Experiment No.

8
Aim:
To determine frequency domain representation of CT and DT aperiodic signals.
Sources/Softwares required:
MATLAB
Theory:Fourier analysis is a family of mathematical techniques, all based on decomposing signals into
sinusoids. The discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is the family member used with digitized signals
(discrete-time signal). A signal can be either continuous or discrete, and it can be either periodic
or aperiodic. The combination of these two features generates the four categories, described
below.
Periodic-Continuous: Here the examples include: sine waves, square waves, and any waveform
that repeats itself in a regular pattern from negative to positive infinity. This version of the
Fourier transform is called the Fourier series.
Aperiodic-Continuous: This includes, for example, decaying exponentials and the Gaussian
curve. These signals extend to both positive and negative infinity without repeating in a periodic
pattern. The Fourier Transform for this type of signal is simply called the Fourier Transform.
Aperiodic-Discrete: These signals are only defined at discrete points between positive and
negative infinity, and do not repeat themselves in a periodic fashion. This type of Fourier
transform is called the Discrete Time Fourier Transform.
Periodic-Discrete: These are discrete signals that repeat themselves in a periodic fashion from
negative to positive infinity. This class of Fourier Transform is sometimes called the Discrete
Time Fourier Series.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------IN LAB EXERCISE
Question 1
syms w t;
x = exp(-2.*abs(t)).*cos(5*t);
y=exp(-j.*w.*t);
z=x.*y;
p=int(z,t,-inf,inf);
q=subs(p,w,-5:0.01:5);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(-5:0.01:5,abs(q));
xlabel('q');
ylabel('abs(q)');

title('Amplitude Spectrum');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(-5:.01:5,angle(q));
xlabel('q');
ylabel('angle(q)');
title('Phase Spectrum');

Question 2
syms wo n;
x=((1/3)^abs(n));
y=exp(-j*wo*n);
z=x.*y;
p=symsum(z,n,-inf,-3);
%limit from -inf to -3 as
%heaviside was not computing the range
q=subs(p,wo,-5:.01:5);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(-5:0.01:5,abs(q));
xlabel('q');
ylabel('abs(q)');
title('Amplitude Spectrum');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(-5:0.01:5,angle(q));
xlabel('q');
ylabel('angle(q)');

title('Phase Spectrum');

POST LAB EXERCISE

Question 1
a) syms w t;

x = 2.*heaviside(t)-1;
y=exp(-j.*w.*t);
z=x.*y;
p=int(z,t,-5000,5000);
%finite quantity & not from -inf to inf
%as heaviside not supporting -inf to inf
q=subs(p,w,-10:0.01:10);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(-10:0.01:10,abs(q));
xlabel('q');
ylabel('abs(q)');
title('Amplitude Spectrum');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(-10:.01:10,angle(q));
xlabel('q');
ylabel('angle(q)');

title('Phase Spectrum');

b) syms w t;

s=1;
x = exp((-(t)^2)/(2.*(s)^2));
y=exp(-j.*w.*t);
z=x.*y;
p=int(z,t,-inf,inf);
q=subs(p,w,-10:0.01:10);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(-10:0.01:10,abs(q));
xlabel('q');
ylabel('abs(q)');
title('Amplitude Spectrum');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(-10:.01:10,angle(q));
xlabel('q');
ylabel('angle(q)');
title('Phase Spectrum');

Question 2
syms wo n;
x=((1/3)^n.*cos(3*n));
y=exp(-j*wo*n);
z=x.*y;
p=symsum(z,n,3,inf);
%limit from 3 to inf as
%heaviside was not computing the range
q=subs(p,wo,-5:.01:5);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(-5:0.01:5,abs(q));
xlabel('q');
ylabel('abs(q)');
title('Amplitude Spectrum');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(-5:0.01:5,angle(q));
xlabel('q');
ylabel('angle(q)');
title('Phase Spectrum');

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
This experiment gave us programming techniques to solve problems based on determination of
frequency domain representation in CT & DT aperiodic signals.. We also learnt how to estimate
errors using basic calculus concepts and results, as well as writing programs to implement the
numerical methods with a software package, Matlab.