UNDIP e-Library Procedures

References stored at the Geo

Computing Lab (Ground Floor) in

the PC-6 Hard Disk as shared
files
Get permission from ALBAB as
the administrator of the Lab
Log-in to PC-6 and get to:

Libraries/Document/for undip use only

If PC-6 occupied then Log-in to other PC and look
at Network/komputer6/for undip use only

Readings for Lesson-1

Satter, A. and Thakur, G.C., 1994, Integrated

Petroleum Reservoir Management A Team

Approach pages 1 - 30

Doddy Abdassah, Basic Reservoir Engineering

ITB
Dake, L.P. 1978, Fundamentals of Reservoir

Engineering Chapter-1

Mayer-Grr, A., 1976, Petroleum Engineering

pages 1 28

Halliburton, 2001, Basic Petroleum Geology and

Log Analysis pages 1 - 24

TEKNIK RESERVOIR MINYAK &

GAS-BUMI

Reservoir Properties

1. Porosity
2. Permeability
3. Fluid Saturation

Hadi Nugroho
Geological Department
Diponegoro University
2010
Modified by EBS 2013

Further Reading
Coss, R., 1993, Basics of Reservoir Engineering

IFP Chapter 2, Chapter 6 pages 177 188

Clark, N.J., 1969, Elements of Petroleum

Reservoirs pages 18 30

Mayer-Grr, A., 1976, Petroleum Engineering

pages 3 22

Koesoemadinata, R.P., 1980, Geologi Minyak dan

Gasbumi pages 79 108

Dickey, P.A., 1979, Petroleum Development

Geology pages 135 - 179

Traps

Reservoir Engineering Functions

Calculation of Hydrocarbon (HC) in place

Volumetric Method

Material Balance

Estimation of Recoverable Reserves

Drive Mechanism

Secondary Recovery

Enhanced Oil Recovery

Determination of Production Methods and Rates

Number of Wells

Flow Rate Potential

Petroleum Reservoirs
Rock Properties
Fluid Properties

Pressure / Temperature
Reservoir Drive

WORLD MAJOR TYPE OF RESERVOIR

60%

39%

1%

Sandstone

Limestone

Fractured rocks

RESERVOIR PROPERTIES - POROSITY

Porosity is a measure of the pore space in the body of a reservoir
rock, usually expressed as a percent /fraction of the unit volume
Example: (this is a guide only)
> 15 %
10 15 %

good
fair

5 10 %

poor

< 5%

tight

Total (Absolute) Porosity the ratio of all the pores to the bulk
volume of the rock

Effective Porosity the ratio of the interconnected pore volume to the

bulk volume

Reservoir Porosity
The texture of a rock

consists of its grain

size, the arrangement
of the grains and the
degree of uniformity of
the grains

FOUR COMPONENTS OF SANDSTONE

Geologists Classification

1.
2.
3.
4.

Grain
Matrix
Cement
Pores

Note different use of matrix

by geologists and engineers

Engineering
matrix

PORE
GRAIN

CEMENT

(QUARTZ)

MATRIX

GRAIN
(FELDSPAR)

0.25 mm

Porosity in Sandstone
Porosity in

sandstone
determined mainly
by the regularity
of its grain size
(sorting), packing
and cementing

Porosity in Sandstone
Grain
Packing
Cubic Packing 48% Rhombohedral Packing 26%

Grain-Size Sorting

Very Well
Sorted

Well
Sorted

Moderately
Sorted

Poorly
Sorted

Very Poorly
Sorted

Carbonates Porosity Types (1)

Interparticle porosity
Each grain is separated,
giving a similar pore space
arrangement as sandstone.

Intergranular porosity
Pore space is created inside
the individual grains which are
interconnected.

Intercrystalline porosity
Produced by spaces between
carbonate crystals.

Mouldic porosity
Pores created by the
dissolution of shells, etc.

Carbonates Porosity Types (2)

Fractured porosity
Pore spaces created by the
cracking of the rock fabric.

Channel porosity
Similar to fracture porosity but
larger.

Vuggy porosity
Created by the dissolution of
fragments, but unconnected.

How to measure porosity?

Logs

Density

Neutron

Sonic

Indirect method

Core

Do not use SWC since the impact of the SWC gun may
change the accuracy of the measurement

Results from the core analysis should be used to

calibrate the logs

Qualitative Lithology Identification from Logs

Density
Neutron Por

GR
SP
0
-80

150
120

1.7
0.6

Resistivity

Figurative

2.7
0

guides for
lithologic and

Permeable

fluid
identification
from logs
(Density
Neutron use

Non
Permeable

GR SP

rb

RT

limestone scale)

Example of Density
Neutron Logs
Red marks indicates
positive separation

Porosity can be
calculated from
these logs
Rhob=2.7
PhiN=0

RESERVOIR PROPERTIES - Permeability

Permeability is a measure of ease of flow or
the capacity of formation to transmit fluids
measured in Darcy (named after a French
scientist 1856)
Absolute Permeability measured with single
fluid (assuming the fluid does not interact with
the rock) its symbol is K

Effective Permeability when more than one

fluid is present and is a function of fluid
saturation and wetting characteristics of the
rock symbols: Kg, Ko, Kw
Relative Permeability the ratio of the effective
permeability to a fluid at a given saturation to
the effective permeability to that fluid at 100%
saturation symbols: Krg, Kro, Krw

Darcy Law
The permeability is measured by
flowing a fluid of known viscosity
through a core plug of
measured dimensions (A and L)
and then measuring flow rate and
pressure drop

K = permeability (Darcy)
Q = flow rate (cm / sec)
= viscosity in centipoises

A = surface area (cm2)

L = length of the section of rock (cm)
P1,P2 = pressures (bar)

How to measure permeability?

Core

Do not use SWC since the impact of the SWC gun may
change the accuracy of the measurement

Crossplot between Core Porosity and Core

Permeability

Results from the core analysis can be used to infer

the permeability from logs by using equations
derived from crossplot above
Repeat Formation Tester (RFT)
Production test

Permeability Porosity Crossplot

The Role of Rock Texture

Kro

Krw

Swi
Low

Kro

Krw
High

Effect of Clay to
Permeability

Coarse Grain

Fine Grain

1 Montmorillonite
2 Polymictic
3 - Kaolinite

Effect of Depositional Environment on Permeability

20%
K 25md
23.8%
K 4.30md
21.3%
K 2,500md

Video - Chapter 2 Part 2 starts from 01:20

Delay video to the end
Porosity
Permeability

Fluids in A Reservoir
A reservoir normally contains either water or

hydrocarbon and impurities

The hydrocarbons may be in the form of oil or /

and gas

Fluid Saturations
Saturation the fraction of pore volume occupied by a

given fluid expressed as percentage

Sw = Water Saturation

So = Oil Saturation

Sg = Gas Saturation

Basic concepts of accumulation

Pore space initially filled 100% with water

Hydrocarbon migrate up dip into traps

Hydrocarbons distributed by capillary pressure and gravity

Connate water saturation remains in the hydrocarbon zones

(Irreducible Water Saturation - Swi)

Saturation
Amount of oil per unit volume = (1 Sw) = So

Comparison of Effective and Relative Permeability

Relative Permeability
When two or more
phases flow
simultaneously the
ratio of effective to
absolute permeability
is termed Relative
Permeability
Krg=Kg/K

Kro=Ko/K
Krw=Kw/K

Effect of Core Handling

Video - Chapter 2 Part 2 starts from 01:20

Porosity

Permeability

Video - Chapter 2 Part 3 0:20 3:00

Fluid Saturation

Relative Permeability