Assignment#1

{Research Methodology}
Name: Muhammad Asim
Khan
Submitted to: Muyassir
Hussain
Enroll #: 01-161121-022
Date:7-10-2015

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Table of content:
(1)

(2)

(3)

Distinguish between research methods and research

methodology with an example of your own choice..
page3
Distinguish between research methods and research
techniques..,,.,,.page3
(3) List out at least 10 methods which you have learned in your UG and PG
courses and write their purpose or application...page4-6

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(1) Distinguish between research methods and research

methodology with an example of your own choice.
A method is a formalized way to do things (not only research: there may be a
method for every formalized type of activity). Methods in science may be, for
example, the experimental method, the comparative method, and so on.

Methodology is the study of methods. It is not a method itself: it is a branch

of epistemology (philosophy of science, theory of science), dealing with the
foundations and nature of the various methods. Methodology therefore
explains why were using certain methods or tools in our research.

Within one method (e.g. the experimental method) you may have a number
of specific techniques or devices, that are used in the implementation of
such method. Examples: random selection of samples or experimental
groups; statistical significance tests such as chi square; specific statistical
analysis procedures or models such as linear regression; specific techniques
for dealing with special kinds of data, e.g. techniques for deciphering ancient
texts or for digging an archaeological site; and so on.
(2) Distinguish between research methods and research techniques .
Method and technique are two English words that have nearly same meaning
and also used almost interchangeably. You do not notice any difference if the
user mentions baking method or baking technique of a recipe or when you
read about management methods and management techniques. It seems
that we have accepted the two words as interchangeable and use them
according to our own personal choice or whim. But there are differences in
usage of these two terms that will be clear after reading this article.
There are a few of us who feel that the word technique is a loaded one and
must be used for gadgets and appliances that work on scientific principles
though to an extent this is correct as the word technique is etymologically
liked with the word technical and technology, the word has come to acquire
many meanings and is being used in even every day situations.

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If we go by dictionary meanings, technique means a systematic procedure,

formula, or a routine by which a task is accomplished. On the other hand,
method is defined as a habitual, logical, or prescribed practice or systematic
process of achieving certain end results with accuracy and efficiency, usually
in a preordained sequence of steps. However, when the method is
systematic and based upon logic, it is sometimes referred to as a scientific
method which comes even closer to technique.
It is thus clear that the words methods and techniques, are very close in
meaning but it is better to use technique when we are talking about scientific
gadgets and appliances and methods when we are using about abstract and
everyday life situations.
(3) List out at least 10 methods which you have learned in your UG and PG courses and
write their purpose or application.
Methods learned in UG courses.
1-Reflection seismology (or seismic reflection):
It is used in geophysics to measure the different densities of. Subsurface to
recognize the material e.g. iron ore which have high density. subsurface
from reflected seismic waves. The method requires a controlled seismic
source of energy, such as dynamite/Tovex, a specialized air gun or a seismic
vibrator, commonly known by the trademark name Vibroseis.This method is
very useful in hydrocarbon exploration.
2-Seismic refraction;
The seismic refraction method utilizes the refraction of seismic waves on
geologic layers and rock/soil units in order to characterize the subsurface
geologic conditions and geologic structure. This method is govern by Snells
Law.

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The methods depend on the fact that seismic waves have differing velocities
in different types of soil (or rock): in addition, the waves are refracted when
they cross the boundary between different types (or conditions) of soil or
rock. The methods enable the general soil types and the approximate depth
to strata boundaries, or to bedrock, to be determined.
3-Aeromagnetic survey method:
This is

common

type

of geophysical

survey carried

out

using

a magnetometer aboard or towed behind an aircraft. The principle is similar

to a magnetic survey carried out with a hand-held magnetometer, but allows
much larger areas of the Earth's surface to be covered quickly for regional
reconnaissance. The aircraft typically flies in a grid-like pattern with height
and line spacing determining the resolution of the data.
Aeromagnetic surveys are widely used to aid in the production of geological
maps and are also commonly used during mineral explorationand petroleum
exploration.
4-GAMMA RAY LOG method:
This is a method of measuring naturally occurring gamma radiation to
characterize the rock or sediment in aborehole or drill hole. It is a wireline
logging method used in mining, mineral exploration, water-well drilling,
for formation evaluationin oil and gas well drilling and for other related
purposes. Gamma ray logs are also used in mineral exploration, especially
exploration for phosphates, uranium, and potassium salts.
5-Resistivity Logging:
It is used in determining the hydrocarbon saturation. Resistivity logging is
sometimes used in mineral exploration (especially exploration
for iron and potassium) and water-well drilling, but most commonly
for formation evaluation in oil- and gas-well drilling. Most rock materials are
essentially insulators, while their enclosed fluids are conductors.
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Hydrocarbon fluids are an exception, because they are almost infinitely

resistive. When a formation is porous and contains salty water, the overall
resistivity will be low. When the formation contains hydrocarbon, or contains
very low porosity, its resistivity will be high. High resistivity values may
indicate a hydrocarbon bearing formation.
6-CALIPER LOG Method:
This method is used to measure the diameter and shape of borehole.It also
measure borehole volume and the cement required .It also indicate porosity
and permeability zones. The measurements that are recorded by this
method of logging can be an important indicator of cave ins or shale swelling
in the borehole, which can affect the results of other well logs.
7-THE NEUTRON log method:
Neutron log indicate the amount of hydrogen present in strata and with the
of hydrogen

estimation we can conclude the porosity of strata

.Neutron log is combined with other porosity log for assessment of

lithology.the principal of neutron log includes three processes i.e;Neutron
emission,Neutron scattering,and Neutron absorption.
8-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer:
Used in Analysis of solutions or dissolved solids. Detection limits in the
part per trillion ranges for many elements. Rapid scanning mass
spectrometry for analysis of up to 72 elements in less than 5 minutes per
sample. Measure minor, trace and ultra-trace concentrations without dilution
or pre-concentration. Capable of measuring different isotopes for isotope ratio
determination, stable isotope based experiments.
9-Gravity method:
It is used in geophysics to measure the different densities of. Subsurface to
recognize the material e.g. iron ore which have high density.
10- Fractional Distillation:

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This is a special type of distillation used to separate a mixture of liquids.

Different liquids boil at different temperatures. When heated, they boil off and
condense at different times. The apparatus features a fractionating column,
which ensures that only the liquid boils at its boiling point will pass into the
condenser.

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