Final Report - New

EXTENSIVE SURVEY REPORT-2012
BATCH-2
INTRODUCTION
Mangalore is located at 1252N 7453Eto 12.87N 74.88E in the Dakshina Kannada
district of Karnataka. It has an average elevation of 22 meters (72 ft) above mean sea level.
Mangalore is situated on the west coast of India, and is bounded by the Arabian Sea to its
west and the Western Ghats to its east. Mangalore city, as a municipal entity, spans an area of
132.45 km2 (51.14 sq miles). The topography of the city is plain up to 30 km (18.64 miles)
inside the coast and changes to undulating hilly terrain sharply towards the east in Western
Ghats. The geology of the city is characterized by hard laterite in hilly tracts and sandy soil
along the seashore. The Geological Survey of India has identified Mangalore as a moderately
earthquake-prone urban center and categorized the city in the Seismic.
1. NEW TANK PROJECT

A New Tank (Earthen Dam) is proposed to construct across the valley in order to store the
water for irrigation and domestic water supply. The site for the proposed tank project should
be so selected that it should satisfy all the requirements of best possible site and to irrigate the
area of downstream side of the dam. Before taking up this work the following data must be
collected.
Nature of the Catchment Area.

Area to be irrigated.
Rainfall records of the area.
Nature of soil and crops to be grown.
Population of the area.
Communication.
Transportation.
Nature and availability of materials required for the construction of the dam.
To fix the height and storage capacity of tank the following survey works are necessary for
the NTP
Preliminary survey
Detailed survey
SSE, MUKKA, MANGALORE
Page 1

BATCH-2
1.1 The Preliminary Survey Work consists of the following
Longitudinal and cross sections along and across the centerline of the Bund
Block Levels for the waste weir or Surplus weir
Capacity contours, for different reduced levels
Canal alignment
Longitudinal and Cross Sections of center line of the canal
Instruments use
Auto level/Dumpy level, Leveling staff, Chain, Arrows, Ranging rods, Prismatic compass ,
Tape, Cross staff, etc
1.2Survey Details
In order to obtain the bund level we need to locate the two points of equal elevation at each
side of the valley. The survey work is done along the bund line for the section of levels of
sluices maximum water level full tank level waste weir free board height of the bund. The
following survey works are conducted namely
Longitudinal and Cross section of bund
Capacity contour
1.2.1 Longitudinal section and cross section of the bund

In longitudinal leveling the back sight, intermediate sight and fore sight readings are taken at
regular intervals at every setup of instruments. The bearings of the line and the benchmark
are taken. The change points are noted in the level book. This station is taken up to determine
the undulation of the ground surface along the profile line. The reduced levels are calculated.
In the present survey work levels are taken at 5m intervals on steep terrain and at 20m
intervals on the flat terrain.
In cross section leveling, the levels are taken in the transverse direction to the longitudinal
leveling. The cross sections are taken at 5m intervals up to 20 m on either side of center
line. It is carried out to know the nature of the ground across the centre line alignment.
Page 2

BATCH-2
Table No.1:- LEVELING READINGS
LONGITUDINAL AND CROSS SECTION OF NTP
SI.NO
C0.00
B.S
I.S
0.335
F.S
H.I
R.L
48.410
48.075
R5
0.415
47.995
R10
0.450
47.960
L5
0.260
48.150
L10
0.185
48.225
C10.00
0.400
48.010
R5
0.420
47.990
R10
0.495
47.910
L5
0.400
48.010
L10
0.315
48.090
C16.85
0.460
47.950
R5
0.825
47.585
R10
1.315
47.090
R15
2.130
46.280
L5
0.585
47.825
L10
0.445
47.965
L15
0.125
48.285
C20.00
1.085
47.325
R5
1.090
47.320
R10
1.820
46.590
R15
2.500
45.910
L5
1.120
47.290
L10
1.045
47.365
L15
1.260
47.150
C30.00
3.055
45.355
R5
3.300
45.110
R10
3.630
44.780
R15
4.340
44.070
R20
2.815
43.310
L5
2.900
45.510
Page 3
REMARK

BATCH-2
L10
2.955
45.455
L15
3.240
45.170
L20
1.315
3.600
46.125
44.810
C40.00
2.775
43.350
R5
3.140
42.980
R10
3.250
42.870
R15
3.810
42.310
R20
3.490
42.630
L5
2.690
43.435
L10
2.950
43.175
L15
3.220
42.900
L20
3.920
42.205
C50.00
4.700
41.425
R5
1.765
4.855
433.035
41.270
R10
2.070
40.965
R15
2.420
40.610
R20
2.920
40.110
L5
1.645
41.390
L10
1.650
41.385
C60.00
3.395
39.640
R5
3.460
39.575
R10
3.700
39.330
R15
3.850
39.185
L5
3.065
39.970
L10
1.765
4.125
40.675
38.910
C65.00
1.870
38.800
R5
1.810
38.860
L5
2.110
38.560
L10
2.610
38.060
L15
2.790
37.880
C75.00
4.145
36.530
R5
4.245
36.430
R10
4.220
36.450
L5
4.060
36.615
L10
3.800
36.875
L15
4.150
36.525
Page 4

BATCH-2
L20
4.100
36.570
C85.00
4.180
36.495
R5
4.255
36.420
R10
4.215
36.460
R15
4.235
36.440
R20
R25
R30
L5
4.125
2.390
1.330
36.550
35.810
35.530
36.590
L10
1.345
36.570
L15
1.350
36.570
L20
1.280
36.640
L25
1.005
36.915
L30
0.560
37.360
C89.37
1.345
36.575
L5
1.350
36.570
L10
1.335
36.580
L15
1.330
36.590
L20
1.320
36.600
L25
1.290
36.620
L30
0.550
36.930
R5
1.990
35.930
R10
2.190
35.730
R15
2.400
35.520
R20
2.415
35.500
R25
2.415
35.500
R30
2.430
35.490
C92.22
2.290
35.630
L5
2.100
35.810
L10
1.580
36.340
L15
1.480
36.430
L20
1.310
36.610
L25
1.310
36.610
L30
0.520
37.390
R5
2.250
35.670
R10
2.200
35.720
2.110
4.865
Page 5
37.920

BATCH-2
R15
2.430
35.490
R20
2.440
35.480
R25
2.420
35.490
R30
2.430
35.480
C97.22
2.360
35.560
L5
2.320
35.600
L10
2.040
35.870
L15
2.060
35.850
L20
2.050
35.870
L25
2.060
35.850
L30
1.690
36.230
R5
2.340
35.570
R10
2.410
35.510
R15
2.420
35.490
R20
2.440
35.470
R25
2.430
35.480
R30
2.420
35.490
C102.22
R5
2.390
35.520
2.400
35.520
R10
2.260
35.650
R15
2.420
35.500
R20
2.420
35.490
R25
2.440
35.470
R30
2.430
35.490
L5
2.050
35.870
L10
2.020
35.900
L15
2.020
35.890
L20
2.030
35.890
L25
1.700
36.220
L30
1.520
36.400
C107.22
R5
2.400
35.520
2.390
35.520
R10
2.430
35.490
R15
2.370
35.540
R20
2.390
35.520
R25
2.440
35.480
Page 6

BATCH-2
R30
2.440
35.480
L5
1.900
36.020
L10
2.010
35.900
L15
2.000
35.920
L20
1.980
36.430
L25
1.520
36.390
L30
1.490
36.420
C112.22
R5
2.180
35.740
1.940
35.970
R10
2.530
35.390
R15
2.500
36.420
R20
2.300
35.620
R25
2.395
35.520
R30
2.420
35.500
L5
1.850
36.070
L10
1.990
35.930
L15
2.000
35.910
L20
1.990
35.930
L25
1.500
36.420
L30
1.530
36.390
C117.220
R5
1.270
36.650
1.490
36.420
R10
1.440
36.470
R15
1.900
36.010
R20
2.460
35.460
R25
1.800
36.110
R30
1.880
36.040
L5
1.620
36.300
L10
1.900
36.010
L15
1.910
36.010
L20
1.850
36.060
L25
1.520
36.400
L30
1.500
36.420
C122.22
R5
1.425
36.490
1.255
36.660
R10
0.495
37.425
Page 7

BATCH-2
L5
3.920
0.945
40.400
36.480
L10
2.440
0.450
42.390
39.950
C137.22
R5
1.235
41.155
1.290
41.090
R10
2.920
39.470
R15
3.895
38.490
L5
1.415
40.970
L10
1.000
41.390
L15
4.900
0.715
46.575
41.675
C147.22
L5
1.980
44.595
2.380
44.190
L10
2.590
43.980
R5
1.010
45.560
R10
3.210
43.360
R15
4.720
2.425
48.870
44.150
C161.52
L5
0.795
48.070
1.370
47.500
R5
0.585
48.280
R10
0.890
47.980
0.340
Page 8
48.530
END
POINT

BATCH-2
Table No.2:- LONGITUDINAL AND CROSS SECTION OF SMALL BUND
CHAINAGE
BS
C0
L5
L10
R5
R10
0
C14.1
L5
L10
R5
R10
C29.10
L5
L10
R5
R10
1.460
IS
HI
RL
REMARK
99.560
98.100
97.140
96.125
98.685
99.060
95.270
94.405
93.705
92.870
94.905
94.990
90.980
90.540
90.035
91.125
91.205
89.900
89.900
89.950
89.960
90.100
90.170
92.050
91.985
91.935
92.185
92.080
95.350
95.955
95.910
95.045
94.975
97.325
97.495
97.275
96.895
96.810
END POINT
2.420
3.435
0.875
0.500
0.255
4.290
95.525
4.545
91.650
1.750
93.835
1.755
96.310
1.335
98.230
1.120
1.820
2.655
0.620
0.535
0.670
1.110
1.615
0.525
0.445
3.935
C51.1
L5
L10
R5
R10
C71.1
L5
L10
R5
R10
C91.1
L5
L10
R5
R10
C97.1
L5
L10
R5
R0
FS
3.935
3.885
3.875
3.735
3.665
1.785
1.850
1.900
1.650
1.230
0.960
0.355
0.400
0.265
0.605
0.735
0.955
1.335
1.420
Page 9

BATCH-2
Fig No.1:- COMPONENTS OF EARTHEN DAM
Summary of the New Tank Project
NTP bund length

161.52m
Top of the bund
1.50m
Free board
1.20m
Upstream slope
2:1
Downstream slope
2:1
Maximum water level
46.125Mm
Length of the waste weir
3.02m
Storage capacity:
1. Maximum capacity of water
63004.25m3
2. @ FTL
53321.55m3
3. @ Dead storage
10264.17m3
Page 10

BATCH-2
Table No.3:- Capacity of reservoir
Sl. No
1
2
3
4
5
6
RL in
m
37.325
39.325
41.325
43.325
45.325
47.325
Water
spread
area sqm
4465.42
5798.75
5369.18
3408.82
10019.93
9345.47
From
To
R.L
R.L
0
37.325
39.325
41.325
43.325
45.325
Page 11
0
39.325
41.325
43.325
45.325
47.325
Contour
interval
in m
0
2
2
2
2
2
Volume by
Trapezoidal Cumulative
formula
Vol. cum
cum
0
10264.17
11167.93
8778
13428.75
19365.4
0
10264.17
21432.1
30210.1
43638.85
63004.25

BATCH-2
1.3 Design Procedure

1.3.1 YIELD CALCULATION:
1. Catchment area = 3.00 km2
2. Rainfall data considered is for a period of 10 years (2001 to 2010) from rainfall table.
3. Yield /sq.km as per strangers table considering catchment yield average
For 1524.00mm
= 0.68582.cum/sq.km
For 3555.6mm
= 1.60 cum/sq.km
Total yield= catchment area x yield/km2

=3.00 x 1.60
Area
=designated
4.80 cum @
Chainage
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Depth of
embankment
0.53
2.834
4.735
6.645
8.045
9.92
10.855
11.035
Mid
rectangular
area
0.795
4.251
7.1025
9.9675
12.0675
14.88
16.2825
16.5525
Page 12
U/s triangular
area
0.2809
8.031556
22.420225
44.156025
64.722025
98.4064
117.831025
121.771225
D/s
triangular
area
0.2809
8.031556
22.420225
44.156025
64.722025
98.4064
117.831025
121.771225
Total area in
sq. Mt
1.3568
20.314112
51.94295
98.27955
141.51155
211.6928
251.94455
260.09495

BATCH-2
100
110
120
130
140
150
161.42
11.54
11.475
10.9
8.687
5.755
2.245
0
17.31
17.2125
16.35
13.0305
8.6325
3.3675
0
133.1716
131.675625
118.81
75.463969
33.120025
5.040025
0
133.1716
131.675625
118.81
75.463969
33.120025
5.040025
0
Total=
283.6532
280.56375
253.97
163.958438
74.87255
13.44755
0
2107.60275
Volume of core
V=h[(A40+A140)/2+A50+A60+A70+A80+A90+A100+A110+A120+A130)]
V=1108.84 m3
Volume of bund by trapezoidal Rule
V=h[(A20 + A150)/2 + A30 + A40 + .A140] + 76.74
Where h=10mtr
Total volume of bund =21078.74 cu mtr
Volume of earthwork = Volume of bund - Volume of core
Volume of earthwork = 21078.74 - 1108.84
Volume of earthwork =19969.90 m3
Fig No.2:- VARIOUS LEVELS OF A STORAGE RESERVOIR
Page 13

BATCH-2
The maximum water level (MWL), to which the water will rise in the reservoir during
ordinary operation condition is called Normal pool level. The normal level is corresponding
to the level of the spillway crest, or to the spillway gates. The level to which water rises
during the flood is known as Maximum water level. The lowest operation to which the water
in the reservoir is to be drawn under ordinary operating conditions is called minimum pool
level.
The volume of water stored between the normal pool level and the minimum pool level is
known as the useful storage (live storage). The volume of water below the minimum pool
level is known as the dead storage and is not useful under ordinary operating conditions. The
volume of water stored between the normal pool level and maximum level corresponding to a
flood is surcharge storage, and is usually uncontrolled. The term bank storage and valley
storage are referred to the volume of water stored in the pervious formations of the river bank
and the soil above it. Such storage depends upon the geological conditions of the river banks.
The bank storage increase the capacity of the reservoir above that indicates by the elevationstorage curve.
Gross capacity of the Tank or Reservoir

The gross capacity of a tank is the cubic content of water impounded up to the Full Tank
Level (F.T.L). The total capacity of the tank is the sum of the capacities between the
successive contours.
1.4 Canal
Page 14

BATCH-2
Canal project is a part of irrigation science which deals with the artificial carriage of water
from the reservoir to the required field. Canal is an artificial channel constructed to carry
water from river or reservoir for various purposes such as irrigation, power generation,
navigation etc. in general, canals are trapezoidal in cross section. The canals are usually
designated according to the purposes for which they are used.
Summary of the Canal Project
Length of the canalBase width of the canalTotal height of bankingFree board
Fig No.3:- CROSS SECTION OF CANAL
Table No.5:- LOGITUDINAL AND CROSS SECTION OF CANNAL

Page 15

BATCH-2
Chainage
C0
L5
L10
L15
R5
R10
R15
BS
4.625
IS
0.650
40.825
3.175
39.150
3.290
36.580
1.930
35.830
2.585
1.310
0.635
0.225
4.850
5.390
5.260
1.500
0.915
0.495
2.265
3.545
1.500
1.535
1.370
2.065
3.250
3.260
3.290
3.380
3.210
3.470
0.720
C85.5
L5
L10
R5
R10
C125.5
L5
L10
R5
R10
HI
41.120
2.695
1.360
0.125
4.470
5.380
5.595
0.355
C15
L5
L10
L15
R5
R10
R15
C45
L5
L10
R5
R10
C45
L5
L10
R5
R10
C70.5
L5
L10
R5
R10
FS
1.840
1.860
1.850
1.860
1.560
1.930
1.870
1.860
1.920
1.180
Page 16
RL
36.495
38.425
39.760
40.995
36.650
35.740
35.525
40.470
38.240
39.515
40.190
40.600
35.975
35.435
35.565
37.650
38.235
38.655
36.885
35.605
37.650
37.615
37.780
37.085
35.900
35.890
35.860
35.770
35.940
35.680
35.860
34.740
34.720
34.730
34.720
35.020
34.650
34.710
34.720
34.660
34.650
Remarks
change point
change point
change point
change point

BATCH-2
C137.4
L5
L10
R5
R10
C170.5
L5
L10
R5
R10
C170.5
L5
L10
R5
R10
2.190
2.195
1.191
2.235
2.231
2.080
2.115
2.110
2.145
2.140
2.080
2.110
2.115
2.145
2.145
0.825
C185.5
L5
L10
R5
R10
C245.5
L5
L10
R5
R10
34.575
1.440
34.355
1.370
1.370
1.370
1.370
1.371
1.440
1.445
1.442
1.440
1.435
1.220
C268.9
L5
L10
R5
R10
C268.9
L5
L10
R5
R10
C298
L5
L10
R5
R10
2.080
2.070
2.075
2.070
2.080
2.075
2.750
2.080
2.070
2.085
2.080
2.085
2.015
2.010
2.060
0.065
Page 17
33.640
33.635
34.635
33.595
33.595
33.750
33.715
33.720
33.685
33.690
33.750
33.720
33.715
33.685
33.685
33.750
33.205
33.205
33.205
33.205
33.204
33.135
33.130
33.133
33.135
33.140
33.135
32.285
32.284
32.285
32.275
32.280
32.285
32.275
32.285
32.270
32.275
32.270
32.340
32.345
32.295
32.290
change point
change point

BATCH-2
C329.9
L5
L10
R5
R10
C335.9
L5
L10
R5
R10
C355
L5
L10
R5
R10
C390.1
L5
L10
R5
R10
C420.1
L5
L10
R5
R10
C450.1
L5
L10
R5
R10
C480.1
L5
L10
R5
R10
C500
L5
L10
R5
R10
1.289
2.365
33.270
1.785
32.770
1.255
1.250
1.305
1.295
1.545
1.540
1.545
1.555
1.550
1.740
1.785
1.780
1.780
1.280
1.515
1.520
1.520
1.540
1.540
1.910
1.805
1.805
1.865
1.860
2.150
2.155
2.150
2.225
2.220
2.650
2.645
2.640
2.660
2.655
2.750
2.960
2.965
2.970
2.975
1.4.1 TIME FACTOR
Page 18
31.990
32.015
31.020
31.965
31.975
31.825
31.730
31.725
31.715
31.720
31.530
31.485
31.490
31.490
31.490
31.255
31.250
31.250
31.230
31.230
30.860
30.965
30.965
30.905
30.910
30.620
30.615
30.620
30.545
30.550
30.120
30.125
30.130
30.110
30.115
29.820
29.810
29.805
29.800
29.795
change point
change point
END POINT

BATCH-2
It is the ratio of number of days the canal has actually to run, to the base period in days.
Water requirements of the channel (i.e., its capacity) should be divided by time factor, so as to
obtain the design capacity. Since the factor is less than 1.
1.4.2CAPACITY FACTOR
It is the ratio of the mean supply discharge to the full discharge capacity.
1.4.3 FULL SUPPLY COEFFICIENT
Area estimated to be irrigated during base period

Design full supply discharge at its head during peak demand.
It is also called Duty on capacity.
1.4.5 DETERMINATION OF REQUIRED CHANNEL CAPACITY

Whenever one plans for supplying irrigation water. One has to think of likely crops that are to
be sown in any one season. The peak rate of water requirement of all crops in each season is
also to be worked out. The capacity of the channel should be such so as to fulfill the
maximum of peak demand of the all crops that one required at any one time amongst all the
seasons it is explained in details.
The most important Rabi crop is wheat, which requires water from December to March,
during the Rabi season. Similarly paddy (rice) is the most important Kharif crop requiring
water from June to November so it can presume that when Rabi crops require water Kharif
crops do not and vice-versa. Sugarcane is a perennial crop which requires water through the
year. Hence the channel may be designed for a capacity equal to the greater of the water
requirement of rabi and sugar or kharif and sugar. This is very simple method for fixing the
capacity of channel. The entire Rabi area is supposed to be sown with wheat and entire kharif
area with paddy (sugarcane area excluded from both) and their water requirements in cumec
are worked out. The water requirement of sugarcane is separately worked out. The channel
capacity may be fixed for the maximum of the two values.
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The most important point which must be kept in mind while fixing the channel capacity is
that we must take into account the keenest demand of the crop and not the average demand.
For example, Rice requires 120cm of water during 120days, thus giving an average outlet
factor of 864 hectares/cumecs
I.e. D = 864B/
= (864*12)/120
= 864
But the channel designed on this average outlet factor will prove to be very inadequate, as it
will fail to supply the required water to the crop at its peak demand i.e., at the time
Kor- watering, as explained below,
The kor depth of the rice is about 19cm and the kor period is about 2 weeks (i.e 14days). It
means that 19cm of water depth must be supplied in about 14 days.
The outlet factor for this works out to be 637 hectare / cumecs as
D = 864B /
= (864 * 14)/19
= 637.
Now, discharge requires maturing a hectare of land for an outlet factor of 864 is A/864
cumecs, while that for an outlet factor of 637 is A/637 cumecs. Out of these two values the
second value (i.e. A/637) is more and hence the discharge required for fulfilling the kor
demand of the crop is more than for the average demand.
Similarly wheat requires 40 cm of water in a total base period of about 160days. Thus giving
an average outlet factor of 3464 hectares/cumecs. But the kor water depth required by wheat
is about 14cm in about 4 weeks giving an outlet factor of 1728 hectares/cumecs.
Applying the previous reasoning, we can say that the discharge required to fulfill kor-demand
is much more than that for the average demand (almost double of average). Hence, it follows
that the peak demand, i.e kor-demand of the crop should be taken into account while fixing
the capacity of the channel. Moreover, the provision for channel losses should also be made,
while deciding the final channel capacity.
The method described above, for determining the channel capacity is a simplified
approximate process to be more precise, we can find out the monthly or 15 days water
requirement of various crops. The water depth required in this interval is multiplied by the
crop area. So as to give the volume of water required in this interval. Dividing the volume by
interval, we can find out the discharge required in each interval, by various crops. The
Page 20

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summation of which for all crops will give us the discharge required by all crops in each
interval. The channel may then be designed for maximum of these values.
It is evident that in order to be more precise, the interval should be as small as possible.
Generally, monthly water requirement studies are conducted and the channel capacity is
increased by 20% to 25% to cater for the peak demand in the months.
1.4.6 CONTOUR CAPACITY

This is a typical case of volume in which the finished surface (i.e surface of water) is level
surface. The volume is calculated by assuming it has been divided into a number of
horizontal slice by contour line is measured by planimeter and volume can be calculated.
Let A1, A2, A3..An the area of successive contour
H = contour interval
V = capacity of reservoir
By trapezoidal formula,
V = h [(A1+An)/2 +A2+A3+A4+An-1]
By Prismoidal rule,
V = h/3 [A1+ 4(A2+A4+.) + 2(A3+A5) =An]
Table No.6:- Rain fall data of the last 10 years:year
Rain fall data in mm
Rain fall in descending
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
4343.5
3227.4
3532
3271
3114.2
3555.6
3838
2916.2
3119.6
5160.4
3775.4
5160.4
4343.5
3838
3775.3
3555.6
3533
3271
3227.4
3190.6
3114.2
2916.2
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1.4.6 Design of Left Bank Canal:

GCA = CCA = 933.00hactors
Duty = 3168ha/cumec
Discharge = Area/duty
Q = 933.00/3168
Q = 0.29M3sec
Channels are to be designed for 20% excess requirement towards rush irrigation
(Engineers hand book)
= 0.29 x 0.2 = 0.058
= 0.058 + 0.29
Total discharge =0.348cumec
Now, using Continuity equation Q=AV
Area=Q/V
A=0.348/0.45
A=0.87M2
V=0.45 m/s for minor distributaries (allowable velocity)
(Engineers hand book)
Area =0.87/0.45=0.87m2
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For most Economical Trapezoidal section,

We have condition
A={(B+2nd+B)/2}* d
A= (B+D)*D
0.87 = (B+D)*D-------- (1)
We have condition,
(B+2nD)/2=D {sqrt (n2+1)}
(B+2*1*D)/2=D {sqrt (12+1)}
B+D=1.41D
b=0.41D
From (1) we have,
0.87 = (0.41D+D)*D
0.87=1.41D2
D=0.78m
Say, D =0.80m
Therefore,
b =0.41*0.80
b=0.32m
So, D=0.80m & b=0.32m
Perimeter:P =b+2*2D
P=0.32+2*2*.80
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BATCH-2
P=2.58m
Mean depth:R=A/P
=0.87/2.58
R=0.34m
Mannings Constant N=0.0225
Velocity =1/n R2/3 S1/2
0.45 =1/0.0225(0.34)2/3 (S) 1/2
(since velocity is limited to 0.45m/s)
S =1 in 4211
Discharge (Q):Q=A x V
=0.87x0.45
Q= 0.39m3
Fig No.4:- Design of Sluice gates:-
Limiting Velocity through sluice gate is a maximum of 4.5 m/sec [S.K.Garg book,
page- 936].
By using Engineers Handbook
Page 24

BATCH-2
1.4.7
Design of sluice gate procedure
V= Cd x (2gh) 1/2
Cd= 0.62 for free flow
h= height of the F T L above sill level of Sluice.
V= Cd x (2gh) 1/2
V= 0.62x (2x9.81x10.605)1/2
= 8.94 m/sec > 4.5 m/sec
Limit value of velocity = 4.5 m/sec
A = Q/V
= 0.39/4.5
= 0.087 m2
A=
0.087=
/4
2
/4
d= 0.33m
d=0.33m can be provided.
Fig No.5:- DESIGN OF VERTICAL DROP WEIR
Page 25

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1. Hydraulic calculations for fixing various elevations.
2. Design of weir wall.
3. Design of impervious floor (or apron).
4. Design of protection works on upstream and downstream sides.
The following data must be known for the design of a vertical drop weir.
Maximum flood discharge(Q)
High flood level (H.F.L)before construction of weir
Downstream bed level
Fully supply level (F.S.L)of canal taking off from the river
Allowable afflux
Laceys silt factor
1.5 Design of vertical drop weir

i.
The length of waterway (L) is calculated from Laceys regime formula

L = 4.83Q^ (1/2)
Where L=Length of waterway in meters

Q= discharge in cumec
= 4.83*0.39^ (1/2)
L = 3.02m
ii.
The discharge q per unit length of waterway is calculated from the relation
Q = Q/L
Where q is in cumec per meter

= 0.39/3.02
Q = 0.13cumec per meter
iii.
The regime scour depth in calculated from Laceys formula

R=1.35[q^2/f]^(1/3)
Where
R=scour depth in meters

f=Laceys silt factor (assume f=1)
=1.35[0.13^2/1]^(1/2)
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BATCH-2
R=0.176m
iv.
The regime velocity and velocity head are calculated from the expressions
V= Q / R
=0.13 / 0.176
V =0.738m/sec
Velocity head= V^2/2g

= 0.738^2/2*9.81
= 0.0277m/sec
v.
Water levels and total energy line (T.E.L) on the downstream side (d/s) and
upstream side (u/s) are calculated as follows:
Level of d/s T.E.L= (H.F.L before construction) +V^2/2g

=46.125+0.0277
=46.402m
Level of u/s T.E.L=Level of d/s T.E.L+Afflux
Allowable Afflux=1
=46.129+1
=47.129m
Level of u/s H.F.L=Level of u/s T.E.L-V^2/2g
=47.129-0.0277
=47.1013m
vi.
Discharge over the crest of the weir is given by

q=1.70K^ (3/2)
Or
K= (q/1.70) ^ (2/3)
= (0.13/1.70) ^ (2/3)
K=0.18
Therefore crest level=u/s T.E.L-K

=47.129-0.18
Crest level=46.949m
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Table No.7:- VOLUME OF EARTHWORK FOR PROPOSED CANAL ALIGNMENT

Chainage
0
15
45
70
85.5
125.5
137.4
170.5
185.5
245.5
268.9
298
329.9
335.9
390
420
450
480
500
Area in
cutting(m3)
0.1097
6.6266
3.1811
Area in
filling(m3)
8.08
5.9591
2.6595
21.2618
38.8107
40.6488
59.362
60.3995
72.1408
73.7335
12.21
11.093
15.6
19.81
45.56
51.77
59.25
69.63
77.3744
Total Volume
Volume of
cutting(m3)
Volume of
filling(m3)
50.52
147.11
39.76
105.29
129.27
299.01
465.55
1589.19
595.06
1982.05
994.05
4376.229
1005.53
339.05
425.7
106.23
1768.2
1459.95
1665.3
1933.2
1470.044
20708.903
237.39
Total Volume of earthwork in cutting= 237.39 m3

Total Volume of earthwork in filling =20708.93 m3
Fig No.6:- SLUICE GATE OPENING:
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1.6 CONCLUSION: The nearby wells can be recharged by construction of this bund. Thus the water
stored in the tank can be used for various purposes such as irrigation, power
generation, domestic water supply etc.
This project can also help to increase the ground water table in the region. Thus the
overall prosperity of the people will increase because of this project.
Fig No.7:- Catchment Area from AutoCAD:-
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2. WATER SUPPLY
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Safe drinking water is the primary need for every human being. Water is absolutely essential
not only for survival of human being but also animals, plants and all living beings. The
purpose of Municipal water supply system is to provide portable water, which is chemically,
and bacteriological safe for human consumption. For domestic use, water should be free from
unpleasant taste, Odour and should be improved for human health.
While designing a water supply scheme it first of all, essential to search a source for village,
for which the scheme is to be designed. Basically there are two main water sources, i.e.
1. Surface water sources: River, Lakes, Ponds, Impounding reservoir, Canals, Stored
rain water, etc.
2. Ground water sources: Springs, Wells, Infiltration Galleries and Infiltration Wells.
Surface water sources are generally contaminated and cannot be used without proper
treatment and purification system, compared to Ground water source.
2.2 Main Objective

The main objective of this project is to provide pure and safe drinking water supply with
proper sewerage system to the proposed village.
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2.3 Specific Objectives
To carry out this project under rural water supply scheme and to achieve the main objective
we have drawn some of the specific objectives.
Selection of project site for the proposed Village.
Identification of water sources, required for the proposed Village.
Survey work is to be carried out to obtain the key plan of the entire water supply
project and sewage system.
Location of Intake Works, Water Treatment Plant, Overhead Tank, Distribution
System and Sewage Treatment System.
Design of Water Treatment Plant, Rising Main and Water Distribution System.
Preparation of Village plan, Population projection and Quantity and Quality of water,
etc for the entire project.
2.4 Selection of Project site

We have selected a site for NTP project which is located on downstream side of the NTP
reservoir. Before commencement of the survey work we have made reconnaissance survey to
locate the site for intake works, water treatment plant, overhead tank, rising main, gravity
main and distribution system for the proposed village.
Detailed survey work is to be made for the entire project work and is given below:
Block levels for the proposed intake works (Reservoir Intake works).
Compass survey work is made from intake works to the Proposed Water
Treatment plant (L/S).

Block levels for the proposed Water Treatment plant.
Rising main (L/S) to Overhead Tank using compass.
Block leveling for proposed Overhead Tank on the hill station.
Gravity main (L/S) using compass up to the proposed village.
Block leveling for Water Distribution system to the proposed village.
Using the data available from survey work we have designed Water Supply and sewerage
system.
2.5 The Design work for the entire project is made in two Stages.
1. Water Supply Project - Intake works, Water Treatment Plant, Rising Main
Tank, and Distribution system.
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Overhead

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2. Sanitary project (sewerage system) - collection, transport, treatment and safe disposal of
sewage.
All the drawings connected to the above two stages are given in detail in a separate bounded
report.
2.5.1 Water Supply Project

After the selection of site for the proposed village, detailed survey work has been carried out.
Using survey data, we have made the following design. Based on the prepared Layout for the
proposed village and the no. of occupants in each residential unit, and total population of the
village is estimated as follows:
Total residential building in the proposed layout = 2000 nos.
No. of inhabitant in each house = 5 nos.
Total expected population for the proposed village = 2000 x 5 = 10000 for the
year 2010.
Design period consider for the water supply project = 20 years (2 Decades)
Population projection after 20 years (2030) by considering the factors like

Birth rate, Death rate and Migration etc. The future Population is about =25%,
increasing per decade.
So, expected population at the end of 2030 = 16000 (say).
Average Domestic Water Consumption

Whenever an engineer is given a duty to design the water supply scheme for a particular area
of the community, it becomes imperative upon him, to first of all, evaluate the amount of
water available and the amount of water demanded by the public. In fact very first duty is to
consider the actual Water Demand and then find out the source to fulfill that demand.
It is necessary to find out, not only daily demand but also total annual requirement is to be
determined.
2.6 Per Capita Demand
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Per Capita Demand is the average amount of daily water required by one person, and includes
the domestic use, industrial and commercial use, public use, waste, thefts, etc. In India, the
requirement of water in various uses is as follows:
Table No.8:- Per Capita Demand for various village/town/city populations

Population of town
Per Capita Demand (in Lpcd)
Up to 10000
70-100
10,000- 50,000
100-135
Above 50,000
135-250
2.7 Common Demands of a Community

1. Domestic water demand.
2. Commercial water demand.
3. Demand for public amenities.
4. Fire demand.
5. Water required for compensating losses in wastes, thefts etc
Table No.9:- Domestic Water Demand (Per Capita Demand) - (100-135 Lpcd)
S. No.
Use
Consumption in Lpcd
Drinking
Cooking
Bathing
30
Cloth washing
30
Utensils washing
20
Cleaning of houses
15
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Flushing of latrines
30
Total
135 Lpcd
2. Commercial Water Demand

This includes the quantity of water required to be supplied to offices, factories, hostels,
hospitals etc. This depends on the type of city or town & nature of establishments. On an
average a provision of 20-25% of the total water consumption of the community will be
considered.
3. Demand for Public amenities.
This includes the quantity of water required for public utility purpose such as watering for
public parks, gardening & sprinkling on roads, use in public sanitary units etc. Normally an
average of 5% of the total water consumption of the community will be considered.
4. Fire Demand
In thickly populated areas, fires generally break out & may lead to serious damages if not
controlled effectively. Generally water required for fire demand hardly amounts to about
1lt/person/day, which is also considered in our design.
5. Water required for compensating- losses in wastage, thefts etc

This includes the water lost in leakage due to poor plumbing fittings, unauthorized water
connection, other losses & wastes etc. These losses can be reduced by careful maintenance.
This amount is usually taken as 15% of the total consumption.
6. Quantity of Water
Based on the available population, it is assumed that the rate of water supply=
100LPCD, and the Maximum daily demand is also estimated= 1.8 MLD.
Qavg = (Population x WS)
= (1000 x 135)
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= 135000Lpcd
= 0.135 MLD
Qmax = (1.8 x Qavg)

= (1.8 x 0.135)
Qmax = 0.243 MLD
Water samples were collected from the reservoir and analyzed for Drinking water
Quantity parameters as per BIS: 10500-2003 to know the quality of water, which is to be
supplied to the village. Based on the result is obtained for the available water source we have
designed the treatment plant.
Table No.10:- WATER QUALITY STANDARDS (BIS: 10500 - 2003)

Range
Serial No.
Permissible limit
Parameters
Excisable limit
Physical
Color ( Hz )
Odour and Taste
Turbidity ( NTU )
10
TDS ( mg/l )
500
2000
II
25
Not objectionable
Chemical
pH
6.5-8.5
6
7
9
Total alkalinity(as CaCo3in mg/l)

Total hardness (as CaCo3 in mg/l)
Chlorides (as Cl- in mg/l)
200
300
250
600
600
1000
9
10
11
Sulphate (as S04 in mg/l)

Fluoride (as F in mg/l)
Nitrates (as NO3 in mg/l)
150
1.0
50
400
1.5
50
12
Nitrites (as NO2 in mg/l)
13
Calcium (as Ca in mg/l)
75
200
14
Magnesium ( as Mg in mg/l)
30
100
15
Total iron (as Fe in mg/l)
0.3
1.0
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III
16
Biological
MPN/100ml
Less than 1/100ml
2.8 Intake for Collecting Surface Water

The basic function of the intake structure is to help in survey with- drawing water from the
source over a predetermined range of pool levels & then to discharge this water in to the
withdrawal conduits through which it flown up to the water treatment plant.
Reservoir Intake
The Reservoir Intake shows a clear idea about the intake structures which is used to draw the
water from earthen dam reservoir. It is essentially consists of an intake tower constructed on
the slope of the dam on U/S at such a place from where, intake can draw sufficient quantity of
water even in the driest period. Intake pipes are fixed at different levels as so as to draw water
near the surface in all variations of water level. All the inlet pipes are connected to the one
surface in all variations of water level. All the inlet pipes are connected to the one vertical
pipe inside intake well. Screens are provided at the mouth of all intake pipes to prevent the
entrance of floating and suspended objects in them. The water which enters the vertical pipe
intakes to the other side of the dam by means of an outlet pipe. At the top of the intake tower,
sleeve valves are provided to control the flow of water. The valve tower is connected to the
top of the dam by means of the foot bridge for reaching it.
2.9 Aeration unit

Aeration is necessary to promote the exchange of gases between water and atmosphere. In
water treatment aeration is preceded for the following purpose.
1. To add oxygen to water for freshness.
2. Removal of CO2, H2S and other substances and to bring taste and odour.
3. To precipitate impurities like iron and manganese etc.
The raw water from reservoir is conveyed from reservoir intake works collected in a storage
tank (sump) and lead to aerobic unit. Water fall or cascade type of aerator is normally
recommended and is generally provided.
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2.10 Reaction with Alum
When Aluminum Sulphate (Al2 (SO4)3.18H2O) (Alum) is added to water it reacts with the
natural alkalinity which is present in the raw water and produces, a gelatinous precipitate
(flock) of aluminum hydroxide. The flock attracts the fine suspended colloidal particles and
grows in size and finally settles down to bottom of the tank.
The chemical reaction is as follows:
Al2 (SO4)3.18H2O + 3Ca(HCO3)2 2Al(OH)3 + 3CaSO4 + 18H2O + 6CO2
Amount of alum required for coagulation is depending on the turbidity and color of raw
water. It is an effective coagulant extensively used throughout. It does not require any skill
supervision for handling. The water obtained from this treatment is quite clear and taste and
color of raw water is considerably reduced.
2.11 Filtration Unit

Filtration is defined as, passing passage of fluid through a porous media to remove the
floating matter held in suspension in water purification.
The matter to be removed includes suspended and colloidal particles, clay and microorganisms including algae and bacteria.
There are three types of Gravity Filters,
1. Rapid sand filter
2. Slow sand filter
3. Pressure filter
Among them, Rapid Sand Filter is most commonly used and same is designed
Design of Rapid Sand Filter is governed by many factors such as;
The quality of raw water
The nature and efficiency of pre-treatment
The characteristics of filter media
The hydraulic loading of filters
The method of disinfection
The method of internal cleaning
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2.12 Disinfection
The filtered water still contain some kinds of impurities present in it, mainly in the form of
harmful disease causing pathogenic bacteria and they must be killed in order to make the
water safe for drinking. This can be used by the chemicals called disinfectants and this
process is called disinfection.
The main purpose of disinfection is to prevent contamination of water during its transit from
treatment plant to the place of its consumption. Chlorine is an ideal material for treating water
in a large scale.
2.13 Distribution System

There are 3 different types of distribution systems;
1. Gravity system
2. Pumping system
3. Combined system
In our project, combined system is used, in which the water is pumped from source which is
at lower level, to overhead tank at the higher level and then, from the overhead tank, the
water is supplied to the public, by gravity.
As the layout of village in haphazard manner, the dead end system is adopted.
2.14 System of Supply

1. Continuous supply
2. Intermittent supply
For this project intermittent supply is adopted.
2.15 Pressure in Distribution System

The pressure which is required to be maintained in the distribution system depends upon the
following factors:
1. The height of highest building up to which water should reach without boosting.
2. The distance to the locality from the distribution reservoir.
3. The supply is to be metered or not. Higher pressure will be required to compensate
for the high loss of head in meters.
4. The funds available for the project work.
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In multistory structures the following pressure are considered satisfactory
Up to 3 storey
2.1 kg/sq.cm
From 3 to 6 storey
2.1 to 4.2 kg/sq.cm
From 6 to12storey
4.2 to 5.27 kg/sq.cm
2.16 Pipe Appurtenances

The distribution pipes are provided with various pipe appurtenances or accessories so as to
make the distribution of water easy and effective. The pipe appurtenances are air valves, bib
cocks, fire hydrants, reflux valves, sluice valves, stop cocks, water meters etc...
2.17 Economical Diameter of Main pipe

For pumping a particular fixed discharge of water, it can be pumped through bigger diameter
pipe at low velocity or through lesser diameter pipe at high velocity. But if the diameter of the
pipe is increased, it will lead to the cost of the pipe line on the other hand if diameter of the
pipe is reduced, and the increased velocity will lead to the higher frictional head loss and will
require most of the required pumping, hereby increasing the cost of the construction.
For obtaining the efficiency it is almost necessary to design the pumping main, which will
be overall most economical in initial cost as well as maintenances cost of the pumping the
required quantity of the water.
Following formula given by Lea is commonly used in determining the diameter of the
pumping main:
D = 0.97 to 1.22 Q 0.5
Where,
D = Economical diameter of the pipe in m
Q = Required discharge of water to be pumped in cumec/second
The above formula given optimum velocity of water flow between 0.8 to1.35 m/s.
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2.18 Design Details for Water Supply System

Table No.11:- Water Demand for Domestic Purposes:
Sl. NO.
USE
CONSUMPTION IN LPCD
Drinking
Cooking
Bathing
30
Cloth washing
30
Utensils washing
20
Cleaning of houses
15
Flushing of latrines
30
Total
135 Lpcd
Assume total population of the area = 1000

Table No.12:-population with respect to year
YEAR
POPULATION
1992
2002
2012
2032
620
780
1000
Page 40
DECREASE IN
DECADE
160
220
Avg = 190
% INCREASE IN
DECADE
25.80
28.20
Avg = 27.00

BATCH-2
Arithmetic increase:x =190
Population at 2032 = P0 + xn
= 1000 + (2 x 190)
= 1380
Geometric method:r = (25.80 x 28.20)
2
= 27.00
Population at 2032 = P0 (1 + (r / 100)) n
= 1000(1 + (27.00 / 100)) 2
1612.90 say 1612.
Design period = 20 years.
Average water consumption = 135 Lpcd.
Average daily demand = 135 x 1612
= 0.218 MLD
Required capacity of major component of proposed water work:
1) Average daily draft = 0.218MLD.
2) Maximum daily draft = may be assumed as 180%
Average daily draft = 0.218 x 180
100
= 0.392 MLD
Capacities of various components:
1) Intake structure may be designed for maximum daily draft of 0.392MLD.
2) Pipe mains carrying the water from intake to the reservoir may be designed for.
DESIGN OF RISING MAINS:

Design of pump:
Page 41

BATCH-2
Assume the pumping is done for 5 hours.
Average quantity of water = 0.392 MLD
Q=
0.392 x 106 x 24
24 x 1000 x 3600 x 5
Q = 0.022 cumec
D = 0.972Q to 1.22Q
= 0.9720.022 to 1.220.022
D= 14.5 cm to 18 cm say 18cm pipe dia.
Using Hazen Williams formula

HL=
HL=
HL= 6.17mt
Minor loss, hf = 4 f L v2
2gd
f= friction factor of PVC pipe
L= Length of the pipe
v = Velocity of water
g = Gravitational constant
d = Diameter of the pipe
= 4x 0.00625 x 800 x 0.452
= 1.14 m due to friction.
2 x 9.81 x 0.18
Page 42

BATCH-2
Assume 10% losses in fitting = 6.17 = 0.617mt
10
Total head losses = 6.17 + 1.14 + 0.617 = 7.93mts
Power of pump:
Total Height from the dead storage to the over head tank = (Height from the dead storage to
top bund level + Height from top bund level to tank ground level + Height of the over head
tank + total head loss)
H = 10.8+ 10+12+ 7.93 =40.73m
Say H = 40m
Water Horse Power (WHP) =
Where,
= Density of water
Q = Discharge
H = Head loss due to friction
= Efficiency of water 70%
= 13.20 HP
Breaking horse power
Page 43

BATCH-2
(BHP) = 16.77 HP
3.
HIGHWAY PROJECT
3.1 Introduction
Transportation is a vital infrastructure for the speedy economic growth of a developing
country. Road transportation is one of the important modes of transport having many
desirable characteristics. Such as flexibility, door to door service and accessibility to remote
areas.
Highways in road transport system have been rightly compared to the arteries of a human
being and their importance in the social and economic up lift of a nation cannot be over
emphasized.
Page 44

BATCH-2
In the present era planning is considered as a pre-requisite and basic need for any new
project or an expansion program. Thus highway planning is also a basic need for highway
development. Since, we have undertaken HIGHWAY PROJECT as our project work; we
have considered the following objectives:
Efficient and safe traffic operation but a minimum cost.
Attainment of maximum utility.
Construction with locally available resources to minimize the cost of project.
Future requirements and improvements in view of anticipated developments.
Availability of funds and economic considerations.
Incorporation of technical recommendations framed by Indian Roads Congress

(IRC) for various aspect of Highway construction.
Proposal
This project deals with the design of road and can be executed in following manner.
A road was selected and detailed surveys including cross section and longitudinal
sections were carried out.
Plan of road alignment longitudinal section were drawn to scale and final alignment
was fixed, as per IRC specifications, confirming to village roads.
Block leveling for the culvert.

Page 45

BATCH-2
3.2 Geometric Design of Highway Pavement
The geometric design of a highway deals with the dimensions & layout of visible features of
highway such as alignment, sight distance, curves, super elevation & intersections etc. The
geometrics of highway should be designed to provide optimum efficiency in traffic operation
with maximum safety at reasonable cost. The designer may be exposed to planning of new
highway network to meet the requirements of the anticipated traffic. The design is also
includes the sizes of drainage, aggregates, cross slopes, super elevation etc.
3.2.1 Requirements
The basic important requirements of an ideal alignment should be as follows:
The proposed alignment should be short as possible.
The road should be easy for construction & maintenance.
The road should be safe to operation and economical.
3.3 Factors Controlling Alignment

3.3.1 Obligatory points
These are control points governing the alignment of the highways. These control points are
divided into two categories, namely
Obligatory points through which the road alignment should pass.
Points through which the alignment should not pass. These will cause the alignment
often deviated from the shortest or easiest path.
3.4 Traffic
The proposed alignment should suit the traffic requirement. Origin and destination study
should be carried out in the area and desire lines be drawn showing the trend of traffic flow.
The new road to be aligned should keep in view the traffic flow patterns and future trends.
3.5 Geometric design
Page 46

BATCH-2
Geometric design factors such as gradients, radius of curve and sight distance also would
govern final alignment of highway. If straight alignment is aimed at, often it may be
necessary to provide very steep gradients. As far as possible while aligning a new road, the
gradient should be flat and less than the ruling or design gradient. Thus it may be necessary to
change the alignment in view of design speed, maximum allowable super elevation and
coefficient of lateral friction. It may be necessary to make the adjustment in the horizontal
alignment of roads keeping view the minimum radius of the curve and the transition curves.
Economy
The alignment should be economical. The initial cost, maintenance cost & vehicle operation
cost should be minimum, high embankment or deep cuttings are avoided & choose the
balance cutting & filling sight. These factors also control the alignments of road.
3.6 Engineering Surveys for Highway Location

The engineering surveys have to be carried out before finalizing the highway project. The
stages of engineering surveys are:
Map Study
Map study gives a rough guidance of routes to be surveyed in the field. The main features
like river, hills and valleys, etc. are known by map study. B y careful study of maps, the idea
of aligning a new highway can be obtained.
Reconnaissance Survey
In this survey, the land along the various proposed highway routes are inspected. All the
relevant details not available in the map study are collected and noted down.
Preliminary Survey
Page 47

BATCH-2
This is carried out to collect all the physical informations, which is necessary in connection
with the proposed highway alignment. The quantity of earth work and cost of construction
are worked out. The best proposal is selected after preliminary survey.
Detailed Survey
After preliminary survey, a detailed survey is carried out. Here Temporary Bench Marks are
fixed and leveling works are performed. Here an elaborate and complete data are collected
for preparing detailed plan and estimates of the project.
3.7 Curves
Curves are usually employed in the lines of communication in order that the change in
direction at the intersection of the straight lines shall be gradual. The curves are generally
circular arcs.
Circular Curves
The circular curves are divided into three types, namely;
Simple curve: It is a single arc connecting two tangents.
Compound curve: It consists of two arcs of different radii bending in the same
direction and lying on the same side of their common tangent.
Reverse curve: A reverse curve is composed of two arcs of equal or different radii
bending in opposite direction.
Transition Curves
A transition curve has a radius, which decreases from infinity at the tangent point to a
designed radius of circular curve. The rate of change of radius of transition curve will depend
on the equation of the curve or its shape.
Vertical Curve
There are two types of vertical curves, namely
Summit curve: These are the curves with convexity upwards.
Valley curve: These are also called as sag curves, where the convexity is downwards.
Page 48

BATCH-2
3.8 Super Elevation
In order to counteract the effect of centrifugal force and to reduce the tendency of vehicles to
overturn or skid, the outer edge of the pavement is raised with respect to its inner edge, thus
providing transverse slope throughout the length of a horizontal curve. This transverse
inclination of the pavement surface is known as Super elevation
3.9 Surveying Details

Introduction
In road survey, the first step is leveling. This is carried out using, instruments such as dumpy
level, cross staff and leveling staff. Other instruments used are prismatic compass to note the
bearings, arrows and ranging rods which are used to mark the points on the field. The
leveling operation starts from the benchmark. A benchmark is a point of known elevation.
The road is aligned by two operations, namely,
Longitudinal Sectioning.
Cross Sectioning
Where ever there is a necessity of providing a culvert, block leveling is carried out.
Longitudinal Sectioning or Profile Leveling
Profile leveling is a process of determining the elevation of points at fixed intervals along the
chain line. Here the line along which the section to be taken is marked by ranging rods, and
the fore bearing of the line is taken with the help of a prismatic compass. The level is then
setup at a point. The telescope is then directed to a staff, held on the temporary benchmark of
R. L. 100.00 m and the reading is taken. This reading is called as the back sight. Height of
collimation is determined. All these readings are noted down in a level book. Then the
intermediate sight is taken on the starting point of the line by holding the staff. For each
setup, intermediate sights should be taken after the fore sight on the next turning station has
been taken. To find the R.L. the intermediate sights are subtracted from the height of
collimation. When the instrument is removed, a change point is selected and a staff is held on
the same point and read it, which is fore sight.
It is then subtracted from the height of instrument to find the R.L. of the change point. The
instrument is then transferred to the second position. Having adjusted the instrument, a back
Page 49

BATCH-2
sight is taken on the change point just established. This reading when added to the change
point gives the R.L. of the new line of collimation. Then successive intermediate sights are
taken.
The horizontal distances are plotted along the horizontal axis to some convenient scale and
the distances are also marked. The elevations are plotted along the vertical axis. The various
points obtained are joined by straight lines.
Checking the levels
For checking the levels, we use the technique called Fly Levelling. In this, we start from the
last point and go to the first point, taking back sights and fore sights only, At the end, the last
point should be in the vicinity of the bench mark.
Cross Sectioning
Cross sections arc run at right angles to the horizontal profile and at either side of it for the
purpose of lateral outline of the, round surface. It provides data for estimating quantities of
earth work and other purposes. The cross sections are plotted in the same manner as the
longitudinal sections.
Contouring
On a plan, the relative altitudes of the points can be represented by contour lines as they
indicate the elevators directly. The area to be surveyed is divided into a number of squares.
The levels on the comer of these squares are determined by direct levelling. The contour
interpolation is done by graphical methods
Design Speed
It is the speed to which a road is designed.
Design speed on rural highways.
Design speed in kmph for various terrains.
Table No.13:-Design speeds for various terrains
Design speed in Kmph for various terrains

Page 50

BATCH-2
Road
Classification
Plain
Rolling
Mountainous
Steep
Rolling
Min
Rolling
Min
Rolling
Min
Rolling
Min
100
80
80
65
50
40
40
30
National and
State
Highway
Gradients
Gradient is the rate of rise or fall along the length of the road with respect to the horizontal. In
road design as much as possible les gradient are provided to increase the design speed.
Gradient are divided into following types.
a) Ruling gradient: It is the maximum gradient within which the designer attempts to
design the vertical profile of the road.
b) Limiting gradients: It is the gradient steeper than the ruling gradient.
c) Exceptional gradients: It is the unavoidable steeper gradient provided for a smaller
road stretch of the road.
d) Minimum gradient: It is the minimum gradient provided in the roads for the drainage
of rain water as quick as possible. It will depends on the soil property, rainfall, runoff,
etc.
Table No.14:-Gradient according to IRC
Terrain
Ruling Gradient
Limiting Gradient
Exceptional
Plain and rolling

Mountainous
3.3% (1 in 30)
5% (1 in 20)
6.7%(1 in 15)
having elevation
5%( 1in 20)
6%(1 in 16.7)
7%(1 in 14.3)
6%(1 in 16.7)
7%(1 in 14.3)
8%( 1 in 12.5)
gradient
>3000m above
MSL
Steep terrain up to
3000m above MSL
Width of Roadway or Formation
It is the sum of widths of pavements or carriageway including separators if any and
shoulders. Formation width is the top width of the highway embankment or the bottom width
of the highway cutting excluding the side drains.
Page 51

BATCH-2
Table No.15:-Width of roadway recommended by IRC
SL. No.
Road Classification
Roadway width for plain &

rolling terrain, m
1.
2.
NH & SH
a) Single lane
12
b) Double lane
12
MDR
a) Single lane
b) Double lane
Camber
Cross slope or camber is the slope provided on the road pavement to drain off the rainwater
from the road pavement surface. It usually maximum at center of the road & at edge camber
value is zero in a stretch.
Table No.16:-IRC recommended values of camber
SL. No.
1.
Types of road
Range of cambers in areas of rainfall
Surfaces
range
Heavy to light
Cement concrete and

high type bituminous
1 in 50 (2%)
1 in 60 (1.7%)
surface
2.
Thin bituminous
1 in 40 (2.5%)
1 in 50 (2%)
3.
surfaces
WBM and gravel
pavement
1 in 33(3%)
1 in 40 (2.5%)
Earth
1 in 25(4%)
1 in 33(3%)
4.
Page 52

BATCH-2
Kerb
Kerbs are provided at the edge of road b/w the road & shoulders. It prevents the direct entry
of road vehicles in to the shoulders.
Shoulders
It is the thin strip of land provided along the road edge for the emergency lane for parking or
to repair the damaged vehicles.
The minimum shoulder width recommended by IRC is 2.5m
3.10 Design of horizontal alignment

Horizontal curves
When the centerline of the road changes the direction along the horizontal plane, horizontal
curves are provided & the same are designed as follows.
Super Elevation
To counteract the effect of centrifugal force and to reduce the tendency of vehicle to overturn
or skid the, outer edge of pavement is raised with respect to inner edge. Such provision of
transverse slope is provided on horizontal curves. The design of super elevation is illustrated
as below
Extra Widening
Extra widening is provided to provide extra space required for mechanical and psychological
reasons along the horizontal curve, which is provided as per the table below
Table No.17:-Extra widening valve IRC recommended
SL. No.
Radius of curve (m)
Up to 20m
1.5
20-40m
1.5
41-60m
1.2
61-100m
0.9
5
101-300m
SSE,
MUKKA,
MANGALORE
6
Above 300m
Extra width for two lane road (m)
Page 53
0.6
nil

BATCH-2
3.11 Vertical Alignment

When two different or contrary gradients meet, they are connected by a curve in the vertical
plane known as vertical curve. These are needed to secure a gradual change in grade so that
abrupt change in grade at the apex is not allowed. The vertical curves used in highway may
be classified in to two categories.
Summit curve
Valley curve
a) Summit curve:
A curve with convexity up wards is called a summit curve. This occurs when an ascending
intersect a descending gradient or when an ascending meets on other ascending gradient or an
ascending gradient meeting a horizontal a summit curve is provided here as there is change in
gradient matching the requirements of a summit curve. The summit curve is designed end as
below.
b) Valley Curve:
A vertical curve, concave upwards is called as valley curve. This is formed when a
descending gradient intersect an ascending gradient or when a descending gradient meets
another descending gradient or when a descending gradient gains a horizontal path, they
should be designed for:
Comfort
Head light sight distance condition.
3.12 Pavement Design

For the safety and comfort ability of fast vehicles road surface should be even along the
longitudinal profile. The surface should also so be stable and unyielding in different
conditions and it should allow the heavy load of traffic to move with least possible resistance.
Page 54

BATCH-2
In order to provide a stable and even surface for traffic the road way is provided with a
suitably designed and constructed pavement structure. Pavement is designed and to distribute
wheel load in larger area and elastic deformation caused by the load to fall within the
permissible limit.
Table No.18:-LONGITUDINAL AND CROSS SECTION OF HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT
SI.NO
B.S
0.650
C0.00
0.750
R.L
90.000
89.900
L5
0.645
90.000
L10
0.525
90.120
L15
0.395
90.255
R5
1.160
89.490
R10
1.425
89.225
R15
1.800
88.850
C20.00
1.265
89.385
L5
1.135
89.515
L10
1.215
89.435
L15
1.610
89.040
R5
1.495
89.155
R10
1.795
88.855
R15
2.155
88.495
C40.00
1.790
88.860
L5
1.640
89.010
L10
1.810
88.840
L15
2.040
88.600
R5
1.955
88.690
R10
2.150
88.500
R15
0.120
88.380
C60.00
2.200
88.450
L5
2.290
88.360
L10
2.435
88.215
L15
2.630
88.020
R5
2.220
88.405
R10
2.360
88.285
R15
2.260
88.385
I.S
Page 55
F.S
H.I
90.650
REMARKS
Bench Mark

BATCH-2
C83.94
2.220
88.430
L5
2.375
88.275
L10
2.755
87.895
L15
3.195
87.405
R5
2.155
88.495
R10
2.205
88.445
R15
2.545
88.100
C98.94
1.100
86.615
L5
0.595
87.120
L10
0.635
87.080
L15
0.685
87.030
R5
1.165
86.550
R10
1.335
86.380
R15
1.365
86.350
C113.34
2.445
85.270
L5
2.000
85.710
L10
4.580
83.135
L15
4.930
82.780
R5
1.890
85.820
R10
1.900
85.810
R15
1.910
85.800
C128.34
1.895
3.555
86.055
84.160
L5
1.855
84.200
L10
1.505
84.550
L15
1.320
84.735
R5
2.050
84.005
R10
2.055
84.000
R15
2.045
84.010
C143.34
1.835
85.880
L5
1.830
85.885
L10
1.830
85.885
L15
1.840
85.875
R5
1.830
85.885
R10
1.830
85.885
R15
1.830
85.885
C173.34
0.335
87.380
Page 56

BATCH-2
L5
0.355
87.360
L10
0.380
87.335
L15
0.495
87.220
R5
0.165
87.550
R10
0.160
87.555
R15
4.230
1.290
90.655
86.425
C203.34
1.890
88.765
L5
2.860
88.795
L10
2.920
87.735
L15
2.950
87.705
R5
1.525
89.130
R10
1.500
89.155
R15
1.520
89.135
C213.34
1.160
89.490
L5
2.170
88.480
L10
2.320
88.330
L15
2.440
88.210
R5
1.145
89.510
R10
1.165
89.490
R15
1.205
89.450
L5
2.230
88.420
L10
2.800
87.850
L15
3.010
87.645
R5
1.105
89.550
R10
0.880
89.775
R15
0.505
90.150
C213.34
C226.34
0.100
3.055
87.700
87.600
L5
0.810
86.890
L10
1.675
86.025
L15
1.905
85.795
R5
0.785
86.915
R10
0.755
86.945
R15
0.735
86.965
C236.44
2.570
85.130
L5
2.965
84.795
Page 57

BATCH-2
L10
3.350
84.350
L15
3.720
83.975
R5
1.820
85.880
R10
0.970
86.730
R15
0.805
86.895
C246.44
5.160
82.540
L5
1.310
L10
5.210
83.800
4.645
82.490
79.150
L15
81.000
R5
4.600
87.700
83.100
R10
3.600
87.700
84.100
R15
84.000
C256.55
4.680
L5
4.670
79.120
L10
4.680
79.120
L15
4.680
79.120
R5
1.840
81.960
R10
0.595
83.200
R15
0.250
83.550
C286.55
5.725
78.070
L5
5.720
78.080
L10
5.715
78.080
L15
5.710
78.090
R5
5.715
78.080
R10
0.150
83.650
R15
0.050
83.750
C316.55
5.720
78.075
L5
5.730
78.070
L10
5.850
77.950
L15
5.900
77.900
R5
5.720
78.090
R10
5.710
78.080
R15
Change point
C329.55
0.590
83.210
78.200
80.645
6.275
6.095
L5
83.800
5.600
3.830
3.220
Page 58
84.475
86.740
79.120
83.520

BATCH-2
L10
3.520
83.210
L15
3.840
82.900
R5
3.350
83.390
R10
3.410
83.330
R15
3.420
83.320
C339.55
1.940
84.790
L5
2.050
84.690
L10
2.150
84.590
L15
2.235
84.505
R5
0.795
85.945
R10
0.445
86.295
R15
0.175
86.565
C349.55
1.035
85.705
L5
1.630
85.110
L10
2.245
84.495
L15
2.930
83.310
R5
0.605
86.135
R10
0.435
86.305
R15
0.405
86.335
C363.25
2.930
84.350
L5
2.500
84.240
L10
3.155
83.585
L15
3.935
82.805
R5
1.600
85.140
R10
1.610
85.130
R15
1.780
84.960
C378.25
0.390
5.700
81.430
81.040
L5
5.605
81.135
L10
5.600
81.140
L15
6.220
80.520
R5
0.515
80.920
R10
0.465
80.965
R15
0.690
80.740
C383.25
1.710
79.720
L5
2.000
79.430
L10
2.210
79.220
Page 59

BATCH-2
L15
2.330
79.100
R5
2.025
79.450
R10
2.105
79.325
R15
2.175
79.255
C388.25
4.630
76.800
L5
4.520
76.910
L10
4.500
76.930
L15
4.490
76.940
R5
4.520
76.910
R10
4.500
76.925
R15
4.510
76.920
C393.25
2.150
7.500
76.080
73.930
L5
2.795
73.285
L10
2.400
73.680
L15
2.350
73.730
R5
1.700
74.680
R10
1.785
74.295
R15
1.520
74.560
C398.25
3.420
72.660
L5
3.645
72.435
L10
3.740
72.340
L15
3.800
72.280
R5
3.325
72.755
R10
3.310
72.770
R15
3.025
73.055
C408.25
2.850
3.645
75.285
72.435
R5
2.950
72.335
R10
2.850
72.435
R15
2.370
72.915
L5
2.750
73.135
L10
4.160
71.125
L15
4.245
71.040
C413.48
3.020
72.620
L5
4.180
71.105
L10
4.540
70.740
L15
4.720
70.565
Page 60

BATCH-2
R5
3.010
72.275
R10
2.780
72.505
R15
2.715
72.570
C426.98
0.915
74.370
L5
1.230
74.055
L10
1.680
73.605
L15
1.975
73.310
R5
0.760
74.525
R10
0.550
74.735
R15
5.750
0.320
80.715
74.965
C441.98
1.945
78.770
L5
2.030
78.685
L10
1.970
78.745
L15
2.045
78.670
R5
1.820
78.895
R10
2.000
78.715
R15
2.305
78.410
C461.98
1.020
79.695
L5
1.180
79.535
L10
1.240
79.475
L15
1.270
79.445
R5
1.080
79.635
R10
1.110
79.605
R15
1.130
78.585
C461.98
1.020
79.695
L5
1.090
79.625
L10
1.160
79.555
L15
1.190
79.525
R5
1.160
79.555
R10
1.215
79.500
R15
1.300
79.415
C483.98
0.915
79.800
L5
0.850
79.865
L10
1.315
79.400
L15
1.520
79.195
R5
1.085
79.630
Page 61

BATCH-2
R10
1.110
79.605
R15
1.050
79.665
C513.98
2.790
1.405
82.210
79.310
L5
4.320
77.780
L10
4.900
77.310
L15
5.640
76.570
R5
1.340
80.870
R10
0.255
81.955
R15
0.090
82.120
C543.98
3.240
78.970
L5
4.150
78.060
L10
5.325
76.885
L15
5.855
76.355
R5
1.780
80.430
R10
0.660
81.550
R15
CH POINT
C573.98
0.430
2.425
81.780
79.970
79.195
L5
3.580
78.040
L10
4.485
77.135
L15
5.605
76.015
R5
1.510
80.110
R10
0.580
81.040
R15
0.235
81.380
C871.51
1.300
L5
1.100
83.735
L10
1.115
83.720
L15
1.110
83.725
R5
1.190
83.645
R10
1.185
83.650
R15
1.180
83.655
C894.170
1.600
83.235
L5
1.940
82.895
L10
2.050
82.785
L15
2.125
82.710
R5
1.460
83.375
1.635
Page 62
84.835
83.535

BATCH-2
R10
1.210
83.625
R15
Change point
C917.87
1.220
1.605
83.615
83.385
82.490
L5
1.575
82.520
L10
1.590
82.505
L15
1.610
82.485
R5
1.605
82.490
R10
1.615
82.480
R15
1.620
82.475
C917.87
1.605
82.490
L5
1.595
82.500
L10
1.590
82.505
L15
1.595
82.500
R5
1.605
82.490
R10
1.610
82.485
R15
Change point
C947.87
1.620
1.610
82.475
77.835
77.385
L5
1.590
77.405
L10
1.585
77.410
L15
1.590
77.405
R5
1.605
77.390
R10
1.610
77.385
R15
1.610
77.385
C977.87
1.610
77.385
L5
1.600
77.395
L10
1.590
77.405
L15
1.595
77.400
R5
1.600
77.390
R10
1.615
77.380
R15
1.615
77.380
c1007.87
1.615
77.380
L5
1.605
77.390
L10
1.610
77.305
L15
1.600
77.395
0.170
1.450
1.160
6.260
Page 63
84.095
78.985

BATCH-2
R5
1.620
77.375
R10
1.625
77.370
R15
1.635
77.360
C1037.87
1.610
77.385
L5
1.605
77.390
L10
1.595
77.400
L15
1.600
77.395
R5
1.615
77.380
R10
1.620
77.370
R15
Change point
C1052.47
1.630
3.860
77.365
77.575
77.525
L5
3.850
77.535
L10
3.840
77.545
L15
3.800
77.585
R5
3.885
77.500
R10
3.840
77.545
R15
3.400
77.985
C1052.47
3.860
77.525
L5
3.855
77.530
L10
3.855
77.530
L15
3.850
77.535
R5
3.870
77.515
R10
3.875
77.510
R15
3.875
77.510
C1091.47
1.305
80.080
L5
1.100
80.285
L10
0.950
80.435
L15
0.750
80.635
R5
1.425
79.960
R10
1.560
79.825
R15
1.875
79.510
C1091.47
1.305
80.080
L5
1.300
80.085
L10
1.290
80.095
L15
1.295
80.090
3.810
1.420
Page 64
81.385

BATCH-2
R5
1.310
80.075
R10
1.320
80.065
R15
Change point
C1111.57
1.345
0.665
80.060
80.720
81.300
L5
0.910
81.555
L10
0.455
81.510
L15
0.500
81.465
R5
1.595
81.370
R10
1.980
79.985
R15
1.210
79.900
C1111.57
0.665
81.300
L5
1.015
80.950
L10
0.465
81.500
L15
0.490
81.475
R5
1.515
80.450
R10
1.725
80.240
R15
1.750
80.215
C1146.97
1.790
80.175
L5
0.250
81.715
L10
0.400
81.565
L15
0.550
81.000
R5
1.840
80.125
R10
1.940
80.025
R15
1.980
80.000
C1167.67
2.520
79.445
L5
1.250
80.715
L10
1.535
80.430
L15
1.620
80.345
R5
change point
R15
2.440
0.800
79.525
79.570
79.720
C1167.67
2520.000
78.000
L5
1.245
79.275
L10
1.625
79.895
L15
1.805
78.715
1.245
0.665
0.950
2.395
Page 65
81.965
80.520

BATCH-2
R5
3.015
77.505
R10
2.390
78.130
R15
1.805
78.715
C1186.67
2.745
77.775
L5
2.750
77.770
L10
2.755
77.765
L15
2.760
77.760
R5
2895.000
77.625
R10
2.890
77.630
R15
change point
C1201.77
2.900
4.600
77.620
77.920
72.075
L5
4.595
72.080
L10
4.590
72.085
L15
4.595
72.080
R5
4.605
72.070
R10
4.610
72.065
R15
4.610
72.065
C1201.77
4.600
72.075
L5
4.590
72.085
L10
4.595
72.080
L15
4.585
72.090
R5
4.605
72.070
R10
4.615
72.060
R15
4.620
72.055
C1213.77
2.210
74.465
L5
2.205
74.470
L10
2.200
74.475
L15
2.195
74.480
R5
2.215
74.460
R10
2.225
74.450
R15
2.230
74.445
C1213.77
2.210
74.465
L5
2.205
74.470
L10
2.200
74.475
L15
2.195
74.480
0.755
4.600
Page 66
76.675

BATCH-2
R5
2.215
74.460
R10
2.225
74.450
R15
2.230
74.445
C1243.77
3.555
73.140
L5
3.550
73.120
L10
3.540
73.135
L15
3.545
73.130
R5
3.560
73.115
R10
3.565
73.110
R15
3.575
73.100
C1273.77
2.010
74.665
L5
2.005
74.670
L10
2.000
74.675
L15
1.995
74.680
R5
2.015
74.660
R10
2.020
74.655
R15
change point
C1303.77
2.025
1.000
74.650
74.665
74.425
C1333.77
1.555
74.870
C1363.77
Change point
C1383.77
2.075
1.960
73.350
73.350
71.845
C1403.77
2.085
71.720
C1423.77
Change point
C1443.77
1.835
71.970
71.970
72.335
0.760
2.010
0.455
2.075
2.150
C1451.27
END POINT
75.425
1.835
74.120
1.785
1.380
1.190
3.13 DIFFERENT TYPE OF DESIGN ASSPECTS

Fig No.9:- CHAINAGE AT 213.34 (SIMPLE CURVE)
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72.740
72.930

BATCH-2
ANGLE = = 70 (deflection angle)

D= 70 (degree of curve)
D = 40 * ( / 180)
= 1.22 (rad)
1) Radius (R) = 1719/D
= 1719/1.22
= 1409.00m
2) Tangent length = R tan (/2)
= 1409.00 * (tan (70/2)
= 986.60 m
3) Length of curve =( * R* ) / 180
= ( *1409 * 70)/180
= 1721.41 m
Fig No.10:- CAHINAGE AT 1111.57 TO 1052.47 (COMPOUND CURVE)
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BATCH-2
1= 47 2=55
D1= 134 D2 = 125
D1 = 134 * /180 = 2.338 (rad)
D2 = 125 * / 180 = 2.182(rad)
1) Radius (R1) = 1719 / D1
= 1719 /2.338
= 735.0 m
(R2) = 1719 / D2
= 1719 /2.182
= 789.93 m 790.0 m
2) Tangent length ( T1 E) = R1 * (tan1 /2)
= 735 * tan (47/2)
= 319.58 m
3) F T2 = R2 * (tan2 /2)
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BATCH-2
= 790 * tan (55/2)
= 411.24 m
The total tangent length (T1 to T2) = 319.58 + 411.24
= 730 .82 m
4) Length of the curve (T1 D) = ( * R1* 1) / 180
= ( * 735 * 47)/180
= 603.0 m
Length of the curve (T2 D) = ( * R2* 2) / 180
= ( * 790 * 55)/180
= 758.44 m
Fig No.11:- CHAINAGE AT 1273.77 (SIMPLE CURVE)
ANGLE = = 70 (deflection angle)

D= 70 (degree of curve)
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BATCH-2
D = 40 * ( / 180)
= 1.22 (rad)
1) Radius (R) = 1719/D
= 1719/1.22
= 1409.00m
2) Tangent length = R tan (/2)
= 1409.00 * (tan (70/2)
= 986.60 m
3) Length of curve =( * R* ) / 180
= ( *1409 * 70)/180
= 1721.41 m
DESIGN OF SUMMIT CURVE

Upward gradient
= 1 in 450
Downward gradient = 1 in 30
n = +1/450
n = -1/30
N=1/450 - (-1/30)
N= (3+45)/1350=48/1350
I If L>OSD
L= NS2/9.6= 48*455.142/1350*9.6
L= 767.23M
As this value is greater than OSD, assumption is correct
The length of the summit curve is greater than stopping sight distance
L>SSD
Length, L=NS2/4.4 = 48*1472/1350*4.4 = 174.61
Hence, the assumption is correct.
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The length of summit curve required is 174M which is greater than 147M.
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BATCH-2
Fig No.12:- DESIGN OF VALLEY CURVE
Upward gradient
= 1in 182
Downward gradient = 1in 30

n1 = 1/30
n2 = 1/182
N = -1/30-1/182 =-91-25/2730 = -106/2730
Assume V= 65KMPH = 65/3.6 = 18.05m/sec
Centrifugal acceleration, C=0.6m/sec3 (assume)
i) Comfort Condition
L= 2*[NV3/C]1/2
= 2*[106*18.053/2730*0.6]1/2
= 39.01M
ii) Head light sight distance condition
If L>SSD
L= NS2/(1.5+0.035S)
= 106*1472/2730(1.5+0.035*147)
= 2290554/18140.85
= 126.26M <SSD
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BATCH-2
L<SSD
L= 2S-1.5+0.035S/N
= 2*147-(1.5+0.035*147)/(106/2730)
= 294-171
= 122.8M
The assumption is correct according to the head light sight distance condition. The design
length of valley curve is 122.8M say 125M.
GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF HIGHWAY

1) Stopping sight distance (SSD)
i) Head light stopping sight distance =( 0.278vt+v2) / 254f
Where,
v= design speed, assume = 65kmph
t= reaction time of driver, assume= 2 sec
f= coefficient of lateral friction, assume= 0.15 sec
SSD= 0.278*65*2+652/ (254*0.15)
SSD= 147.00m
ii) Intermediate stopping sight distance = 2* SSD

= 2* 147.00
= 294.00 m
2)
Over taking sight distance (OSD)
V= design speed, assume = 65kmph

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BATCH-2
A= acceleration, assume = 2.5kmph/sec
i) One-way traffic
OSD=d+d
a) d= 0.28v*t
d=0.28*65*2
d = 36.4m
b) d= 0.28v*T+2s
s= 0.2v+6
s= 0.2*65+6
s= 19m
T = 14.4s/2.5
=14.4*19/2.5
= 10.46 sec
d= 0.28*65*10.46 + (2*19)
d= 228.37m
OSD= d+d
OSD =36.4+228.37
OSD=264.77m
ii) Two-way traffic

OSD= d+d+d
Where,
d= 36.40m
d= 228.37m
d= 0.28v*T
d= 0.28*65*10.46
d = 190.37m
OSD= 36.40+228.37+190.37
OSD= 455.14m
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iii) Super elevation (e)
v= design speed, assume= 65kmph

R=radius of curve, assume = 1410m
e=V2/225R
e=652 / (225*1410)
e= 0.0133m
If the calculated value of e is less than 7% or 0.07 the value so obtained is provided. If the
value of e as per equation e exceeds 0.07 than provide the maximum super elevation equal
to 0.07.
iv) Coefficient of lateral friction (f)

f= v2/127R e
f= 652/ (127*1410) 0.07
f= 0.046
If the value of f thus calculated is less than 0.15, than super elevation of 0.07 is safe for
design speed. If not, calculate the restriction speed or allowable speed.
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BATCH-2
v) Extra widening of pavement (we)
n= no. of lane, assume=2

L= wheel base, assume=6m
We =n*L2 /2R + V/9.5R
= (2*62) / (2*760) + 65/9.51410
We= 0.047 + 0.182
We= 0.229m
Say We= 0. 30m
DESIGN OF PAVEMENT (FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT)
a) Specific gravity of soil
= 2.05
b) Water content (W)
= 8%
c) Maximum dry density d= Gw
= 2.05*9.81
(1+W)
(1+0.08)
= 18.8 KN/M3
Maximum dry density

d) CBR value
= 10%
e) Camber
= 2%
f) Average daily traffic of commercial vehicle = P= 1000

g) Growth rate of traffic
= r = 10%
h) Provide a camber of 2% (Combination of straight)

i) Carriage way
= 2 lane of 7.5M
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BATCH-2
j) Shoulder width
= 1.50M each side
k) Design speed
= 65KMPH
l) Period of construction
= x = 1 year
m) Design life
= n = 25 years
i)
A= P(1+r)x
Where, A= Initial traffic in terms of number of commercial vehicles per day

P= Number of vehicles per last count
r = Annual growth rate of commercial vehicle
x = Number of years for competition of construction
A = P (1+r) x
= 1000(1+0.1)1
A = 1100
ii)
N = 365*[(1+r)n-1/r]*A*D*F
Where, A= Initial traffic in terms of number of commercial vehicles per day

D= Lane distribution factor= 0.75 for 2 lane single carriage way
F= Vehicle damage factor = 3.5 for traffic volume of 150 to 1500 CVD
N = 365*[(1+0.1)25-1/0.1]*1100*0.75*3.5
N = 103.81 say 104 Msa
From IRC chart for 104Msa i.e., (Between 10 to 150 Msa, CBR = 10%)
iii)
Thickness of pavement,
t = 630 + (650-630)/(150-100)*(104-100)
t = 631.6mm say 632mm
So provide, Sub base
Dense bituminous macadam (DBM) = 260mm
Bituminous concrete
= 150mm
Total pavement thickness
= 632mm
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BATCH-2
The summary of our project is as follows

1. Road length
: 1423m
2. Design speed
: 65kmph
3. Camber
: 1 in 30
4. Width of pavement
: 3.75m
5. Width of roadway
: 7.50m
6. Width of the shoulder
: 1.50m
7. Soil type throughout route
: Gravelly soil
8. Pavement
: Flexible
3.14 Conclusion:From the above proposal-I and proposal-II, the difference I quality of cutting and filling is very
minimum in case of proposal-II, the alignment passes through one of the town. Therefore, the
final alignment is preferred.
The highway is designed to serve the people around the region selected, so that it connects the
nearby existing roads. The village people therefore can easily access the city. Hence
transportation will be much easier than before. The people traveling through this road will have
a healthy atmosphere and it gives good aesthetic appearance. Hence further, the village will be
improved in future.
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4.
TRIANGULATION
4.1 Introduction
The horizontal control in geodetic survey is established either by triangulation or by precise
traverse. In triangulation a number of inter connected triangles are involved in which the length
of only one line called base line is measured and all angles are measured. The other two sides
can be calculated by geometry. The apex of triangles is known as triangulations stations and the
whole figure is called triangulation figure. One of the main drawback of triangulation is errors
gets accumulated. At stations astronomical observations are made for azimuth and longitude to
control these accumulations. Such stations are called Laplace stations.
4.2 Objects of Geodetic Triangulation

1) To provide the most accurate system of horizontal control points on which less
precise triangles may be based which in turn from the frame work on which
topographical, geological, hydrological, surveys may be based.
2) To arrest in determination of size and shape of earth while making observations

for latitude, longitude and gravity.
4.3 Routine of triangulation survey

Triangulation survey usually consists of following operations.
1. Reconnaissance.
2. Erection of signals and towers.
3. Measurement of base lines.
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BATCH-2
4. Measurement of horizontal angles.
5. Astronomical observations at Laplace stations.
6. Computations.
4.4 Reconnaissance
Call for a great amount of skill, experience and judgment involves.
Examination of country to be surveyed.

Selection of suitable positions for triangulation stations.
Selection site for base line.
Determination of inter visibility and height of stations.
Collection of miscellaneous information regarding water, food, labor etc.
4.5 Selection of triangulation stations
Station must be interred visible.

They should form well-conditioned triangles. No angle should be smaller than
30degrres and greater than 120degeers.

Stations should be easily accessible.
They should be in commanding positions to serve as control in subsidiary
triangulations.
They should be so suited that lines of site should not pass over towers of
factories.
4.6 Signals and towers
A tower is a structure erected over a station for the support of instrument

provided when station or signals or both are elevated.
A signal is a device erected to define the exact position of observed station.
A signal has to fulfill following requirements.
1. It should be concisions.
2. It should be capable of lying accurately centered over station mark.
3. It should be suitable for accurate bisections.
4. It should be free from phase.
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4.7 Base line
Measurement of base line forms the most important part of the triangulation survey as it
serves as the basis for the all other computation. Following points are to be considered while
selecting the site for the base line.
Site should be free from obstructions throughout out the length.

Site should be fairly level.
The extremes of the base line should be inter visible.
Ground should smooth and fair.
Site should suit extension of primary triangulations.
A) Equipment:
30m steel band.
30m steel tape.
Theodolite and its accessories.
Wooden pegs.
Thermometer.
Level and accessories.
Spring balance.
Substance bar and its accessories.
B) Procedure:
Base line is determined by two flag post with drums at A and B. following
operations has to be carried in order.
4.8 Transferring of signal points to the ground

Double plan method is adopted for the purpose. The Theodolite is set at point P and flag
of the signal is bisected. Telescope is swung towards the ground and two points in the
vertical plan are marked on the point Q. the intersection of two lines gives the position
of the signal on the ground. The two signals A and B are transferred on the ground in the
above said manner.
4.9 Measurement of angles

In order to make angular measurements Theodolite is setup over the station point A.
angle between different stations are measured by following method.
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BATCH-2
Repetition method.
Reiteration method.
4.9.1 Measurement of angle PQR by repetition method:
Theodolite is set on point Q, vernier A is made to read 0. The lower screw is
clamped after station P is bisected.

The upper screw is unclamped and station r is bisected. Reading of vernier A &
B are recorded. The upper screw is clamped and the lower screw is unclamped.
The station Q is bisected and the process is repeated again. These operations are
carried out as many times as required usually three).
For the accurate results the operation is carried out four times.
Face right clockwise swing.

Face left clockwise swing.
Face right anticlockwise swing.
Face left anticlockwise swing.
Angles are determined by dividing the final angles by number of repetitions.
Average of face right and face left readings is taken as the horizontal angles.
4.9.2 Measurement of angles by reiteration method

In this method several angles are measured simultaneously and horizon is closed.
The instrument is set at O and vernier is made to read 0. Lower screw is clamped
after bisecting point A.

Upper screw is unclamped and the station B is bisected. The vernier readings are
noted down.
Simultaneously stations C & D are bisected and the readings are noted down.
Finally station A is bisected and errors if any are distributed to all angles.
Process is repeated as in case of repetition method.
4.10 Measurement of base line
Theodolite is set on station A and station B is sighted. The telescope is depressed
and along the line AB, several pegs are driven at suitable intervals.
The distance between each peg is measured accurately. Hence steel band is
stretched between the pegs at a pull of around 5-6 kgs.
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BATCH-2
Temperature of the band is noted at the two ends and the middle.
Fly leveling is carried out from an established bench mark and levels on top of
pegs are noted down.

Exact length of base line is obtained by applying required correction to all spans
and adding them.

Length should cross checked by using the substance bar method.
4.11 Correction for length

1. Correction for absolute length.
2. Correction for temperature.
3. Correction for pull or tension.
4. Correction for sag.
5. Correction for slope.
6. Correction for alignment.
7. Reduction to sea level.
Correction for absolute length

If the absolute length of the tape is not equal to designated length, corrections will be
applied. Correction is positive if the absolute length is more than designated length and
vice versa.
Thus
Where,
Ca=correction.
L =measured length.
C =correction for absolute length.
l =designated length of tape.
Correction for temperature

Metals undergo contraction or elongation due to variation in temperature. Hence
correction for temperature will have to be applied. Correction is positive if temperature
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BATCH-2
is more than the temperature at which tape is standardized and vice versa.
Ct= X (Tm-To) L
Where,
= co-efficient of thermal expansion.
Tm = mean temperature of the tape.
To = standardized temperature.
L = measured length.
Correction for pull

Correction is positive if pull applied during measurement is more than pull at which tape
has been standardized. Correction is negative if pull is less than the pull at which tape
has been standardized.
Where,
P=pull during measurement.
Po=standard pull.
A=cross-sectional area of tape.
E=Youngs modulus.
L=mw=measured length.
Pill applied in the field be less than 20 times the weight of the tape.
Correction for slope

Difference in elevation between the points is known. Correction for slope is always negative.
Ch =
Where,
h=difference in elevation.
L=measured length.
Correction for sag

When a tape is stretched between two points, the self weight causes it take the form of
horizontal catenaries. A correction is to be applied for this and it is always negative.
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BATCH-2
Cs= Where,
L=measured length.
W=weight of tape in kg.
P=applied pull in kg.
Reduction to mean sea level:
The sphere city of earth causes measured length to be different at different elevations. Hence, all
measurements are reduced to length at mean sea level.
CMSL= -
Where, L=measured length of base.

h=Average elevation above MSL.
R=radius of the earth=6367Kms.
[
Procedure of base line measurement

Base line measured falls under tertiary triangulation system.
Fig No.16:- Measurement of base line
The location of wooden pegs on the base line starting from trigonometric stations A to B
Procedure followed in the base line measurement

Base line is defined by two flag with drawn at A&B following procedure is adopted in
measurement of distance AB.
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BATCH-2
Fig No.17:- Transferring signal point on to ground
4.12 Transferring signal point on to ground

The Theodolite is setup at point P1, focus the telescope to tip of the pointer on the drum, and
move vertically down mark on to the ground and locate the line of sight by an arrow on the
ground. Run the tape from p to C draw an arc on the ground at C.
Shift the Theodolite to point Q (arbitrarily selected). Follow the above procedure and locate
point D. Draw an arc at D with zero end of the tape at Q. Bisect the previously drawn arc at C.
The bisected points of the two arcs at C&D give the triangulation station A.
Follow the same procedure at station B and locate the station point B on ground.
1. To fix up wooden pegs and measurement

Set the Theodolite on point A, sight B, clamp and plunge the telescope to locate new instrument
point A on the ground. Shift the instrument to A. Bisect point A & clamp both the screws. For
every 20m interval, the ranging rod is moved in view of telescope and fixes the wooden pegs on
ground. So that station AB & peg points are all in a same line. The wooden pegs are driven on to
the ground.
The steel band or tape is taken and the tape is held fix on the center of one wooden peg and the
spring balance is attached on the other end of the band. The pull is applied on the second point.
The length is measured and noted.
2.To find levels of pegs top

Fly leveling is carried from known bench mark is located near to stations. Back sight is taken on
the temporary bench mark and intermediate sights on the wooden pegs are taken and noted.
3.To Measurement of angles

Theodolite is set on the station point A&B and all other trigonometric stations are bisected and
Page 87

BATCH-2
corresponding horizontal and vertical angles are taken and noted.
Page 88

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EXTENSIVE SURVEY REPORT-2012

1. NEW TANK PROJECT

Nature of the Catchment Area.

SSE, MUKKA, MANGALORE

EXTENSIVE SURVEY REPORT-2012

Longitudinal and Cross Sections of center line of the canal

Longitudinal and Cross section of bund

1.2.1 Longitudinal section and cross section of the bund

SSE, MUKKA, MANGALORE

EXTENSIVE SURVEY REPORT-2012

SSE, MUKKA, MANGALORE

EXTENSIVE SURVEY REPORT-2012

SSE, MUKKA, MANGALORE

EXTENSIVE SURVEY REPORT-2012

SSE, MUKKA, MANGALORE

EXTENSIVE SURVEY REPORT-2012

SSE, MUKKA, MANGALORE

EXTENSIVE SURVEY REPORT-2012

SSE, MUKKA, MANGALORE

EXTENSIVE SURVEY REPORT-2012

SSE, MUKKA, MANGALORE

EXTENSIVE SURVEY REPORT-2012

SSE, MUKKA, MANGALORE

EXTENSIVE SURVEY REPORT-2012

Summary of the New Tank Project

NTP bund length

SSE, MUKKA, MANGALORE

EXTENSIVE SURVEY REPORT-2012

SSE, MUKKA, MANGALORE

EXTENSIVE SURVEY REPORT-2012

1.3 Design Procedure

Total yield= catchment area x yield/km2

SSE, MUKKA, MANGALORE

EXTENSIVE SURVEY REPORT-2012

Fig No.2:- VARIOUS LEVELS OF A STORAGE RESERVOIR

SSE, MUKKA, MANGALORE

EXTENSIVE SURVEY REPORT-2012

Gross capacity of the Tank or Reservoir

EXTENSIVE SURVEY REPORT-2012

Summary of the Canal Project

Length of the canalBase width of the canalTotal height of bankingFree board

Fig No.3:- CROSS SECTION OF CANAL

Table No.5:- LOGITUDINAL AND CROSS SECTION OF CANNAL

EXTENSIVE SURVEY REPORT-2012

SSE, MUKKA, MANGALORE

EXTENSIVE SURVEY REPORT-2012

SSE, MUKKA, MANGALORE

EXTENSIVE SURVEY REPORT-2012

1.4.1 TIME FACTOR

SSE, MUKKA, MANGALORE

EXTENSIVE SURVEY REPORT-2012

1.4.3 FULL SUPPLY COEFFICIENT

Area estimated to be irrigated during base period

1.4.5 DETERMINATION OF REQUIRED CHANNEL CAPACITY

SSE, MUKKA, MANGALORE

EXTENSIVE SURVEY REPORT-2012

EXTENSIVE SURVEY REPORT-2012

1.4.6 CONTOUR CAPACITY

Table No.6:- Rain fall data of the last 10 years:year

Rain fall data in mm

Rain fall in descending

SSE, MUKKA, MANGALORE

EXTENSIVE SURVEY REPORT-2012