CHAPTER 3

LAPLACE ADOMIANS DECOMPOSITION METHOD (LADM)

3.1. Introduction

Many problems in mathematical physics, theoretical physics and chemical physics

are modelled by the so-called initial value and boundary value problems in the
second-order nonlinear ordinary differential equations. These equations are difficult to
be solved analytically and sometimes it is impossible then application must be made
to relevant numerical methods such as shooting method, finite difference etc. In recent
years, differential transform method has been used to solve this type of equations
[10,11,12]. In this work, the differential transform method is used to investigate the
numerical and analytical approximate solutions of the nonlinear singular initial value
problems of Emden-Fowler Type. Initial value problems in the second order is
considered which occur in applied mathematics, astrophysics and the numerical
solution of the Emden-Fowler equation, and the other linear and nonlinear singular
initial value problems, plays very important role because of the singularity behaviour
at the origin.
Laplace Adomians Decomposition Method (LADM) was first introduced by Suheil
A. Khuri [13], and has been successfully used to find the solution of differential
equations [14,15]. The Laplace Adomians Decomposition Method is a combination
of ADM and Laplace Transforms. This Method is successfully used to find the exact
solution of the Bratu and Duffing equation. The Significant advantage of this method
is its capability of combining the two powerful methods to obtain exact solution for
non-linear equation.

3.2. Analysis of Emden-Fowler Equation

Let us consider the Emden-Fowler equation
d2 y a d y

x m1 y r 0 , n 0, n 1, m, a, are parameters
2
x dx
dx
which is used in mathematical physics, theoretical physics, and chemical physics.
Above equation has interesting mathematical and physical properties, and it has been
investigated from various points of view.

3.3. Numerical Application

29

LAPLACE ADOMIAN DECOMPOSITION METHOD

3.3.1 Problem 1
Consider Emden-Fowler equation of the second kind is
d2 y 2 d y

x m y r 0 ,
2
x
d
x
dx
(3.1)

y 0 y0 , y 0 0 .
Throughout multiply Eq. (3.1) with x, we get
x

d2 y
dy
2
x m 1 y r 0 .
2
dx
dx

(3.2)
Taking Laplace Transform of Eq. (3.2) on both sides, we have
d2 y
d y
m 1
L x
2
yr 0,
Lx
2
d
x
d
x

s 2 L y y 0 L x m 1 y r 0 ,

s 2 L y 1 L x m 1 y r 0 .

According to LADM, the solution

series of the form

y x

(3.3)

of the given problem is defined by an infinite

y x yn x ,
n0

(3.4)

yr
and the non-linear term

can be decompose into infinite series of the form

30

LAPLACE ADOMIAN DECOMPOSITION METHOD

y r An ,
n0

(3.5)

An ' s ,
and

are called Adomians Polynomials,

Which yields that,

r

A0 y 0 ,
A1 r y1 y0

r 1

A2 r y 2 y 0

r 1

r r 1

y1
r2
y0 ,
2!

y
r 3
r2
r 1
A3 r r 1 r 2 1 y 0 r r 1 y1 y 2 y 0 r y3 y 0 ,
3!
.

By substituting Eq.(3.4), (3.5) into (3.3)

m 1
y

x
An 0 ,

n
n0
n0

s 2 L

n0

n0

s 2 L y n 1 L x m 1 An 0 ,

n0

L y n s 2 s 2 L x m 1 An .
n0

(3.6)
Its recursive relation is given by,

31

LAPLACE ADOMIAN DECOMPOSITION METHOD

L y 0 s 2 ,

L y n 1 s 2 L x m 1 An . n 0

(3.7)
Integrate Eq. (3.7) with respect to s,
L y 0 s 2 d s ,

L y n 1 s 2 L x m 1 An d s . n 0

(3.8)
Now taking Inverse Laplace Transform of Eq. (3.8), it becomes

y 0 L1 s 2 d s ,

y n 1 L1 s 2 L x m 1 An d s . n 0

Therefore,

y 0 L 1 s 2 d s ,

L 1 s 1 ,
1,

y1 L 1

L1

s L x
2

m 1

A0 d s ,

s L x d s ,
2

m 1

m 1 ! s m 3
,
3 m

L 1

32

(3.9)

LAPLACE ADOMIAN DECOMPOSITION METHOD

xm2

, m 2.
m 2 m 3
y 2 L1

s L x

L 1

s L x

m 1

m 1

A1 d s ,
r y1 y 0

r 1

d s ,

r 1,

For

s L x

y 2 L 1

m 1

y1 d s ,

m 1

xm2
2

s
L
x

m 2 m 3

y 2 L 1

d s ,

x2m3
2
s
L

d s ,

m 2 m 3

y 2 L 1

L 1

2 m 3 !
2m4
m 2 m 3 s

d s ,

2 m 3 !
,
2m5
2 m 5 m 2 m 3 s

L 1

2 x2m4

, m 2.
2
2 2 m 5 m 3 m 2
Therefore,
y x 1

xm2
2 x2m4

, m 2 ,
m 2 m 3 2 2 m 3 m 3 m 2 2
(3.10)

Particularly, we obtained the exact solution as

33

LAPLACE ADOMIAN DECOMPOSITION METHOD

m 0 and r 0 ,

For
y 0 1,

x2
y1
,
6
y 2 0.
Therefore, the exact solution will be

y x 1

x2
.
6

m 0 and r 1,

For
y 0 1,

x2
y1
,
6
2 x4
y2
,
120

y3

3 x6
,
5040

.
Therefore,

x2 2 x4 3 x6
y x 1

,
6
120
5040

x3 2 x5 3 x7
1

y x x

,
x
6
120
5040

34

LAPLACE ADOMIAN DECOMPOSITION METHOD

x x x7
x

,
6
120
5040

3
2

Sin

y x

5
2

7
2

x
.
x

m 0 and r 5,

For
y0 1,
y1

y2

x2
,
6

2 x 4 3 3 x 6 17 4 x 8 59 5 x 10 6 x 12

,
24
70
630
11550
3510

x2
y x 1
3

1
2

3.3.2. Problem 2
Consider another type of Emden-Fowler equation is

d2 y 2 d y

x m e y 0 ,
2
xdx
dx
y 0 0 , y 0 0 .

(3.11)

Throughout multiply Eq. (3.11) with x, we get

x

d2 y
dy
2
x m 1 e y 0 .
2
dx
dx
(3.12)

35

LAPLACE ADOMIAN DECOMPOSITION METHOD

Taking Laplace Transform of Eq. (3.12) on both sides, we have

d2 y
d y
m 1 y
L x
2
L x e 0,
2
d
x
dx

s 2 L y y 0 L x m 1 e y 0 ,
s 2 L y y 0 L x m 1 e y 0 .

According to LADM, the solution

series of the form

y x ,

(3.13)

of the given problem is defined by an infinite

y x yn x ,
n0

(3.14)

ey
and the non-linear term

can be decompose into infinite series of the form

e y An ,
n0

(3.15)

An ' s
and

are called Adomians Polynomials,

Which yields that,

36

LAPLACE ADOMIAN DECOMPOSITION METHOD

A0 e y0 ,
A1 y 1 e y0 ,
A2 y 2 e y0

1 2 y0
y1 e ,
2!

A3 y 3 e y0 y1 y 2 e y0

1 3 y0
y1 e ,
3!

.
By substituting Eq. (3.14), (3.15) into (3.13)

s 2 L

n0

m 1
An 0 ,
y 0 L x

n0

n0

n0

s 2 L y n y 0 L x m 1 An 0 ,

n0

L y n s 2 y 0 s 2 L x m 1 An .
n0

(3.16)
Its recursive relation is given by,
L y 0 s 2 y 0 ,

L y n 1 s 2 L x m 1 An . n 0

(3.17)
Integrate Eq. (3.17) with respect to s,
L y 0 s 2 y 0 d s ,

L y n 1 s 2 L x m 1 An d s . n 0
Now taking Inverse Laplace Transform of Eq. (3.18), it becomes

37

(3.18)

LAPLACE ADOMIAN DECOMPOSITION METHOD

y 0 L1 s 2 y 0 d s ,

y n 1 L1 s 2 L x m 1 An d s . n 0

Therefore,

y 0 L 1 s 2 y 0 d s ,
L 1 0 0 ,

y1 L 1

s L x

L 1

m 1

A0 d s ,

s L x d s ,
2

m 1

m 1 ! s m 3
L
,
3 m

xm2
, m 2.
m 2 m 3

y 2 L1

s L x

L 1

s Lx
2

m 1

y1 e y0 d s ,

y 2 L 1

s L x

m 1

y1 d s ,

m 1

A1 d s ,

m 1

xm2
2

s
L
x

d
s
,

m 2 m 3

y 2 L 1

x2m3
2
s
L

d
s
,

2
m

y 2 L 1

38

(3.19)

LAPLACE ADOMIAN DECOMPOSITION METHOD

L 1

2 m 3 !
2m4
m 2 m 3 s

d s ,

2 m 3 !
,
2m5
2 m 5 m 2 m 3 s

L 1

2 x2m4
, m 2.
2
2 2 m 5 m 3 m 2

Therefore,

xm2
2 x2m4
y x

, m 2 ,
m 2 m 3 2 2 m 3 m 3 m 2 2
(3.20)

3.3.3. Problem 3
Consider nonlinear Emden-Fowler equation

d2 y 2 d y

xm e y 0,
2
xdx
dx
y 0 0 , y 0 0 .

(3.21)

Throughout multiply Eq.(3.21) with x, we get

x

d2 y
dy
2
x m 1 e y 0 .
2
dx
dx
(3.22)

Taking Laplace Transform of Eq. (3.22) on both sides, we have

d2 y
d y
m 1 y
L x
2
e 0,
Lx
2
d
x
d
x

s 2 L y y 0 L x m 1 e y 0 ,

39

LAPLACE ADOMIAN DECOMPOSITION METHOD

s 2 L y y 0 L x m 1 e y 0 .

According to LADM, the solution

series of the form

y x

(3.23)

of the given problem is defined by an infinite

y x yn x ,
n0

(3.24)

e y
and the non-linear term

can be decompose into infinite series of the form

e y An ,
n 0

(2.25)

An ' s
and

are called Adomians Polynomials,

Which yields that,

A0 e y0 ,
A1 y 1 e y0 ,
A2 y 2 e y0

1 2 y0
y1 e ,
2!

A3 y 3 e y0 y1 y 2 e y0

1 3 y0
y1 e ,
3!

.
By substituting Eq. (3.24), (3.25) into (3.23)

m 1

y
0

x
An 0 ,

n
n0
n0

s 2 L

40

LAPLACE ADOMIAN DECOMPOSITION METHOD

n0

n0

s 2 L y n y 0 L x m 1 An 0 ,

L y s

n0

y 0 s 2 L x m 1 An .

n0

(3.26)
Its recursive relation is given by,
L y 0 s 2 y 0 ,

L y n 1 s 2 L x m 1 An . n 0

(3.27)
Integrate Eq. (3.27) with respect to s,
L y 0 s 2 y 0 d s ,

L y n 1 s 2 L x m 1 An d s . n 0

(3.28)

Now taking Inverse Laplace Transform of Eq. (3.28), it becomes

y 0 L1 s 2 y 0 d s ,

y n 1 L1 s 2 L x m 1 An d s . n 0
Therefore,

y 0 L 1 s 2 y 0 d s ,
L 1 0 0 ,

y1 L 1

L 1

s L x
2

m 1

A0 d s ,

s L x d s ,
2

m 1

41

(3.29)

LAPLACE ADOMIAN DECOMPOSITION METHOD

m 1 ! s m 3
L
,
3 m

xm2
, m 2.
m 2 m 3

s L x

y 2 L1

L 1

m 1

A1 d s ,

s L x y e d s ,
2

m 1

s L x

y 2 L 1

m 1

y0

y1 d s ,

m 1

xm2
2

s
L
x

m 2 m 3

y 2 L1

y2 L
1

L1

x2m3
L
d s ,
m 2 m 3

d s ,

2 m 3 !
2m4
m 2 m 3 s

d s ,

2 m 3 !
,
2m5

2
m

5
m

2
m

3
s

L1

2 x2m4
, m 2.
2
2 2 m 5 m 3 m 2

Therefore,
y x

xm2
2 x2m4

, m 2 ,
m 2 m 3 2 2 m 3 m 3 m 2 2
(3.30)

42

LAPLACE ADOMIAN DECOMPOSITION METHOD

m 0,

For

Eq. (3.30) becomes,

x 2 2 x 4 8 3 x 6
y x

,
6
120 15120

3.3.4. Problem 4
Consider Emden-Fowler equation of the second kind is

d2 y 2 d y

x m ln x y r 0 ,
2
xdx
dx
y 0 1, y 0 0 .

(3.31)

Throughout multiply Eq. (3.31) with x, we get

x

d2 y
dy
2
x m 1 ln x y r 0 .
2
dx
dx
(3.32)

Taking Laplace Transform of Eq. (3.32) on both sides, we have

d2 y
d y
m 1
L x
2
ln x y r 0 ,
Lx
2
d x
dx

s 2 L y y 0 L x m 1 ln x y r 0 .

According to LADM, the solution

series of the form

y x

(3.33)

of the given problem is defined by an infinite

y x yn x ,
n0

(3.34)

yr
and the non-linear term

can be decompose into infinite series of the form

43

LAPLACE ADOMIAN DECOMPOSITION METHOD

y r An ,
n0

(3.35)

An ' s
and

are called Adomians Polynomials,

Which yields that,

r

A0 y 0 ,
A1 r y1 y 0

r 1

r 1

r r 1

A2 r y 2 y 0

y1
r2
y0 ,
2!

y
r 3
r2
r 1
A3 r r 1 r 2 1 y 0 r r 1 y1 y 2 y 0 r y3 y 0 ,
3!
.

By substituting Eq. (3.34), (3.35) into (3.33)

m 1

y
0

x
ln
x
An 0 ,

n
n0
n0

s 2 L

n0

n0

s 2 L y n y 0 L x m 1 ln x An 0 ,

n0

L y n s 2 y 0 s 2 L x m 1 ln x An .
n0

(3.36)
Its recursive relation is given by,

44

LAPLACE ADOMIAN DECOMPOSITION METHOD

L y 0 s 2 y 0 ,

L y n 1 s 2 L x m 1 ln x An . n 0

(3.37)
Integrate Eq. (3.37) with respect to s,
L y 0 s 2 y 0 d s ,

L y n 1 s 2 L x m 1 ln x An d s . n 0

(3.38)

Now taking Inverse Laplace Transform of Eq. (3.38), it becomes

y 0 L1 s 2 y 0 d s ,

y n 1 L1 s 2 L x m 1 ln x An d s . n 0
r 0 and m 1,

Therefore, for

Eq. (3.39) becomes,

y 0 L 1 s 2 y 0 d s ,

L 1 s 1 1,

y1 L 1

s L x
2

m 1

ln x A0 d s ,

L1

s L x

m 1

ln x y 0 d s ,

45

(3.39)

LAPLACE ADOMIAN DECOMPOSITION METHOD

L1

s L x

L1

m 1

ln x d s ,

Euler Gamma ln s

d s ,
s

Euler Gamma ln s
1

2 ,
2
2 s2
s
4s

L1

x
3
ln x ,
2
2

y2 0 .
So the exact solution will be,

y x 1

x
3
ln x .
2
2

Similarly

y x 1

x2
5
ln x .
6
6

x3
7
y x 1
ln x .
12
12
y x 1

x4
9
ln x .
20
20

y x 1

x5
11
ln x .
30
30

3.3.5. Problem 5 [67]

Consider a Time-Dependent Lane-Emden equation

46

LAPLACE ADOMIAN DECOMPOSITION METHOD

2 y 2 y
y

6 4 x 2 cos t y
,
2
x x
t
x

y 0 , t e sin t , y x 0, t 0 .
(3.40)
Throughout multiply Eq. (3.40) with x, we get
x

2 y
y
y
2
6 4 x 2 cos t x y x
.
2
x
t
x

(3.41)
Taking Laplace Transform of Eq. (3.41) on both sides, we have
2 y

y
y
2
L x
2
,
L 6 4 x cos t x y x
2
x
t

s2

L y x, t y 0, t L 6 4 x 2 cos t x y x
,
s
t

L y x, t s 2 y 0, t s 2 L 6 4 x 2 cos t x y x
.
s

According to LADM, the solution

infinite series of the form

y x, t

(3.42)

of the given problem is defined by an

y x, t y n x, t ,
n0

(3.43)
also its a linear problem, so we need not to find the Adomians Polynomials.
By substitution Eq. (3.43) in Eq. (3.42), we get

L
s

2
2
2

y
x
,
t

s
y
0
,
t

s
L
6

4
x

cos
t
x
y

n
0 n t n 0 y n ,
n0
n

47

LAPLACE ADOMIAN DECOMPOSITION METHOD

2
2
L

x
,
t

s
y

0
,
t

s
L 6 4 x 2 cos t x y n x n .

n
t
n0 s
n0

Its recursive relation is given by,

L y 0 x, t s 2 y 0, t ,
x

L y n 1 x, t s 2 L 6 4 x 2 cos t x y n x n . n 0
x
t

(3.44)

Integrate Eq. (3.44) with respect to s,

L y 0 x, t s 2 y 0, t d s ,

y
L y n 1 x, t s 2 L 6 4 x 2 cos t x y n x n d s . n 0
t

(3.45)

Now taking the Inverse Laplace Transform of the Eq. (3.45),

y 0 x, t L 1 s 2 y 0, t d s ,

y
y n 1 x, t L 1 s 2 L 6 4 x 2 cos t x y n x n d s . n 0
t

Therefore,

y0 x , t L1 s 2 y 0, t d s ,

L 1 e sin t s 1 ,
e sin t ,

48

(3.46)

LAPLACE ADOMIAN DECOMPOSITION METHOD

y
y1 x, t L1 s 2 L 6 4 x 2 cos t x y 0 x 0 d s ,
t

L s

L 6 4 x cos t x e

sin t

e sin t
x
d
s
,

L1 s 2 L 6 4 x 2 cos t x e sin t x cos t e sin t d s ,

L 1 s 2 L 6 4 x 2 x e sin t d s ,

24 6
e sin t L 1 s 2 4 2 d s ,
s
s

24 2
3 ,
5
5
s
s

e sin t L1

x 2

sin t

x4
5

y
y 2 x, t L 1 s 2 L 6 4 x 2 cos t x y1 x 1 d s ,
t

3 4 13 6 x 8
x
x .
105
90
10

e sin t

y
y 3 x, t L 1 s 2 L 6 4 x 2 cos t x y 2 x 2 d s ,
t

3 x 6 17 x 8 54 x 10

x 12 ,
630 11550 3510
70

e sin t
.

Thus from Eq. (3.43) solution will be,

49

LAPLACE ADOMIAN DECOMPOSITION METHOD

y x, t y 0 y1 y 2 y 3 ,
3 x 6 17 x 8 54 x 10

3 4 13 6 x 8
1 12
x4
y x, t e sin t e sin t x 2 e sin t
x
x e sin t

x ,
5
105
90

10
70 630 11550 3510

x4 x6 x8
y x, t e sin t 1 x 2 , ,
2 ! 3! 4!

e sin t e x ,
ex

sin t

(3.47)
This is exact solution.

50