Steam Engine

SYSTEM

General Learning Objective: Describe the

basic cycle and design features of a
modern Steam propulsion system
Specific Learning Objectives:

Define the theory of steam turbine

propulsion
Sketch and describe a steam propulsion
plant, parts and layout arrangement
Describe functions of major components
Describe the type and arrangement of
steam turbine engine

Major Components (Pleaser efer

to page 61(ME)

Boiler
Turbine
Condenser
Extraction Pump
Feed Pump
Economiser
Superheaters

Steam propulsion plant layout arrangement

Saturated steam

Economizer

Superheated steam
Heater stages

Boiler

Superheater

HP turbine
Deaerator

Astern
turbine

LP turbine
Gearing &
propeller shaft

Main feed pump

Condenser

Condensate pump

Ranking Cycle

T
2

3
6

1-2 > Water is heated in boiler

2`-2->wet steam heated in superheated boiler
2-3->HP dry steam expand in turbine to obtain
much work
3-4->LP steam coming out of turbine is
condensed into water in condenser
4-1-> water from the condenser heated return
back to boiler drum- this complete the cycle

3
5

Components function

Boiler

Superheater

To dry the wet steam produced in the boiler

Turbine

To produce steam from water

Converts heat energy of steam into

mechanical work

Condenser

To condense exhaust steam from turbine for

re-use in boiler

Components function

Feed Pump

To transfer high pressure feed water

De-aerator
economizer

To raise the temperature of feed water before

entry into the boiler drum so that less heat will be
required to transform water into steam

Steam Plant Auxiliary System

However, these system require auxiliary system. i.e

the turbine require LO System

The condenser require cooling circulating system which use
pumping system
The condensate or feed pump require power source
The boiler require fuel oil pump and forced draft fans
The pumps and the blower can be motor driven with electric
power supply from generator driven off the shaft of turbine
The turbine driven generator can also have its own auxiliary

Other Auxiliaries

Additional equipment like air ejector is also

required to remove the air and non
condensate vapors that leaks into the part
of the system this to prevent creation of
partial pressure that impair the condenser
vacuum
The turbine also require sealing and gland
leadoff steam
The system also require storage (surge
tank) for unneeded working fluid

Power Equation
The power input is the heat equivalent of feed pump work

Power ( Heat )

144pvf Q
778E

Where Pvf is the total pump head in feet water

Q is the quantity of heat pumped per hour
E- Mechanical efficiency
Net heat added = Total heat heat entering the boiler/
The weight of fuel require = Net heat added/ fuel heating x boiler efficiency
Heat rate = net heat added / horsepower produced

Boilers

Main propulsion boilers are water tube types

Steam rate of main boilers is 40-60 bar,
5000C and 60-90 tons/hr
Auxiliary steam boilers are Fire tube boilers
of low steaming capacity

Super Htr located

in low temp region
exhaust gas path
Both Primary and
Secondary have
contra flow
heating

Burner front
fired
Flame
impingement
reduced not
eliminated

Metal temp of
secondary high

Air attemperator
less efficient
ESD I Boiler

Response to
sudden load is
slow

Water Tube Boiler

Typical Fire Tube Boiler

Fire tube and Waterside Boiler

Boiler Selection consideration

To design boiler to produce required quantity of steam at

required temperature and pressure the following design
consideration are necessary:
Efficient operation when burning various fuel
Fit easily and conveniently in engine room space and be
accessible for operation , inspection and maintenance
Rugged enough to with stand adverse sea condition
Redundant control and automation system
Reliability of thermal and structural design
Compliance to regulation
Cycle requirement
Heat balance
Fuel and firing method
Boiler for marine vehicles- space, weight , and regulation

Fuel combustion systemBoiler Design

- fuel analysis, combustion air, efficiency
Furnace exit gas temperature, radiant heat absorbing surface,
heat absorption rate, tube metal temperature
Boiler tube bank- from type boiler, header type, boiler delivery
superheating steam
Superheater-Types and characteristics,, arrangement of steam
passes, tube temperature material and attachment of headers,
supports, location of headers, slagging ad high temperature
corrosion, reheater
Air heater and economizer- air heater, economizer
Desuperheater and atemperature
Circulation and steam baffle-circulation, heated down comers,
steam drum baffle
Burner

Boiler Design Consideration Page 94)

Combustion
Heat absorption rate
Circulation
Pressure drop
Duty cycle
Design limitation
-Construction and physical requirement: according to Lloyd,
ABSetc- Drums, headers, casing
-Boiler mounting:stop valve, fed check valves, feed water
regulator, safety valve, sentinel valve, high and low water level
alarm,
Pressure guage, vent and drain valve, lowdown valves, water
level indicator, water sampling connections, soot blowers
burner flame scanner and ignitors, instrumentation and control

Boiler Operation and

MaintainaceConsideration (Page129)

Water treatment
Feed water
Boiler water
Initial preparation
Normal operation
Boiler cleaning
Boiler storage

STEAM
TURBINE

INTRODUCTION

The Steam turbine is a device for obtaining

mechanical work from the energy stored in steam.
Steam enters the turbine with high energy content
and leaves after giving up most of it.
The high pressure steam from the boiler is
expanded in nozzles to create a high velocity jet of
steam.
In any type of steam engine, it is the VELOCITY of
the liberated steam, and NOT the pressure, which
produces the force which causes rotation of the
shaft.

The nozzle acts to convert heat energy in the

steam into kinetic energy.
Commencing with a high pressure, a high
velocity can be produced, and it is the kinetic
energy which provides the motive force of the
turbine engine.
The amount of energy or force available from
steam is directly proportional to the amount of
heat available from the steam.
Heat available is proportional to the mass
flow of steam times change in velocity.

Force (kgm/s2) = Mass flow (kg/s) X

Velocity (m/s)

This is the operating principle of all steam

turbines, although the arrangements may
be vary considerably.
The heat is available only when the steam
remains in gaseous state

If condensation takes place during passage

through the turbine, then the part which
changes state to water will not be capable of
producing further motive power.
So the steam should therefore enter DRY and
theoretically remain dry until it is exhausted.
When dry saturated steam passes through the
normal working cycle of a turbine, condensation
will take place throughout many stages, but if
SUPERHEATED steam is used this
condensation is reduced considerably.

Types of Turbines

Impulse Turbine

Reaction turbine

IMPULSE TURBINE

The impulse arrangement is made up of a ring of

nozzles followed by a ring of blades.
In the pure impulse turbine, the high energy
steam is expanded only through fixed nozzles,
with a decrease in pressure and an increase in
velocity.
Energy in the steam is converted to kinetic energy
when the jet of steam impinges / directed onto the
moving blades and leaves in a different direction.

The changing direction and therefore velocity

produces an impulsive force which mainly
acts in the direction of rotation of the moving
turbine blades causing rotation and
mechanical work.
The passage between the blades is of
parallel section, no expansion or change of
pressure takes place between the inlet and
outlet sides of the blade.

Impulse Turbine Blades

Flow area between two blades is constant
No pressure drop when steam flows over blade
Flow velocity constant

Impulse turbines were classified

as below:

Two stage impulse

turbine with diaphragm
blades to change
direction of steam flow
to enter next stage of
turbine

Single Stage
Velocity compounded
Pressure compounded
Pressure-velocity compounded
Velocity-pressure compounded

Reactive turbine

They are turbines develop torque by reacting

to the gas or fluid's pressure or mass.

Efficiency calculation
Efficiency of turbine bade = work in blade /
energy in steam
Power ( Heat )

144pvf Q
778E

Summary

Steam propulsion plant, parts and layout

Major components
arrangement of steam turbine propulsion