SERIES SINUSOIDAL

CIRCUITS

CIRCUITS 2
EXPERIMENT NO. 5

Objectives: To investigate the behaviour of series sinusoidal

AC circuit at a fixed frequency.
Equipment Required
Resistors
1 1-k
Inductor
1 10 mH
Capacitor
1 0.01 F
Instruments
1 DMM
1 Oscilloscope
1 Audio oscillator or function generator
Part 1 Series R-L Circuit
Construct the network of Fig. 6.1 (a). Insert the measured values of R and R1.
After setting E to 8V (p-p), measure the voltage V R (p-p) with the oscilloscope. Reverse
the positions of R and L and measure VL(p-p) [to ensure that the oscillator (or
generator) and the oscilloscope have a common ground].
VR (p-p) = 9.995 V ,
VL (p-p) = 6.698 V
Determine Ip-p from Ip-p =VR(p-p)/ Rmeasured.
I (p-p) = 4.945 mA
Determine the input impedance from ZT= Ep-p/Ip-p. Ignore the effects of R1 since RR1
and XLR1 at
f=10 kHz. In other words, consider the coil to be purely ideal at this
frequency (

R1 0 ).

ZT = 1.61 k
Calculate the total impedance (magnitude and angle) and current I p-p from the
nameplate value of the inductance and the measured resistor value. Ignore the
effect of R1.
ZT (theoretical) = 2.069 k<17.44,
I p-p (calculated)=
4.945 mA
Compare the results of (d) and (e) and explain the source of any differences.
The result of (d) is the input impedance by dividing the supply to the current. While
in (e), the total total impedance was computed using the formula of inductive
reactance.

CIRCUITS 2
EXPERIMENT NO. 5

Show that your measurements from (b) satisfy Kirchhoffs voltage law. That is, show
that

E= V R2 +V L 2 .
E = 8.33V
VL = 5.48<32.14
VR = 4.945<0
Determine the phase angle between E and VR using the connections shown in Fig.
6.1 and the dual-trace method introduced in Experiment 5.
Interchange the positions of the resistor and the coil and repeat (h). The phase
angle is now between E and VL.
The phase angle between VR and VL should be 90. Does
the percent difference

1 +

= 90? What is

[|(90 - sum)| /90 x 100%]?

%difference=____________
Using E= 0.707(8/2)<0 , R= 1k and L = 10mH ( R = 0), calculate V , V and I at f
= 10 kHz and draw the phasor diagram. Determine the phase angle between E and
V and compare to the measured value of (h). Determine from the phasor diagram
and compare to of (i).

I =2.39<32.14 mA

V R =2.39 V <32.14 V
V L = 2.024V<-64.28
Continue the mathematical analysis to find all the theoretical (second column)
values of Table 6.3.
Use the measured values to determine all the quantities of the first column Table
6.3.
TABLE 6.3

E p p

Measured
(or
Calculated
from
Measured
Values)
8V

V R ( p p)

5.397 V

Quantity

Theoretical
(Calculated)
8V
5.5 V

CIRCUITS 2
EXPERIMENT NO. 5

V L( p p)

6.374 V

6.4 V

I p p

5.397 mA

5.7 mA

Erms

11.31V

11.1V

V R (rms)

7.63V

7.6V

V L(rms)

9.01V

9V

I rms

7.63mA

7.5mA

ZT

2.096 k

2.1 k

T
PT

29.13mW

FP

.5

Compare the measured and theoretical results.

Part 2 Series R-C Circuit
Construct the network of Fig. 6.2 (a) . Insert the measured resistor value
After setting E to 8 V (p-p) , measure the voltage
Reverse the positions of R and C and measure

V R ( p p)

V C( p p)

with the oscilloscope.

[to ensure that the oscillator

(or generator) and the oscilloscope have a common ground].

V R ( p p)=5.397 V

Determine

I p p

I p p

V C( p p)

from

I p p

= 6.374 V
=

V R ( p p)

Rmeasured

E p p

=5.397 mA

Determine the input impedance from

ZT

I p p .

Z T (measured) = 2.096 k

CIRCUITS 2
EXPERIMENT NO. 5

I p p

Calculate the total impedance (magnitude and angle) and current

from the

nameplate value of the capacitance and the measured resistor value.

Z T (theoretical) =,2.1 k

I p p

(calculated) = 5.7 mA

Compare the results of (d) and (e) and explain the source differences.
Show that your measurements from (b) satisfy Kirchhoffs voltage. That is, show
that

E= V R2 +V C 2 .

Determine the phase angle between E and

VR

using the connections shown in

Fig. 6.2 and the dual-trace method introduced in experiment 5.

Interchange the positions of the resistor and the capacitor and repeat (h). The
phase angle is now between E and VC
The phase angle between VR and VC should be 90. Does
is the percent difference

1 +

= 90? What

[|(90 - sum)| /90 x 100%]?

(k.) Using E= 0.707(8/2) <0 = 2.828 <0, R= 1k and C = 0.01 F, calculate V R, VL

and I at f = 10 kHz and draw the phasor diagram. Determine the phase angle
between E and VR and compare to the measured value of (h). Determine
the phasor diagram and compare to

from

of (i).

(calculated)= ___________ , [from (h) ] = ____________

(calculated) = ____________ , [ from (i)] = ____________
Continue the mathematical analysis to find all the theoretical (second column)
values of Table 6.4.
Use the measured values to determine all the quantities of the first column Table
6.4.
TABLE 6.3

E p p

Measured
(or
Calculated
from
Measured
Values)
8V

V R ( p p)

5.022V

Quantity

Theoretical
(Calculated)
8V
5.3V

CIRCUITS 2
EXPERIMENT NO. 5

V L( p p)

105.206mV

105.1mV

I p p

1.888A

2A

Erms

11.31V

11.3V

V R (rms)

7.10V

7V

V L(rms)

148.78mV

148. 8mV

I rms

2.67A

2.6A

ZT

2.096k

2.1k

PT

3.53nW

3.3nW

FP

0.48nW

0.5nW

Compare the measured and theoretical results.

Part 3 R-L-C Network
Construct the network of Fig. 6.3. Insert the measured resistance values. Ignore the
effects of R1 in the following analysis.
Measure all the component voltages with E = 8V (p-p). To ensure a common ground
between the oscilloscope and oscillator for each measurement, make sure the
element is placed in the position of the capacitor C. In other words, reverse the
order of the elements so that the element across which the voltage is to be
measured has the position of C indicated in Fig 6.3.

V R ( p p)=13.641 V
V C( p p)

= 35.06 V

= 92.032 mV

Determine

I p p

V L( p p)

I p p

from

I p p

V R ( p p)

Rmeasured

= 1.747 A

Calculate

ZT

from

ZT

E p p

I p p .

CIRCUITS 2
EXPERIMENT NO. 5

ZT

= 4.579 M

Using the nameplate values, calculate

ZT

ZT

and compare the result of (d).

= 2000 +j2219.82
2

V L V C
V 2R +
Verify Kirchhoffs law by showing that E=

using E = E<0.
Use the voltage divider rule to determine the voltage
E=

. Draw the phasor diagram

V ab ( p p )

(13.64)2 +(35.0692.032)2

E = 58.58 V
Discussion
Kirchhoffs voltage law is applicable to ac circuits, but it is now stated as
follows: The phasor sum of the voltages around a closed loop is equal to zero.
For example, in a series circuit, the source voltage is the phasor sum of the
component (load) voltages. For a series R-L-C Circuit,

V L V C
2
E2=V 2R + )

so that
2

V L V C
V 2R +
E=

Where E is the source voltage, V R the voltage across the total resistance of
the circuit, VL the voltage across the total inductance, and V C the total voltage
across the total capacitance.
Since the resistance and the reactance of a series R-L-C circuit are in
quadrature,
2

Z =R + X T
where XT (total reactance) = XL XC.
In a series R-L-C sinusoidal circuit, the voltage across a reactive component
may be greater than the input voltage.
The average power (in watts) delivered to a sinusoidal circuit is

CIRCUITS 2
EXPERIMENT NO. 5

P=I R=VI cos

where the values of the current and the voltage are the effective values.
The power factor F P is given by

R
F P= T =cos
ZT
where

is the angle associated with the total impedance Z.

For an ideal inductor, the current lags the voltage across it by 90. For a
capacitor, the current leads the voltage across it by 90. Inductive circuits are
therefore called lagging power-factor circuits and capacitive circuits are called
leading power-factor circuits.
In a purely resistive circuit, the voltage and the current are in phase and the
power factor is unity.
Conclusion

V L V C 2
V 2R +
E=
Where E is the source voltage, V R the voltage across the total resistance of
the circuit, VL the voltage across the total inductance, and V C the total voltage
across the total capacitance.
For an ideal inductor, the current lags the voltage across it by 90. For a
capacitor, the current leads the voltage across it by 90. Inductive circuits are
therefore called lagging power-factor circuits and capacitive circuits are called
leading power-factor circuits.

CIRCUITS 2
EXPERIMENT NO. 5