Measuring

Instruments
use in Fluid
Mechanics

Manometer
Is an instrument that uses a column of liquid to
measure pressure, although the term is currently often used
to mean any pressure measuring instrument.
Types of Manometer
1. Simple Manometer - is a tube, open at the top, which is
attached to the top of a vessel containing liquid at a
pressure (higher than atmospheric) to be measured

2. Micro manometer -

A micro-manometer is a device that's used to

measure very small differences in pressure in a gas or liquid

3. Differential manometer An instrument in which the difference in pressure between two sources is
determine from the vertical distance between thesurfaces of a liquid in tw
o legs of an erect or inverted U-shaped tube when each of the legs is conn

ected to one of thesources.

4. Inverted differential manometer -It is used for measuring the

difference of low pressure, where accuracy is the prime consideration

Other Measuring Devices

McLeod Gauge

A McLeod gauge isolates a sample of gas

and compresses it in a modified mercury manometer until the
pressure is a few millimeters of mercury. The technique is slow
and unsuited to continual monitoring, but is capable of good
accuracy. Unlike other manometer gauges, the McLeod gauge
reading is dependent on the composition of the gas since the
interpretation relies on the sample compressing as an ideal
gas. Due to the compression process, the McLeod gauge
completely ignores partial pressures from non-ideal vapors
that condense, such as pump oils, mercury, and even water if
compressed enough.

Aneroid
Are based on a metallic pressure-sensing element that flexes
elastically under the effect of a pressure difference across the element.
"Aneroid" means "without fluid," and the term originally distinguished these
gauges from the hydrostatic gauges described above. However, aneroid gauges
can be used to measure the pressure of a liquid as well as a gas, and they are
not the only type of gauge that can operate without fluid. For this reason, they

are often called mechanical gauges in modern language. Aneroid gauges are not
dependent on the type of gas being measured, unlike thermal and ionization
gauges, and are less likely to contaminate the system than hydrostatic gauges.

Bourdon Gauge
The Bourdon pressure gauge uses the principle
that a flattened tube tends to straighten or regain its circular form in
cross-section when pressurized. Although this change in crosssection may be hardly noticeable, and thus involving moderate
stresses within the elastic range of easily workable materials,
the strain of the material of the tube is magnified by forming the
tube into a C shape or even a helix, such that the entire tube tends
to straighten out or uncoil, elastically, as it is pressurized.

Orifice Plate:
An orifice plate is a device used for measuring
the volumetric flow rate. It uses the same principle as a
Venturi nozzle, namely Bernoullis principle which states
that there is a relationship between the pressure of the
fluid and the velocity of the fluid. When the velocity
increases, the pressure decreases and vice versa.

Orifice Plate:
An orifice plate is a device used for measuring the
volumetric flow rate. It uses the same principle as a Venturi
nozzle, namely Bernoullis principle which states that there
is a relationship between the pressure of the fluid and the
velocity of the fluid. When the velocity increases, the
pressure decreases and vice versa.

Rotameter
is a device that measures the flow rate of fluid
in a closed tube.