PRELIMINARIES

1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

Real Numbers, Sets, and Inequalities (A

Review)
Absolute Value
Coordinate Planes; Distance; Circles
Slope of a Line
Equations of the Straight Lines

REAL NUMBERS, SETS, AND

INEQUALITIES
integers

, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,

rational numbers ; ratios of integers,
denumerator 0
2 0 6 17
5 5 5
, , ,
,

3 9 2 1000 2 2 2
irrational numbers

1 2, 3, 3 7 , , cos190

REAL LINE OR COORDINAT LINE

SET
Set

is collection of objects
The objects are called elements or
members of the set

WAY OF DESCRIBING A SET

List its elements between braces
example : {1,2,3,4}
By stating a property that common only to its
members
example :
the set of all rational numbers
the set of all real numbers x such that 2x2 4x + 1 = 0 or {x : 2x2 - 4x + 1 = 0}

To indicate that an element a is a member of a set A,

we write
aA
which is read "a is an element of A" or "a belongs to
A."
To indicate that the element a is not a member of the
set A, we write
a A
which is read, "a is not an element of A" or "a does
not belong to A."

EMPTY SET OR NULL SET

A set with no members
Denoted by the symbol
Example :
= {x : x2 <0}

INTERVAL :
SET OF REAL NUMBERS
LINE SEGMENT (GEOMETRICALLY)
Closed

interval
{x: a x b}

Open

interval
{x: a < x < b}

Closed and open intervals are usually denoted by the

symbols [a, b] and (a, b), where
[a,b]= {x: a x b}
(a,b)={x:a<x<b}
A square bracket [ or ] indicates that the endpoint is
included, while a rounded bracket ( or ) indicates
that the endpoint is excluded.

An interval can include one endpoint and exclude

the other. Such intervals are called half open (or
sometimes half-closed ). For example,
[a,b)={x : a x < b}
(a, b]= {x: a < x b}

Two sets A and B are said to be equal if they

have the same elements, in which case we write
A=B
Example
{x : x2=1} = {-1,1},
{,0,3}={3, ,0}
{x: x2 < 9} = {x: -3 < x < 3}

 If

every member of a set A is also a member

of set B, then we say A is a subset of B and
write
AB

In

addition, we will agree that the empty set

is a subset of every set.

Example

{-2,4} {-2, 1,0,4}

{x: x is rational} {x: x is a real number}
A (for every set A)

If A and B are two given sets, then the set of all

elements belonging to both A and B is called the
intersection of A and B
it is denoted by A B

If A and B are two given sets, then the set of all

elements belonging to A or B or both is called the
union of A and B
it is denoted by A B

EXAMPLE
Solve

2x-3< 7
(That is, find all real numbers satisfying the inequality.)
Solution.
If x is any solution, then
2x - 3 < 7
[Given]
2x
< 10
[We added 3 to both sides.]
1
x
<5
[We multiplied both sides by 2 ]

At this point we are tempted to conclude that the solutions of

2x - 3 < 7 consist of all x less than 5, that is, all x in the
interval (-, 5).

EXAMPLE
Solve

7 2-5x < 9
Solution.

7 2- 5x < 9
5 - 5x < 7
- l x > -7/5
Since

[Given.]
[We added -2 to each member.]
[we multiplied each member by -1/5]

the steps are reversible, the set of solutions is

(-7/5, -1].

EXERCISE,
FIND ALL XS THAT SATISFY THESE INEQUALITIES

1.
2.

3.

3x-2<8
34-2x<7
2x 5
1
x2

1.2 ABSOLUTE VALUE

Absolute

value or magnitude of real

number a is denoted by | a | and is
defined by

a a
if a 0

a a if a 0

THEOREM
For any real number a,

If a and b are real numbersand n is an integer, then

a a a
ab a b
a a

b b
a an
n

EXAMPLE
Solve |x-3|=4
Answer :
If x-3 > 0 then x-3 = 4 , we get x = 7
If x-3 < 0 then x-3 = -4 , we get x = -1
So there are two values of x, x = 7 and x = -1, such
that |x-3| = 4

EXERCISE

1.
2.
3.
4.

Solve
|6x-2|=7
|x+6|<3
|5-2x|>4
|3x-2|=|5x+4|

3. COORDINAT PLANE, DISTANCE, CIRCLES

Coordinat axes
x-axes(horizontal)
y-axes(vertical)
The name :
Cartesian coordinat system
Rectangular coordinat system
Coordinat plane or xy-plane is a plane in which
rectangular coordinat system has been introduced.

DISTANCE
The

distance d
between two points
(x1,y1) and (x2,y2) in
a coordinat plane is
given by :

CIRCLES
If

(x0,y0) is a fixed
point in the plane,
then the circle of
radius r centered at
(x0,y0) is the set of
all points in the
plane whose
distance from (x0,y0)
is r.

Thus a point (x, y) will lie on this circle if and

only if

Or equivalently

4. SLOPE OF A LINE

If P1(x1,y1) and P2(x2,y2) are distinct

points such that x1 x2, then the
number m given by the formula

is called the slope of the line connecting

P1 and P2

ANGLE OF INCLINATION
For a line L not parallel
to the x-axis, the angle
of inclination is the
smallest angle
measured
counterclockwise from
the direction of the
positive x-axis to L.
For a line parallel the xaxis, we take = 0.

ANGLE OF INCLINATION

For a line not parallel to the y-axis, the slope and

angle of inclination are related by
m = tan

THEOREM
Two

nonvertical lines are parallel if and

only if they have the same slope.
Two nonvertical lines are perpendicular if
and only if the product of their slopes is - l;
equivalently, lines with slopes m1 and m2
are perpendicular if and only if

1
m1
m2

5. EQUATION OF STRAIGHT LINE

The line passing through P1(x1,y1) and having
slope m is given by the equation
y - y1 = m ( x - x1 )
This is called the point-slope form of the line.

EXAMPLE
Find the point-slope form of the line through (4, 3) with slope 5.
Solution.
Substituting the values x1 = 4, y1 = -3, and m = 5
in y - y1 = m ( x - x1 ) , yields the point-slope form
y+3=5(x4)
by simplification : y = 5x -23

THE SLOPE-INTERCEPT FORM

The line with y-intercept b and slope m is given by
the equation
y = mx + b
Example :
Comparing y = 4x + 7 to y = mx + b , we have m =
4 and b = 7,
so that the equation represents a line crossing
the y-axis at (0 , 7) with slope 4.

THE TWO-POINT FORM

The

nonvertical line determined by the

points P1(x1,y1) and P2(x2,y2) can be
represented by the equation :

y2 y1
y y1
( x x1 )
x2 x1

EXAMPLE
Find

the slope-intercept form of the line

passing through (3, 4) and (2, -5).
Solution.
Letting (x1,y1) = (3, 4) and (x2,y2) = (2, -5)
and substituting in

y2 y1
y y1
( x x1 )
x2 x1

we obtain the two-point form

54
y4
( x 3)
23

which can be written

y - 4 = 9(x - 3)
Solving for y yields the slope-intercept form
y = 9x - 23