1. Give the classification of generators based on their method of excitation.

The magnetic field in a d.c generator is normally produced by an electromagnets rather than
the permanent magnets.
On the basis of field excitation, generators are classified into two types, namely
1.separately excited d.c. generators
2.self excited d.c. generators

2. What do you mean by a separately excited dc generator?

A dc generator whose magnetic field is supplied from an independent dc source (e.g.
battery) is called dc generator.

3. What do you mean by a self excited dc generator?

A dc generator whose magnetic field is supplied from the output of the generator itself is
called self excited dc generator.

4. Give the classification of self excited generators based on the field winding
connected to the armature
Based on the field winding connected to the armature, the self excited generators are
classified into three types
(i)series generator
(ii)shunt generator
(iii)compound generator

5. How the self excitation is achieved?

When the armature is rotated, a small voltage is induced in the armature winding due to
residual flux in the poles. This voltage produces a small field current in the winding and
causes the flux per pole to increase. This will increase the induced voltage which further
increase the field current. This event takes place rapidly and build up to rated generated
voltage.

1. What is the standard direction of rotation of DC generators?

Clockwise when viewed from the end opposite to the driven end

2. What is meant by buildup of a generator?

It means the gradual increase in the generator voltage to its maximum value after the
generator is started from rest

3. How should a generator be started?

It is usually brought up to speed with the help of the driving engine called prime mover

4. What is the permissible rise of temperature in a well designed generator?

27C

5. Will a generator build up if it becomes reversed?

Yes

1.

What is the standard direction of rotation of DC generators?

Clockwise when viewed from the end opposite to the driven end

2.

What is meant by buildup of a generator?

It means the gradual increase in the generator voltage to its maximum value after the
generator is started from rest

3.

How should a generator be started?

It is usually brought up to speed with the help of the driving engine called prime mover

4.

What do you mean by a self excited dc generator?

A dc generator whose magnetic field is supplied from the output of the generator itself is
called self excited dc generator.

5.
Give the classification of self excited generators based on the field winding
connected to the armature
Based on the field winding connected to the armature, the self excited generators are
classified into three types
(i)series generator
(ii)shunt generator
(iii)compound generator

1. How may the direction of rotation of a dc motor be reversed?

By reversing the field current or armature current, usually reversal of current through the
armature is adopted

2. What will happen if both armature and field currents are reversed?
The motor will run in original direction

3. What will happen if both currents are reversed?

The motor will achieve dangerously high speed and may destroy itself

4. What happens when a dc motor is connected across an ac supply?

Since on ac supply reactance will come into the picture the ac supply will be offered
impedance by the armature winding. The current is much less. The motor will run but it
would not carry the same load as it would on dc supply.

5. What will happen if a shunt motor is directly connected to the supply line?
The motor will damage

1. What do you mean by a compound wound motor?

A compound wound motor has two field windings; one is connected in parallel with the
armature and the other is in series with the armature.

2.what are the types of compound motor connections?

There are two types of connections in compound wound motor. When the shunt field
winding is directly connected across the armature terminals, then it is called short shunt
connection. when the shunt field winding is so connected that it shunts the series combination of
armature and series fields ,then it is called long shunt connection.

3. what are the types of compound motor?

Compound motor are of two types.
(i)cumulative compound motor is in which series field aids the shunt field.
(ii)differentiallycompound motor is in which series field opposes the shunt field.

4.A Metallic Sphere Is Charged Negatively. Will Its Mass Increases, Decreases Or
Remains Same?
When sphere is negatively charged, it means electrons have been added to it, since
electrons has finite mass, the mass of the negatively charged sphere will increase.

5.suggest a method to determine the power factor by using various meters available.
Use an ammeter, voltmeter, wattmeter to measure the RMS current in the circuit, the rms
voltage across the circuit and the average power delivered are found. From this the power factor
is found.

1.

Can A DC Series Motor Operate On No Load If Not Means Why?

In a dc series motor flux per pole depends upon the armature current. If the load
decreased, armature current and flux per pole is decreased. Consequently, the speed of
the motor may rise may rise to dangerously high values. For this reason, we never
permit a dc series motor to operate on no loads.

2.

Can A DC Series Motor Operate On Ac Supply?

If current direction through a series motor is reversed, the polarities of the field poles and
the armature conductors both are reversed, resulting in a pushing effort between them in
the same direction. Because of this, series motor operate on ac supply.

3. why is a dc series motor used o start at heavy loads?

In a dc motor, TIA. For a dc series motor. At first IA. So that TaIA2. If current
increases two-fold, Then the torque increases four fold. So starting torque of motor is
very high. So it is used to start at heavy loads.

4. what are the applications of dc series motor?

It is a variable speed motor. So it is used where, high starting torque is required.
So it is used in electric traction, cranes, elevators, air compressors, vacuum cleaners,
hair driers, sewing machines, etc.,

5. The Element Of A Heater Is Very Hot While The Wires Carrying Current
Are Cold. Why?
Heat produced depends upon the resistance of the conductor. The elements (made of
nichrome) of the heater is very hot due to its high resistance while the lead wires are
cold due to its low resistance.

1. In which type of dc machine, swinburnes test is applicable?

Shunt and compound wound machines.
2. What are the advantages of swinburnes test?

1. It is convenient and economical because power required to test a large machines

is small.
2. The efficiency can be predetermined at any load because constant-losses are
known.
3. What are the causes of overheating of a dc motor?
1. Overloads
2. Sparking at brushes
3. Poor ventilation

4. Incorrect voltage

4. Why is shaft torque less than armature torque in a dc motor?

It is because some percentage of torque developed in the armature is used up in
overcoming mechanical losses.
5. What is the necessity of a starter in a dc motor?
When we apply full voltage to a dc motor, the starting current in the armature is very
high because of the absence of back e.m.f. The high starting current may result in:
1. burning out the armature.
2. damaging the commutator and brushes due to heavy sparking.
3. overloading the line to which the machine is connected.
In order to overcome above ill effects during starting of the dc motor, a starter is used
with it.

1. What is the normal value of the armature resistance of a dc motor?

0.5

2. How the maximum torque of dc motor is limited?

By commutation

3. By which the speed of a dc motor is affected under constant load conditions?

Field flux

4. Why a dc shunt motor is found suitable to drive fans?

Small torque at start up and large torque at high speeds

5. What happens when the load is increased in shunt motor?

The speed reduced slightly

1. How may the number of parallel paths in an armature be increased?

By increasing the number of magnetic poles

2. How are brushes connected in a DC generator?

Usually all positive brushes are connected together and all negative brushes
Together
3. What is the best way of minimizing eddy currents in an armature?
Lamination
4. How should the armature be laminated for purpose?
It should be laminated at right angle to its axis.

5. What causes sparking at the brushes?

It is due to the self induction of the coil undergoing commutation

1.What is a transformer?
It is a static device, which transfers power from one circuit to other circuit without any
change in frequency.

2.What is the principle of operation of transformer?

It is based on the principle of mutual induction (i.e.) EMF induced in one circuit
due to change in flux in another circuit.
3.What is transformation ratio?
V2

N2

I1

----= ---- = ---=K

V1

N1

I2

4.What is an ideal transformer?

An ideal transformer is one, which has
a) No winding resistance
b) No leakage flux
c) No iron losses
5.How will you relate the EMF induced in the transformer with the frequency of
the applied voltage?
E1=4.44 f N1 m
Where E1=Induced EMF in the primary winding
f =Frequency of applied voltage
N1=No. of turns in the primary
m=Maximum flux density

1.What will happen if primary of a transformer is connected to DC supply?

If primary is connected to a dc supply, primary will produce a constant flux. But,
no back emf is produced. The primary winding will draw some excess current results in
overheat and burn out.
2.Why the iron losses is constant at all loads in a transformer?
Since induced primary ampere-turns and secondary ampere- turns always
neutralize each other. So their fluxes remain same. Hence, iron losses are constant at
all loads.
3.What would happen if a power transformer designed for operation on 50 Hz
were connected to 5Hz of the same voltage?
If frequency is too low, primary will have insufficient reactance and too much
primary current will flow producing considerable copper losses. So the transformer may
start to smoke.
4.What is a current transformer?
A current transformer is a device used to measure high alternating current in a
conductor.
5.What is a potential transformer?
A potential transformer is a device used to measure high alternating voltage.

1.What are the losses in a transformer?

There exists two kinds of losses

i. core losses

ii. copper losses

2.What is meant by core losses?
Core or iron losses are caused as the core subjects to an alternating flux.
3.What is meant by Hysteresis losses?
Due to alternating flux set up in the magnetic core of the transformer, it undergoes a
cycle of magnetization and de magnetization. due to Hysteresis losses, there is a
loss of energy called Hysteresis losses.
4.What is meant by eddy current losses?
The induced emf in the core tries to set up eddy currents in the core and hence
eddy losses.

causes

5.What are the methods to reduce the losses?

The iron losses are minimized by using high grade core material like silicon steel
having very low Hysteresis loop and manufacturing the core in the form of
laminations.

REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1.Give the condition for maximum efficiency of the transformer.
Copper loss=Iron loss

2.What do you mean by voltage regulation of a transformer?

It is the arithmetic difference between the no load secondary ( 0V2) and the secondary
voltage on load (V2) expressed as percentage of no load voltage.
% Regulation=(0V2)- (V2) X100
(0V2)
3.Why the rating of transformer is in KVA?
Copper loss depends on current and iron loss depends upon voltage. Hence the total
loss is independent of power factor. So only the rating of transformer is in KVA.
4.What is all day efficiency?

The ratio of output in kWh of a transformer over a 24-hour period is known as all day
efficiency.
all-day=
kWh output in 24 hours
KWh input in 24 hours
5.How will you reduce the eddy current loss in the core?
By having laminated core the area of the core can be reduced thereby reducing the eddy
current loss.