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TECHNOLOGY
IMPORTANCE OF ASPHALT
ASPHALT
A dark brown to black cementitious
material, solid to semi-solid in
consistency in which the
predominating constituents are called
bitumen, which are found in nature, or
as residue in petroleum refining.
Properties of Asphalt
Physical
a. Consistency ranges from a very thin liquid to a stiff semisolid state.
Black
b. Hardness
2. Maltenes
a. Resin provides stickiness (adhesiveness)
b. Oil influences viscosity of asphalt & imparts softness
Uses of Asphalt
1.
Binder
2.
3.
4.
Roofing
5.
Prime Coat
6.
Tack Coat
7.
Sealing (PCCP)
8.
Pipe Coating
Kinds of Asphalt
1. Natural Asphalt
a. Rock Asphalt
b. Lake Asphalt or Pure Deposit
2. Manufactured Asphalt
a. Asphalt Cement Penetration grade 40 to 300
b. Blown Asphalt Penetration grade 0 to 30
c. Liquid Asphalt Cutback asphalt & emulsified asphalt
Asphalt Cement
QUALITY/PHYSICAL TESTS:
1. Specific Gravity
2. Penetration
3. Loss on Heating
4. Penetration after Loss
5. Spot test
6. Flash Point
7. Ductility
8. Solubility
Emulsified Asphalt
QUALITY/PHYSICAL TESTS:
1. Viscosity
2. Distillation
3. Cement Mixing
4. Sieve Test
5. Storage Stability
6. Test on Residue
a.
Penetration
b.
Ductility
c.
Stability
Cutback Asphalt
QUALITY/PHYSICAL TESTS:
1. Viscosity
2. Flash Point
3. Distillation
4. Test on Residue
a. Penetration
b. Ductility
c. Solubility
d. Spot test
c. Cool the pycnometer and sample, then weigh with the cover.
d. Then weigh
Formula:
Specific Gravity = (c - a) [(b - a) - (d - c)]
Computation/Formula:
% loss = weight loss after heating x 100
mass of original sample
c.
Swirl the flask to dissolve the sample with the aid of a boiling water bath.
The process is repeated until complete dispersion has taken place. Cool the
asphalt solvent mixture to room temperature for 30 min. then warm again
for 15 min in a water bath at 320C
c.
A drop of warm mixture shall be placed on the filter paper. Examine the
drop after 5 min. if the drop forms a brown or yellowish brown circular
stain, with a darker solid or annular nucleus in the center, the tests shall be
reported as positive. But if the drop forms a uniformly brown circular stain,
repeat placing the drop on another filter paper the following day. And if it
forms the same uniformly brown circular stain, then report it as negative,
but if the drop forms a solid or annular nucleus report it as positive.
b. Place the cup in the heater. Apply heat until the temperature of
the sample reaches at least 280C below the flash point
Test
flame
c. Pass the test flame across the center of the cup. Record as the
observed flash point the temp. when a flash appears at any
point on the surface of the sample.
Equipment/Apparatus:
1. Ductility machine
Procedure:
a. Pour the heated sample into the prepared mold until it is level
full
b. Cool the sample and the mold for at least 30 mins. and then
place the mold in the water bath maintained at a temperature of
250C for 85 to 95 mins.
c. Remove the briquette from the plate, detach the side pieces and attach the
clips to the pins/hooks of the testing machine with a bath of the machine
maintained at 250C. Pull the clips apart at a rate of 5 cm/min. Measure and
record the distance through which the clips have been pulled to produce
rupture
+/-7%
+/-4%
+/-2%
+/-0.4%
+/-10C
37.5 (1 inch.)
100
25 (1 inch.)
95-100
100
100
19 (3/4 inch)
75-95
95-100
95-100
100
100
68-86
68-86
95-100
100
100
54-75
56-78
56-78
74-92
95-100
95-100
4.75 (No.4)
36-58
36-60
36-60
48-70
75-90
45-85
30-50
2.36 (No. 8)
25-45
27-47
27-47
33-53
62-82
33-53
5-15
18-37
18-37
22-40
38-58
11-28
11-28
13-28
15-30
22-42
6-20
9-20
10-20
11-28
10-20
0-8
0-8
4-8
4-9
2-10
3-8
2-5
Job Mix
Gradation
Job Mix
Specifications
Min.
Max.
General
Specifications
Min.
Max.
25.4
100
100
100
100
100
19
99
95
100
95
100
12.5
81
74
86
68
86
3/8
9.5
68
61
75
56
78
#4
4.75
50
43
57
38
60
#8
2.36
38
34
42
27
47
#16
1.18
28
24
32
18
37
#30
0.600
18
14
22
11
28
#50
0.300
11
15
20
#200
0.075
Penetration 60/70
5.52
5.23
III. Filler
Fly Ash
IV. Additives
Hydrated Lime
V. Temperature
Asphalt Cement
Aggregates
Mixing
Compaction
135oC
150oC
145oC
140oC
160oC
175oC
107oC minimum
B. BLENDING COMPOSITION OF
AGGREGATES
Bin No. 1 -- Sand
Bin No. 2 -- 3/8 Agg.
Filler Bin -- Cement
83.5%
16.0%
0.5%
C. GRADATION OF AGGREGATES
Sieve Designation
Result
General
Specification
Job-Mix
Specification
(12.5)
100
100
100
3/8
(9.5)
89
95-100
95-100
No.4
(4.75)
82
75-90
75-89
No.8
(2.36)
64
62-82
62-68
No.16
(1.18)
40
38-58
38-44
No.30
(0.60)
26
22-42
22-30
No.50
(0.30)
15
11-28
11-19
No.200
(0.075)
2-10
3-7
(inch)
(mm)
D. SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Specific Gravity of Asphalt Cement =
Effective Sp. Gr. of Aggregates
=
1.03
2.79
E. TEST ITEM
Specifications
Items
Result
5.50
2700
75
13
3.75
90
150
130
130
Min.
5.10
Max.
5.90
1800
8
3
90
130
120
120
16
3
+
165
MARSHALL TEST
Procedure:
1. Segregate the aggregates in different size according to their grading.
2. Batch wt.
3. Heating of aggregates.
A. Heating temperature of Aggregates - 177C-191C
B. Heating temperature of Asphalt 121C-138C
4. Mix mixing temperature
5. Mold the specimens
163C
Compaction Temp. 124C
MARSHALL TEST
6. The cool the specimen extrude the mold
after 24 hours.
7. Measure the specimen at four (4) angles
and get the average.
8. Get Gmb (Bulk Specific Gravity)
9. Water Cure 30-40 minutes at a
temperature of 60C.
10. Take the stability test by means of
Marshall apparatus and flow test.
Min
Max
Medium Traffic
Surface & Base
Min
35
Max
Heavy Traffic
Surface & Base
Min
50
Max
75
Stability, N
(lb.)
3336
(750)
5338
(1200)
8006
(1800)
18
16
14
65
75
70
80
65
78
a.
c. Introduce sample through the big tube into the cross arm until
the leading edge stands within 0.5ml of the fill mark
f. Record the time required for the leading edge of the meniscus
to pass from the first timing mark to the second.
Viscosity @ 600C, Cst = time in seconds x Calibration Constant of
viscometer, Centistokes / Second
d.
f.
Residue, % by volume
vol.of orig sample-total vol.of distillatex100
vol of original sample
TEST ON RESIDUE:
1. Penetration
2. Ductility
3. Solubility
4. Spot
a.
c. Start heating the water bath with the glass container filled with
sample. Pass a test flame across the center of the cup. Record as
the observed flash point the temperature reading on the
thermometer when a flash appears at any point on the surface
of the sample.
b.
a.
c.
a.
c.
f.
g.
i.
k.
l.
Amount of Residue
Cement Mixing, % = -------------------------------- x 100
100
Siphon off the next 390 ml from the cylinder without any
disturbance to the bottom sample
g.
a. Weigh iron still empty. Pour 200 grams sample in the iron
still
b. Heat the iron still with sample until all water has evaporated,
increase the temperature to 260 C for 15 minutes. Extinguish
the flame and weigh the iron still with residue
TESTS ON RESIDUE:
1. Penetration
2. Ductility
3. Solubility
Note: Same test procedures as in asphalt cement
BITUMINOUS MIXTURES
Bituminous Mixture
- is a combination of aggregate that are uniformly mixed
and coated with bituminous/asphalt materials such as
asphalt cement, cutback asphalt or emulsified asphalt
Kinds of Bituminous Mixture
- Bituminous/Asphalt Hot Mix
- Bituminous/Asphalt Cold Mix
BITUMINOUS MIXTURES
Composition of Bituminous Mixture
- Bituminous Mix or Hot Mix
Aggregate
+ Asphalt Cement
92% 95%
5% - 8%
AGGREGATES
Three kinds of aggregates for bituminous mix:
Properties of Aggregates
1. Strength
2. Particle Shape
3. Surface Texture
4. Absorption and Specific Gravity
5. Gradation
6. Cleanliness
7. Affinity for asphalt
Effects
Rutting
Effects
Dryness or raveling
Early hardening of asphalt
followed by cracking or
disintegration
Asphalt film strips from
aggregate leaving an
abraded, raveled or mushy
pavement
Effects
Fatigue cracking
Lack of compaction
Inadequate pavement
thickness
Effects
Bleeding, low skid
resistance
Poorly textured or graded Smooth pavement,
aggregate
potential for
hydroplaning
Polishing aggregate in
Low skid resistance
mixture
Effects
Effects
Inadequate compaction
= ------------------------- x 100
W1
Where:
W1 = weight of sample
W2 = weight of sample after extraction
Wt. Retained
Wt. Passing
3/8
No. 4
No. 8
No. 16
No. 30
No. 50
No. 200
SPECS refer to the approved job mix formula
% Passing
SPECS
Cumulative, % Passing
100
3/8
98
No. 4
82
No. 8
64
No. 16
40
No. 30
26
No. 50
15
No. 200
%, Passing
Applying
Tolerances
100
100
3/8
98
95 100
No. 4
83
75 90
No. 8
64
62 82
No. 16
40
38 58
No. 30
26
22 42
No. 50
15
11 28
DPWH
SPECS
2 - 10
Grading
Specs to
Adopt
1. EXTRACTION
i. Place container under the drain to collect the solvent. Start the
centrifuge revolving slowly and gradually increase the speed to a
maximum of 3600 RPm until the solvent ceases to flow from the
drains. Allow the machine to stop, add 200 ml (or more as appropriate
for mass of sample) solvent and repeat the procedure at least three (3)
times.
Apparatus:
specific gravity balance,
App
App
Formula:
mass of the dry specimen in air, in grams
Bulk Specific Gravity, Gmb = ----------------------------------------------------------mass of the saturated surface-dry specimen in air, in grams
-
i.
Formula:
Wet Stability
Index of retained strength, % = ----------------------------- x 100
Dry Stability
TESTS
AASHTO M 173
Specification
b. Pour Point,C
242 max
c. Flow at 60 C,mm
5.0 max
Penetration at 25C,
d.
150grams, 5 sec
90 max
AASHTO M-153
AASHTO M-213
Recovery
90% (min.)
70% (min.)
Density
Compression
Water Absorption
Depends on thickness
AASHTO M-153
Preformed Sponge Rubber and Cork Expansion Joint fillers for Concrete
Paving and Structural Construction
AASHTO M-213
AASHTO M-33
Kind of Materials
Quantity
Represented
Minimum Quantity
of Sample
Asphaltic Material
4 liters/1 gallon
130 tonnes
20 kilograms
Per shipment/Delivery
400 grams
b. Premolded/Preformed
Per shipment/Delivery
I.
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