12/11/2015

Safety and Protection

Illumination
(Elements of Electrical Engineering)

Prof. Chintan Patel

Department of Electrical Engineering

G. H. Patel College of Engineering and
Technology V V Nagar (Gujarat)
Email : chintanpatel@gcet.ac.in
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Circuit Protection Devices:

1) Fuse
2) Circuit Breaker
3) Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB)
4) Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)
5) Relay

Prof. Chintan Patel (EE- GCET)

130904-Electrical Machine-1

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1) Fuse:

A fuse is a short piece of metal, inserted in the circuit,
which melts when excessive current flows through it and
thus breaks the circuit.

Fuse is placed in series with the circuit that is to be
protected.

Under normal operating conditions, the fuse element is at a
temperature below its melting point.

So, it carries the normal current without overheating.

However, when a short-circuit or overload occurs, the
current through the fuse increases beyond its rated value.

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Prof. Chintan Patel (EE- GCET)

1) Fuse:

This raises the temperature and fuse element melts (blows
out), disconnecting the circuit protected by it.

In this way, a fuse protects the machines and equipment
from damage due to excessive currents.

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Prof. Chintan Patel (EE- GCET)

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2) Circuit Breaker

A circuit breaker is a piece of equipment which can
(i) make or break a circuit either manually or by remote
control under normal conditions
(ii) break a circuit automatically under fault conditions
(iii) make a circuit either manually or by remote control under
fault conditions

Under normal conditions, its contacts remain closed and
current can flow through it.

Under abnormal or faulty conditions, its contacts are
opened and current can flow through it.

Unlike the fuse, the CB does not get damaged or destroyed
by the overload.
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Prof. Chintan Patel (EE- GCET)

2) Circuit Breaker

The maximum overload current for CB is from 5000 Amp. to
50000 Amp.

The CB consists of a switch, which is held in closed
position by catch.

To open the CB contacts, the catch is released.

Two mechanisms are used to release this catch.
1) Using an electromagnet
2) Using a bimetallic strip

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Prof. Chintan Patel (EE- GCET)

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Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB)

The leakage current (even if of small value) must be sensed
and at the same instant, the supply must be cut-off.

The ELCB is used to perform this task.

It senses the small leakage currents and prevents fatal
effects from the electric shocks.

The ELCB is also called Residual Current Circuit Breaker
(RCCB).

The ELCB or RCCB operates very quickly with small
leakage current.

The ELCBs are widely used in residential, commercial and
industrial premises.
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Prof. Chintan Patel (EE- GCET)

Working of ELCB:

It consists of an operating coil and a trip mechanism.

If the leakage current exceeds the rated operating current
of ELCB, the mechanism will be operated to disconnect the
supply.

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Prof. Chintan Patel (EE- GCET)

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Prof. Chintan Patel (EE- GCET)

Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)

The MCB is an electromechanical device that operates and
disconnects the circuit when the current reaches to the
predetermined value.

The MCB will be operated at 125 % of the rated current.

It consists of following components.
1) Silver Graphite Contacts
2) Arc Horns
3) MCB Housing
4) Inner Mechanism
5) Angular Vents
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Prof. Chintan Patel (EE- GCET)

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Relay

The relay is a device which is used to sense the fault and
operates the CB.

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Illumination

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Light: It is a form of electromagnetic energy radiated from a

hot body which can be sensed by eye.
Luminous Flux: The total quantity of light energy emitted per
second from a luminous body is called
luminous flux. (Lumens)
Luminous Intensity: It is the intensity of luminous flux in the
given direction. (Candela)
Illumination: When light falls upon any surface, the
phenomenon is called illumination.
( lumens/m2 or lux)

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Prof. Chintan Patel (EE- GCET)

Lighting Schemes:
1) Direct Lighting
2) Semi-direct Lighting
3) Semi-indirect Lighting
4) Indirect Lighting
5) General Lighting ( Diffused Lighting)

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1) Direct Lighting

80% to 90 % of total light flux fall directly to the working
surface using suitable reflectors..

It is not preferred for indoor residential lighting as it causes
hard shadows and glare.

It is used for industrial and general lighting.

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Prof. Chintan Patel (EE- GCET)

2) Semi-Direct Lighting

60% to 90 % of total light flux fall directly to the working
surface using suitable semi-direct reflectors.

The remaining light is used to illuminate the ceiling & walls.

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3) Semi-Indirect Lighting

60 % to 90 % of total light is thrown upwards to the ceiling
for diffused reflection by inverted or bowl reflectors.

This is used for indoor light decorations.

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Prof. Chintan Patel (EE- GCET)

4) Indirect Lighting

More than 90 % of the total light flux is thrown upwards to
the ceiling for diffused reflection by bowl reflectors.

It is used in cinemas, hotels, etc.

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5) General Lighting/ Diffused Lighting

It is used to obtain diffused and glare-less lighting which
gives nearly equal illumination in all directions.

For this scheme, fluorescent lights or diffused glass
lamps are used.

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