ECS 318

DESIGN OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE STRUCTURES
TOPIC 2 : ANALYSIS OF SECTION
RECTANGULAR BEAM
PREPARED BY
HASLIN IDAYU AMARUDDIN

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this topic, students should be
able to:
Understand the relationship between stressstrain.
Understand the failure criteria; under
reinforced, balanced, over reinforced design
Understand the application of stress block in
the design of beams
Apply the stress block analysis to determine
the ultimate moment of resistance of RC
beams

Beam behaviour in bending

Failure modes/criteria
Failure modes/criteria
There are 3 types of failure modes that
could occur in beam design:

1.Under reinforced
2.Balanced
3.Over reinforced

Under reinforced
Area of steel reinforcement is very small as
compared to the area of concrete
Steel will reach its yield strength earlier than
concrete

Balanced
Steel will reach its yield strength at the same
time as concrete
Ideal design

Over reinforced
This is strictly not allowed
Concrete will reach its maximum strength earlier
than steel
Failure occurs caused by early failure of concrete in
compression
Failure happens without warning (abrupt of sudden
failure)

Stress-strain of a section

cc = maximum stress of concrete in compression

st = maximum stress of steel in tension
X = depth from compression face to neutral axis

Design of rectangular section

There are two types of rectangular sections:
1.Singly reinforced
Consist only tension reinforcement, As
The top reinforcements are hanger bars
(used to produce a cage-like arrangement)
2.Doubly reinforced
Consist of both tension, As and compression
reinforcement, As

Arrangement of reinforcements

Cage-like arrangement

Singly Reinforced rectangular section

By taking moment about Fcc or Fst, moment of resistance for

the section can be calculated as follows:
Moment about Fcc
M = Fst. Z
= (0.87 fykAs) (d-0.4x)

Moment about Fst

M = Fcc. Z
= (0.45 fckb x) (d-0.4 x)
This equation will be used to determine the moment of resistance that can
resisted by the section with specified area of reinforcement.
Higher reinforcement higher capacity to resist larger moment

To avoid over reinforced section, EC2 has limit x to be not

more than 0.45d
Ultimate moment of resistance for a singly reinforced
rectangular section can be calculated by substituting x =
0.45d into the moment equation.
Mu = 0.167 fckbd2
Mu = (Kbal)fckbd2
The limiting value for a singly reinforced section is Kbal=
0.167.
K = M/bd2fck
NOTE:
If K Kbal= only tension reinforcement is required (singly reinforced)
If K > Kbal= both tension and compression reinforcement is required
(doubly reinforced)

The lever arm between the resultant forces Fcc and Fst
z = d 0.8x/2

Rearranging the equations and substituting with M and K,

z = d [ 0.5 + (0.25 K / 1.134)]
Area of tension reinforcement for singly reinforced section:
M = Fst. z
= (0.87 fyk As) (z)
As = M / 0.87 fyk z

Doubled Reinforced Rectangular Section