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167
1.
INTRODUCTION
Manuscript received May 31, 2012. This paper was supported by the
project "Doctoral studies in engineering sciences for developing the
knowledge
based
society-SIDOC
contract
no.
POSDRU/88/1.5/S/60078, project co-funded from European Social
Fund through Sectorial Operational Program Human Resources 20072013.
168
ACTA ELECTROTEHNICA
Fig. 1. Types of polar curves highlighted by analyzing the catalog data, for direct LL:
a - circular, b elliptical, c - drop, d- petal, e-bell, f - heart, g -insect wing, h - moccasin.
I vr
100, %
I Mr
(1)
0
100
100
100
100
100
89.4
33.8
50.9
10
99.2
96.3
98.2
99.5
96.3
93.8
57.9
52.7
20
95.2
88.4
91.5
98.4
89.4
98.7
89.6
55.2
70
30.9
18.8
4.0
5.2
0
0
49.9
39.7
80
13.3
8.2
2.0
2.6
0
0
30.4
0
90
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ivmed,(%)
61.63
52.94
48.02
56.40
49.09
44.72
60.06
53.17
169
The expression
of the polar curve
Class
code
BZ1
I M cos
BZ6
I M 1 2 cos
BZ2
I M cos
BZ7
I M 2 cos
BZ3
I M cos
BZ8
IM
BZ9
I M 1 sin
BZ10
I M sin
BZ4
BZ5
1,5
I M cos
I M cos
The expression
of the polar curve
I v I M cos p ,
I v I M av bv cos
(3)
I
N
r
For a better comparison of the polar curves of the
BZ classification with the polar curves of real LL, their
graphical representations are given in Fig. 2.
(2)
i 1
I
N
i 1
vi
vi
I v I Bi I B
Iv
I
2
i 1
Bi
IB
(4)
170
ACTA ELECTROTEHNICA
Table 3 Values of the correlation coefficients between the catalog representative polar curves and those defined by the BZ classification.
The polar curve from catalog
Circular, Fig. 1, a
Elliptical, Fig. 1, b
Drop, Fig. 1, c
Petal, Fig. 1, d
Bell, Fig. 1, e
Heart, Fig. 1, f
Insect wing, Fig. 1,g
Moccasin, Fig. 1,h
BZ1
0.893
0.958
0.971
0.888
0.933
0.934
0.276
0.183
BZ2
0.931
0.981
0.987
0.927
0.959
0.950
0.366
0.263
Bi
I B 0, i N
(5)
BZ9
BZ10
-0.904
-0.962
-0.957
-0.883
-0.921
-0.901
-0.268
-0.244
1
N
I
i 1
B i
I Bmi
I B I Bm
, , m 1, 2, 3,...,10 ,
(6)
171
Table 4. The values of correlation coefficients r and relative error between two functions
Class code
BZ1
BZ2
BZ3
BZ4
BZ5
BZ6
BZ7
BZ8
BZ9
BZ10
BZ1
0.995
0.971
0.943
0.891
0.891
0.891
0
-0.991
-0.991
BZ2
0.14
0.99
0.971
0.928
0.928
0.928
0
-0.988
-0.988
BZ3
0.33
0.19
0.995
0.969
0.969
0.97
0
-0.969
-0.969
BZ4
0.45
0.31
0.12
0.989
0.989
0.989
0
-0.947
-0.947
BZ5
0.59
0.46
0.28
0.15
1
1
0
-0.903
-0.903
BZ6
0.77
0.65
0.48
0.38
0.25
1
0
-0.903
-0.903
I m , for BZ functions.
BZ7
0.97
0.85
0.69
0.59
0.46
0.21
0
-0.903
-0.903
BZ8
1.16
1.04
0.88
0.78
0.64
0.39
0.18
0
0
BZ9
1.24
1.12
0.97
0.87
0.75
0.5
0.33
0.28
1
BZ10
1.54
1.43
1.28
1.18
1.06
0.83
0.69
0.64
0.36
-
Table 5. The relative deviation values between two functions I m , for real polar curves and BZ functions.
The polar curve from catalog
Circular, Fig. 1, a
Elliptical, Fig. 1, b
Drop, Fig. 1, c
Petal, Fig. 1, d
Bell, Fig. 1, e
Heart, Fig. 1, f
Insect wing, Fig. 1, g
Moccasin, Fig. 1, h
BZ1
0.59
0.4
0.31
0.57
0.43
0.41
0.97
1.04
BZ2
0.45
0.26
0.18
0.43
0.31
0.33
0.83
0.92
BZ3
0.26
0.08
0.15
0.28
0.23
0.34
0.66
0.75
BZ4
0.14
0.05
0.23
0.24
0.28
0.41
0.56
0.65
BZ classes
BZ5
BZ6
0.27
0.03
0.2
0.41
0.37
0.57
0.29
0.46
0.39
0.58
0.52
0.69
0.45
0.41
0.55
0.54
BZ7
0.48
0.62
0.77
0.65
0.77
0.88
0.51
0.64
I v I M cos ,cd,
BZ8
0.66
0.81
0.95
0.82
0.95
1.06
0.65
0.78
BZ9
0.77
0.9
1.06
0.95
1.07
1.16
0.63
0.74
BZ10
1.08
1.2
1.37
1.27
1.39
1.48
0.84
0.92
(7)
172
ACTA ELECTROTEHNICA
I v ( ) I b
sin
Ib / I M cos
,
2
I b / I M cos 2
cd,
(8)
, cd,
I M 1 e2 cos 2
2
b
(10)
(Y
j 0
dat j
Ycalc j ) 2
N p ( N p 1)
CvY
(9)
(11)
Y
Ymed
100, %
(12)
Ymed
1
Np
N p 1
Y
j 0
dat j
(13)
173
Fig. 3. Graphical representations of the initial points and identified approximation functions, for some of the polar curves, for direct LL:
a circular (function in cos); b elliptical (function in cos); c drop; d bell.
Orders
number k
Elementary function
f : R R , a, b,..., f R
Mk
Linear function
f ( x) ax b; a 0
M1=2
f ( x) ax bx c; a 0
M2=3
f ( x) ax bx cx d ; a 0
4
M3=4
f ( x) ax bx cx dx e; a 0
5
M4=5
f ( x) ax bx cx dx ex f ; a 0
bx
M5=6
Exponential function
f ( x) a e ; a 0
M6=2
Logarithmic function
f ( x) log a bx; a 1, a 0
M7=2
Power function
Hyperbolic function
f ( x) a x ; a 0
f ( x) a b
M8=2
; b, x 0
M9=2
10
x xj
i 1
j 0
xi x j
Ln ( x ) yi
Lagrange interpolation
polynomial (dgr. 25)
M10=25
j i
11
12
13
f ( x) a (cos x) ; a 0, x 90
BZ 1 ... 5 function
f ( x) a b (cos x); b 0, x 90
BZ 6;7 function
BZ 11 function
15
BZ 12 function
M11=2
0
f ( x) a (sin x) ; a 0, x 0 ;180
BZ 10 function
14
f ( x) a (cos x) c; a 0, x 90
b
M12=2
0
f ( x) a (sin x) c, a 0, x 0 ;180
Regarding
the
representations
of
the
approximation functions (Fig. 3), it can be noticed a
good framing of the initial points on the identified
function, especially for the first three represented polar
M13=2
M14=3
0
M15=3
174
ACTA ELECTROTEHNICA
Table 7. Optimal approximation functions for the polar curves of direct LL.
Type of polar curve
I v ( ) 102.3033 (cos )
1.0552
Circular (Fig. 1, a)
I v ( ) 96.5292 (cos )
1.689
Elliptical (Fig. 1, b)
I v ( ) 107.3011 (cos )
Petal (Fig. 1, d)
I v ( ) 116.3452 (cos )
Bell (Fig. 1, e)
Heart (Fig. 1, f)
Moccasin (Fig. 1, h)
4.
1.8172
I v ( ) 1.235 107
Drop (Fig. 1, c)
Insect wing
(Fig. 1, g)
1.0107
2.3843
2.3978
3.8 %
6.7299
6.9 %
I v ( ) 113.5076 (cos )
1.8962
7.8141
4.5 %
I v ( ) 111.5071 (cos )
2.5828
6.1791
10.2 %
1.5692
I v ( ) 53.5155 (cos )
CONCLUSIONS
0.2925
1.7211
9.1 %
17.3 %
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Adina FILIP
Prof. Virgil MAIER
Prof. Sorin PAVEL
Victoria POLEC
Technical University of Cluj-Napoca
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Department of Electrical Power Systems and Management
Phone:
0264-401259
E-mail: Adina.Filip@enm.utcluj.ro;
Virgil.Maier@enm.utcluj.ro;
Sorin.Pavel@enm.utcluj.ro;
Victoria_t07@yahoo.com