Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Paulo B. Loureno
pbl@civil.uminho.pt
www.civil.uminho.pt/masonry
Safety
Assessment of
Existing Buildings
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
Paulo B. Loureno
Simplification
Paulo B. Loureno
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
Paulo B. Loureno
Paulo B. Loureno
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
Concrete
(code model)
Steel
(code model)
Geometrical
nonlinearity
Contact nonlinearity
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
Paulo B. Loureno
Existing Buildings
Vehicles
Settlements
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation
in Structural Engineering
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
Paulo B. Loureno
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
Paulo B. Loureno
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
Paulo B. Loureno
| 10
Graphic Statics
The arch is first decomposed in a series of real or fictitious voussoirs
separated by a series of planes (the planes do not need to be parallel)
The thrust line is defined as the geometrical locus of the points of
application of the sectional forces (the resulting forces over each plane
between voussoirs) across the arch
An arch is stable if it is possible
to find a thrust line contained
between its boundaries
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
Paulo B. Loureno
| 11
Kinematic Analysis
Charles-Agustin COULOMB (1736-1806) proposed in 1773 the first general
and accurate theory on the stability of masonry arches
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
Paulo B. Loureno
| 12
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
Paulo B. Loureno
| 13
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
Paulo B. Loureno
| 14
Paulo B. Loureno
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
| 15
10 kN
2.5
Non-linear
Analysis
(Physical
and
Combined)
FULL inelastic properties (ft = 0 and ft
0) + elastic properties
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
Paulo B. Loureno
| 16
Paulo B. Loureno
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
Load factor
2.5
2.0
1.5
Limit analysis
ft = 0, Physically non-linear
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
10
15
| 17
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
Paulo B. Loureno
| 18
Semi-circular arch
0.31
1.8
1.2
1.8
1.7
2.5
2.5
The safety factors of a linear elastic analysis and a static limit analysis cannot
be compared with the remaining safety factors.
Physically non-linear analysis and kinematic limit analysis yield the same failure
mechanisms and safety factors?
The consideration of a non-zero, yet low and degrading, tensile strength
increased the safety factors considerably. The post-peak is a key issue.
Different methods of analysis lead to different safety factors and different
completeness of results.
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
Paulo B. Loureno
| 19
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
Paulo B. Loureno
Simplification
| 20
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
Paulo B. Loureno
| 21
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
Paulo B. Loureno
| 22
Periods are based on stiffness (Note: The design forces can be reduced
about 30 to 50% if the stiffness is reduced to the half)
Forces are distributed in the elements according to the stiffness
Paulo B. Loureno
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
Moment (kNm)
Moment (kNm)
Curvature (1/m)
Percentage of reinforcement = 1%
Curvature (1/m)
Percentage of reinforcement = 3%
Moment-curvature curves for circular columns (D=2 m, fc=35 MPa, fy=450 MPa)
Stiffness and strength are correlated!!
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering
| 23
Paulo B. Loureno
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
| 24
HA
HB
Hc
HC
HA
C
HB
Stiffness:
proportional to 1/H3
proportional to 1/H
Shear:
proportional to 1/H3
proportional to 1/H
Moment:
proportional to 1/H2
equal
Reinforcement:
proportional to 1/H2
equal
Ductility:
equal (!)
proportional to 1/H2
Masonry
Structures With
Box Behavior
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
Paulo B. Loureno
| 26
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
Paulo B. Loureno
| 27
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
Paulo B. Loureno
| 28
Paulo B. Loureno
Additional Macro-Mechanisms
Since the 1980s, observation of damage in masonry
buildings subjected to significant vertical load due to use
of slabs, and constituted by slender piers, introduces a
new trend of research on the combined flexural mechanism
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
1
0.75
Combined
flexural
0.5
Diagonal shear
0.25
Sliding
0
0
0.5
1.5
Slenderness (H/L)
Comb. flexural
Diagonal shear
Sliding shear
| 29
Mixed
2.5
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
Paulo B. Loureno
RAN
(Raithel & Augenti)
PEFV
(DAsdia & Viskovic)
MAS3D
(Braga et al.)
| 30
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
Paulo B. Loureno
Spandrel
Pier
Joint
SAM
(Magenes et al.)
3Muri
(Lagomarsino et al.)
3DMacro
(Cali et al.)
| 31
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
Validation Example
Paulo B. Loureno
| 32
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
Bi-dimensional macro-element
Paulo B. Loureno
| 33
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
Paulo B. Loureno
| 34
Country
Italy
Spain
Norway
Sweden
Italy
Brazil
Spain
Spain
USA
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Code
Italian
Eurocode
Eurocode
?
Italian
Brazilian
Eurocode
Spanish
USA
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Approach
Web adress
FEM and SCM
www.aedes.it
FEM
www.arktec.com/cmtl.htm
FEM
www.runet-software.com/FEDRA.htm
?
www.strusoft.com
SCM
www.newsoft-eng.it/Por2000.htm
?
www.tqs.com.br/v13/alvest.htm
FEM
www.arktec.com/new_t13.htm
FEM
www.arktec.com/new_t17.htm
Storey Mech. www.archonengineering.com/winmason.html
SCM
http://www.3dmacro.it/
SCM
www.stadata.com
SCM
www.crsoft.it/andilwall
Storey Mech.
www.softwareparadiso.it/murats.htm
Storey Mech.
www.franiac.it/sismur.html
Storey Mech.
www.logical.it/software_travilog.aspx
Storey Mech.
www.tecnobit.info/products/murature.php
FEM and SCM www.stsweb.net/STSWeb/ITA/homepage.htm
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
Paulo B. Loureno
| 35
Paulo B. Loureno
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
DXF/DWG
Geometric
definition
Structural
objects
Structural
characteristics
Automatic
mesh definition
Equivalent
mesh/frame definition
Non-linear
analysis
A Displacement
capacity
Seismic
parameters
B Displacement
demand
400
300
200
100
Final analysis
0
0
10
20
30
40
Displacement (mm)
| 36
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
Paulo B. Loureno
EC8:
q = 1.5-2.5 (recommended 1.5)
OPCM 3431:
u /1 (OSR) = 1.8
q = q0 x OSR = 3.6
| 37
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
Paulo B. Loureno
| 38
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
Paulo B. Loureno
EC8:
q(0) = 2.0
OPCM 3431:
u /1 (OSR) = 1.8
q = q0 x OSR = 3.6
| 39
Application
Paulo B. Loureno
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
| 41
17.0 kN/m3
2.56 MPa
0.15 MPa
2560 MPa
1024 MPa
1.00
1.50
1.00
1.50
1.50
2.00
1.00
1.50
6.50
1.50
1.50
1.00
1.50
1.00
1.50
0.30
0.30
0.30
1.00
6.50
6.50
6.50
1.00
1.00
1.00
9.00
2.00
2.00
3.00
6.00
1.50
6.50
6.50
Undamaged
Plastic by shear
Failure by shear
Plastic by flexural
Failure by flexural
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
Paulo B. Loureno
| 42
agR
Zone Soil (m/s2)
1.1 A 2.50
B
1.2 A 2.00
B
1.3
1.4
1.5
S
1.00
1.20
1.00
1.20
agR
Zone Soil (m/s2)
A
B
A
B
1.50 1.00
1.20
1.00 1.00
1.30
2.3
A
B
0.50 1.00
1.30
2.5
2.4
1.70 1.00
B
A
B
A
B
1.35
1.10 1.00
1.33
0.80 1.00
1.35
Elastic Analysis ac. PT NA to EC8 (q=1.5) Elastic Analysis ac. IT OPCM 3431
q q0
Unsafe
Fy
Fel
q 0 OSR
Masonry
Structures
Without Box
Behavior
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
Paulo B. Loureno
| 44
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
Paulo B. Loureno
Qutb Minar
| 45
28.96
71.48
15.39
12.42
7.73
6.98
3.13
14.07
Paulo B. Loureno
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
| 46
Numerical Modeling
7.0
FEM
UPadova
FEM
CBRI
Beam
Rigid
Blocks
6.0
FEM
UMinho
Axial
Experimental
FEM - UMinho
FEM - UPadova
FEM - CBRI
BEAM
REM
5.0
Bending
Torsion
4.0
Bending
3.0
2.0
Bending
1.0
Bending
0.0
0
Calibration
Paulo B. Loureno
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
| 47
Push-Over Analysis
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.25
Beam model
Rigid model
Solid model
0.05
Mass Proportional
0.00
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Load Factor
Linear Proportional
0.20
1 Mode proportional
1.2
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Paulo B. Loureno
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
1.5
Seismic coefficient Ah
Acceleration [m/s 2]
2.0
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
10th mode
0.16
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
10
15
Time [s]
20
0.5
1.5
Period [s]
0.4
70
0.3
Collapse: 4th
balcony
0.2
DBE
Record 1
Record 2
Record 3
Record 4
Record 5
Srie7
Srie8
Srie9
0.1
60
50
0
H [m]
-0.1
-0.2
Record 1
Record 2
Record 3
Record 4
Record 5
Srie6
Srie7
40
30
-0.3
20
-0.4
5 balco
4 balco
3 balco
2 balco
1 balco
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
10
0
0
-0.8
0
10
15
20
25
Tempo [s]
50
100
150
200
250
Maximum excentricity
(Bending Moment / Axial Load )
300
REM
| 48
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
Paulo B. Loureno
Gaioleiro Building
Location: Lisboa
Material: Masonry walls and
timber pavements
No. of storeys: 4 to 6
Numerical model
| 49
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
Gaioleiro Building
Paulo B. Loureno
| 50
Paulo B. Loureno
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
| 51
Pushover Analysis
Transversal Direction
Longitudinal Direction
0.3
[ h]
Seismic
de carga []
Factorcoefficient
0.25
[ h]
de carga ()
Seismic
Factorcoefficient
Pushover_1st Mode
Pushover_Mass
Dynamic
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
Pushover_1st Mode
Pushover_Mass
Dynamic
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Deslocamento
Displacement [m]
0
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
Displacement
Deslocamento
[m]
[m]
0.02
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
1 [m/m]
Principal strains
(external surface)
Paulo B. Loureno
Experimental model
| 52
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
Paulo B. Loureno
Overturning
| 53
Conclusions
Types of analysis: Linear static, linear dynamic and non linear static
Paulo B. Loureno
Conclusions
Design and assessment methods based on non-linear analysis should be
used for masonry structures. Linear elastic analysis methods (application of
equivalent static forces and modal superposition) are questionable
| 55
Types of analysis:
Linear static, linear
dynamic and non
linear static
Paulo B. Loureno
pbl@civil.uminho.pt
www.civil.uminho.pt/masonry