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Euroget Wall Steel Estimation

Input Data
fck 20 MPa

Cylinder Concrete Characteristic Strength

Concrete tensile strength

fctm 0.3 fck MPa

2 3

MPa

fctm 2.21 MPa

Reinf. Yield Strength

fyk 250 MPa

Conc. partial safety factor

c 1.5

Steel partial safety factor

s 1.15

Concrete Modulus (evaluated)

Steel Modulus

Ec 5000 MPa fck MPa

Ec 2.236 10

Es 200 GPa

Es 2 10
1

Concrete design Strength

fcd fck c

Steel design strength

fyd fyk s

Minimum beam reinforcement ratio

Pa

fyd 2.174 10 Pa

yd fyk s Es

min

yd 1.087 10

0.5 fctm
fyk

Wall height

h s 5000 mm

Real wall width (buttress to buttress)

b s 3000 mm

Per meter wall run

b w 1000 mm
cv 75 mm

Thickness of wall

thk 150 mm
d thk cv

min 0.442 %

Cover to main reinf.

Effective depth

Pa

fcd 1.333 10 Pa
1

Steel yield design strain

11

10

d 0.075 m

Unit weight of concrete

gw 24 kN m

pga acceration

ag 0.15 g

spectral amplification ratio

rSa 2.5

base spectral acceleration

Average amplification factor


Average acceleration over wall

Sag rSa ag

Sag 0.375 g

fAc 2
Sa_C fAc Sag

Weight of wall

Mass of wall

Seismic lateral force


Corresponding distributed lateral pressure

Sa_C 0.75 g

Ww b s thk h s gw
mw Ww g

Ww 54 kN
2

mw 5.506

Fc mw Sa_C

kN

Fc 40.5 kN

fcc Fc h s b s

fcc 2.7 kPa

Moment Estimations
Wall is assumed to be bounded on all three sides with a distributed load imposed on it.
Two cases are analyzed using the Yield line theory approach:
Case 1: The bottom is fixed and the sides are also fixed
Case 2: The bottom is fixed and the sides are pin supported
The equations are taken from Reference [1],
Kennedy G, Goodchild, GH, Practical Yield Line Design, The Concrete Centre, UK, 2004.

Case 1:
nab fcc

Distributed load
No line load loads, thus line load factors = 0

pa pa nab b s

pa 0

pb 0

pa 0

pb pb nab h s

pb 0

Edge fixity ratio

i1 1

Side ratios

i3 1

i2 1

bottom ratio

Possibility 1, Separate Yield Line Case


br

2 bs
1 i1

1 i3

Kh

2 h s 1 3 pb

3 br 1 pa 2 pb

br 2.121 m

hs

hH

Kh 1.571

h1 hH 1 i1

h1 2.008 m

Kh

Kh

h3 hH 1 i3

nab h s br 1 pa 2 pb
mab 0.987

i2 br hs

4 h s hH

m1 mab

m3 mab

h3 2.008 m

kN m
m

m2 mab

Possibility 2, Combined Yield Line Case

Nab nab 1 pb pa

Bp

2 hs
1 i2

Ap br

Ap 2.121 m

1 pb 2 pa
1 3 pa

2 hs

hH 1.42 m

Combined horizontal distances greater than total width, NOT a valid possibility,

mab

i2 br Kh

Bp 7.071 m

mba

h1

br
2

Nab Ap Bp
mba 1.093

Ap
Bp

8 1

Bp
Ap

1 i1

h3

h1 1.5 m

br
2

1 i3

h2

h3 1.5 m

m1 mba

m3 mba

kN m
m

6 mba ( 1 i2)

nab 1 3 pa

h2 2.204 m
m2 mba

M1end if ( mab mba mab mba)


M1side mba

M1end 1.093

M1side 1.093

kN m
m
kN m
m

Case 2:

Edge fixity ratio

i1 0

Side ratios

i3 0

i2 1

bottom ratio

Possibility 1, Separate Yield Line Case


br

2 bs
1 i1

1 i3

Kh

2 h s 1 3 pb

3 br 1 pa 2 pb

br 3 m

hs

hH

Kh 1.111

h1 hH 1 i1

h1 1.843 m

Kh

Kh

h3 hH 1 i3

nab h s br 1 pa 2 pb

i2 br hs

hH
4 hs

2 hs

hH 1.843 m

h3 1.843 m

Combined horizontal distances greater than total width, NOT a valid possibility

mab

i2 br Kh

mab 1.768

kN m
m

m2 mab

Possibility 2, Combined Yield Line Case

Nab nab 1 pb pa
2 hs

Bp

1 i2

mba

h1

br
2

Ap br

Ap 3 m

1 pb 2 pa
Bp 7.071 m

1 3 pa

Nab Ap Bp
mba 1.893

Ap
Bp

8 1

Bp
Ap

1 i1

h1 1.5 m

h3

br
2

1 i3

h3 1.5 m

h2

kN m
m

6 mba ( 1 i2)

nab 1 3 pa

h2 2.901 m

m2 mba

M2end if ( mab mba mab mba)

M2end 1.893

kN m
m

Summary of Moments
As noted in Ref [1], yield line moments should be increased by 10% to account for the
approach producing an upper bound solution
incfact 1.1
Maximum base moment, from pinned case

Mbase incfact M2end

Mbase 2.083

Maximum side moments, from fixed case

Mside incfact M1side

Mside 1.202

kN m
m
kN m
m

FLEXURAL DESIGN

Limiting depth ratio

xdlim 0.448

Stress block factors

0.85

0.8

c 0.0035

Maximum concrete strain


Wall design
1

Af 0.26 fctm fyk

Minimum reinforcement

Afmin if Af 0.15% 0.15% Af


2

Asmin Afmin b w d

Asmin 172.413 mm

Minimum steel

mm
Aspv_min 174
m

Provide R10 @ 450 mm

Positive moment per meter

Mpm Mbase 1 m

Mpm 2.083 kN m

Balanced moment capacity ratio

mlim xdlim 1 xdlim

Normalized moment ratio

mk Mpm b w d fcd
2

mlim 0.23

mk 0.033

Steel area, zero means need compression reinforcement

Asl if mk mlim 1

1 2 mk

b w d fcd
fyd

Asl 129.899 mm

Provide R10@300

Aspv 262

mm
m

Provided steel in wall

As_wall = R12@150

As_wall 753

mm
m

Buttess Loads Estimation

Buttress size (width)

Ts 400 mm

Cover to main reinf.

cv 30 mm
d Ts cv

Effective depth

d 0.37 m

fcc Fc h s b s

From above, distributed lateral pressure

fcc 2.7 kPa


1

fh fcc b s

UDL estimation on the buttress

fh 8.1 kN m
2

Moment at base of buttress

Mb 0.5 fh h s

Mb 101.25 kN m

Shear at the base

Fb fh h s

Fb 40.5 kN

Minimum reinforcement

Af 0.26 fctm fyk

Asmin Afmin b w d

Minimum steel

Asmin 850.569 mm

Aspv_min 942 mm

Provide 3R20

Positive moment

Afmin if Af 0.15% 0.15% Af

Mpm Mb

Mpm 101.25 kN m

Balanced moment capacity ratio

mlim xdlim 1 xdlim

Normalized moment ratio

mk Mpm b w d fcd
2

mlim 0.23

mk 0.065

Steel area, zero means need compression reinforcement

Asl if mk mlim 1

1 2 mk

b w d fcd
fyd

Asl 1.303 10 mm

Aspv 1256 mm

Provide 4R20

Not far from that required.

Shear + Torsion Design

Torsional moment per meter for design

mt Mside

Torsional moment at the base

Mt mt h s

mt 1.202

kN m
m

Mt 6.009 kN m

Area of section

A_but Ts

A_but 0.16 m

Circumference of section

C_but 2 ( Ts Ts)

C_but 1.6 m

Thickness of box section

t_but A_but C_but

Area within centre line

A_tors ( Ts t_but)

Perimeter of centreline

C_ctr 4 ( Ts t_but)

t_but 0.1 m

A_tors 0.09 m
C_ctr 1.2 m

B: Crushing strength of concrete


g 22

rg g 180

Angle in radians

1 0.6 1 fck ( 250 MPa )

Maximum Shear possible

VRdmx

Maximum Torsion possible

TRdmx

1 0.552

0.9 Ts d 1 fcd

cot rg tan rg

1.33 1 fck A_tors C_ctr


cot rg tan rg

cot cot rg

VRdmx 340.505 kN

TRdmx 550.79 kN m

Check shear-torsion interaction equation


Mt
Fb
STrat

TRdmx
VRdmx

AswS Fb 0.78d fyk cot

Shear reinforcment ratio

Torsional reinf. ratio

STrat 0.13

We are ok

AsTS Mt A_tors 0.87 fyk cot

AswS 0.227

mm

mm
2

AsTS 0.124

mm

mm
2

AsLS AswS AsTS

Total link reinforcement

AsLS 0.351

mm

mm
2

Use R8@275 mm

AsLpv 0.3658

Link spacing should be based on longitudinal steel size to stop buckling


Use R8@150 mm as steel to be used. Note that we must have crossing links
since Torsion is an issue

Longitudinal Torsional steel

As_Tor

Mt C_ctr cot
2 A_tors 0.87 fyk

As_Tor 455.905 mm

Need to add 4R12 to the longitudinal steel at the corners to account for Torsion.

mm

mm

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