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Practice #2

1.

Write out in matrix form the components of the strain corresponding to the
following displacement fields

b
b
y;
v = x ay ;
w=0
2
2
b
b
(ii) u = ax + y + C ; v = x a y + D ; w = az + E
2
2

(i) u = ax +

where a, b, C, D, E and are constants, and u, v and w are the respective displacements
along x, y and z directions. Calculate the volumetric strain in both cases.
2. The 1m by 1m square plate shown in Figures 1 is loaded in plane strain. The
deformed shape of the plates after loading is also shown in the figures (dash-dash
lines). Determine (i) the displacement distribution for the plate given the deformation
shown in the figures, and (ii) the components of the strain relative to the co-ordinate
axes x and y.

2.5
x
Figure 1 (All dimensions in mm)

3. (a) The state of strain at a point in a loaded solid is shown in Fig. 2. Determine: (i) the
principal strains and their directions, (ii) the magnitude and direction of the maximum
o

shear strain, and (iii) the normal and shear strain on a plane inclined at 25 to the ydirection.
(b) Repeat Question 3(a) using the Mohr's circle for strain and compare your results
with those from question 3(a).
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4. The principal strains at a point are 1 = 400 10 and 2 = 200 10 . Determine
(i) the maximum shear strain and the direction along which it occurs relative to the

maximum principal strain and (ii) the normal strain along a direction
major principal axis.

10

300
D
y

= 30 o
C

5
20

900
x

900
Fig. 2

from the

B
Fig. 3

5. The delta strain rosette shown in Figure 4 is used to measure the strains at a point on
the surface of a thin-walled pressure vessel. The strains in the directions marked a, b
and c are a, b and c, respectively. Direction a is coincident with the x-axis of the
rectangular Cartesian axes shown.

Show that the magnitude of the shear strain xy, is given by xy =

(a)

2( b c )
, and
3

obtain the corresponding expression for the direct strain in the y-direction, y.

(b) A cylindrical pressure vessel in a chemical plant is made from a low alloy steel with

Youngs modulus E = 210 GPa and Poissons ratio = 0.3. The vessel is closed at
both ends and a strain gauge rosette similar to that shown in Figure 4 is attached to its
surface, away from the ends. When the vessel is subjected to some form of loading
the gauges read a = 290, b = 60 and c = 70. Determine (i) the magnitude of
the principal strains and the maximum shear strain and (ii) the principal stresses and
the maximum shear stress, assuming the deformation is linear elastic.

b
60

60o

a
Figure 4

6. A rectangular rosette of three strain gauges on the surface of a loaded thin metal plate
gives the following readings: gauge

a at 0 o

= 592, gauge

b at 45 o

= 308, and gauge

= 432. (i) Determine the magnitude of the in-plane principal strains and their
directions relative to the axis of gauge a (ii) Obtain the maximum in-plane shear strain
and also the strains on a plane inclined at 20o to the direction of gauge a. (iii) Assuming
the deformation is linear elastic, determine the principal stresses and the maximum shear
stress if the Youngs modulus E = 70 GPa and the Poissons ratio = 0.3.

c at 90

7.

A 50 mm square plate is subjected to the stresses (in MPa) shown in Fig. 3. (i)
Determine the change in length experienced by diagonal BD if the Youngs modulus
E = 210 GPa and the Poissons ratio = 0.3. (ii) Calculate the change in volume of
the material element ABCD if the initial volume before applying the stresses is 2
mm3. Assume plane stress and linear elastic material behaviour.

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8. For a given steel, the Youngs modulus E = 200 GPa and the Poissons ratio = 0.3.
If the state of strain at a point within this material is given by

0
0.002 0.001

ij = 0.001 0.003 0.004 .

0.004
0
0
Determine the corresponding stress state at the point, assuming the deformation is
linear elastic.

Answers.

a b / 2 0

Q1. (i) ij = b / 2 a 0 ; vol = 0 .

0
0 0

0
a b/2

ij = b / 2 a 0 ; vol = (1 - 2 )a
(ii)
0
0 a

Q2 (i) u = 0.0025x, v = 0.001y; (ii) x = 0.0025, y = 0.001, xy = 0.

Q3. (i) 1 = 349, 2 = 1549; 36o and 54o. (ii) 949; 9o and 81o.
(iii) x' = 103, x'y'/2 = 808
Q4. (i) 0.001, 45o from 1 (ii) 3500
Q5. (a) y = [2( b + c ) a ] / 3 ; (b)(i) 1 = 304, 2 = 104,

max = 409 (b) (ii) 1 = 63 MPa, 2 = 3 MPa, max = 33 MPa.

Q6. (i) 640, 480; 12 o and 78 o , (ii) max = 1120; x' = 166, x'y' = 1006;
(iii) 38.2 MPa, 22.2 MPa; 30.2 MPa.

Q7. (i) 0.0013 mm. (ii) 1.143x10-4 mm3

0
885 154

Q8. ij = 154 1038 615 MPa.

0
615 577