Preface ................................................................................. XV

Contents
Preface .................................................................................
1.
2.
xv
Petroleum Analysis .....................................................
1.1
Introduction ..................................................................
1.2
Definitions ....................................................................
1.3
Historical Perspectives .................................................
10
1.4
Modern Perspectives ...................................................
12
1.5
Analysis and Specifications ..........................................
13
1.6
Sampling ......................................................................
17
1.7
Measurement ...............................................................
20
1.8
Accuracy ......................................................................
22
1.9
Precision ......................................................................
23
1.10 Method Validation ........................................................
24
References .............................................................................
26
Petroleum and Petroleum Products ...........................
29
2.1
Petroleum .....................................................................
29
2.1.1
Definitions ......................................................
30
2.1.2
Composition ..................................................
33
Petroleum Assay ..........................................................
34
2.2.1
Carbon Residue, Asphaltene Content ...........
35
2.2.2
Density (Specific Gravity) ..............................
37
2.2.3
Distillation ......................................................
39
2.2
This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.
vi
Contents
2.3
Light Hydrocarbons .......................................
41
2.2.5
Metallic Constituents .....................................
41
2.2.6
Salt Content ...................................................
42
2.2.7
Sulfur Content ...............................................
43
2.2.8
Viscosity and Pour Point ...............................
45
2.2.9
Water and Sediment ......................................
47
2.2.10
Wax Content ..................................................
48
2.2.11
Other Tests ..................................................... 49
Petroleum Refining .......................................................
51
2.3.1
Visbreaking ....................................................
53
2.3.2
Coking ...........................................................
54
2.3.3
Hydroprocessing ...........................................
56
Natural Gas ..................................................................
57
2.4.1
Definition .......................................................
57
2.4.2
Composition ..................................................
58
2.4.3
Properties and Test Methods ........................
61
2.5
Natural Gas Liquids and Natural Gasoline ...................
62
2.6
Petroleum Character and Behavior ..............................
63
References .............................................................................
66
Gases ............................................................................
69
3.1
Introduction ..................................................................
69
3.1.1
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ...............................
69
3.1.2
Natural Gas ...................................................
71
3.1.3
Refinery Gas .................................................
74
3.2
Sampling ......................................................................
75
3.3
Properties and Test Methods .......................................
76
3.3.1
Calorific Value (Heat of Combustion) ............
76
3.3.2
Composition ..................................................
77
3.3.3
Density ..........................................................
82
2.4
3.
2.2.4
Contents
4.
vii
3.3.4
Sulfur .............................................................
82
3.3.5
Volatility and Vapor Pressure ........................
83
3.3.6
Water .............................................................
83
References .............................................................................
83
Naphtha ........................................................................
85
4.1
Introduction ..................................................................
85
4.2
Production and Properties ............................................
86
4.3
Test Methods ...............................................................
88
4.3.1
Aniline Point and Mixed Aniline Point ............
90
4.3.2
Composition ..................................................
90
4.3.3
Correlative Methods ......................................
96
4.3.4
Density (Specific Gravity) ..............................
97
4.3.5
Evaporation Rate ...........................................
98
4.3.6
Flash Point ....................................................
99
4.3.7
Kauri-Butanol Value ...................................... 100
4.3.8
Odor and Color .............................................. 100
4.3.9
Volatility ......................................................... 101
References ............................................................................. 103
5.
Gasoline ....................................................................... 105

5.1
Introduction .................................................................. 105
5.2
Production and Properties ............................................ 105
5.3
Test Methods ............................................................... 109

5.3.1
Additives ........................................................ 109
5.3.2
Combustion Characteristics ........................... 112
5.3.3
Composition .................................................. 114
5.3.4
Corrosiveness ............................................... 118
5.3.5
Density (Specific Gravity) .............................. 120
5.3.6
Flash Point and Fire Point ............................. 121
viii
Contents
5.3.7
Oxygenates ................................................... 123
5.3.8
Stability and Instability ................................... 123
5.3.9
Volatility ......................................................... 127
5.3.10
Water and Sediment ...................................... 132
References ............................................................................. 134
6.
Aviation Fuel ................................................................ 137

6.1
Introduction .................................................................. 137
6.2
6.3
Test Methods ............................................................... 139

6.3.1
Acidity ............................................................ 139
6.3.2
Additives ........................................................ 140
6.3.3
Calorific Value (Heat of Combustion) ............ 141
6.3.4
Composition .................................................. 143
6.3.5
6.3.6
Flash Point .................................................... 147
6.3.7
Freezing Point ............................................... 148
6.3.8
Knock and Antiknock Properties .................... 149
6.3.9
Pour Point ...................................................... 150
6.3.10
Storage Stability ............................................ 150
6.3.11
Thermal Stability ............................................ 151
6.3.12
Viscosity ........................................................ 152
6.3.13
Volatility ......................................................... 152
6.3.14
Water ............................................................. 154
References ............................................................................. 155
7.
Kerosene ...................................................................... 157

7.1
Introduction .................................................................. 157
7.2
Contents
7.3
ix
Test Methods ............................................................... 160

7.3.1
Acidity ............................................................ 161
7.3.2
Burning Characteristics ................................. 161
7.3.3
7.3.4
Composition .................................................. 164
7.3.5
7.3.6
Flash Point .................................................... 170
7.3.7
Freezing Point ............................................... 170
7.3.8
Pour Point ...................................................... 171
7.3.9
Smoke Point .................................................. 172
7.3.10
Viscosity ........................................................ 172
7.3.11
Volatility ......................................................... 173
7.3.12
References ............................................................................. 175
8.
Diesel Fuel .................................................................... 177

8.1
Introduction .................................................................. 177
8.2
8.3
Test Methods ............................................................... 178

8.3.1
Acidity ............................................................ 179
8.3.2
Appearance and Odor ................................... 179
8.3.3
Ash ................................................................ 179
8.3.4
8.3.5
Carbon Residue ............................................ 181
8.3.6
Cetane Number and Cetane Index ................ 182
8.3.7
Cloud Point .................................................... 184
8.3.8
Composition .................................................. 184
8.3.9
8.3.10
Diesel Index ................................................... 189
8.3.11
Flash Point .................................................... 189
Contents
8.3.12
Freezing Point ............................................... 190
8.3.13
Neutralization Number ................................... 191
8.3.14
Pour Point ...................................................... 191
8.3.15
Stability .......................................................... 192
8.3.16
Viscosity ........................................................ 193
8.3.17
Volatility ......................................................... 194
8.3.18
References ............................................................................. 196
9.
Distillate Fuel Oil .......................................................... 197

9.1
Introduction .................................................................. 197
9.2
9.3
Test Methods ............................................................... 200

9.3.1
Acidity ............................................................ 200
9.3.2
Ash Content ................................................... 201
9.3.3
9.3.4
Carbon Residue ............................................ 203
9.3.5
Cloud Point .................................................... 204
9.3.6
Composition .................................................. 204
9.3.7
9.3.8
Flash Point .................................................... 207
9.3.9
Metallic Constituents ..................................... 207
9.3.10
Pour Point ...................................................... 208
9.3.11
Stability .......................................................... 210
9.3.12
Viscosity ........................................................ 212
9.3.13
Volatility ......................................................... 213
9.3.14
References ............................................................................. 215
Contents
xi
10. Residual Fuel Oil .......................................................... 217

10.1 Introduction .................................................................. 217
10.2 Production and Properties ............................................ 218
10.3 Test Methods ............................................................... 219
10.3.1
Ash ................................................................ 219
10.3.2
Asphaltene Content ....................................... 220
10.3.3
10.3.4
Carbon Residue ............................................ 222
10.3.5
Composition .................................................. 224
10.3.6
10.3.7
Elemental Analysis ........................................ 231
10.3.8
Flash Point .................................................... 234
10.3.9
Metals Content .............................................. 234
10.3.10 Molecular Weight ........................................... 236

10.3.11 Pour Point ...................................................... 237
10.3.12 Refractive Index ............................................ 237
10.3.13 Stability .......................................................... 238
10.3.14 Viscosity ........................................................ 239
10.3.15 Volatility ......................................................... 240
10.3.16 Water ............................................................. 243
References ............................................................................. 244
11. Mineral Oil (White Oil) ................................................. 247

11.1 Introduction .................................................................. 247
11.3 Test Methods ............................................................... 249
11.3.1
Acidity or Alkalinity ........................................ 250
11.3.2
Aniline Point .................................................. 252
11.3.3
Asphaltene Content (Insoluble

Constituents) ................................................. 252
xii
Contents
11.3.4
Carbonizable Substances (Acid Test) ........... 253
11.3.5
Carbon Residue ............................................ 254
11.3.6
Cloud Point .................................................... 255
11.3.7
Color and Taste ............................................. 256
11.3.8
Composition .................................................. 257
11.3.9
11.3.10 Electrical Properties ...................................... 260

11.3.11 Flash Point and Fire Point ............................. 260
11.3.12 Interfacial Tension ......................................... 261
11.3.13 Iodine Value .................................................. 262
11.3.14 Oxidation Stability .......................................... 262
11.3.15 Pour Point ...................................................... 263
11.3.16 Refractive Index ............................................ 264
11.3.17 Smoke Point .................................................. 264
11.3.18 Specific Optical Dispersion ............................ 264
11.3.19 Ultraviolet Absorption .................................... 265
11.3.20 Viscosity ........................................................ 265
11.3.21 Volatility ......................................................... 266
11.3.22 Water ............................................................. 266
11.3.23 Wax Appearance Point .................................. 266
References ............................................................................. 267
12. Lubricating Oil ............................................................. 269

12.1 Introduction .................................................................. 269
12.3 Test Methods ............................................................... 273
12.3.1
Acidity and Alkalinity ...................................... 273
12.3.2
Ash ................................................................ 274
12.3.3
Asphaltene Content (Insoluble

Constituents) ................................................. 274
Contents
xiii
12.3.4
Carbonizable Substances (Acid Test) ........... 276
12.3.5
Carbon Residue ............................................ 277
12.3.6
Cloud Point .................................................... 278
12.3.7
Color .............................................................. 278
12.3.8
Composition .................................................. 279
12.3.9
12.3.10 Flash Point and Fire Point ............................. 283

12.3.11 Oxidation Stability .......................................... 283
12.3.12 Pour Point ...................................................... 284
12.3.13 Thermal Stability ............................................ 284
12.3.14 Viscosity ........................................................ 285
12.3.15 Volatility ......................................................... 286
12.3.16 Water and Sediment ...................................... 287
References ............................................................................. 288
13. Grease .......................................................................... 291

13.1 Introduction .................................................................. 291
13.3 Test Methods ............................................................... 295
13.3.1
Acidity and Alkalinity ...................................... 295
13.3.2
Anticorrosion Properties ................................ 296
13.3.3
Composition .................................................. 296
13.3.4
Dropping Point ............................................... 297
13.3.5
Flow Properties ............................................. 298
13.3.6
Low-Temperature Torque .............................. 299
13.3.7
Mechanical Stability ....................................... 299
13.3.8
Oil Separation ................................................ 300
13.3.9
Oxidation Stability .......................................... 301
13.3.10 Penetration .................................................... 302

13.3.11 Thermal Stability ............................................ 302
xiv
Contents
13.3.12 Viscosity ........................................................ 303
13.3.13 Volatility ......................................................... 303
13.3.14 Water Resistance .......................................... 304
References ............................................................................. 304
14. Wax ............................................................................... 307

14.1 Introduction .................................................................. 307
14.3 Test Methods ............................................................... 309
14.3.1
Appearance ................................................... 309
14.3.2
Barrier Properties .......................................... 310
14.3.3
Carbonizable Substances ............................. 311
14.3.4
Color .............................................................. 311
14.3.5
Composition .................................................. 312
14.3.6
14.3.7
Hardness ....................................................... 314
14.3.8
Melting Point .................................................. 314
14.3.9
Molecular Weight ........................................... 316
14.3.10 Odor and Taste ............................................. 317

14.3.11 Oil Content .................................................... 317
14.3.12 Peroxide Content ........................................... 318
14.3.13 Slip Properties ............................................... 318
14.3.14 Storage Stability ............................................ 319
14.3.15 Strength ......................................................... 319
14.3.16 Ultraviolet Absorptivity ................................... 320
14.3.17 Viscosity ........................................................ 320
14.3.18 Volatility ......................................................... 321
References ............................................................................. 321
Contents
xv
15. Asphalt ......................................................................... 323

15.1 Introduction .................................................................. 323
15.3 Test Methods ............................................................... 328
15.3.1
Acid Number .................................................. 328
15.3.2
Asphaltene Content ....................................... 331
15.3.3
Bonding and Adhesion .................................. 333
15.3.4
Breaking Point (Fraas) .................................. 333
15.3.5
Carbon Disulfide-Insoluble Constituents ....... 333
15.3.6
Carbon Residue ............................................ 334
15.3.7
Compatibility .................................................. 336
15.3.8
Composition .................................................. 336
15.3.9
15.3.10 Distillation ...................................................... 340

15.3.11 Ductility .......................................................... 341
15.3.12 Durability ....................................................... 341
15.3.13 Elemental Analysis ........................................ 341
15.3.14 Emulsified Asphalt ......................................... 342
15.3.15 Flash Point .................................................... 342
15.3.16 Float Test ...................................................... 343
15.3.17 Molecular Weight ........................................... 343
15.3.18 Penetration .................................................... 344
15.3.19 Rheology ....................................................... 345
15.3.20 Softening Point .............................................. 346
15.3.21 Stain .............................................................. 346
15.3.22 Temperature-Volume Correction ................... 347
15.3.23 Thin Film Oven Test ...................................... 347
15.3.24 Viscosity ........................................................ 347
15.3.25 Water Content ............................................... 347
xvi
Contents
15.3.26 Weathering .................................................... 348
References ............................................................................. 348
16. Coke .............................................................................. 351

16.1 Introduction .................................................................. 351
16.3 Test Methods ............................................................... 353
16.3.1
Ash ................................................................ 353
16.3.2
16.3.3
Composition .................................................. 355
16.3.4
Density .......................................................... 357
16.3.5
Dust Control Material ..................................... 357
16.3.6
Hardness ....................................................... 358
16.3.7
Metals ............................................................ 358
16.3.8
Proximate Analysis ........................................ 359
16.3.9
Sulfur ............................................................. 360
16.3.10 Volatile Matter ............................................... 361

16.3.11 Water ............................................................. 361
References ............................................................................. 362
Conversion Factors ............................................................ 363

Glossary .............................................................................. 365
Index .................................................................................... 389

Preface ................................................................................. XV

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Contents

Petroleum Analysis .....................................................

Historical Perspectives .................................................

Modern Perspectives ...................................................

Analysis and Specifications ..........................................

1.10 Method Validation ........................................................

Petroleum and Petroleum Products ...........................

Petroleum Assay ..........................................................

Carbon Residue, Asphaltene Content ...........

Density (Specific Gravity) ..............................

This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.

Light Hydrocarbons .......................................

Metallic Constituents .....................................

Salt Content ...................................................

Sulfur Content ...............................................

Viscosity and Pour Point ...............................

Water and Sediment ......................................

Wax Content ..................................................

Other Tests ..................................................... 49

Petroleum Refining .......................................................

Natural Gas ..................................................................

Properties and Test Methods ........................

Natural Gas Liquids and Natural Gasoline ...................

Petroleum Character and Behavior ..............................

Liquefied Petroleum Gas ...............................

Natural Gas ...................................................

Refinery Gas .................................................

Properties and Test Methods .......................................

Calorific Value (Heat of Combustion) ............

This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.

Volatility and Vapor Pressure ........................

Production and Properties ............................................

Test Methods ...............................................................

Aniline Point and Mixed Aniline Point ............

Correlative Methods ......................................

Density (Specific Gravity) ..............................

Evaporation Rate ...........................................

Flash Point ....................................................

Kauri-Butanol Value ...................................... 100

Odor and Color .............................................. 100

Volatility ......................................................... 101

References ............................................................................. 103

Gasoline ....................................................................... 105

Introduction .................................................................. 105

Production and Properties ............................................ 105

Test Methods ............................................................... 109

Additives ........................................................ 109

Combustion Characteristics ........................... 112

Composition .................................................. 114

Corrosiveness ............................................... 118

Density (Specific Gravity) .............................. 120

Flash Point and Fire Point ............................. 121

This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.

Oxygenates ................................................... 123

Stability and Instability ................................... 123

Volatility ......................................................... 127

Water and Sediment ...................................... 132

References ............................................................................. 134

Aviation Fuel ................................................................ 137

Introduction .................................................................. 137

Production and Properties ............................................ 138

Test Methods ............................................................... 139

Acidity ............................................................ 139