Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Professor A. Zahid
Network Layer
Network Layer at
Source/Router/Destination
The IP Protocol
IP Packet Format
10
Fragmentation
11
Protocol
MTU (Octets)
Ethernet
1500
Token Ring (4 Mbps)
4464
Token Ring (16 Mbps)
17914
FDDI
4352
X.25
576
PPP
296
EE450, USC, Zahid
12
Fragmentation (Continued)
13
fragmentation
of one large
packet into 3
smaller packets
large IP datagram
fragmented within net
reassembly
14
Flags (3 bits):
D M
D: Do not Fragment
M: More Fragment
15
16
IP v4. Addressing
17
18
IP Addresses (Example)
19
Classful IP Addressing
20
21
Special IP Addresses
Special Address
Netid
Hostid
Source/Destination
Network Address
Specific
All 0's
None
Direct Broadcast
Address
Limited Broadcast
Address
This host on this
network
Specific host on
this network
Loopback address
Specific
All 1's
Destination
All 1's
All 1's
Destination
All 0's
All 0's
Source
All 0's
Specific
Destination
127
Any
Destination
22
Private IP Addressing
23
24
NAT Implementation
25
26
1: host 10.0.0.1
sends datagram to
128.119.40.186, 80
S: 10.0.0.1, 3345
D: 128.119.40.186, 80
S: 138.76.29.7, 5001
D: 128.119.40.186, 80
10.0.0.4
10.0.0.1
10.0.0.2
138.76.29.7
S: 128.119.40.186, 80
D: 138.76.29.7, 5001
3: Reply arrives
dest. address:
138.76.29.7, 5001
S: 128.119.40.186, 80
D: 10.0.0.1, 3345
10.0.0.3
4: NAT router
changes datagram
dest addr from
138.76.29.7, 5001 to 10.0.0.1, 3345
EE450, USC, Zahid
27
28
Subnetting
29
Subnetting (Continued)
Example of Subnetting
Network consisting of 3 Subnets
223.1.1.1
223.1.2.1
223.1.1.2
223.1.2.9
223.1.1.4
223.1.1.3
223.1.3.27
223.1.2.2
subnet
223.1.3.2
223.1.3.1
31
Answer:
32
Subnet Masking
33
141.14.2.21
10001101.00001110.00000010.00010101
255.255.0.0 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
Bit-wise and 10001101.00001110.00000000.00000000
IP address
141.14.2.21
Mask
255.255.0.0
Network address
141.14.0.0
34
Example of Subnetting
Mask: 255.255.255.128
Subnet #: 128.96.34.0
128.96.34.15
128.96.34.8
Mask: 255.255.255.128
Subnet #: 128.96.34.128
128.96.34.139
128.96.34.151
Mask: 255.255.255.0
Subnet #: 128.96.33.0
128.96.33.14
128.96.33.21
128.96.33.133
128.96.34.101
128.96.34.129
128.96.34.1
128.96.34.130
Internet
Internal routers
use subnet IDs
to route
128.96.33.1
35
Subnet Mask
255.255.255.128
Next Hop
Left Router
128.96.34.128 255.255.255.128
Left Interface
128.96.33.0
Right Interface
255.255.255.0
36
Classless IP Addressing
37
38
CIDR Notation
CIDR: Classless Inter Domain Routing
Subnet part
subnet mask: /23 or
255.255.254.0
Host part
39
40
41
42
Hierarchical Addressing
Hierarchical addressing allows efficient
advertisement of routing information
Organization 0
200.23.16.0/23
Organization 1
Send me anything
with addresses
beginning
200.23.16.0/20
200.23.18.0/23
Organization 2
200.23.20.0/23
Organization 7
.
.
.
.
.
.
Fly-By-Night-ISP
Internet
200.23.30.0/23
ISPs-R-Us
Send me anything
with addresses
beginning
199.31.0.0/16
43