READING GRAPHS

1. Menerangkan axis (poros) dan line (garis)

Graph on Sales
10

vertical axis

Dotted line

Line
07

08

09

Horizontal axis
Sekarang perhatikan contoh kalimat dibawah ini:
The vertical axis represents the number of sales
The horizontal axis represents the year
The line shows the sales of PC
The dotted line shows the sales of laptop computer.
2. Menerangkan titik pada angka tertentu
10
Stand at
5
1

stay at
07
08
09
Perhatikan contoh kalimat dibawah ini.
a. The sales stood at 5 in 2007
b. The sales stayed at 10 in 2009.
3. Menerangkan garis grafik naik
10

increase

go up
rise

1
07
08
09
Perhatikan contoh kalimat dibawah ini.
a. The sales went up steadily last year
b. The sales increased steadily last year
c. The sales rose steadily last year
4. Menerangkan garis grafik menurun.
10
5
1

decline
decrease
fall
go down
drop

07
08
09
Perhatikan contoh kalimat dibawah ini.
a. The sales went down steadily since 2008
b. The sales fell steadily since 2008
c. The sales decreased steadily since 2008
d. The sales dropped steadily since 2008
5. Menerangkan grafik tetap atau stabil.
10
5
1

remain stable
Stay the same
level out
stabilize
reach a plateau

07
08
09
Perhatikan contoh kalimat dibawah ini.
1

a. The sales have remained stable since 2008

b. The sales have stayed the same since 2008
c. The sales have leveled out since 2008
d. The sales have reached a plateau since 2008
6. Menerangkan titik grafik tertinggi dan terendah.
10

peak/high point

5
1

a through/low point
07
08 09
00
01
Perhatikan contoh kalimat dibawah ini.
a. The sales peaked in 2000
b. The sales reached a high point it 2000
c. The sales reached a through in 2009
d. The sales reached a low point in 2009
7. Menggunakan kata keterangan berbeda untuk menerangkan tren grafik
yang berbeda.
dramatically
significantly
steadily
gradually
slowly
slightly
07 08 09 00 01
Sekarang perhatikan variasi penggunaan kata sifat + nomina dan kata
kerja + kata keterangan berikut ini :
1. A slight increase = increase slightly
2. A significant drop
= drop significantly
3. A slow decline
= decline slowly
4. A dramatic rise = rise dramatically
5. A steady fall
= fall steadily

Latihan 1
Perhatikan contoh presentasi berikut ini dengan menggunakan grafik. Tugas
anda adalah menggarisbawahi semua kata kerja yang menggambarkan
perubahan grafik.
Laptop sales.
28
0
26
0
24
0
22
0
20
0
18
2

0
16
0
14
0
12
0
10
0
1
9

2
10

11

3
12

Month
Ladies and gentleman, now look at the graph. It shows our laptop sales last
year. You can see that from January to April sales increased gradually from 125 to
175. After March, sales rose steadily tp 210 up to June. But suprisingly from June to
August, sales leveled out. It is due to the fact that many students were busy with
point in October, which was the lowest; only 115. Our best month was November
when sales peaked at 270. And it decreased to 250 in December, from this graph,
we can draw a conclusion that the sales were quite good last year. We hope we can
do better this year. Thats the end of my presentation. Any questions?

PENGGUNAAN PREPOSISI DALAM MENERANGKAN GRAFIK.

Preposisi yang sering dipakai untuk menerangkan grafik adalah to, at, by,
of. Sekarang perhatikan contoh kalimat berikut ini.

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Jan

April

Aug

Dec

1. The sales rose to 35 from in April

2. The figure fell to 20 in December
3. The sales dropped by 30 from August to December. (selisih antara angka
awal dan angka sesudahnya)
4. There was a sales increase of 15 from January to April
5. The sales stood at 35 in April
6. The sales stayed at 30 in December

Perhatikan perbedaan penggunaan preposisi to pada kalimat no.2 dan by pada

kalimat no.3 diatas. Sekarang perhatikan illustrasi grafik dibawah ini.
3

Sales.
5
0
4
0
3
0
2
0
1
0
1

3
4
5
Month
Pada bulan april, angka berada pada posisi 50 kemudian bergerak menurun dan
mencapai angka 40 pada bulan Mei. Untuk menunjuk angka 40, kita
menggunakan preposisi to, sedangkan untuk menunjukkan selisih angka yakni
10 (50-40) maka kita menggunakan preposisi by.

The figure decreased to 40 in May. (Angka pada bulan Mei)

The figure decreased by 10. (Selisih angka bulan April dan Mei

Latihan 2.
Lengkapi kalimat berikut ini dengan preposisi at, by, to, atau of.
1. The number of infected students stood..50 in 2007
2. There was a decrease.10% in the mortality rate in Lombok.
3. The number of students in our university increased100 in 2008;
from 350 in 2007 to 450 in 2008.
4. The data shows an increase.20% in the number of junior high school
graduates who continue to vocational school in the last 2 years.
5. The number of foreign students decreased.25 in 2008. In 2007 we
had 60, but in 2007 we only had 25.
6. The unemployment rate stood.12% in 2009.
7. The number of published books fell.20% after the crisis.
8. In 2008 we had 350 students and in 2009 we only had 300. It means that the
number of students dropped.50 from 2008 to 2009.
9. The data shows a decrease.10% coal production in 2009.
10.The inflation rate stayed1,5% in 2009.

UNGKAPAN PENTING YANG PERLU ANDA PAHAMI.

1. Ungkapan untuk memperkenalkan grafik atau slide.

This graph shows (Grafik ini menunjukkan.)
From this graph you can see.. (Dari grafik ini, anda bisa
melihat..)
As you can see from the chart (Sebagaimana anda bisa
lihat..)
Take a look at this graph and youll see. (Silahkan lihat grafik ini dan
anda bisa melihat..)
Everyone please have a look at this graph (Silahkan melihat grafik
ini)
According to the graph the number is (Berdasarkan grafik ini,
jumlahnya adalah)
Right here, you can see the graph which shows (Disini, anda bisa
melihat grafik yang menunjukkan..)
The point I am presenting is illustrated in this graph (poin yang saya
paparkan digambarkan dalam grafik ini)
The line in this graph indicates the number of.. (Garis didalam grafik
ini menunjukkan jumlah)
2. Ungkapan untuk memperkenalkan grafik baru
Here is the next graph. It shows. (Sekarang kita lihat grafik
berikutnya. Grafik ini menunjukkan.)
Lets look another graph which is on the following slide (Mari sekarang
kita lihat grafik berikutnya yang ada di slide berikutnya)
The next graph will show you.. (Grafik berikutnya akan
memperlihatkan kepada anda)
4

You will understand my explanation better from the next graph. Lets
take a look. (Anda akan bisa memahami presentasi saya dengan
lebih dari grafik berikutnya. Mari kita lihat..)

3. Ungkapan untuk memberi komentar pada grafik.

Its good to note here that.. (Baik untuk memberi catatan disini
bahwa)
Its interesting to see that (Sangatlah menarik untuk melihat
bahwa..)
Its good to realize that. (Sangatlah baik untuk menyadari bahwa.)
The good thing about the graph is that. (Hal yang baik dari grafik ini
adalah bahwa.)
The worrying thing about this graph is that. (Hal yang mencemaskan
dari grafik ini adalah bahwa..)
The bar graph below shows European crude steel production in 1972 and 1981.
Read the text of a presentation about this graph and notice the use of signals.

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

1981

1972

Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. Today, Im going to talk about iron and steel
production in Europe from 1972 to 1981.
(Introduces presentation).
First of all, lets look at a country whose steel industry has changed a lot in recent
years, the UK.
(Refers to UK)
As you can see from the bar graph, the UKs steel production stood at 25.3 million
tonnes in 1972. In 1981 this figure was 15.3 million tonnes, a difference of roughly
10 million tonnes.
(Refers to visual)
Now, if we return to another large steel producer, France, we can see that the
sutuation is different. French crude steel production in 1972 stood at just over 24
million tonnes, and the figure for 1981 was only approximately 3 million tonnes
lower.
(Changes topic to France)
Finally, lets look at Italy, one of the countries in which production has risen. In
1981, its steel production was 24.8 million tonnes, in contrast to 19.8 million tonnes
in 1972.
(Changes topic to italy)
In conclusion, we can observe a general fall in production, although this is not true
in Italy.
(Finishes)
5

Approximations are particularly useful when describing graphs which are not
designed to give exact information but rather to show an overall picture.
Look at the graph of the USA and EEC unemployment levels and read and listen to
the approximations in the comments 1 to 8 which follow.
USA and EEC unemployment levels.
millions
USA men and
1
woman
0
USA men and
9
woman

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

EEC MEN
USA MEN

1972
1981

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1. In 1973the number of registered unemployment in the USA was nearly four

and a half million.
2. This figure was just under eight million in 1975
3. In 1979 it was approximately six and a quarter million.
4. In 1978 the figure for the European Economic Community stood at just over
six million.
5. The following year it was-like the Usa figure-coming up to six and a quarter
million.
6. Both figures were at the same level in mid-1980, roughly eight million
7. At the end of that year the EEC figure was more or less nine million and the
USA figure was getting on for eight and a half million.
8. This made unemployment figures for the EEC well over those of the USA by
1981.
Look at the graph again and listen to the commentary on unemployment among
men in the EEC. Complete the commentary.
The unemplyment situation for men in the EEC grew steadily worse from 1974 to
1981.
In 1974 the number of unemployed men stood at two million, but went up to three
million the next year and_________________ __________________ ___________________
____________________ _________ million in 1976. By 1977 it was _____________
________________ for _________________ ______________ ________________
_________________ million and this didnt change much from 1977 to 1979 it stayed
about the same. By the beginning of 1980 the figure stood at ______________
_______________ _____________ _________________ million.
Then it went up to _______________ ___________________ ___________________ milliion by
the beginning of 1981.
Look at the graph for USA men and and prepare a short description of this curve
using the following approximations: approximately just over roughly well over.
6

Listen to the cassette and follow the text.

Rates and rations are usually spoken or written as follows:
The Netherlands has a population density of 346 inhabitants per square kilometre,
while that of Sweden is only 20 per square kilometre.
Here is another example.
In 1981 unemployment in Britain stood at ten percent; one worker in ten was
unemployed.
This ratio is often written as 1:10
Currencies: spoken currencies come after the figure, for example four pounds fifteen
or four pounds fifteen pence (4.150, a dollar twenty-five ($1.25), twnty-two marks
(DM 22).
Note the following list of abbreviations of various commonly used rates and ratios.
2:3
: 2 to 3
70 kph
: 70 kilometres per hour
100 mph
: 100 miles per hour
50 kg/sq cm : 50 kilogrammes per square centimetre
80 rpm
: 80 revs per minute
45 wpm
: 45 words per minute
15% pa
: 15% per annum (per year)
10 kw
: 10 kilowatts
Listen to the description of a new electric motor and fill in the details below.
RATE OF MOTOR
POWER CONSUMPTION
EFFICIENCY RATE
PRICE
ANNUAL DEPRECIATION
HIRE CHARGE
Listen to the cassette where you will hear a short presentation about EEC, USA, and
Japanese steel production. As you listen, write down the signals which are used to:
1. Introduce the presentation
2. Refer to the graph
3. Change the topic to Japan
EEC, USA, and Japan steel production in million tonnes 1972 and 1981.
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
EEC

1981

USA

JAPAN

1972

(1) Id like to talk about the comparative figures for steel production in the EEC,
USA and Japan the years 1972 and 1981.
(2) As you can see from the graph, production fell in the EEC and the States, but
rose in Japan during this period. The fall in Europe was from just under 140 to
125 million tonnes, and in the USA from 123 million tonnes to just over 110.
(3) If we look at the figures for Japan, the rise is considerable-from 97 million
tonnes to just over 110.
You have just looked at some signals commonly heard in presentations. Look at the
following signals and write them under the correct headings.
a. Finally.
b. After that
7

c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.

As you can see from the graph

Now, turning to
Now, lets look at
So, to conclude
Im going to talk about
First
The aim of this presentation is to
What Id like to talk abou this
In conclusion, we can say
The next
The graph shows

A. CHARTS
A chart CAN BE EITHER A TABLE OR A GRAPH. Charts are found in most pinted
materials
Top ten Companies in Total Sales
Company

Sales (in billions)

$2,890
$1,450
$1,400
$1,380
$1,370
$1,300
$1,250
$1,250
$1,220
$1,200

Sankyu, Inc
Executive Jet
interCon
Continetal, Ltd
Hospital Supply
Tislak Leasing
Leber Bank
Euro data
Inter Access
TeleVide

Polling Merek Audio-Video Car

(Khususnya untuk head set)
Merek
Pioneer
Alpine
JVC
Clarion
Kenwood
Sony
Panasonic
Orix
Lainnya

Presentase
22,31
14,88
14,05
13,22
11,57
8,26
4,96
4,13
6,61

Perbandingan penjualan motor Tahun 2005 dan 2006 (Januari-Maret)

Produsen
Honda
Kanzen
Kawasaki
Kycmco
Piaggio
Suzuki
Yamaha
Total

Total (Unit)
2005
618.034
4.148
19.405
5.594
321
263.085
245.997
1.156.584

%
2006
431.067
4.185
11.611
1.539
153
104.863
327.783
881.201

Pasar Kendaraan mini multiguna pada 2006

(Januari-Maret)
8

-30,25
0,89
-40,16
-72,49
-52,34
-60,14
33,25
-23,81

Merek
Honda Jazz
Toyota Yaris
Suzuki Swift
Hyundai Getz
Kia Pride
Chevrolet Aveo
Peugeot 206
VW Polo
Total Mini MPV

Total (Unit)
5.600
3.493
383
149
99
52
18
3
9.797

Kalbe di antara TOP 10 Raja Farmasi Asia Tenggara

No

Perusahaan

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Pfizer
GlaxoSmithKline
Kalbe Farma
United Labs
Sanofi-Aventis
Novartis
AstraZaneca
Dexa Medica
Sanbe Farma
Rocher

Omset 2000
(US$ juta)
208,9
206,2
99,0
163,6
134,2
95,1
92,7
34,1
43,1
83,1

Omset 2005
(US$ juta)
367,3
289,4
267,2
261,9
235,9
177,8
175,8
152,3
151,9
141,9

Pertumbuha
n
12,00%
7,00%
22,00%
9,90%
11,90%
13,30%
13.70%
34,90%
28,60%
11,30%

B. TABLES
A table is a compilation of data that is useful for quick comparison. Tables could be in most
any subject.
WORLD TEMPERATURES
JANUARY 5
Hi
C/F

Lo
C/F

Weather

Amsterdam
6/41
3/37
C
Athens
13/55
8/46
Sh
Bangkok
32/90
27/80
Sh
Beijing
12/53
1/34
Pc
Brussels
4/39
1/34
Sh
Budapest
3/37
0/32
R
Frankfurt
3/37
1/34
R
Jakarta
29/84
24/75
Sh
Kuala Lumpur
31/88
24/75
T
Madrid
9/48
1/34
Sh
Manila
33/91
21/70
Pc
Seoul
9/48
-2/29
S
Taipei
21/70
14/57
C
Tokyo
9/48
-2/29
Pc
Weather: C-cloudy;S-sunny; Pc-partly-cloudy; Sh-showers; T-thunderstorms; R-rain

C. INDEXES
An index is a compilation of information that people can use to find additional information.
A telephone book is an example of an index.
Company Index
This index lists businesses mentioned in this issue of Global Economy
Acme Power and Light
Allied Steel
Best Iron Ore Supply
Canadian Rail Service
Chemical Times

44
53
56
83
15
9

Consumers Electric
Ford Gas
Health, Inc
International Oil
Liberty Funds
Network Travel
Pride Hotels
TNT Airs

41
4
12
16
46
52
76
34

10