Delft University of Technology

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences

Steel & Timber Structures

EXAM STEEL STRUCTURES 2: CIE4115

Friday, November 1, 2013
14.00 - 17.00 hrs

This package contains 7 pages with questions and 5 pages with equations on connections.

It also contains a page that gives the points that you get if the answer is OK. 100 points gives as end
result the mark 10.

Please fill in on each answering sheet and on the cover of this package:
Your name and student number.

Please fill in your name etc. below. The strip will be collected in about 10 minutes after the start of
the examination.

CIE4115

Student Number

EXAM STEEL STRUCTURES 2

Thursday, November 1, 2013
Name:

_______________________________

Initial(s) :

__________________

Address:

_______________________________

City:

__________________

Delft University of Technology

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences
Steel & Timber Structures

QUESTION

EXAM STEEL STRUCTURES 2: CIE4115

Friday, November 1, 2013
14.00 - 17.00 hrs

Question

Points

1a
1b
1c
1d
1e
1f

2
2
2
3
2
2

2a
2b
2c

2
2
3

3a
3b
3c
3d
3e

2
2
2
2
2

5a
5b
5c
5d
5e
5f

4
3
2
5
3
3

6a
6b
6c
6d

3
2
5
3

7a
7b
7c
7d
7e

3
2
2
3
3

8a
8b
8c

3
2
4

9a
9b
9c
9d

2
3
3
3

1 Plasticity

2 Stress strain relationship

3 0,2 % Yield limit and residual stress

4 Stability
5 Beam to column connection

6 Welded connection

7 Miscellaneous

8 Rectangular Hollow Section Joints

9 Fatigue

Total points

100

Delft University of Technology

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences
Steel & Timber Structures

EXAM STEEL STRUCTURES 2: CIE4115

Friday, November 1, 2013
14.00 - 17.00 hrs

PLASTICITY AND STABILITY

QUESTION 1 Plasticity

2F
3F
F
2F
C

3MM
plpl

2Mpl

Mplpl
M
2l

All members of the frame

have cross section class 1.

2M
M
pl pl

Both columns have hinge

supports at A and B.

2l

2l
4l

Figure 1: Portal frame loaded by a vertical force 3F and a horizontal force 2F.

1a.

Why is it necessary to use class 1 cross sections when plastic theory is used?

1b.

- What is meant by the shape factor of a cross section?

- Give the value of the shape factor of a rectangular cross section.
- Give the value of the shape factor of an I-shaped cross section.

1c.

Draw the possible plastic failure mechanisms for the frame given in Figure 1.

1d.

Calculate the plastic collapse load of each mechanism drawn in question 1c.

1e.

Prove that the lowest collapse load determined in question 1c and 1d is the real collapse load of the
frame.

1f.

Via questions 1c, 1d and 1e the lowest collapse load is based on the formation of a mechanism
only. Which other criterion can you mention to base the collapse load on? Motivate your answer.

-1-

Delft University of Technology

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences
Steel & Timber Structures

QUESTION 2

EXAM STEEL STRUCTURES 2: CIE4115

Friday, November 1, 2013
14.00 - 17.00 hrs

Stress-strain relationship

==33y y

-+

fy

h h

-+

== 33
yy

b
Figure 2: Rectangular cross section loaded in bending.
2a.

Calculate the bending moment in the cross section for the given strain distribution.

2b.

Calculate the curvature in a beam with this cross section for the given strain distribution.

2c.

Calculate the maximum moment M in the rectangular cross section when in addition to the
moment a compressive normal force F is acting equal to F = 0,30 h b fy .

QUESTION 3

0,2 % Yield limit and residual stress

3a.

What is the 0,2% yield limit 0,2?

3b.

What is residual stress and explain two origins of residual stresses?

3c.

Does residual stress influence the deformations of a steel structure? Explain your answer.

3d.

Does residual stress influence the static strength of a steel structure? Explain your answer.

3e.

Does residual stress influence the stability of a steel structure? Explain your answer.

-2-

Delft University of Technology

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences
Steel & Timber Structures

EXAM STEEL STRUCTURES 2: CIE4115

Friday, November 1, 2013
14.00 - 17.00 hrs

QUESTION 4 Stability

FFd

FdF

FFd
D

FFd

FFd

3L

3L

FFd

3
A

L
4

L
4

(a)

(b)

Figure 4: Portal frames.

All members have a cross section A and a moment of inertia I (with respect to in plane bending of the
frames).

4.

Give an estimate of the buckling length of the columns AB and FE in frame (a) and in frame (b)
with respect to in plane buckling of the frames. Give a motivation of your answer.

-3-

Delft University of Technology

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences
Steel & Timber Structures

EXAM STEEL STRUCTURES 2: CIE4115

Friday, November 1, 2013
14.00 - 17.00 hrs

CONNECTIONS
QUESTION 5 Beam to column connection
100
100

40

40
Steel S235

tf

HE200B

Boutrij
Bolt
row2 2

IPE400

End plate thickness is

20 mm.

55

40
30

Bolt
row11 Lassen:
Boutrij
Welds aa == 55

Bolts are M20 quality

8.8 in holes with
normal clearance (2
mm), not preloaded.

Boutrij
Bolt
row44

Figure 5: Bolted beam to column connection.

A
h
b
tf
tw
r

IPE400
8446
400
180
13,5
8,6
21

mm2
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm

HEB 200
7808
mm2
200
mm
200
mm
15
mm
9
mm
18
mm

Iy
Iz
It
Wy;el
Wy;pl
Wz;el
Wz;pl

IPE400
23128104
1318104
50,3 104
1156103
1307103
146,4103
229,0103

mm4
mm4
mm4
mm3
mm3
mm3
mm3

HEB 200
5696104
2003104
59,6 104
569,6103
642,5103
200,3103
305,8103

mm4
mm4
mm4
mm3
mm3
mm3
mm3

5a.

For the calculation of the strength in the tension zone, T-stub modelling is used. Sketch the three
possible failure modes of a T-stub, and explain under what circumstances each failure mode will
occur.

5b.

Which failure mode gives the most deformation capacity. Explain why.

5c.

What checks should be performed to determine the strength of the tension zone (only mention
them, no calculations).

5d.

Determine the strength of bolt row 1 for the end plate.

5e.

Which bolt row will have the greatest strength for the end plate, number 1 or number 2. No
calculations needed; explain your answer.

5f.

Strength is an important requirement for the connection. What are the other requirements and
explain why.

-4-

Delft University of Technology

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences
Steel & Timber Structures

EXAM STEEL STRUCTURES 2: CIE4115

Friday, November 1, 2013
14.00 - 17.00 hrs

QUESTION 6 Welded connection

HEA 300:
h = 290 mm, b = 300 mm,
tf = 14 mm, tw = 8,5 mm,
r = 27 mm, A=11250 mm2,
Iy = 18263104 mm4,
Wy;el = 1260103 mm3,
Wy;pl = 1383103 mm3.

F = 200 kN
(factored load)

Steel S355 met

fy;d = 355 N/mm2 en
ft;d = ft;rep = 510 N/mm2

Weld thickness a = 6 mm

Figure 6: Plate welded to a column HEA 300.

6a.

Calculate and draw the stresses over the cross-section in the plate near the welds (the cross- section
at 300 mm from the load introducing point of the force F).

6b.

Check whether the plate is sufficiently strong to carry the calculated stresses.

6c.

Check whether the welds are strong enough. Apply the combined stress method. If you could not
calculate the stresses according to question 6a, then assume a tensile stress of 260 N/mm2 and a
shear stress of 55 N/mm2.

6d.

Check whether the weld thickness a = 6 mm is sufficient to provide ductile behaviour of the
construction.

-5-

Delft University of Technology

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences
Steel & Timber Structures

EXAM STEEL STRUCTURES 2: CIE4115

Friday, November 1, 2013
14.00 - 17.00 hrs

TUBULAR STRUCTURES AND FATIGUE

QUESTION 7 Miscellaneous
7a.

Why are restrictions given for the corners of cold-formed rectangular hollow sections and what are
these restrictions?

7b.

Compare respectively to the strength, stiffness and

deformation capacity of a multi-planar X joint,
loaded only by compression loads F1 on the
vertical braces.

7c.

Give the effect of additional compression loads

F2 = F1 on the out of plane braces on:
- the strength for F1
- the stiffness for F1
- the deformation capacity for F1

Figure 7: Multi-planar X joint.

7d.

Consider a K joint with an I-section chord. Why is the contribution b0t0 (of the flange in the gap)
in the equation for the shear area larger for rectangular hollow section braces than for circular
hollow section braces?
Eq.:

Av A0 2b0t0 b0t0 tw 2 r t0

7e.

Do welds of hollow section joints in lattice girders have to be designed on the brace member forces
or on the member capacities, explain why?

-6-

Delft University of Technology

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences
Steel & Timber Structures

EXAM STEEL STRUCTURES 2: CIE4115

Friday, November 1, 2013
14.00 - 17.00 hrs

QUESTION 8 Rectangular Hollow Section Joints

braces

For a lattice girder with rectangular hollow

sections the joints are drawn as shown in Figure 8.

100 x 100 x 6

The checking engineer does not accept this design

and has a conflict with the detail-designer.
g = 10

g = 10
= 40o

8a. In general, which failure (modes) have to be

checked for rectangular hollow section
joints?

= 40o

8b. Which failures are never allowed and how

can these be avoided?

200 x 200 x 8

8c. Are there other aspects or criteria which have

to be checked? Is there a criterion which is
not met in this joint?
Figure 8: Joint in a lattice girder with rectangular hollow sections.

QUESTION 9 Fatigue
Figure 9 shows a joint detail of a harbour crane
which is subjected to fatigue loading.
In this joint a brace (left) and a stub (right) are
connected to the leg (through member 1219 9.5). The "designer" did not check the joints
correctly.
After a short time in service fatigue cracks were
observed at the joint locations.
The welds
executed.

were

properly

designed

and

Figure 9: Joint detail of a harbour crane.

9a.

If the brace member would be predominantly loaded by an axial load, where would you expect that
the cracks would start (saddle, crown or in-between location and in the brace or in the leg)?

9b.

If the stub member would be predominantly loaded by an in-plane bending moment, where would
you expect that the cracks would start (saddle, crown or in-between)?

9c.

What is the mean reason (with regard to geometry) why this joint detail has a low fatigue life?

9d.

What is your opinion about the suitability of the joint for static loading?
-7-