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Indian leather industry is the core strength of the Indian footwear industry. It is the engine of
growth for the entire Indian leather industry and India is the second largest global producer of
footwear after China.
Reputed global brands like Florsheim, Nunn Bush, Stacy Adams, Gabor, Clarks, Nike, Reebok,
Ecco, Deichmann, Elefanten, St Michaels, Hasley, Salamander and Colehaan are
manufactured under license in India. Besides, many global retail chains seeking quality
products at competitive prices are actively sourcing footwear from India.
While leather shoes and uppers are produced in medium to large-scale units, the sandals and
chappals are produced in the household and cottage sector. The industry is poised for
adopting the modern and state-of-the-art technology to suit the exacting international
requirements and standards. India produces more of gents footwear while the worlds major
production is in ladies footwear. In the case of chapels and sandals, use of non-leather
material is prevalent in the domestic market.
Leather footwear exported from India are dress shoes, casuals, moccasins, sport shoes,
horrachies, sandals, ballerinas, boots. Non-leather footwear exported from India are Shoes,
Sandals and Chappals made of rubber, plastic, P.V.C. and other materials.
With changing lifestyles and increasing affluence, domestic demand for footwear is projected
to grow at a faster rate than has been seen. There are already many new domestic brands of
footwear and many foreign brands such as Nike, Adidas, Puma, Reebok, Florsheim, Rockport,
etc. have also been able to enter the market.
The footwear sector has matured from the level of manual footwear manufacturing methods to
automated footwear manufacturing systems. Many units are equipped with In-house Design
Studios incorporating state-of-the-art CAD systems having 3D Shoe Design packages that are
intuitive and easy to use. Many Indian footwear factories have also acquired the ISO 9000,
ISO 14000 as well as the SA 8000 certifications. Excellent facilities for Physical and Chemical
testing exist with the laboratories having tie-ups with leading international agencies like
SATRA, UK and PFI, Germany.
One of the major factors for success in niche international fashion markets is the ability to cater
them with the latest designs, and in accordance with the latest trends. India, has gained
international prominence in the area of Colours & Leather Texture forecasting through its
outstanding success in MODEUROP. Design and Retail information is regularly made available
to footwear manufacturers to help them suitably address the season's requirement.
Strength of India in the footwear sector originates from its command on reliable supply of
resources in the form of raw hides and skins, quality finished leather, large installed capacities
for production of finished leather & footwear, large human capital with expertise and
technology base, skilled manpower and relatively low cost labor, proven strength to produce
footwear for global brand leaders and acquired technology competence, particularly for mid
and high priced footwear segments. Resource strength of India in the form of materials and
skilled manpower is a comparative advantage for the country.
The export targets from 2007-08 to 2010-11 as tabulated below reflects the fact that footwear
sector is the most significant segment of the Leather Industry in India.
The export targets from 2007-08 to 2010-11
(In Million US$)
Product
Leather
Footwear
Garments
Leather Goods
Saddlery &
2006-07
688.05
1212.25
308.98
690.66
81.85
2007-08
726.85
1967.88
358.53
733.34
105.66
2008-09
785.00
2597.60
372.87
798.69
127.85
2009-10
847.80
3428.83
387.78
870.06
154.70
2010-11
915.63
4526.05
403.30
948.04
187.19
Harness
Total
2981.79
3892.26 4682.01 5689.17
6980.21
India has emerged in recent years as a relatively sophisticated low to medium
cost supplier to world markets The leather industry in India has been targeted
by the Central Government as an engine for economic growth. Progressively, the
Government has prodded and legislated a reluctant industry to modernise. India was noted as
a supplier of rawhides and skins semi processed leather and some shoes.
In the 1970s, the Government initially banned the export of raw hides and skins,
followed this by limiting, then stopping the export of semi processed leather and
encouraging
local
tanneries
to
manufacture
finished
leather
themselves.
Despite
to world markets and has the potential to rival China in the future (60% of Chinese
exports are synthetic shoes).
India is often referred to as the sleeping giant in footwear terms. It has an installed
capacity of 1,800 million pairs, second only to China. The bulk of production is
in mens leather shoes and leather uppers for both men and ladies. It has over 100 fully
mechanised, modern shoe making plants, as good as anywhere in the world (including
Europe). It makes for some upmarket brands including Florsheim (US), Lloyd (Germany),
Clarks (UK), Marks and Spencer (UK).
India has had mixed fortunes in its recent export performance. In 2000, exports of
shoes were US$ 651 million, in 2001 these increased to 663 million but declined
in 2002 to 623 million dollars (See Statistics).
The main markets for Indian leather shoes are UK and USA, which between them
take about 55% of total exports.
India has not yet reached its full potential in terms of a world supplier. This is due
mainly to local cow leather that although plentiful, has a maximum thickness of 1.4
1.6mm, and the socio / political / infrastructure of the country. However, India
is an excellent supplier of leather uppers. Importation of uppers from India does not infringe
FTA with Europe or the USA.
The potential is set to change albeit slowly, but with a population rivalling China for
size, there is no doubt the tussle for world domination in footwear supply is
between these two countries.
The Indian footwear retail market is expected to grow at a CAGR of over 20% for the
period spanning from 2011 to 2011.
Footwear is expected to comprise about 60% of the total leather exports by 2011 from
accounts for nearly 58% of the total Indian footwear retail market.
By products, the Indian footwear market is dominated by casual footwear market that
low cost of production, abundant raw material, and has huge consumption market.
The footwear component industry also has enormous opportunity for growth to cater to
increasing production of footwear of various types, both for export and domestic market.
In a Nutshell:
There are nearly 4000 units engaged in manufacturing footwear in India. The industry is
dominated by small scale units with the total production of 55%. The total turnover of the
footwear industry including leather and non-leather footwear is estimated at Rs.8500-9500
crore (Euro 551.3-1723.1 Million) including Rs.1200-1400 crore (Euro 217.6-253.9 Million) in
the household segment.
India's share in global leather footwear imports is around 1.4% Major Competitors in the export
market for leather footwear are China (14%), Spain (6%) and Italy (21%).
The footwear industry exist both in the traditional and modern sector. While the traditional
sector is spread throughout the country with pockets of concentration catering largely to the
domestic market, the modern sector is largely confined to select centres like Chennai, Ambur,
Ranipet, Agra, Kanpur and Delhi with most of their production for export.
Assembly line production is organized, and about 90% of the workforces in the mechanized
sector in South India consist of women. In fact, this sector has opened up plenty of
employment opportunities for women who have no previous experience. They are trained to
perform a particular function in the factory itself.
Sales
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Sales
STATISTICAL INFORMATION
With in house designing and manufacturing facilities, we are one of the largest producers of
footwear in India. High-tech modern equipments and machines especially procured from
specialized venders across the world, are used to manufacture footwear at par with
international standards and quality.
Ultimate in design, comfort, and fit-each Venus product is the manifestation of our high
standards of workmanship and latest technology. Our products are sold widely not only in the
domestic market but also in the fashion conscious international markets across the globe.
We have always sought to be a value driven organization and have emerged as the most
preferred provider of value. As a brand, we are constantly evolving to keep pace with the
changing trends, styles, beliefs, and aspirations of people while maintaining the sanctity of our
customers money.
2.2 Vision
Headquartered in Rajasthan, Venus has a wide network of dealers has been created to
extend our reach not only inside India, but also across the borders with the sole purpose
of nurturing relationships with our valued customers and channel partners.
Our Success has its roots in our commitment to quality and excellence in all spheres of
our activities
Our strategy relies on growing, transforming, and building the business to ensure its
future success.
We wish to:
Maintain confidentiality.
2.4 Growth:
Growth has always been a way of life for Venus.
Competent management with over 25 years of experience in the same line of business,
teamed with a well-defined organizational structure and experienced and qualified staff.
Bring in a high degree of operational expertise and efficiency. Diverse product range
comprising EVA footwear, canvas shoes, rubber slippers, and PVC moulded footwear for men.
Substantial Growth
The companys revenues have been increasing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of
about 5200 percent over the past three years (2007-05 to 2006-07).
Sales registered from April 1, 2010 January 31, 2011 amounting to Rs.42.69 crore.
Cooler
Fortune1
Gliders000
Windsor
Force10
Gliders11
For women:
Force 10
Gliders1000
Senorita
Tiptop
Tiptopp
For kids:
Footfun
Force102
Gliders
Perfect33
Safety shoes:
Pro_fd1
proo_fd3
warrior
warrior.33
Their capacity to produce canvas shoes for export is around 100,000 pairs a month. Our
customers are extremely happy with our quality and timely delivery.
We trying to develop new items as well as accessories as may be required for the betterment
of the products from time to time and also satisfy customer demands domestic and
international.
To adopt and maintain the standard of the international quality management system
ISO 9001-2000.
To provide satisfactory customer service through continual improvement of product
quality.
100% on-time delivery.
2.9 Quality:
Quality is at the heart of Venus brand promise. We view Quality holistically and as an
integral part of our business management.
At Venus, quality isnt merely a set of predetermined standards to be adhered to. It has many
more dimensions: Quality of thought, Quality of action, Quality of people, and above all, Quality
of processes.
Our key quality targets are:
Continuous innovation, application of latest technologies and regular feed-back from our
consumers has led to Quality-Improvement at all levels.
We will maintain continual improvement in all spheres of our activities. We will achieve
this by implementing effective methods to improve quality and by inculcating quality
culture in our company.
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Purchase categories:
Raw material.
Capital goods.
Laboratory equipments.
Miscellaneous material.
The sources of purchase are, chemical weekly, existing customers, Internet searching new
supplier, existing supplier etc.
To carry out the contract reviews and get it approved the commercial director.
To receive and record the customers complaints and communicate them to all
concerned department.
To organise the dispatch activities ass per dispatch schedule.
Department is concerned or responsible for the overall communication with customers.
SERVICES:
Credit pay facility depends upon customers requirements may be for the 90 days, 60
To perform inspection and testing of raw material intermediates in process materials and
finished products in accordance with the quality plans and documented procedures.
To receive, store and issue spare parts and other material to the respective department.
Take care/full precautions for leak safety and spillage for raw material, finished products
and storage tanks.
Manages the loading and unloading operation of raw material and finished products.
To carry out breakdown maintenance and to put the equipment back in operation
without affecting the product.
To co-ordinate with purchase department for the material required for the same.
Calibration and control of inspection, measuring and test equipments.
Preparation of various documents which are necessary for the export of product.
Find out the various govt. schemes for getting the incentives.
Gross profit.
Interest
Function:
To verify the outstanding due of customers and to send outstanding reminders through
marketing department.
To manage finance for the company as for the guidelines from the commercial director /
executive director.
To update of accounts.
A ratio is a statically yard stick that provides a measure of the relationship between variables
and figures. The relationship between variables or figures can be expressed in fractions. For
Ex. Quotient of current assets by current Liabilities.
3.2 Objectives of Ratio Analysis: The main objective of Ration Analysis technique is to reveal the relationship in more
meaningful way so as to enable us to draw conclusion from them. The ration analysis thus as a
quantitative tool helps the Analyst to draw answers to questions such as Are the Net Profits
Adequate Are the assets being use efficiently is the firm solvent Can the firm meet its current
obligation and so on. Thus the Ratio Analysis help the Owner or Investors: For estimating
earning capacity.
Creditors: Concerned primarily with liquidity and ability to pay interest and redeem loan within
specified period.
Financial Executive: Interested in evaluating analytical tool that will measure costs
efficiency ,liquidity and profitability, with a view to making intelligent decisions.
Basis of comparison ;Ratio are relative figures reflecting the relationship between variables. This enables the
analysis to draw conclusion regarding financial operations
The use of ratio as a tool of financial analysis involves their comparison, for a single ratio, like
absolute figures, fails to reveal the true position. For ex, P /E ratio (price /earning ratio for a
particular scrip) should be compared over a period of time to get a true picture of company
performance.
Thus comparisons with related facts is the basis of ratio analysis s
In ratio analysis, four types of comparisons are involved.
1 Trend Ratio
Inter firm comparisons
Comparisons of items within a single years financial statement of a firm.
Comparisons with standard or plans
Trend ratios :-
Comparison of firm over time i.e. present ratios are compared with past ratios. Trend ratios
indicate the direction of change in performance improvement deterioration or consistency over
the years.
Inter firm comparisons :Comparisons of the ratios of a firm with those of other in the same line of business or with the
industry reflects its performances in relations to its competitor. The other type of comparisons
may relate to comparisons of items with in a single year financial statement of a firm and
comparisons with standard or plans.
Meaning of Ratio:Ratios are relationships expressed in mathematical terms between figures which areconnected
with each other in some manner. Obviously, no purpose will be served by comparing two sets
of figures which are not at all connected with each other. Moreover, absolute figures are also
unfit for comparison.
Ratio can be expressed in two ways:
(1). Times: - When one value is divided by another, the unit used to express the quotient is
termed as Times. For example, if out of 100 students in a class, 80 are present, the
attendance ratio can be expressed as follows:
= 80 / 100 = .8 Times
(2). Percentage: - If the quotient obtained is multiplied by 100, the unit of expression is termed
as Percentage. For instance, in the above example, the attendance ratio as a percentage of
the total number of students is as follows:
= .8 X 100 = 80%
Accounting ratio are, therefore mathematical relationships expressed between inter-connected
accounting figures.
In ratio analysis, the liquidity ratio measures the firms ability to meet
current
current liabilities.
The profitability ratio measure the overall performance of the firm by determining the
effectiveness of the firm in generating profit and are calculated by establishing
relationship between profit figures on the one hand and sales and assets on the other.
The main objective of using this technique to judge the performance of the business.
Ratio throws light on
Liquidity position
Long term solvency
Operating efficiency
Overall profitability
Inter firm comparison
is profitable
has enough money to pay its bills
could be paying its employees higher wages
is paying its share of tax
is using its assets efficiently
has a gearing problem
is a candidate for being bought by another company or investor
3.3 Importance of Ratio Analysis:As a tool of financial management, ratios are of crucial significance. The importance of ratio
analysis lies in the fact that it presents facts on a comparative basis and enables the drawing
of inferences regarding the performance of a firm. Ratio analysis is relevant in assessing the
performance of a firm in respect of the following aspects:
Liquidity Position:With the help of ratio analysis conclusions can be drawn regarding the liquidity position of a
firm. The liquidity position of a firm would be satisfactory if it is able to meet its current
obligations when they become due. A firm can be said to have the ability to meet its short-term
liabilities if it has sufficient liquid funds to pay the interest on its short-maturing debt usually
within a year as well as to repay the principal. This ability is reflected in the liquidity ratios of a
firm. The liquidity ratios are particularly useful in credit analysis by banks and other suppliers of
short-term loans.
Long-term Solvency:Ratio analysis is equally useful for assessing the long-term financial viability of a firm. This
aspect of the financial position of a borrower is of concern to the long-term creditors, security
analyst and the present and potential owners of a business. The long-term solvency is
measured by the leverage or capital structure and profitability ratios which focus on earning
power and operating efficiency. Ratio analysis reveals the strengths and weaknesses of a firm
in this respect. The leverage ratios for instance will indicate whether a firm has a reasonable
proportion of various sources of finance or if it is heavily loaded with debt in which case its
solvency is exposed to serious strain. Similarly, the various profitability ratios would reveal
whether or not the firm is able to offer adequate return to its owners consistent with the risk
involved.
Operating Efficiency:Yet another dimension of the usefulness of the ratio analysis, relevant from the viewpoint of
management, is that it throws light on the degree of efficiency in the management and
utilization of its assets. The various activity ratios measure this kind of operational efficiency. In
fact, the solvency of a firm is, in the ultimate analysis, dependent upon the sales revenues
generated by the use of its assets-total as well as its components.
Overall Profitability:Unlike the outside parties which are interested in one aspect of the financial position of a firm,
the management is constantly concerned about the overall profitability of the enterprise. That
is, they are concerned about the ability of the firm to meet its short-term as well as long-term
obligations to its creditors, to ensure a reasonable return to its owners and secure optimum
utilization of the assets of the firm. This is possible if an integrated view is taken and all the
ratios are considered together.
Inter-firm Comparison:Ratio analysis not only throws light on the financial position of a firm but also serves as a
stepping stone to remedial measures. This is made possible due to inter-firm comparison and
comparison with industry averages. A single figure of a particular ratio is meaningless unless it
is related to some standard or norm. One of the popular techniques is to compare the ratios of
a firm with the industry average. It should be reasonably expected that the performance of a
firm should be in broad conformity with that of the industry to which it belongs. An inter-firm
comparison would demonstrate the firms position vis-a-vis its competitors. If the results are at
variance either with the industry average or with those of the competitors, the firm can seek to
identify the probable reasons and in that light, take remedial measures. Ratio analysis provides
data for inter-firm comparison. Ratios highlight the factors associated with successful and
unsuccessful firms. They also reveal strong firms and weak firms, over-valued and undervalued firms.
Make Intra-firm Comparison Possible:Ratio analysis also makes possible comparison of the performance of the different division of
the firm. The ratios are helpful in deciding about their efficiency or otherwise in the past and
likely performance in the future.
Trend Analysis:Finally, ratio analysis enables a firm to take the time dimension into account. In otherwords,
whether the financial position of affirm is improving or deteriorating over the years. This is
made possible by the use of trend analysis. The significance of trend analysis of ratio lies in
the fact that the analysts can know the direction of movement, that is, whether the movement
is favourable or unfavourable. For example, the ratio may be low as compared to the norm but
the trend may be upward. On the other hand, though the present level may be satisfactory but
the trend may be a declining one.
Simplifies Financial Statements:Ratio analysis simplifies the comprehension of financial statements. Ratios tell the whole story
of change in the financial condition of the business.
Help in Planning:Ratio analysis helps in planning and forecasting. Over a period of time a firm or industry
develops certain norms that may indicate future success or failure. If relationship changes in
firms data over different time periods, the ratios may provide clues on trends and future
problems.
Thus, ratios can assist management it its basic function of forecasting, planning, coordination,
control and communication.
3.4 Limitation of the Ratio Analysis:Ratio analysis is a widely used tool of financial analysis. Yet, it suffers from various limitations.
The operational implication of this is that while using ratios, the conclusions should not be
taken on their face value. Some of the limitations which characterise ratio analysis are as
follows:
Difficulty in Comparison:One serious limitation of ratio analysis arises out of the difficulty associated with their
comparability. One technique that is employed is inter-firm comparison. But such omparisons
are vitiated by different procedures adopted by various firms. The differences may relate to:
Secondly, apart from different accounting procedures, companies may have different
accounting periods, implying differences in the composition of the assets particularly current
assets. For these reasons, the ratios of two firms may not be strictly comparable. Another
basis of comparison is the industry average. This presupposes the availability, on a
comprehensive scale, of various ratios for each industry group over a period of time. If,
however, as is likely, such information is not compiled and available, the utility of ratio analysis
would be limited.
Impact of Inflation:The second major limitation of the ratio analysis as a tool of financial analysis is associated
with price level changes. This, in fact, is a weakness of the traditional financial statements
which are based on historical costs. And implication of the is feature of the financial statements
as regards ratio analysis is that assets acquired at different periods are, in effect, shown at
different prices in the balance sheet, as they are not adjusted for changes in the price level. As
a result, ratio analysis will not yield strictly comparable and therefore dependable results. To
illustrate, there are two firms which have identical rates of returns on investments, say 15 per
cent. But one of these had acquired its fixed assets when prices were relatively low, while the
other one had purchased them when prices were high. As a result the book value of the fixed
assets of the former type of firm would be lower, while that of the latter higher. From the
point of view of profitability, the return on the investment of the firm with a lower book value
would be over-stated. Obviously, identical rates of returns on investment are not indicative of
equal profitability of the two firms. This is a limitation of ratios.
Conceptual Diversity:Yet another factor which influences the usefulness of ratios is that there is difference of opinion
regarding the various concepts used to compute the ratios. There is always room for diversity
of opinion as to what constitutes shareholders equity, debt, assets, and profit and so on.
Different firms may use these terms in different senses or the same firm may use them to
mean different things at different times. Reliance on a single ratio for a particular purpose may
not be a conclusive indicator. For instance, the current ratio alone is not an adequate measure
of short-term financial strength; it should be supplemented by the acid-test ratio, debtor
turnover ratio and inventory turnover ratio to have a real insight into the liquidity aspect.
3.5 Limitation of Financial Statements:-
Ratios are based only on the information which has been recorded in the financial statements.
Financial statements suffer from a number of limitations, the ratios derived there from,
therefore, are also subject to those limitations.
For example, nonfinancial changes through important for the business are not revealed by the
financial statements. If the management of the company changes, it may have ultimately
adverse effects on the future profitability of the company but this cannot be judged by having a
glance at the financial statements of the company. Similarly, the management has a choice
about the accounting policies. Different accounting policies may be adopted by management of
different
companies
regarding
valuation
of
inventories,
depreciation,
research
and
The standard AS-1 has been made mandatory in respect of accounting periods beginning on
or after 1.4.1991. It is hoped that in the years to come, with the progressive standardization of
accounting policies, this problem will be solved to a great extent.
Ratio alone are not adequate:Ratios are only indicators; they cannot be taken as final regarding good or bad financial
position of the business. Other things have also to be seen. For example, a high current ratio
does not necessarily mean that the concern has a good liquid position in case current assets
mostly comprise outdated stocks. It has been correctly observed, Ratio must be used for what
they are financial fools.
Too often they are looked upon as ends in themselves rather than as a means to an end. The
value of a ratio should not be regarded as good or bad inter se. It may be an indication that a
firm is weak or strong in a particular area, but it must never be taken as proof. Ratios may be
linked to railroads. They tell the analyst, Stop, look, and listen.
Window Dressing:The term window dressing means manipulation of accounts in a way so as to conceal vital
facts and present the financial statement in a way to show a better position that what is
actually is. On account of such a situation, presence of a particular ratio may not be a definite
indicator of good or bad management. For example, a high stock turnover ratio is generally
considered to be an indication of operational efficiency of the business. But this might have
been achieved by unwarranted price reductions or failure to maintain proper stock of goods.
Similarly, the current ratio may be improved just before the Balance Sheet date by postponing
replenishment of inventory. For example, if a company has got current assets of Rs. 4000 and
current liabilities of Rs. 2000, the current ratio is 2, which is quite satisfactory. In case the
company purchases goods of Rs. 2000 on credit, the current assets would go up to Rs. 6000
and current liabilities to Rs. 4000.
Thus, reducing the current ratio to 1.5. The company may, therefore, postpone the purchases
for the early next year so that its current ratio continues to remain at 2 on the Balance Sheet
date. Similarly, in order to improve the current ratio, the company may pay off certain pressing
current liabilities before the Balance Sheet date. For example, if in the above case the
company pays current liabilities of Rs. 1000, the current liabilities would stand reduced to Rs.
1000, current assets would stand reduced to Rs. 3000 but the current ratio would go up to 3.
No Fixed Standards:No fixed standards can be laid down for ideal ratios. For example, current ratio is generally
considered to be ideal if current assets are twice the current liabilities. However, in case of
those concerns which have adequate arrangements with their bankers for providing funds
when they require, it may be perfectly ideal if current assets are equal to slightly more than
current liabilities. It is, therefore, necessary to avoid many rules of thumb. Financial analysis is
an individual matter and value for a ratio which is perfectly acceptable for one company or one
industry may not be at all acceptable in case of another.
3.6 Ratios are a Composite of Many Figures:Ratios are a composite of many different figures. Some cover a time period, others are at an
instant of time while still others are only averages. It has been said that, a man who has his
head in the oven and his feet in the ice-box is on the average, comfortable! Many of the
figures used in the ratio analysis are no more meaningful than the average temperature of the
room in which this man sits. A balance sheet figure shows the balance of the account at one
moment of one day. It certainly may not be representative of typical balance during the year.
It may, therefore, be concluded that ratio analysis, if done mechanically, is not only misleading
but also dangerous.
It is indeed a double edged sword which requires a great deal of understanding and sensitivity
of the management process rather than mechanical financial skill. It has rightly been observed:
The ratio analysis is an aid to management in taking correct decisions, but as a mechanical
substitute for thinking and judgment, it is worse than useless. The ratio if discriminately
calculated and wisely interpreted can be a useful tool of financial analysis. Finally, ratios are
only a post-mortem analysis of what has happened between two balance sheet dates.
For one thing, the position in the interim period is not revealed by ratio analysis. Moreover,
they give no clue about the future. In brief, ratio analysis suffers from some serious limitations.
The analyst should not be carried away by its oversimplified nature, easy computation with a
high degree of precision. The reliability and significance attached to ratios will largely depend
upon the quality of data on which they are based. They are as good as the data itself.
Nevertheless, they are an important tool of financial analysis.
Leverage Ratios which show the extent that debt is used in a company's capital
structure.
Liquidity Ratios which give a picture of a company's short term financial situation or
solvency.
Operational Ratios which use turnover measures to show how efficient a company is in
employed.
Solvency Ratios which give a picture of a company's ability to generate cash flow and
pay it financial obligations.
Liquidity refers to the ability of a firm to meet its short-term financial obligations when
Current Ratio
The Current Ratio expresses the relationship between the firms current assets and its current
liabilities. Current assets normally include cash, marketable securities, accounts receivable
and inventories. Current liabilities consist of accounts payable, short term notes payable, shortterm loans, current maturities of long term debt, accrued income taxes and other accrued
expenses (wages).
Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities
The rule of thumb says that the current ratio should be at least 2 that are the current assets
should meet current liabilities at least twice.
Quick Ratio
Measures assets that are quickly converted into cash and they are compared with current
liabilities. This ratio realizes that some of current assets are not easily convertible to cash e.g.
inventories.
The quick ratio, also referred to as acid test ratio, examines the ability of the business to cover
its short-term obligations from its quick assets only (i.e. it ignores stock). The quick ratio is
calculated as follows
The trend shows a marginal increase in days which indicates a slowdown of stock
turnover.
The high stock turnover ratio would also tend to indicate that there was little chance of
the firm holding damaged or obsolete stock.
Net credit sales consist of gross credit sales minus returns, if any, from customers. Average
debtors are the simple average of debtors including bills receivable at the beginning and at the
end of the year. The analysis of the debtors turnover ratio supplements the information
regarding the liquidity of one item of current assets of the firm. The ratio measures how rapidly
receivables are collected. A high ratio is indicative of shorter time-lag between credit sales and
cash collection.
Creditors Turnover Ratio
It is a ratio between net credit purchases and the average amount of creditors outstanding
during the year. It is calculated as follows:
Creditors Turnover Ratio = Net credit purchases / Average Creditors
A low turnover ratio reflects liberal credit terms granted by suppliers, while a high ratio shows
that accounts are to be settled rapidly. The creditors turnover ratio is an important tool of
analysis as a firm can reduce its requirement of current assets by relying on suppliers credit.
The extent to which trade creditors are willing to wait for payment can be approximated by the
creditors turnover ratio.
3.8.3 Financial Leverage Ratios
The ratios indicate the degree to which the activities of a firm are supported by creditors
financial strength.
The debt requires fixed interest payments and repayment of the loan and legal action
can be taken if any amounts due are not paid at the appointed time. A relatively high
proportion of funds contributed by the owners indicate a cushion (surplus) which shields
This ratio indicates the extent to which debt is covered by shareholders funds. It reflects the
relative position of the equity holders and the lenders and indicates the companys policy on
the mix of capital funds. The debt to equity ratio is calculated as follows:
DebtEquity Ratio = Long-term Debt / Shareholders Equity
Debt to Total Capital Ratio
The relationship between creditors funds and owners capital can also be expressed in terms
of another leverage ratio. This is the debt to total capital ratio. Here, the outside liabilities are
related to the total capitalization of the firm and not merely to the shareholders equity.
Essentially, this type of capital structure ratio is a variant of the D/E, ratio described above. In
can be calculated as follows:
Debt to Total Capital Ratio = Total Debt / Total Assets
3.8.4 Profitability Ratios
Profitability is the ability of a business to earn profit over a period of time. Although the profit
figure is the starting point for any calculation of cash flow, as already pointed out, profitable
companies can still fail for a lack of cash.
A company should earn profits to survive and grow over a long period of time.
Profits are essential, but it would be wrong to assume that every action initiated by
management of a company should be aimed at maximising profits, irrespective of social
consequences.
The ratios examined previously have tendered to measure management efficiency and risk.
Profitability is a result of a larger number of policies and decisions. The profitability ratios show
the combined effects of liquidity, asset management (activity) and debt management (gearing)
on operating results. The overall measure of success of a business is theprofitability which
results from the effective use of its resources.
Gross Profit Margin
paid to the owners by the total profits / earnings available to them. Alternatively, it can be found
out by dividing the DPS by the EPS. Thus,
D/P Ratio = Dividend per ordinary Share (DPS) / Earnings per share (EPS) X 100
generate sales.
It is calculated by dividing the firms sales by its total assets.
Generally, the higher the firms total asset turnover, the more efficiently its assets have
been utilized.
Total Assets Turnover Ratio = Cost of Goods Sold / Average Total Assets
Fixed Asset Turnover The fixed assets turnover ratio measures the efficiency with which the
firm has been using its fixed assets to generate sales.
Generally, high fixed assets turnovers are preferred since they indicate a better
trend.
The ratio also confirms that the business places a much greater reliance on working
capital than it does on the fixed assets as the fixed assets (2001 and 2002) turned over
more quickly than stock turnover.
3.9 Meaning of financial statement: A financial statement is a systematically and logically arranged financial data. In short,
inancial statement i.e.
1. Balance sheet.
2. Profit and Loss Account.
Balance sheet contains information about the resources and obligation of a business
entity and its owners interest in business at a particular point of time. It reveals financial
position of a firm on particular date.
The Profit and Loss Account reflects earning capacity and potential of the firm. The
income statement is scoreboard of firms performance during a particular period of time.
Definitions of Ratio Analysis: 1) A Ratio is defined as: The indicated quotient of the mathematical expression and the relationship between
two or more things. In financial analysis, a ratio is used as an index of yardstick for
evaluating position and performance of a firm.
2) A Ratio is defined, as: Ratio analysis is a process of analysis of the ratios in such a manner, so that
management can take actions on of Standard performances.
Importance of Ratio Analysis: The importance of the ratio analysis lines in the fact that it presents facts on a
comparative basis and enables the drawing of inferences regarding the performance of
a firm. Ratio analysis is relevant in assessing the performance of a firm in respect of the
following
1. Liquidity Position:
With the help of the ratio analysis conclusions can be drawn regarding the liquidity
position of affirm. The liquidity position of a firm would be satisfactory if it is able to meet
its current obligations when they become due. The liquidity ratios are particularly in
credit analysis banks and other suppliers of short-loans.
2. Long- term solvency: Ratio analysis is equally useful for assessing the long-term solvency is measured by the
leverage capital structure and profitability ratio, which focus on earning power and
operating efficiency. Ratio analysis reveals the strength and weakness of a firm in this
respect.
3. Operating Efficiency:Ratio analysis throws light on the degree of efficiency in the management and utilized of
assets. Various activity ratios measure this kind of operational efficiency. The solvency
of a firm depends upon the sales revenues generated by the use of its assets total as
well as its components.
4. Over all Profitability: The management constantly concerned about the overall profitability of the enterprise
that is they are concern about the ability of firm to meet its short term as well as longterm obligations to its creditors to ensure a reasonable return to its owner and secure
optimum utilization of the asset of the firm.
5. Inter firm Comparison: Ratio analysis is one of the popular technique uses to compare ratio of firm with the
industrial average. A single figure related to some standards an inter firm comparison.
Would demonstrate the relative position vis--vis competitors. If any variance is found
the firm can identify the probable results and in that light, it takes remedial measures.
6. Trend Analysis:Ratio analysis enables a firm to take the time dimension in to account that is it reveals
whether the financial position of affirm is made possible by the use of trend analysis.
The firms movement may be favorable.
3.10 Importance
3.10.1 Importance of financial statement analysis in an organization.
In our money-oriented economy, Finance may be defined as provision of money at the time it
is needed. To every one responsible for provision of funds, it is problem of securing importance
to so adjust his resources as to provide for a regular outflow of expenditure in face of an
irregular inflow of income.
In companies, these are the two statements that have been prescribed and there contents
have been also been laid down by law in most countries including India.
There has been increasing emphasis on:
easily.
(b) Giving much more information e.g. funds flow statement, again with a view to
facilitating easy understanding and to place a year results in perspective through
Financial statements are being made use of increasingly by parties like Bank, Governments,
Institutions, and Financial Analysis etc. The statement should be sufficiently informative so as
to serve as wide a curia as possible.
The financial statement is prepared by accounts based on the activities that take place in
production and non-production wings in a factory. The accounts convert activities in monetary
terms to the help know the position.
Use
Executives : -
To formulate policies.
Bankers : -
Institutions \ Auditors : -
Investors : -
Government Agencies: -
Money Measurement Concept; Accounting is concerned only with those facts, which are expressible in monetary terms. The
use of monetary yardstick provides a means by which heterogeneous elements such as land.
Plant & equipment, Inventories. Securities and goodwill may be expressed in numbers, which
can be meaningful compared.
Going concern concept: Accounting is generally based on a premise that the business entity will remain a going
concern for an indefinitely long period and not a concern, which is going to be wound up in
near future. This has an important implication for future evaluation of assets and liabilities.
Assets are normally carried in the books at their cast, less depreciation reflects better value of
an assets to a business which will remain a going concern. Liabilities are carried at value the
reflect what business owes and not at values which the creditor would settle for in case of
liquidation.
Cost Concept: This principle mis related to stable monetary value principle and suffers from its weaknesses
Assets acquired by a business are generally recorded at there cost, the price paid up for
acquisition. This cost is used for all subsequent accounting purpose for e.g. depreciation is
charged on original cost.
Dual Aspect Concept: This may be regarded as the most distinctive and fundamental concept of accounting. It
provides the conceptual basis for accounting mechanics and there is a universal agreement
among accounts over this concept.
Accounting Period Concept: In order to know the results of business operations and financial positions of the firm
periodically, time is divided into segments referred to as accounting periods. income is
measured for these periods and the financial position is assessed at the end of an accounting.
Realization Concept: According to the realization concept, revenue is deemed to be earned only when it is realized
and we normally consider revenue as relished when goods are shipped or delivered to the
costomer5 and not when a sales order is received or a contract is signed or goods
manufactured.
Consistency
Full Disclosure & Relevance.
Objectivity.
Reliability
Liabilities
Share Capital
Reserve &Surplus
Secured loans
Unsecured
Current Liabilities & provision
Assets
Fixed Assets
Investments
Current Assets, Loan
Loans Advances
Misc. Expenditures & Losses
Liabilities: Liabilities defined very broadly represent what the business entity owes to other.
Share capital: There are two type of share capital:
Equity Capital
Preference Capital
Equity Capital represents the contribution of the owners of the firm. Preference capital
represents the contribution of preference shareholders and the dividend rate payable on it is
fixed.
Reserve & Surplus: Reserve & Surplus are profits, which have been retained by the firm reserves, are two types,
revenue Reserve and Capital Reserve. Revenue Reserve represents accumulated retained
earnings from the profits of normal business operations. Capital reserve arises out of gains,
which are not related to normal business operations.
Surplus is the balance in the profit and loss account, which has not been appropriated to any
particular reserve account. Reserve and surplus along with equity capital represent owner s
equity.
Secured Loans: These denote borrowings of the firm against which specific securities have been provided. The
important components of secured loans are debentures, loans from financial institutions, and
loans from commercial banks.
Unsecured Loans: These are borrowing of the firm against which no specific security has been provided. The
major components of unsecured loans are fixed deposits, loans and advances from promoters,
Inter-Corporate borrowings and unsecured loans from Banks.
Current Liabilities and Provision: Current Liabilities and Provision as per the classification under the companies Act, Consists of
the Following amounts due to the suppliers of goods and services brought on credit, Advance
payments received, accrued expenses. Unclaimed dividends, Provisions for taxed, Dividends,
Gratuity, Pension etc.
Assets: Assets have been acquired at a specific monetary cost by the firm for the conduct of its
operation.
Fixed Assets: -
These assets have two characteristics. They are acquired for use over relatively long period for
carrying on the operations of the firm and they are ordinarily not meant for resale. Examples
for fixed assets are land, building, plant, Machinery, patent & Copyrights.
Investments: These are financial securities owned by the firm. Some investments represent long-term
commitments of funds. Usually those are the equity shares of other firms held for income and
control purpose. Other investments are short term in nature and are rightly classified under
current assets for managerial purpose.
Current Assets, Loans and Advances: This category consists of cash and other resources, which get converted into cash during the
operating cycle of the firm current assets, are held for a short period of time as against fixed
assets, which are held for relatively longer periods. The major component of current assets is:
cash, debtors, inventories, loans and advances and pre-paid expenses.
Miscellaneous expenditure and losses: The consist of two items miscellaneous expenditure and losses miscellaneous expenditure
represent outlays such as preliminary expenses and pre-operative expenses, which outlays
such as preliminary expenses which have not written off loss is shown on the right hand side
(Assets side) of the balance sheet.
RESEARHC METHODOLOGY
The focus of this chapter is on the methodology used for the collection of data for research.
Data constitutes the subject matter of the analyst. The primary sources of the collection of
sources of the collection of data are observations, Interviews and the questionnaire technique.
The secondary sources are collections of data are from the printed and annually published
Ratio Analysis
45 Days
To find out the utility of financial ratios in credit analysis and determining the financial capability
of the firm.
Research Design:Research design is a blueprint for any kind of research. It provides direction to the researcher
for further carrying on the research in the Population. Research design provides the glue that
holds the research project together. A design is used to structure the research, to show how all
of the major parts of the research project- the samples or groups, measures, treatments or
programs, and methods of assignment- work together to try to address the central research
questions. A research design lays the foundation for conducting the project. A good research
will ensure that the research project is conducted effectively and efficiently. Research design
involves following components or tasks:
Descriptive Design:Descriptive research also known as statistical research, describes data and characteristics
about the population or phenomenon being studied. It basically deals with everything that can
be counted and studied. Descriptive research is preplanned and structured. A descriptive
design requires clear specification of the WHO, WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, WHY and WAY (the
six Ws) of the research.
Convenience sampling
Convenience Sampling:-
Data Collection:There are two types of Data Collection methods which are as following:1. Primary Research
2. Secondary Research.
Primary Research
Primary research (also called field research) involves the collection of data that does not
already exist. This can be through numerous forms, including Questionnaires and telephone
interviews amongst others.
Secondary Research
Secondary research (also called desk research) involves the summary, collation and/or
synthesis of existing research rather than primary research, where data is collected from, for
example, research subjects or experiments.
In doing this research the both methods are being used:-
The report contains the companys profile and data about the owners, senior
sheets.
Companys financial ratios are directly compared with its past records.
Ratio analysis of particular company is limited to that company. There are lot of
variation in inventory valuation and deprecation methods, estimated working life of
Data was kept confidential, so Researcher have to depend on the companys balance
sheet and profit and loss acount.
The absolute liquidity ratio was 0.15 in the year 2007-2008 and decreased to 0.10 in the
year 2008 2009 and it does not increase further up to 2011-2012
Company utilized its resources efficiently having high inventory turnover ratio and
operating with reduced cost.
It can reduce the need of working capital by availing credit period from suppliers.
Liquidity Ratio has increased 5.42 because the C.L has decreased. It shows that the
liquidity position of the company is satisfactory..
Recently proportion of debt in comparision to equity capital is higher in Mar09 which results in
cash outflow in the form of interest.
Current Asset
Current Liabilities
NWC
2007-08
26352381.81
6122630.12
20229751.69
2008-09
30087971.00
6843164.00
23244807.00
2009-10
46858833.00
9979106.00
36879727.00
2010-11
44389218.00
12123368.00
32265850.00
2011-12
62495041.00
11527167.00
50967874.00
80000000
60000000
40000000
20000000
0
2011-2012
2010-2011
2009-2010
2008-2009
2007-2008
2007-2008
2008-2009
2009-2010
2010-2011
2011-2012
Interpretation:- In The year 2007-08 the company has 20229751.69 N.W.C. In the year 200809 the N.W.C is 23244807.00 and in the year 2009-10 the company has 36879727.00.NW.C
But in the year 2010-11 the company has 32265850.00 N.W.C but the N.W.C has decline
drastically compared to the previous years, but in the year 2011-12 the company has
50967874.00 N.W.C that means the company in a favorable position & N.W.C has improved
vary fast as compared to the previous years which show liquidity Position of Venus Footart Ltd
has always more & sufficient working capital available to pay off its current liabilities.
2. Current Ratio:Current ratio is a measure of firms short-term solvency. This ratio is also known as working
capital Ratio. Current ratio is a measure of general liquidity and is most widely used to check
the relationship of the current assets and current liability. The standard current ratio is 2:1.
Current Ratio = Current Assets/Current Liabilities
Years
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
Current Asset
26352381.81
30087971.00
46858833.00
44389218.00
62495041.00
Current Liabilities
6122630.12
6843164.00
9979106.00
12123368.00
11527167.00
Ratio
4.304
4.397
4.696
3.661
5.422
80000000
70000000
60000000
50000000
40000000
current liabilities
30000000
current assets
20000000
10000000
0
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
Interpretation:-The current ratio was 4.304 in the year 2007 2008 and the year 2008-2009
the current ratio was 4.397 and in the year 2009 -2010 the current ratio was 4.696 this show
the current ratio has increase every year but in the year 2010-2011 the current ratio was
decreased to 3.661.in the year 2011 2012 the current ratio has increases 5.422 .The current
ratio is above the standard of 2: 1 ratio and hence it can be said that there is enough working
capital in Venus Footart Ltd to meet its current liabilities.
3. Absolute Liquidity Ratio:-
Absolute liquidity ratio is a ratio of cash in hand and cash at bank to current liabilities. The
standard ratio is 0.5: 1.
Absolute liquidity Ratio = Cash in hand + Cash at bank/ Current Liability
Years
Cash in hand
Cash at bank
Current Liabilities
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
322305.70
151478.00
125254.00
95663.00
64627.00
600000.00
600000.00
600000.00
600000.00
600000.00
6122630.12
6843164.00
9979106.00
12123368.00
11527167.00
Absolute
Liquidity Ratio
0.15
0.15
0.10
0.07
0.05
0.05
2007-08
0.1
2008-09
0.05
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
Absolute Liquid ratio
INTERPRETATION:- The absolute liquidity ratio was 0.15 in the year 2007-2008 and
decreased to 0.10 in the year 2008 2009 and it does not increase further up to 20112012.But in the year 2010 -2011 and 2011-2012 it was same. The absolute liquidity ratio is
below the standard of 0.5: 1 ratio. It shows that the liquidity position of the concern is
unsatisfactory
4. Liquidity Ratio or Liquid ratio:This ratio indicates very short term or immediate or very instant financial position.
Quick Assets
Current Assets
26352381.81
30087971.00
46858833
44389218.00
62495041.00
Current Liabilities
6122630.12
6843164.00
9979106.00
12123368.00
11527167.00
Liquidity Ratio
4.30
4.40
4.70
3.66
5.42
2007-08
6
2011-12
2010-11
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2008-09
2007-08
Liquidity Ratio
INTERPRETATION:- The absolute liquidity ratio was 4.30 in the year 2007-2008 and increases
to 4.40 in the year 2008 2009 and 4.70 in the year 2009-10, 3.66 in the year 2010-2011 it
was decrease due to increase of labilities.But in the year 2011 -2012 the L.R has increased
5.42 because the C.L has decreased. The liquidity ratio is above the standard of 1: 1 ratio. It
shows that the liquidity position of the company is satisfactory.
5. Return on Current Assets:This ratio indicates the amount of current assets employed in the working capital of the assets
employed in the working capital of the firm as to run the day to day operations of the firm which
helps the firm for its easy flow of goods in the trading activity.
Profit after Tax
Return on Current Assets =
----------------------
Current Asset
Year
2007 2008
2008 2009
2009 2010
2010 - 2011
2011 - 2012
Current Asset
26352381.81
30087971.00
46858833.00
44389218.00
62495041.00
Ratio
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.019
0.016
2007-08
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0
2011-12
2010-11
2009-10
2008-09
2007-08
Return on Current Assets
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
INTERPRETATION:- The Returns on current assets was 0.016 in the year 2007-2008 and it
decreased to 0.12 in the year 2009-2010. It further increased to 0.019 in the year 2010-2011
and further decreased 0.016 in the year 2011-2012 .It shows that profit will increase then asset
turnover ratio will decline then C.A will increase but in the year 2010-2011 asset ratio was
increased 0.19 because C.A has fall that year. Company has profit transferred to the reserve
and surplus Account shown in balance sheet.
6. Current Asset Ratio:This ratio measures sales per rupee of investment in current assets. This ratio measures the
efficiency with which current assets are employed a high ratio indicates a high degree of
efficiency is asset utilization and a low ratio reflects inefficient use of current assets.
Net Sales
Current Asset Ratio = ------------------------------Average Current Assets
Year
Sales
Average Current
Ratio
2007 2008
102199181.00
Asset
19967762.36
5.11 time
2008 2009
2009 2010
132858985.00
171671451.00
28220176.41
38473402.00
4.70 time
4.46 time
2010 - 2011
2011 - 2012
221246824.00
286246257.00
45624025.5
53442129.5
4.84 time
5.35 time
2007-08
5.4
2011-12
5.2
5
201011
2008-09
2009-10
201011
2011-12
4.8
2009-10
4.6
4.4
2008-09
4.2
4
2007-08
Category 1
INTERPRETATION:- The current asset ratio was 5.11 times in the year 2007-2008 and 4.70 in
the year 2008-09 and 4.46 in the year 2009-2010 it was decreased. It further increased to 4.48
in the year 2010-11 & 5.35 in the year 2011-2012. It shows that the current assets are not
utilized properly.
7 .Debtors Turnover Ratio:Debtors are expected to be converted into cash over a short period of time and therefore are
included in current assets. It shows how many times debtors are converted into cash in a year.
------------------------------Average Debtors
Year
2007 2008
2008 2009
2009 2010
2010 - 2011
2011 - 2012
Credit sales
102199181.00
132858985.00
171671451.00
221246824.00
286246257.00
Average Debtors
19080194.95
27192101.00
36302837.00
42584634.5
50516905.00
Ratio
5.35 times
4.88 times
4.72 times
5.19 times
5.66 times
5.8
5.6
5.4
5.2
5
4.8
4.6
4.4
4.2
Debtors Turnover Ratio
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
INTERPRETATION:-The debtors turnover ratio was very less in the year 2009-10 at 4.72
times, but them it has increased to 5.19, 5.66 times in the year 2010-11 and 2011-12. This
shows that the company is making all the offers to speed up the collection process.
Creditors turnover ratio establishes relationship between not credit purchases and average
trade creditors and accounts payable. The ratio indicates the velocity with which the creditors
are turned over in relation to purchases.
Net Credit Purchases
Creditors Turnover Ratio = ----------------------------------Average creditors
Year
Credit Purchases
Average Creditors
Ratio
2007 2008
2008 2009
2009 2010
2010-2011
2011-2012
96724469.00
127553879.00
165680148.00
213323185.00
276775674.00
82074994.50
112554635.00
146617013.50
189501666.50
245049429.50
1.17 times
1.13 times
1.13 times
1.12 times
1.12 times
2007-08
1.18
2011-12
1.16
2010-11
1.14
2009-10
1.12
1.1
1.08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2008-09
2007-08
INTERPRETATION:-The creditors turnover ratio was 1.17 times in the year 2007-08 & it
decreased to 1.13 times in the year 2009-2010 but creditor turnover will be remain same two
year 2008-09 and 2009-07.Thean it was again declined 1.12 in the Year 2010-11. But it was
remain same in the year 2010-11 and 2011-12. Generally lower the ratio better is the liquidity
position of the firm and vice versa
9. Net Profit Ratio:Net profit ratio indicates the relation ship between net profit & sales .It is also known as margin
on sales ratio.
----------------------------
x 100
Sales
Year
Sales
Ratio
2007 2008
2008 2009
2009 2010
2010-2011
2011-2012
437894.00
423298.00
592576.00
843910.00
1039889.00
102199181.00
132858985.00
171671451.00
221246824.00
286246257.00
0.43 %
0.32 %
0.35 %
0.38 %
0.36 %
2007-08
0.5
2011-12
0.4
2010-11
0.3
2009-10
0.2
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2008-09
0.1
0
2007-08
Net Profit Ratio
INTERPRETATION:- The Net profit of the company 0.43% in the year 2007-08,0.32 in the year
2008-09 , 0.35 in the year 2009-10 ,0.36 in the year 2011-12. Net profit ratio was show the net
profit after tax in the year 437894 in 2007-2008 but it was fall in the year 2008-2009 there for
net profit ratio is falling.
10. Debt / Equity Ratio:This Ratio indicate how much of the total funds employed are our owned & how much are
borrowed there is no standard fixed for this ratio but financial institute favors a ratio of 2:1.
Long Term Borrowing
Debt / Equity Ratio= -------------------------Share holder fund
Year
2007 2008
2008 2009
2009 2010
2010 - 2011
2011 - 2012
Ratio
17020534.74
18599175.00
30650881.00
25230306.00
43831794.00
3281899.00
4705197.00
6297773.00
7141683.00
8181572.00
5.19
3.95
4.87
3.53
5.36
2007-08
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2011-12
2010-11
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2008-09
2007-08
Debt / Equity Ratio
INTERPRETATION:- In The year 2007 -2008 debt equity ratio was 5.19 and 3.59 ,4.87 in the
year 2008-09 and 2009-10 .in the year 2008 debt equity ratio fall because shareholder fund
was increased. But long term borrowing slow increasing .But in the year debt ratio has
decreased 3.53 in the year 2010-11.but in the year 2011-12 the debt equity ratio has increased
5.36. Because long term borrowing and shareholder fund also increases.
11. Working Capital Turnover Ratio:It is taken as one of the primary indicators of the short-term solvency of the business. It
establishes the relationship with the net sales. It measures the efficiency with which the
working capital is being used by the firm.
Net Sales
WORKING CAPITAL TURNOVER RATIO = -------------------Net Working Capital
Year
2007 2008
2008 2009
2009 2010
2010-2011
2011-2012
Net Sales
Ratio
102199181.00
132858985.00
171671451.00
221246824.00
286246257.00
20229751.69
23244807.00
36879727.00
32265850.00
50967874.00
5.05 TIME
5.72 TIME
4.65 TIME
6.86 TIME
5.62 TIME
2007-08
8
2011-12
2010-11
4
2
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2008-09
2007-08
Working Capital Turnover Ratio
INTERPRETATION:- In The year 2007-08 working capital t/o ratio was5.05 time ,5.72 time in
the year 2008-2009.In the year 2008-09 the working capital has increases because sales of
the company has increases. in the year 2009-10 it was 4.65, 6.86,5.62 in the year 2010-2011
and 2011-12.it show the newly established company because the working capital up and down
year to year.
SWOT
Strengths
Superior quality
Weaknesses
High prices
Opportunity
Threats
Heavy competition
Conclusion
Venus Footart Ltd has profit oriented company .The profit of the company will be
increases every year .The company has able to the repay the amount of the creditor.
The company has more working capital and also sale has increases year to year .The
company current ratio has above the standard current ratio i.e. 2:1 but company current
ratio is above 3:1.The Company has financially soundness.
The Ratio Anaysis contributes much in the over all management of the organization
affairs, efficiency of organization operations depend on how it manages its short term
business dealings. Ratio Analysis contributes for the firm efficiency as well as the
finance manager is proper utilizing the available wealth and maintaining the required
liquidity.
Venus Footart Ltd working capital has increased which is favorable position to the
company. It clearly shows that Venus Footart Ltd has profit orient company. So it was
not facing shortage of working capital in initial years. So it had to increase its working
capital to stand in the business world.
There is enough working capital in Venus Footart Ltd to meet its current liabilities.
The absolute liquidity ratio is below the standard of 0.5: 1 ratio. It shows that the liquidity
position of the concern is unsatisfactory
The absolute liquidity ratio was 0.15 in the year 2007-2008 and in 2011-2012 it was
0.05. It shows that the liquidity position of the concern is unsatisfactory.Management of
the company should understand the importance of assets in liquid form which help to
meet the uncertain situations.
The liquidity ratio is above the standard of 1: 1 ratio. It shows that the liquidity position of
the company is satisfactory.
In the year 2010-2011 asset ratio was increased 0.19 because C.A has fall in that year
but in 2011-12 companys assets increases and get back in the good assets turnover
position.
Company should increase its employees efficiency which related with the marketing
separtment. This is because of the problem of high lag in payments by debtors. More
credit sales increases the requirement of high working capital.
Overall comoany is in a good financial position but company should increase the
amount involved in its Research & Development department by which it can exports its
goods outside the country also.
Appendix
FINANCIAL STATEMENT 2011-2012
SCHEDULE
As At
31.03.2012
SOURCES OF FUNDS
SHAREHOLDERS FUNDS
Share capital
45,00,000.00
36,81,572.00
8181572.00
3,73,46,016.00
Secured Loans
64,85,778.00
Unsecured Loans
5,146.00
TOTAL
APPLICATIONS OF FUNDS
52,018,512.00
E
Fixed Assets:
Gross Block
12,91,998.00
2,67,700.00
Net Block
10,24,298.00
INVESTMENTS
5,94,88,569.00
Sundry Debtors
6,64,627.00
23,41,845.00
62,495,041.00
93,35,077.00
Provisions
21,92,090.00
5,09,67,874.00
Miscellaneous Expenditure
26,340.00
5,20,18512.00
Bibliography:
From Books: Jat D.R. (2010). Elements of Financial Management. Jaipur: Malik And company.
Ghose Gourab (2012). Analysis of profit. Allahabad: Shuchita Prakashan (P) Ltd.
From Websites: MBA Project guide(2008, Oct. 31) . Retrieved(2012, Sept. 26) from
http://www.mbaclubindia.com/forum/project-guide-for-mba-service-offered.asp
http://www.venusfootarts.com/about_us.html
http://www.indiamart.com/company/2530780/
http://catalogs.eworldtradefair.com/venusfootartsltd_contactus_81313.html