rif;xH
av#mufxm;a=umif; xHk;a[mif;pmwrf;xGuf&Sdonf? pdefwifpm;r,m;trdvnf; tif;0rif;orD;awmf tb
rif;=uD; eENausmfxif bDab;vnf; yJcdk; rif;ausmfxifaemf&xm om;ajr;qufum tif;0rif;vufxuf
qifuJ=uD;trwf wdk@ trsdK; rl;&dkrwf&dk;rysuf/ tif0jrdk@onf um0dywWDtav#mufjzpfcjhi ajrmufOd;jrd@ odk@a&muf
vmjyefv#if trsdK;rapmifhaom w&m;rvGwf rSL;rwft*FgESifhjynfhpHkoljzpfI crnf;awmf tb, rif;u
qifuJ=uD; t&mudkay;awmfrlonf/ qifuJ=uD;orD; rdyef;&Hvnf; rSL;&dk;rwf&dk;korD;rSefIowWd ynmESifh tqif;
t*FgvuQ%mjynfhpHkonf/ ighom;awmf OD;abmfa0udk wwfodvdrRmatmif pdefwifpm; xdef;odrf;jyo qHk;r
oGefoifap/ pdefwifpm;r,m;rdyef;&Hudk edK@wdkufaptyfawmfrlav&m xdef;odrf;wdkfufausG;& avonf[lI 4if;?
y&r&mZmrif;udk a,mufzawmfvuf0Jjrefykefpm;I vGefavaomvuf0Jjreftrwf r[m&mZmtrnfudkcH
awmfrlI ouU&mZf(1126)ck wGifeef;wufawmfrlaomtcgxdkrif;i,fusGef oufvlrsdK; iaomuf=u,f nDtpf
udkESpfa,mufudko'<gawmfrlI trwf=uD;cefrnf&Sdav&m a&S;ynm&SdtrsdK; twGif;awmfr_; pdefwifpm;a&$oJ
av#mufaomxHk;aomfum; t&Sifrif;jrwf a&S;ynm&Sdwdk@qdkcJhaom &mZvufoHk;xHk;a[mif;pmwrf; tvm
xGuf&SdonfrSm a&ajroeif; rif;wdk@usif;oHk; a&S;xHk;rokef &mZ*k%fjrwf e0&wfudk;cdkif r¾dKifrysuf rif;
vufeufwnf; a0cufpdwfjzm tvdrRmjim; olrkdufom;udk rSm;Ijynfh&Sif olaumif;wufv#uf wdkif;cGifc&dkif
tykdifuHausG; rif;cGifhay;I rSL;a&;rwf&m ESif;tyfygrl bZmusdK;&Sd EGrf;&dowW0g jrdK@&Gmwkefv_yf tusdJ;,kwfI
pufqkwfozG,f ysuf&,fwEWK jynfr_&SyfaxG; wdkif;apwyg; pum;rwnf t&Snfraumif; Al;awmif;yrm
rdp>miSufqdk; vif;aumifydk;odk@ qdk;&dk;wcsuf =uGufESifhajrGwl ol@rlrazsmuf arsmufESifhajracG; qdka&;woD;
usD;ESifhxyfwl trl,kwfoGrf; oluef;t=uH avmbv#Honf rif;xHeD;pyfroHk;tyf/ Todk@qdkaom ynm&Sd
pum;&Sdygonf/
usrf;*efwGifvnf; a'0ykwW ewfom; AmvmeH olrdkufwdk@ud tao0emp rrSD0J tqnf;uyf raygif;
az:&jcif;onf4if; y¾dwmeH ynm&Sdaomolwdk@udk ao0emp aygif;az:rSD0h qnf;uyf&jcif;onf4if;/
ylZmae,meH ylaZmfxdkufaomolwdk@udk ylZmp ylaZmf&jcif;onf4if; twWS &Sd./ {wH ToHk;yg;aom
w&m;onf4if; OwWrjrwfaom r*FvH r*Fvw&m;rnf. [lI oGH oifewfom;onf *%Sm[d rSwfavavm/
Todk@ jrwfpGmbk&m;a[m=um;awmfrltyfaom r*Fvw&m;awmf&Sdygonf?
t&Sifrif;jrwf wwdkif;wjynfudk tpdk;&*aom rif;wdk@onf olrdkufudkra&Smif aygif;az;jim;avtHh/ xdkolrdkuf
a=umifh xdkwdkif;jynfjidKjiifv#uf xdkrif;ysufpD;&monf/ wwdkif;wjynfudk rdwfjyK&mYvnf; xdkwdkif;jynf
ta=umif;udk pHkprf;jyD;rS 0H olawmfuJhodk@ usifhaomrif;udk aygif;az:qnf;uyfrdwf0ifjyD;rS tusdK; xGef;vif;
&monf rolawmfusifhwwfaomvlrsm;onf urBm&Snfor# aumif;usdK; raumif;usdK;udk rodyg/ ynm&Sd
wa,muf. csD;rGef;jcif;udkom =udKufawmfrloifhygonf/ ynm&SduJh&J@acsaomf &Sufa+umuf &ygrnf ta=umif;
ESifh ynm&Sdtrwfav#mufav&m trwfawmfodk@ pm;aus;xyfI jrdk@opfudk ay;awmfrlonf/ trwfynm&Sd
r,m; rdyef;&Hudkvnf; a&S;rif;rsm;enf; toHk;taqmifudk ay;awmfrlI eef;wGif;Y rdzk&m;armif;rwdk@
em;vnfatmif a&S;toHk;taqmif toGm;tvm taetxdkif rif;crf;rif;em; paomtr_ rsm;udk jyo
xdrf;odrf; qHkr&rnf[k tyfESif;awmfrlavonf/ xdkusGefESpfa,muftm; av#mufxm;aom pum;udkrl
rem,lbJi,fusGef iaomuf=u,ftudkrSm vuf,mjreftrwf iaomuf=u,fudk 'g;ydkif=uD; cef@awmfrlav
onf/

151
w&Ha&mtcg jynfh&Sifrif; r[m&mZmmu tkef;usGef;ae avSawmfvkyf vrdkif;om; ri;fw&m;usGefwdk@udk
ol&JtrwfjyKI 'g; vSHum 'dkif;v$m; vufeuftyfawmfrlrnf&Sd&m trwfynm&SdjrdK@opfpm; a&$oJ: av#muf
xHk;aomfum; t&Sifrif;jrwf rif;w&m;usGef vrdkif;tpkom;wdk@odk@ vufeuftyfawmfrlacsaomf arsmufudk
csLqGJonfESifh wlygrnf/ arsmufudkoem;I csLqGJav&m tjidrfrae ckefaygufay;v$m;v#ufESifhom
&Sdav&monf/ xdk@twl olrdkuftvJh udk,fwdk@udkom vHk;yef;&SmI owW0gwdk@udk oem;jcif;r&Sd om;ig; ydkufcwf
xdk;owfaomufpm; arSmufrSmusifh=uHv#uf aexdkifv#uf&Sdaom vrdkif;om;wdk@Y vufeufa&mif;avaomf
owW0gwdk@csrf;om twnfrSm&SdthHenf;/ &ufa&m=urf;wef; jrdK@&Gmed*Hk;wdk@udk wdkufcdkufvk,uf yzsufpD;EdSdyfpuf
edifxufuvl jyojxzifh avmb a'go arm[w&m;vGef&monf/ xdk@a=umifh a&S;ynm&Sdwdk@pum;wdk@Y
olrdkufwdk@rSmt*Fgav;rnf pnfpnfum;um; &rufrsm;onf[kqdkygonf/ t*Fgav;rnf[lonfrSm tdyfjcif;
pm;jcif;/ arxkefrSD0Jjcif;/ OpPm&atmif&SmrSD;jcif;/ Tav;yg;onf olrdkufwdkt*Fgav;yg;[kI
a&S;oljrwfwdk@tqdk&Sdygonf/ rif;w&m;usGef vrdkif;om;wdk@odk@ vufeuftyfIroifhyg/ aemifaomtcg
vlaumif;vlqdk; a&maESmv#uf pD&if&ygvdrfhrnf av#mufavaomfvnf; jynfh&Sifriif;remr,l/ rif;w&m;usGef
vrdkif;om;wdk@odk@ vufeuftyfavonf/ wESpfcef@&Sdvwfaomf &rf;jrpf0udk toGm;tvmr#rjyK0Hh=u/
rif;w&m;usGefvrdkif;om;wdk@onf "g;jrwdkufcdkufvk,ufI &Sdav&m jynf&Sifr[m&mZmrif; trsufawmf0ifI
vlaygif;ig;&mausmfudk ukefpifatmifowfjyD;rS vufeufudk odrf;,lawfrl&avonf/
w&Haomtcg ppfawGusGefukvm;wdk@udk 'g;ydkif=uD; iaomuf=u,fu ac:Iqkvwfay;a=umif; ynm&Sdtrwf
jrdK@opfpm; a&$oJ;odavI ta=umif;ukd rif;=uD;xHav#mufavaomf ,Hkawmfrrl &Sdaomtcg trwf
ynm&Sdav#mufxHk;aomfum; t&Sifrif;jrwf a&S; bm;rJodkuf/ bm;blodkuf txGufrlvnf; axmif&m 0Do
qwdkif;uv#if aywyifudk a&v#ifoGef;=u rdSkudk;v [lIqdkavonfudk ,=wmjyef eef;pHawmfrlavv#if
bm;blawmifwGif e0udef;"gwf ygy"gwf &kyf/ pkyf/ vyfjyKI ,=wmxm;awmfrl&rnf/ xdkudef;"gwftvdk
eef;pHudk;ESpf udk;vxGufygonf/ t&Sifrif;aemufudk aom=umom;rif;jzpf&ef odkuf&SdjyefonfrSm =uGufudka&Smif;
onf bl;awmif; armifaom=um qdkavaoma=umifh 'g;ydkif=uD;vnf;aom=umom;jzpfavygonf/
t&Sifrif;jrwf a&S;ynm&Sdxm;cJhaom ajrmufOd;jrdK@"gwfodkuftvkdwGifvnf; &vSL &vSL udk;vvSL &vSL
udk;rnf ajrmufOD;jynf omapwaomaom/ &vSLvnf;ukef ysufudef;=uHK vlyHknm=u,farsm/ [lIxGuf
&Sdaom odkufw&yf/
jrdk@wnfw&if;Y a=umif/ =uGuf ajrG/ zg; usm;/ acs/ ajr/ tdk;/ awmufwJh Tudk;&yfaom j*dKouf 133-ckwGif
pef;vuftouf 34-udka&m ESpfckajrSmufv#uf jrdK@ouf 334-ESpwGifom&Sdygonf/ odk@&mwGif udk,fusifhw&m;
om rlvrSefonf/ t&Sifrif;jrwf/ olrdkufwdk@onf ydÉduwfaA'ifudk oifIwwfapumrl tv*~'luom
ynm&Sdolawmfaumif;paom tjrifhtedrfh t,kwftjrwf/ twdwftem*wfudk qHk;jzwfoedkifonfr[kwfyg/
twwfynma=umifh csif;wdk@ESpfav&monf/ ynmonf aea&mifva&mifESifh4if;/ auom&mZmjcaoFhqDeSifh
4if;wlygonf/ aevta&mifonf zefrSefYom tcef;oifhaomf rD;a&pGJa&mufygonf/ jcaoFhqDonfvnf;
ZrŠL&mZf a&$cGufYom xifygonf/ ynm&Sdwa,mufpum;udk ynm&Sdwa,mufomv#ifodEdkifygonf/
a&S;ola[mif;trSmwGif [kwfrSefaompum;udkqdkv#uf cHolr=udkufu tjypfa&muf&monf/ r[kwfrrSefom
pum;udk qdkavrlvnf; cHol=udkufu tusdK;jzpf&onf[k xHK;oufaoESifh ynm&Sdwdk@wrf;/ rif;Ytjypfudk
jrifv#if av#mufwifjrxHk;a[mif;ESifhtnD av#mufavaomf xdkrif;ukodkvfuHtav#muf olrawmf
udk ,HkaomowWd pGJojzifh rnfodk@rqdk aeawmfrlI aumif;ausmfxif[laomrif;w&m; usGefvrdkif;w&Gmudkom
pm;ap&eftrwfynm&Sd jrdK@opfpm; a&$oJ;odk@ ay;awmfrlavonf? (Tt&mwGif jrdK@w&if; jrdk@oufaumuf
&mY jyifqifv#uf 334-ESpf[ka&;vdkufonf

152
xdkrif;r[m&mZmonff ynm&Sdpum;udk remr,lusL;vGefv#uf i,fusGefaomuf=u,fudk o'<hga&;=uD;I 'g;ykdif
=uD; trwfcef@av&m ouU&mZf (1135)ckodk@a&mufvwfaomtcg 'g;ydkif=uD; iaomuf=u,f ykef;pm;I
vGefawmfrlavonf[Il 4if;/
iaomuf=u,fvnf; pENokre[laomtrnfudkcH,lv#uf eef;wufavonf/ xdkpENokrerif;aomfum; tcGef
qdk;oGrf;aomrif;=urf; rif;,kwf tusifhr&Sd/ trsdK;rapmifh / ynm&Sdudk roH;k / a&S;ynm&Sd rl;aumif;rwf aumif;
wdk@udk ESdyfpuf nSif;yef;owfjzwfjyKavaomf toD;oD;vGwf&mvGwfa=umif;/ xGufa&Smifajy;ykef;avI uHom
jrdK@odk@ csnf;ajymifae=uavonf/ ,if;aomcg pENokrerif;u usef&Sdonfudk oif;xkwfonfqdkI tukeftpif
vGwf=uavonf/ a&S;rif;wdk@zGJ@cGJaom ol&Jtpdk@/ udk,f&Hawmftpdk@wdk@udkvnf; tpdk@zsufI tonfom;jzpf
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153
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154
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157
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158
rmefatmifpm; ixGef;atmifudk r&ordkif;ausmfu zrf;qD;I aygif;zufaomvlwdk@ESifhwuG owfIypfav./
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159
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160
avmurm&fatmif/ ydEMJ (P-) awmifbkef;awmf=uD;/ yka&m[dwf&Spfwdkif;/ ykÀm;p=u0aw;/ aA'ifwwf/
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161
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162
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163
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tcg jrefrmouU&,Zfonf (1156)ck jzpfaoma=umifh/ c&pf,mefouU&mZfonf(1794)ckESifhqdkifonfjzpfI

164
t*Fvdyfukr`%Drif;wdk@ b*Fvm;paom tdEN,jynftv,f0dkif;udktkyfpdk;&onfhESpfaygif; 29-ESpo f m&Sdavonf/
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aexdkifaom=uHkaoma=umifh4if; &mZ0ifaygif;csKyfwGifjrefrmjynfudk tdEN,ukr`%Drif;wdk@ wdkufckduf0ifa&muf
ojzifh & EWydk&fjrdK@kwGif c&pf,mefouU&mZf(11826)ck jrefrmouU&mZf(1187)ckESpfwGif oabmwl pmcsKy
jyKvkyf=u &m0,f tdEND,wdkif; udk tpdk;&aomt*Fvdyfukr`D%Dbk7ifu cef@xm;aomAdkvfcsKyf=uD; tmpDabm
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rSav#musavv#if pdefbl;onfrif;=udD; ausmfxif trnfudkcHI ouU&mZf(1157)ck ewfawmfvwGif&cdkifjrdk@0ef
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thHaomiSg rsm;pGmaom &Jrufvufeufudkifwdk@ESifh &cdkifjrdk@ol=uD; ioHaxGtm; pnf;wifpm; csif;jyefudk apvdkuf.
/ csif;ysHvnf; csDoGm;avaomf (P-) r,llurf;atmifwyfodk@a&mufv#if &ckdifom;wdk@vSnfhywfaom pum;
udk ,Hk=unfI Adkvfrif; oD&dausmfxifESifh tcGefpma&; aZ,sausmfwdk@udk zrf;qD;jyD;v#if tusnf;csxm;;I
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&rf;jynfh0ef v,fudkif;pm;vnf; &rf;jynfhjrdK@ol=uD; armifpHjrudk &cdkifjrdK@ol=uD; csif;ysHtb ioHaxGu twGif;
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av;cufawmifpm;emrnf ixGef;pHjzpfonf/ armifpHjrr[kwf/ armifpHjrjzpfv#if av;cufawmifpm;r[kwf/
av;cufawmifpm;onf ouU&mZf (1149)ck ESpfu &rf;jyfhjrdK@ol=uD;tjzpfESifha&mufI ouU&mZf (1152)
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165
a&mufvmavv#if &cdkif oHwGJ &rf;jynhf/ rmefatmif av;jrdK@0efwdk@csDoGm;avI r,lurf;usGJ&dkif;cHk wGif
wyfwnfIaeaom csifysHvuf&Hk;Adkvf yufvufpm; ipHwdk@udk ouU&mZf (1160)jynfh jymodkvwGif wdkuf=u
avaomf csif;ysH wyfpD; wyfESifhlwdk@onf ysufpD;ojzifh xGufajy;wdr;f a&SmifoGm;=uavuke.
f / csif;ysHvnf;
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aoma=umifh &efppf=uD;pGmjzpf=uukef./
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ESpa,muf vufeufxdIaoav./ ukvm;ol&Jw&mausmfcef@ vufeufrSefI aoavukef./ jrefrm wyfrSL;
wkd@onf ajrcHwkyfxJu ykef;atmif;Iaeaoma=umifh taotaysmufr&Sd=uukef/ xdk@aemuf jrefrm
t*FvdyfppfonfESpfOD;vHk;yif wjydkifeufqkwfI oGm;=uav./ &cdkifjynfwGif csif;ysHol&Jvufeufudkif[k tjypf
jyKjyD;v#if vlwdk@udk rsmpGmzrf;Iowf=uukef./ Tonfum; ouU&mZf (1160)upI csif;ysHx=uG
aomif;=urf;aom yXrt=uddrfwnf;?
csif;ysHvuf&Hk;Adkvfyufvufpm; ipH/ wHk;pHa&$/ aumapG/ ta&S@0if;rSL; vuf0Jjrefazgifom paomolwdk@onf
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bm;blawmifxdyfwGif t*Fvdyf oHwrHi&aumufESifh &cdkif0efwdk@ ouU&mZf (1161)ck ewfawmfvwGif jynfxH
ta&;t&mudk ajymqdk=uv#if jynfxJta&;onf jidrf;csrf;om,mI a&$vrf;aiGvrf;ayguf a&mufvmonf[k
csif;ysHvuf&Hk;Adkvfwdk@=um;avv#if t*Fvdyfrif;wdk@vufu vGwf&mvGwfa=umif;udk t=uH&Sdojzifh owdjyKv#uf
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onfrSpI ouU&mZf (1162)ck uqkefvupI ac:jrJ/ uqkefudk yHkawmf0if[kqdkI ESpfvnfatmif vlp&if;
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oHk;tdrfjyKI &Gmol=ud;trnfwyfjyD;v#if ajrwdkif;pma&;[k tr&yl&bdk;awmfrif;xH vSnfzsm;IoGm;av./
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wGif a0omvDudk vufudkifavonf[k &cdkifav;jrdK@Y vlawmif;jyefaoma=umifh vlwaxmifay;quf&./
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166
ouU&mZf (1168)ck eH,kefvwGif tr&yl&jrdK@wGifaeaom wyfrSL; AdkvfrSL;wdk@udk ,dk;',m;jynfodk@ppfcsD&rnf
jzpfaoma=umif; &cdkfifav;jrdK@wGifaeaom vlrsm;pGmwdk@udk vufeufudkifay;&./
ouU&mZf (1172)ckESpfa&mufvwfaomtcg uqkefvwGif &kyf&Sifawmfr[mrkedbk&m;.teD; OD;awmfaq;uef
tp&Sdaom acsmif;ajrmif;jrpfa&wdk@onf eD (P-) eDaxG;axG; aoG;uJhodk@ jzpfukef./ ydk; y&Gufjcwdk@onf
a&wGifusI rsm;pGmaoukef./ opfyifapmifhewfwdk@onf rsm;pGmidkukef./ &rf;jynfhusGef;wGif tvGefjrifh
armufaom uv=urf;awmifonf xde@f xdef@&dkufI=unf;wnf;./ &rf;jynfhusGef;Yrf;ayguf&GmY wnfxm;
aom vuf,mbk&m;&kyfxkawmfvnf; taemufzufodk@rsufESmjyKIaeawmfrlav./ Tofdk@rsm;pGm aom
wdwf edrdwfwdk@onf xifukef./
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wyfrSL; AdkvfrSL; vufeufudkifom;wdk@onf ysufpD;onfcsnf;jzpfaoma=umifh wyfudkaemufqkwfjyD;v#if
qnfudkifuefqdyfwGif wyfwnfI aevmukef./
csif;ysH vf&Hk;Adkvfwdk@ ykefuefaomif;=urf;aomta=umif;udk =uma;vI rmefatmif0ef&efwdkif &rf;jynfhol=uD;
rsm;pGmaom ol&Jwdk@ESifh wyfcsDIvmonfudk csif;ysH vuf&Hk;Adkvfwdk@. eyfrSL;AdkvfrSl;wdk@odv#if ouU&mZf (1173)
ck uqkefvwGif rdk;oD;ewfawmifjrpfjyif0,f vufeufqdkifjydKifIwdkuf=uavaomf rmefatmif0ef &efwdkif
tp&Sdaom ol&Jvufeufudkif[lor#wdk@onf wa,mufr#r=uGif;usefaoavukef./ jrefrmAdkvfrSL; wyfrSL;wdk@
onf twdkfufrcH0Hh? a=umuf&GHaoma=umifhavSukdypfI ajy;/ ukef;odk@wufjyD;v#if ajy;=uavukef./ oHwGJ0ef
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AdkvfcsKyfrsufwmif&Snfudl vnf; eENdaoeAE<Kvppfol=uD;trnfudkay;av./ csif;jyef. wyfrSL;AdkvfrSL; wdk@onf
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jref t&yfu yvufpm; ipH wyfrSL;armifa&$wdk@ukfd wyfESifhapmifhaeap./ ig&aumuft&yfu aemifawmf
av;jrdK@pm;ausmfatmifudk wyfapmifhjyKIaeap./ a&$ewfyifvrf;a=umif;u atmifausmfa&$udk apmifhap./
avmif;=uufjrdK@a[mif;u AdkvfapmfuJ/ wyfrSL;aom=umwdk@udk apmifaeap./ &rf;0jrpfu Adkvfeef;a&$ESifh wyfrSL;
om&uEWwdk@udk wdkuftHhaomiSg Adkvfwdk;atmifausmfudk tapmifhxm;av./ ckepfc&dkif awmifpOfwGif
jrefrmwdk@vmvrf;jzpfaom rTt&yfu awmifpm;AdkvfrSL;armifndk wyfrSL; ndka&mifjzLwdk@ukd tapmifhxm;
av./
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jrdK@trnfrSnfhv#uf odkufwwfjrdK@wnfIaeav./ =uGif;aom Adkvf&H wyf&Hwdk@rlum; ckepfc&dkifawmifpOfwdk@Y
toD;oD; wyfESifh apmifhaeap./ xdkodk@ &cdkifjynfrSm csif;ysH vuf&Hk;Adkfwdk@ wyfpD;wyfESifh jyKI &cdkifav;jrdK@Y
0ef;&HIaea=umif;udk tr&yl&bdk;awmfrif;=um;odawmfrlavv#if rif;vSpnfoludk ac:awmfrlI &cdkifav;jrdK@Y

167
0ef;&HIaeaom csif;jyef vuf&Hk;Adkvfwdk@udk wdkufzsufap[k apwmfrlvdkuf./ rif;vSpnfolvnf; csDvmjyD;v#if
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vrf;c&D;romaoma=umifh ol&Jvufeufudkifwdk@udk toD;oD;cef@jyD;v#if xdkESpftwGif;rSm Adkvfrsufawmif&Snf
vrŠKpm;a&$vlwdk@onf &rf;jynfhjrdK@ jrefrmwyfrSL;wdk@ESihf wdkuf=uavaomf Adkvfrsufawmif&Snf vrŠKpm;a&$vlwdk@
ppfa&;romaoma=umifh &rf;jynfhjrdK@rS qkwfcgG I vufzHtnmwGif wyfwnfIaevm./ vufzef
tnmwyfudkvnf; 'g;0,fAdkvf ipHonf ol&Jvufeufudkifwdk@ESifh wdkufjyefavv#if vufzeftnm wyfysuf
av./ Adkvfrsufawmif&SnfESifh vrŠKpm; a&$vlwdk@vnf; ouU&mZf (1173)ck 0gacgifvqef; ESpf&uf paeae@wGif
peJnf;acsmif;0Y avSwyfwnfIaeav./ oHwGJjrdK@udk 0ef;&Haeaom jrdJK@opfpm; armifi,f/ Adkvfbcspf&nf
wdk@vnf; ppfa&;romaoma=umifh xdkouU&mZf0gacgifvwGif vrŠKacsmif;0Y wyfwnfIaeav./ rmef
atmifjrdk@udk 0dkif;&HIaeaom vuf&Hk;Adkvf wdrf=um;Adkvfwdk@vnf; ppfa&;romaoma=umifh rmefatmifjrdK@ tkef;
acsmif0wGif wyfwnfIaevm./
,if;odk@ &rf;jynfh oHwJG rmefatmif jrdK@wdk@Y csif;jyefwyf ysupf D;onf csn;fjzpfa=umif;udk =um;avv#if
jrdK@0efrif;vSpnfolonf topfcef@aom rmefatmifjrdK@0efudk ta&S@ ckepfc&dkifudk wdkufav[k apvdkuf./
rmefatmif0efvnf; ol&JwaxmifESifhcsDvmjyD;v#if ouU&mZf (1173)ck 0gacgifvjynhfae@Y rTacsmif;0wGif
wyfwnfIaevm./ ,if;odk@ wyfwnfIaevmaom rmefatmif0efopfudk vrŠKpm;a&$vl oGm;a&muf
wdkufzsufavaomf rmefatmif0efopfwyfonf t=uGif;rJh ysufpD;av./ qif;jzLusGef';Adkvfvnf; vlwaxmif
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vma&mufwyfwnfIaevmaom qifjzLusGef;Adkvfudkvnf; wdrf=um;Adkvf oGm;a&muf wdkufcdkufaoma=umifh
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avSmifxm;aom=uufuJhodk@jzpfaeavukef./ 4if;ESpfwGif &cdkifjrdK@0efrif;=uD;ausmfxifvnf; jrdk@ok=uD; i&efuif;
udk AdkvfcsKyfcefhjyD;v#if ol&Jvufeufudkifwdk@udk pnf;=uyfI =unf;tm;a&tm; csDvmjyD;v#if wefaqmifrkef;
vqef;wq,fhw&uf paeae@wGif vuf=uufjrdK@/ AdkvfapmfuJ wyfrSL;aomuf=umwdk@udk wdkuf avapv#if
AdkvfapmfuJwyfysufpD;I ajy;av./ wyfrSL;aomuf=umum; aoewfvufeufrSefI ao av./ /
4if;wefaqmifrkef;vqkwfig;&uf wevFmae@wGif vuf,mjreft&yfY yvufpm; ipH/ wyfrSL;armifa&$wdk@udk
wdkufapjyefv#if Adkvfyvufpm;ipH/ wyfrSL;armifa&$wdk@onf rchr&yfedkifI avSwuf vufeufu&d,mwdk@ ypfI
=unf;a=umif;ajy;oGm;=uav./ i&aumufwyfapmifh atmifausmf/ a&$ewfyifwyfapmifh atmifausmfa&$
vnf; qkwfoGm;&avjyD;v#if csif;jyefaeaom aZ,s0wDjrdk@odk@ ajy;0ifapvm./
xdktcgcsifjyefvnf; aZ,s0wDjrdK@Y &Sdaom wyfrSL; AdkvfrSL;wdk@ESifh wdkifyifESDaESm=uonfrSm Tta&S@jrefrm
ppfudk jidrf;at;aomtcg vrŠKpm;a&$vl/ Adkvfrsufawmif&Snf/ Adkvfwvdkif;&Snf/ '*Fg;awmifpm; iwHk;pHa&$/
AdkvfapmfuJ tp&Sdaom AdkvfrSL;wyfrSL;wdk@udk a&G;cs,I f oHk;&mckepfusdyfaom vlwdk@udk owfI ypfrnf[k
wdkifyif =uHpnf=uukef./ xdkodk@ csif;jyefESifwuG AdkvfrSL;wyfrSL;wdk@ wdkifyif=uaomtpOfudk odav ukefaomf
tjrdK@kjrdk@t&Gm&GmY&Sdaom AdkvfrSL; wyfrSL; ol&Jtaygif;wdk@onf ta&S@jrefrmppfudk wdkufcdkuf vdkaom
tmomqEN ,kwfavsmh=uukef. xdkae@rSpI csif;jyef. ppfonfwyfrSL;wdk@onf rwnfr&yf rjidrf rouf
jzpf=uavukef./
tr&yl&bdk;awmfrif;vnf; wdkifwm;0ef tumausmfxifudk a&a=umif;c&D;/ jrif;0efirSdKif;/ AdkvfrSL;wyfrSK;wdk@udk
=unf;a=umif;c&D;csDapawmfrlvdkuf. jrif;0efirSdKif;vnf; AdkvfrSL;wyfrSL; ol&Jtaygif;wdk@ESifhcsDvmjyD;v#if

168
rTacsmif;wGif wyfpcef;wnfvm&yfvm./ rTacsmif;wGif &SdaomjrHKaxmifpm; AdkvfrSL; armifndk/ wyfrSL;
ndka&mifjzLwdk@onf ol&Jvufeufudkifwdk@ESihf qD;cHwdkufavv#if AdkvfrSL; armifndk/ wyfrSL; ndka&mifjzlwdk@onf
ppftiftm;enf;ojzifh qkwfcGga&Smif&Sm; oGm;&av./ jrif;0efirSdKif;vnf; rTt&yfrSonf &rf;jynfhusGef;odk@
ul;oef;jyD;v#if jrdK0efvuf,mpnfoltaemf&xmESifh aygif;zufIaeav./
wdkifwm;0ef tmumausmfxifvnf; e*g;&pf armfwifvrf; a&a=umif; csDvmI rusnf;usGef;teD;odk@
a&mufvmaomf pukusGef;/wyfapmifhAdkfvf wdk;atmifausmfonf qD;cHIwdkufaoma=umifh wdkifwm;0ef tmum
ausmfxifonf rcHr&yfedkifojzifh qkwfcGgoGm;jyD;v#if oHwGJjrdK@odk@0ifI oHwJ0G efESifh ylaygif;v#uf aeav./
oHwJjG rdK@udk &HIaeaom jrdK@opfpm; armifa0/ paomwyfrSL; AdkvfrSL; Adkvfusm;=uD;lwdk@ aygif;zufIcsDvmjyD;v#if
pukjrpfodk@ a&mufvm./ csif;jyefol&J Adkvfwdk;atmifausmfESifh jrefrmAdkvfusm;=uD;wdk@ a&a=umif;wdkuf=uav
&m pukwyfysufpD;v#uf wdrf;a&SmifxGufajy;=uavukef./ 4if;;pukwyfysufpD;I wdrf;a&SmifxGufajy;vmol
taygif;wdk@onf &rfjynfhusGef;penf;zufodk@ 0ifa&mufaygif;zufaexdkif=uukef./
wdkifwmp0ef tmumausmfxif jrif;0efirSdKif;wdK@onf a&tm;=unf;tm; pnf;=uyfIcsDavaomf oHppfjrpfodk@
a&mufvmv#if penf;wGifwyfwnfIaeaom Adkvfrsufawmif&Snfpaom csif;jyefAdkvfrSL;wdk@RESifhawG@=uHKI
qdkifjydkKifv#uf wdkufcdkuf=uav&m csif;jyefwdk@ =uHpOfajymqdktyfaom pum;udk =um;od&onfhae@upI avsmh
v#uf&Sd=uaom ppfonfol&J AdkvfrSL;wyfrSl;wdk@onf tenf;i,frsSwdkufqdkifjyD;v#if wdrfa;&SmifxGufoGm;
=uavjyD;I csif;jyefae&m aZ,s0wDjrdK@odk@csnf;oGm;a&mufaexdkif=uavuke. f / wdkifwm;0ef tmum
ausmfxifvnf; &rf;jynfh/ rmefatmif/ oHwJG/ oHk;jrdk@udktapmifhxm;cJhjyD;v#if &r;fjynfh0ef/ rmefatmif0ef/
oHwJ0G efwdk@ESifh pnf;=uyfI &ckdif jrdK@odk@csDavaomf ausmufiEGm;t&yfwGifcsif;jyefol&J AdkvfrSL;wyfrSL; wdk@ESifh
wdkufqdkifdrd=uaomfvnf; csif;jyefpum; udk=um;odavaoma=umifh csif;jyefol&J wdk@onfwdkufcdkuf
vdkaomtmomqENr&Sd=uojzifh xdkrS TrS wdrf;a&SmifoGm;=uavukef./ csif;jyefvnf; jrefrmppfonfwdk@ESifh
wdkufcdkufzdk@&m vrŠKpm;/ jrHKaxmifpm; wdk@udkxyfavmif;Iapavaomf wyfrSL;AdkvfrSL;wdk@onf csif;jyef.
t=uHtpnfudk od&if;pJG&Sd=uonfEiS fh xdkrST rSwdr;f a&SmifIae=uavukef./ csif;jyefvnf; AdkvfrSL; wyfrSL;
vufeufudkifwdk@ xdkxdkt&yfodk@a&SmifoGm;=u onfudk odavv#ifrwnfr&yfedkifjzpfI aemifwylyef ,l=uJHr&
ight=uHrSm;jyD;[ktm;usjyD;v#if &ckdifav;jrdk@ae vlOD;a&aygif;udk;aomif;ausmfcefk@&Sdaom xdkvlwdk@udk odrf;ac:jyD;
v#if ouU&mZf(1173)ck jymodkvjynfh Ak'<[l; ae@aZ,s0wdD jrdk@uonf ukvm;jynfodk@ 0ifajy;wdrf;a&Smif
av./
wkdifwm;0ef tmumausmfxifonf AdkvfrSL;wyfrSl;wdk@#udkaygif;zufqnf;uyfI taemufukvm;jynfodk@
csDav&m rHkawmfwyf pcef;csI&yfaeav. xdkodk@ wdkifwm;0ef aevmaoma=umif;udk ppfwaumif;jrdK@0ef
t*Fvdyfrif; AdkvfrSl;wyfrSL;wdkQ@odavv#if t*Fvdfyftpdk;&rif;wdk@. AdkvfrSL;wyfrSL;wdk@vnf; ol&Jrsm;pGkmwdk@ESifh
ewfjrpf vuf,mzufurf;t&yfuaeI wyfwnfvmukkef. wkdif;wm;0ef tmumausmfxif vnf;
csi;f jyefESifhvuf&Hk;Akdvfwdk@onf igwdk@.vufeufedkifiHjzpfaom &ckdifjynfudk oklykef'g;jrvkyfjyD;v#if udk;aomif;
ausmf wodef;cef@&Sdaomvltaygif;wdk@udkodrfl,lI udk,fwdk@taemufjynfodk@0ifajy;avonf/ t*FvdyfAdkvfrSL;
wyfrSl;wdk@u rxm;oifhay;tyf&rnf[k wrefapv$wfIawmif;av./
t*FvdyfAdkvfrSL; wyfrSl;wkd@uvnf; csif;jyefESifhvuf&Hk;Adkvfwdk@onf &ckdifjynfudk olykef'g;jrjyKI igwdk@jynfodk@
0ifonfyifrlapumrl igwdk@omydkifonfjrefrmwdk@vufodk@rtyfoifhacs[kqdkvdkufay./ wkdifwm;0ef tmum
ausmfxifvnf csif;jyefaemufygoGm;aomvlwdk@ukd vSnfhywfzsm;a,mif;Iac:jyD;v#if a&mufvmukef aom
vltaygif;wdk@tm; csD;ajrmufouJhodk@ajymqdkI nOftcgowfypfavukefk/. rdef;rtdkwdk@udkpGef@ypfI rdfef;r

169
ysdkwdk@udk,laqmif;oGm;jyD;v#if r=umjrifhrD tr&yl&jrdk@awmfodk@jyefoGm;av,. &cdkifjrdK@0efrif;ausmfxifonf
wyfrSl; ivGef;ajyudk i=unf;awmift&yfY wyfapmifhxm;cJhjyefIoGm;av./
&ckdif oHwGJ &rfl;jynfh rmefTmifav;jrdk@twGif; usefaomvlwdk@udkvnf; 'g;jrolykefp[lIrsm;pGmowfypfukef.
tr&yl&jrdK@awmfodk@oGm;vmaom ukefonfrsm;udk csif;jyef x=uGpOftcg zrf;qD;xm;&SdavonfjzpfI
"rR&mZf&mZmrif;om;awmf oka"NmfOD;u tr&yl&rif;xHav#mufxm;I t&yf&yfwGif&Sdaom &cdkifom;wdk@udk
tusnf;axmifrS ESkwfjyD;v#ifvGwfap./ wcsdK@omolwdk@onf zdk;acgifawmifudkausmfI vmcJh&mzdk;acgif
awmif&dk;wGifaeaom jrefrmtr_xrf; rif;vkvifwdK@onf zrf;qD;v#uf cg;ydkufOpPmwdk@udk ,ljyD;v#if owfI
ypfukef.
csif;jyefvuf&Hk;AkdvfwdK@onf ES[f=udrfajrmuf x=uGaomif;=urf;v#uf &cdkifav;jrdK@wGif wyfapmifh wyfae
xm;I wdkufcdkuaponfrS udk;lvwdkif=umjyd;rS ajy;&Sm&jyefavonf/ Tonfum; ouU&mZf (1173)ck
csif;jyef x=uGaomif;=urf;aom 'kwd,t=udrfwnf;/
csif;jyefonf oHk;=udrfajrmuf x=uGaomif;=urf;jyefonfrSm pdkif;wifpm;csif;ysHonf ppfwaumif;jrdK@rS
a&Smif&Sm;xGufcJhjyd;v#if a,mufzawmf vuf&Hk;AdkvfESifh pGrf;&nfowWd&Sdaom AdkfvfrSL; wyfrSL;wdk@udk &Hk;pk aygif;
pnf;jyD;v#if ol&Jvufeufudkifwdk@udk apcdkif;I ouU&mZf (1174)ck uqkefvwGif jrefrmtpdk;&wdk@ xm;tyf
aom i=unflawmifwyfudk wdkufavv#if wyfrSL; ivGef;ajyonf aoa=uysufpD; av./
xdkta=umif;udk &cdkif0efrif;=uD; ausmfxifodavaomf AdkvfrSL; wyfrSL; ol&Jvufewufudkifwdk@udk apvGwfI
wdkufapaomfcsif;jyefeyfom;rsm;onf r&yfrcHedkifonfjzpfI ukvm;jynfodk@0ifv#uf ykef;atmif;iaejyef av
onf? t*Fvdyftpdk;&rif;wdk@onf vrŠKpm;a&$vlESifh csif;jyefr,m;udkvSnfhzsm;I ac:,ljyd;v#if 'DvDyqjynfodk@
(P- ) ajy;aqmifI tapmifhta&SmufESifhxm;av./ csif;ysHa,mufzvuf&Hk;Adkvfudkum; &cdkifom;wdk@
zrf;qD;jyD;aomf ppfwaumif;jrdk@0ef t*FvdyfrifxHqufoay;avv#if ppfwaumif;jrdK@tusnf; xm;av&m
rsm;r=umrD aovGefavonf/ csif;jyefvnf; ukvm;jynfrSxGufajy;jyD;v#if AdkvfrSL; wyfrSL;wdk@udkaygif;pkI
iwfjrpfvuf,mzufpaomf r*Fvm=uD;t&yfwGif wyfwnfjyefvm./
aemifawmfav;jrdK@pm;atmifausmf/ '*Fg;awmifpm;wHk;pHa&$/ AdkvfapmuJwdk@udk taygif;pnf;&Hl;pkjyD;v#if
a,mufzawmf toufESHudk AdkvfcsKyfcef@I &cdkifjrdK@0ef rif;=uD;ausmfxifudk wdkufacs[k apvdkufjyef./ a&tm;
=unf;tm;ESifhcsDavaomf &ckdifjrdK@0ef rif;=uD;ausmfxifodavaoma=umifh &cdkifav;jrdK@ol&Jwdk@ESifh &rf;jynhf0ef
vuf,mapolukd AdkvfcsKyfcef@I csDapjyD;v#if csif;jyefppfwyfwdk@rSm rdkCf;pJjrpfwGif awG@qHkavI ouU&mZf
(1174)ck jymodkvfvwGif wdkufcdkuf=uavaomf csif;jyefppfwyfwdk@onf ysufpD;v#uf avSudk ypfI rdkCf;pJ
usGef;odk@wufjyd;v#if wdr;f a&SmifIoGm;=uav./ jrefrmAdkvfrSL;wyfrSL;wdk@onf rdk;pJusGef;wGifaeaom vlrsm;udk
csif;jyeftaygif;tzufjzpfonf[k ajrvSefv#ufowfypfukef./ xdkodk@ysufpd;a=umif;udk aemuf csDvmaom
Adkvfatmifausmf rdpm;toufESH AdkvfcsKyfwdk@=um;odv#if toD;oD;jyefoGm;=uavukef./ xdk ta=umif;udk
csif;jyefodavv#if r*Fvm==uD;t&yfu ajymmif;oGm;I a&Smufacsmif;zsm;Y ouU&mZf (1174)ck wydk@wGJvwGif
o&ufcsdK jrdK@udk wnfIaeav./ &cdkifjynfY &cdkifjrdk@0ef pdefbl;/ rif;=ud; ausmfxif onfum; wq,fh&SpfESpfwGif
aovGefav./ 6? tcsdK@&mZ0ifopfY wq,fhESpESpf[kqdk./ ta&;rSm; [ef&Sd onf/
rif;=uD;ausmfxifaovGefjyD;aemuf r[maemf&xmonfouU&mZf (1175)ck ewfawmfvwGif &cdkifjrdK@0efjyKvm.
csif;jyefvnf; orufawmf wdrf=um;Adkvf AdkvfrSL;wyfrSL;wdk@udk toD;oD;cef@I ol&Jaumif;wdk@ESifh &cdkifjrdK@0ef
r[maemf&xmudk wdkifacs[k apvdkufjyef./ csif;jyef AdkvfrSL;wyfrSL;wdk@csDoGm;avI (P-) up>ye'D

170
jrpfnmul;0wGif a&mufavaomf xdkta=umif;udk &cdkifjrdK@0ef r[maemf7xmodavaomfa=umifh jrdK@ol=uD;
&efuif;udk AdkvfcsKyfcef@I rsm;pGmaom vufeufudkifol&Jwdk@ESifh apv$wfI csDoGm;=uav&m up>mye'D
jrpfnmul;0wGif csif;jyef ppfonfwdk@ESifh awG@=uHKI ouU&mZf (1175)ck jymodkvfvwGif wyfcsif;qdkifjyDKifI
wdkufcdkuf=uavaomf csif;jyefppfonfol&Jwdk@onf rsm;pGm ysufpD;avukef. =uGif;usefaomppfonfol&Jwdk@
onf aemufodk@rqkwfedkif/ jrefrmwyf0dkif;&H&Sdojzifh ajrcHwkwfxJY &Sdaeonfudk jrefrmwyfrSL;AdkvfrSL;wdk@
rod=uI aoewf taxmiftaomif;ypfv$wfaomfvnf; wpHkw,mufr#xGuf0ifoGm;ofudk rjrifojzifh
oGm;I=unfhvwfaomf xrif;iwfivjaeaomollwdk@udk awG@avv#if xrif;a&pmay;jyD;rS touf&Sifjcif;udk
&ukef./ jrefrnwyfrSL;wkd@vnf; xdkae@yif csif;jyef&Sd&mvdkufoGm;I nOfhppfonfwdk@wdkufcdkufavaomf
csif;jyefonf o&ufcsdKjrdK@rS a&$@ajymif;I yef;0gukvm;edkifiHokd@ 0ifatmif;v#ufaeav./
xdkodk@ csif;jyef yef;0godk@a&mufvma=umif;udk ppfwaumif;jrdK@0e t*Fvdyfrif;odavv#if Adkvf wyfwif
bmykoyfudk apv$wfI csif;jyefudk zrf;qD;apaomf csif;jyefonf t&dkif;xJodk@ a&SmifvGJIoGm;av./ &cdkif0ef
rif;=uD;aemf&xmonf ouU&mZf (1175)ck waygif;vupI taemufjynfujyefvmaom &cdkifom;wdk@
udk4if;/ &cdkifjynfwGifaeukefaom vloefvljrefwdk@udk4if; csif;jyefvl[k pm&if;wifv#uf 'g;ESifhcGJjyD;v#if usD;/
vif;w/ acG;/ 0uftpmay;ukef.
ouU&mZf (1174)ckESpfupI ig;ESpfwdkifatmif qefpyg;&Sm;./ xrif;iwfrGwf./ vlrsm;pGmaoa=u ysufpD;
ukef./ xdk@aemufouU&mZf (1177)ckESpf wydk@wGJvwGif t&dkif;xJYaeaom pdkif;wifpm;csif;jyefonf "rRwm
oabm a&$@vsm;aoqHk;jcif;odk@a&mufavonf/ Tonfum; csif;jyef oHk;=udrfajrmuf x=uG aomif;=urf;
wdkufcdkufaomta=umif;wnf;?
(P- ) xdk@aemufouU&mZf (1180)jynfh waygif;vwGif &rf;jynfhjrdK@0ef aersdK;ol&onf &cdkifom;wdk@onf
igwdk@jrefrmvlrsdK;wdk@udk t=udrf=udrfykefuefjyD;v#if yef;0g/ ppfwaumif;/ 'gum/ armufolZmwdk@udk cdk0ifI
vlOD;a& udk;aomif;ausmf/ wodef;cef@vlwdk@ufk t*Fvdyfrif;wdk@u vufcHjyD;v#if tm;tifay;Ixm;avonf?
yef;0g/ ppfwaumif;/ 'gum/ armufolZmjrdK@wdk@onf 7cdkifrif;edkifiHjzpfonf/ t*Fvdyfwdk@vufeufedkifiHr[kwf
aoma=umifh &cdkifjynfom; udk;aomif;ausmf wodef;&Sdaom vlwdk@udk xkwfay;jyD;v#if tcGefb¾mudkvnf;
ay;quf&rnf/ Todk@rSm=um;onftwdkif; ray;aev#if bkef;awmf=uD;vSaom t&Sifrif;xH a&$em;awmf=um;
av#mufwifI AdkvfrSL;wyfrSL;ol&Jvufeufwdk@ESifh pnf;=uyfv#uf =unf;a&ydwfr# csDvmjyD;v#if
t*FvdyftrsdK;om;wdk@udk ukefpifatmifowfjzwfrnf[k tdENd, b*Fvm; rif;=uD;xHodk@ pmay;av./
tdENd, b*Fvm;rif;=uD;vnf; &rf;jynfhjrdK@0ef aersdK;ol&pmudk =unfh&_aomf ppfruf=uDS;pGmjzpftHhaom ta&;udk
omjrifI Tppfruf=uD;pGm wdkufcdkuf&v#if owW0gtaygif; axmifaomif;ru ysufpD;=urnf trSef jzpfay
onf? owW0gtaygif;wdk@Y oem;arwWm*&kempdwfjzifh &efukefjrdk@0efowdk;rif;vSxHodk@ wrefapvGef I
wkdif;a&;jynfa&;udkajymqkdaqG;aEG;wdkifyif=u&m tr_cyfodrf;ajyjidrf;csrf;omav./ &cdkifjrdk@0efrif;=uD;aemf& xm
ajcmufESpftwGif;&mxl;rSavsmusoGm;av./ 7/
rif;=uD;aemf&xmt&mrS avsmusavv#if jrpfpnf0ef =um&dk;onf rif;=uD;ausmfxiftrnfudkcHI ouU&mZf
(1181)ck uqkefvwGif &cdkifjrdk@0efjyKvm. jrdk@0efrif;=uD;ausmfxifonf vludkowfypfjcif;um;enf;. a&$aiG
OpPm taumuft,lrsm;/. pum;ajymonfrSm rrSefwcg rSefwcgajymwwf. xdkjrpfpnf0ef=um&dk; jrdK@0ef
jyKvmomESpf ouU&mZf (1181) ck eH,kefvqef; 130&ufae@ nae av;csufwD;ausmf ig;em&D oHk;yg'f
tcsdefwGif tr&yl& yXreef;wnf bdkawmfrif;=uD;onf ewfjynfpHawmfrlavonf/

171
(P-) bdk;awmfrif;=uD;ewfjynfpHawmfrlavv#if tdrfa&S@rif;armifay:. om;awmft=uD; ppfudkif;jrdK@pm;
ajr;awmftdrfa&S@rif;onf ouU&mZf (1181)ck eH,ek fvqef; 15-&ufae@wGif bdk;awmft&dkuft&mjzpfaom
a&$xD;a&$eef;udk odrf;jref;pdk;tkyfawmfrlonf/ xdk@a=umifh eef;odrf;=obm&wkY a&$0onm/ rd"dvmESifh
r[mtr&/ ponftkyfaxG /bdk;awmfarGudk vaeESpfyg; EGm;ESifh jrifrdk&f/ ouU&mZfxdkESpf/ ajr;ysdKbkef;vl
pdk;awmfrlrS [lI trwf=uD;OD;ay:OD; pyfqdka&;om;avonf? vonf 1/ aevnf; 1/ EGm;onf 8/ jrifhrdk&fonf
1/ av;&yfudk aygif;aomf (1181)ck ouU&mZfjzpfoinf[kqdkvdkonf/ oauFw ocsFm,lenf;wnf;/
Tt&mwGif tcsdK@&mZ0ifopfwdk@Y bdlawmfrif;=uD;onf (1182)ckrS ewfjynfpHa=umif;ESifh qdkavonf/
jrefrm&mZ0if OD;ay:OD;av#mufxHk;wdk@ESifhrnDav/ Tum;trSmpum;csyf?
ajr;awmfppfudkif;rif;vufxufyvnf; ,dk;',m;jynftwGuf wyfqD;xm;&onf/ rkwWrwyfapmifh vufeuf
udkifwdk@oHk;pm;&ef pyg; oHk;ofdef;ausmfvdkonf/ &ckdifav;jrdK@u ay;quf&rnf[k 0efaxmuf armif&pfudk
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ta&S@jrefrmtpdk;&wdk@vnf; iwfjrpfvuf,mzufa&&dk;udk ajrjcm;jyKI ta&S@zufurf;Y odkufwyfwnfI
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t*Fvdyfukr`%Drif;wdk@vnf; iwfjrpfzufrS wyfwnfv#uf 'l&umudk tapmifhxm;ap./ ,if;odk@iwfjrpfvuf-
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apmifha&SmufIaeaom "k&umu ppfwauumif;jrdK@0ef *gwmoyftxHodk@ av#mufpmwifavaomf

172
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vmv#uf ppftm;jyI ouU&mZf (1184)ck waygif;vwGif &SifrjzLusGef;YodkufwyfwnfI ol&Jtapmifh
xm;cJhjyD;rS AdkvfoDoyfjyefoGm;av./ jrefrmwdk@vnf; qkwfcGgIae av./
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173
,if;odk@jyefoGm;=ujyD;aemufrsm;r=umcif jrefrmrif;. &cdkifjrdk@0ef armifpHausmfu tr&yl& 'kwd,a&$eef;&Sif
ppfwaumif;rif;xH av#mufpmwifjyefonfrSm t*fvdyfrif;wdk@onf a&S;a&S;umvESifhrwl/ AdkvfrSL; wyfrSL;
ol&Jvufeufudkiftrsm;ESifh ppfwaumif;yef;0gwdk@Y vHkavmufpGmjyKv#uf apmifha&SmufI aevmonf
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tr&yl&'kwd,a&$eef;&Sif ppfudkif;rif;uvnf; tvHk0efarmifaysmfudk ok&Jvufeufudkif waomif; ajcmuf
axmifwdk@udk ay;v#uf apv$wfawmfrlvdkuf./ Adkvf AE<Kv armif&pfESifh twGif;0efarmifpwdk@vnf;
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wyfrSL; wdk@udkwdkufavaomf wyfapmifh t*Fd=vdyfAdkvfrSL; wyfrSL;wdk@onf vufeufxdrSef aoavukef./
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ukvm;wefjrpfudk ul;oef;jyD;v#if qifjcHt&yfwGif wyfwnfIaevmmukef./

174
,if;aomtcg acsmif;zDvmt&yfwGif wyfwnfI aeukefaom jrefrmhAdkvfrSL;wyfrSL; ol&Jvufeuf udkifwdK@
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wdrfjyif&GmteD;rS =unf;ukef;wyfYapmifhaeaom jrefrmwyrSL; ol&Jppfonfwdk@ESifhawG@=uHKIwdkufcdkuf=uav
aomft*Fvdyfppfonfwdk@zufrS uufywifwpfa,mufESifh ol&JtcsdJ@wdk@onfvufeufxdrSefIaoavukef./
jrefrmwyfrSl; ol&Jwdk@vnf;wcsdK@ao=uukef./ =uGif;usefaomwyfrSl;ol&Jwdk@onf &rf;jynfhjrdk@0ifvmukef./
&rf;jynfhjrdk@0efrif; armifpH,mvn;f uqkefvqef; 3-&uf t*Fgae@ Akdvfyg&Jrufwdk@ysufpD; xGufajy;
0ifvma=umif;udk odavv#if nOfhwGifom;r,m;ESifhwuG avSpD;I pkefoGm;av&m zsm;a&tcef@roifh onf
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175
t*FvdyfAdkvfrSL;&myodefoyfvnf; &rf;jynfhjrdk@odl@csDwuf&efvrf;pcef;tusGrf; &rf;jynfhjrdk@Yjrdk@0efapmifh&Sda=umif;
r&Sda=umif;udkrodavonfESifh pl;prf;axmufvSrf;aea=umif;udkowif;&avaomf &cdkifom; umwD trnf&Sd
aomolonf avSjzifhoGm;I ta=umif;v#mukdkav#mufxm;a&S@wifI ,liifaqmifay;cJh&m ouU&mZf(1187)kck
uqkefvqef;ajcmuf&uf aomuf=umae@rGef;rwnfhrDtcsdefwGif &myodefoyfAdkvfrSL; &rf;jynfhjrdk@udkodrf;,lav.
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a&mufavv#if tkef;acsmif;Y0ifI rmefatmifjrdk@apmifhjrefrmwyfudkwyfavaomf jrefrmwyfapmifhol&Jtaygif;
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avukef./ xdktcg &myodefoyfAdkvfASL;onfouU&MZf(1187)ck uqkefvqkwf ig;&uf aom=umae@aexGufudk;
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&SdaomjrefrmwyfrSL; ppfonfwdk@ESifhawG@Iwdkuf=uavaomfjrefrmwyfrSL; ppfonfwdk@onftm; rwef
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wdrf;a&Smifavonfudk ouU&mZf(1187)ck eH,kefvqef;av;&uf aom=umae@eHeufq,fem&DwGif &myodef
oyfonf 'Gg&0wDjrdk@udkodrf;,ljyefav./
Todk@v#if "n0wD/ &rRm0wD/ arC0wD/ 'Gg&0wD[kqdktyfaom r[m0d[Duwdkif; &cdkifjynf=kuD;udk ouU&mZf
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jynfudktpdk;&aom ukr`%Drif; t*FvdyfvlrdsK;tpdk;& tr_awmfxrf;ppfwaumif;jrdk@0ef AdkvfrSL;&myodefoyf
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f pI jrefrmrif;wdk@pkd;ykdifonfhtwGif; &rf;jynfhjrdk@Yjrdk@0efjyKolwdk@. trnfpm&if;
1146 ckESpf e&ordkif;ausmf &rf;jynfhjrdK@Yjrdk@0efjzpfvmonf? 1
1147 ckESpf &Jwdkuf0ef &rf;jynfhjrdK@Yjrdk@0efjzpfvmonf? 2
1149 ckESpf vuf,ma&$awmif &rf;jynfhjrdK@Yjrdk@0efjzpfvmonf? 3
1152 ckESpf rbJpm; &rf;jynfhjrdK@Yjrdk@0efjzpfvmonf? 4
1155 ckESpf wdkifwm;0ef &rf;jynfhjrdK@Yjrdk@0efjzpfvmonf? 5
1157 ckESpf v,fudkif;pm; &rf;jynfhjrdK@Yjrdk@0efjzpfvmonf?6
1159 ckESpf oref&Jzsm; &rf;jynfhjrdK@Yjrdk@0efjzpfvmonf? 7
1160 ckESpf v,fudkif;pm; &rf;jynfhjrdK@Yjrdk@0efjzpfvmonf? 8
1163 ckESpf &JrufwefcGef &rf;jynfhjrdK@Yjrdk@0efjzpfvmonf? 9
1164 ckESpf ausmfxif&mZm &rf;jynfhjrdK@Yjrdk@0efjzpfvmonf? 10
1167 ckESpf om0wWdpm; &rf;jynfhjrdK@Yjrdk@0efjzpfvmonf? 11

176
1170 ckESpf a&$awmifodD[ol &rf;jynfhjrdK@Yjrdk@0efjzpfvmonf? 12
1172 ckESpf vuf,mpnfol &rf;jynfhjrdK@Yjrdk@0efjzpfvmonf? 13
1176 ckESpf aersdK;ol& &rf;jynfhjrdK@Yjrdk@0efjzpfvmonf? 14
1180 ckESpf r[maemf&xm &rf;jynfhjrdK@Yjrdk@0efjzpfvmonf? 15
1181 ckESpf armifa&$tdk; &rf;jynfhjrdK@Yjrdk@0efjzpfvmonf? 16
4if;ESpf eh,kefvqef; 13-&ufaeHwGif tr&yl&bdk;awmf&Sif ewf&GmpHavonf/ ajr;awmfppfudkif;rif;vufxuf
1182 ckESpf a&$'g;r_; &rf;jynfhjrkd@Yjrdk@0efjyKvmonf/ 17?
1183 ckESpf &Jrufausmfxif&rf;jynfhjrdK@Yjrdk@0efjzpfvmonf? 18
1184 ckESpf 'g;0ufu,f &rf;jynfhjrdK@Yjrdk@0efjzpfvmonf? 19
1184 ckESpf armifom=uG,f &rf;jynfhjrdK@Yjrdk@0efjzpfvmonf? 20
1185 ckESpf armifpH,m &rf;jynfhjrdK@Yjrdk@0efjzpfvmonf? 21
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177
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tjrefac:I jrefrmrif;vufodk@tyf&rnf?

178
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179
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180
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