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INFORMATION SHEET
BOILER CONSTRUCTION
INTRODUCTION
The D-type boiler has been installed in U.S. Navy ships since 1950.
Whether 600 psi or 1200 psi, D-type boiler construction is basically
the same with a few exceptions, such as number of fuel oil burners
and overall size and volume.
REFERENCES
(a) Boilers NSTM Chapter 221
(b) Fireman NAVEDTRA 10520 Series
(c) Boiler Technician 3&2 NAVEDTRA 10535B
(d) Principles of Naval Engineering 10788 H
(e) Boiler Operation and Maintenance Manual NAVSEA 0951-LP022-6010
INFORMATION
A. Main propulsion boilers provide steam to the main propulsion turbines and
auxiliary services in order to supply all shipboard steam systems in
accordance with demand. (refer to Figure 1). It is designated as a D-type
boiler because of the relative positions of the drums and side header which
form the letter D. All D-type boilers are designated as uncontrolled
superheat boilers because all the steam generated by the boiler must pass
through the superheater. Superheater outlet temperature is a result of the
combustion gas flow in proportion to the total amount of steam flow through
all ranges (0 - 120%). The design characteristics ensure that the temperature
will stabilize at set point. The degree of superheat is calculated by
subtracting steam drum temperature from the actual reading on the
superheater outlet temperature gage. In this lesson we will examine the
components of the boiler and then we will bring everything together by
describing how water and steam is generated and circulated through the
boiler. The flow path of combustion gases through the boiler will also be
discussed.
D TYPE BOILER
Figure 1
ECONOMIZER
Figure 2
C. The steam drum is located at the top of the boiler to provide an upper
reservoir for the water covering the generating tube bank. Water is
distributed from the steam drum to the lower drums and headers by pipes
called downcomers. Generated steam is also collected and is separated from
the water in the steam drum. Boilers are also equipped with safety valves to
relieve excessive pressure. The valves are located on the steam drum and
superheater outlet. They are designed to relieve sufficient pressure to safely
steam the boiler at 120% with boiler steam stop valves closed (refer to
Figure 3). These valves are discussed in detail in lesson 62B-206.
D. Air vents or air cocks are installed on top of the steam drum to expel air
from inside the steam drum during cold boiler light-off or when filling the
boiler. The air vents or air cocks are shut when the boiler starts generating
steam.
Figure 3
E. The internal fittings in the steam drum help distribute the water evenly
throughout the drum, separate the generated steam from the water and
remove moisture from the steam before it leaves the boiler (refer to Figure
4).
1. Lower baffle plates or apron plates Separate the incoming feedwater
and generated steam and direct the steam to the separators.
2. Primary separators (cyclone separators) Separate most of the water
from the steam by giving it a cyclone or rotary motion so that the
water particles are expelled from the steam by the centrifugal forces.
These separators are vertically mounted in the steam drum so that the
steam rises out the top and the water falls back into the steam drum.
3. Secondary separators (chevron dryers) Remove additional moisture
from the steam by changing the direction of steam flow several
times. The steam passes on but the moisture cannot make the
direction change with the steam. These separators are mounted above
the primary separators and direct steam to the dry box which collects
the steam at the top of the steam drum, directing it to the steam outlet
piping to the superheater.
4. Feedwater leaves the economizer and enters the boiler through the
internal feed pipe and becomes "boiler water." Perforations along the
side of the feed pipe allow water to be distributed evenly throughout
the steam drum (refer to Figure 4)
Figure 4
I. The lower rearwall header is located along the furnace rearwall from the
furnace floor to the steam drum or upper header to provide a lower junction
for rearwall tubes. It distributes water to the rearwall tubes and provides yet
another blowdown point for removal of sludge. The rearwall tubes are two
inch tubes which protect the boiler rearwall refractory from the heat of
combustion and generate some steam.
NOTE: By using wall tubes, more of the heat in the furnace is absorbed by
water and less refractory material is required, thereby increasing boiler
efficiency and reducing the boiler weight.
J. The upper rearwall header is often called the "floating header" because of its
free-standing design. It is located along the rearwall of the furnace roof to
provide an upper junction for the rearwall tubes. It collects the steam
generated in the rearwall tubes and direct it to the steam drum through riser
tubes.
K. Riser tubes are large tubes located above the furnace roof to provide a
connection between the upper rearwall header and the steam drum.
L. Superheater screenwall tubes help protect the superheater from direct radiant
heat of the furnace. The screen tubes consist of two to three staggered rows
of two inch tubes which are usually connected from the steam drum to the
water drum. Some boilers have a screenwall header installed parallel to the
superheater along the furnace floor as a lower connection and a blowdown
point for sludge.
M. The steam passes through the superheater picking up sensible heat (about
300-400 F) which increases the energy of the steam, allowing it to perform
more work. The superheater is composed of superheater headers which
distribute steam to the superheater tubes or elements and direct it from the
inlet to outlet piping. These headers and elements can be either vertically or
horizontally mounted. (Refer to Figure 5).
SUPERHEATER
Figure 5
N. The bulk of the steam generated by the boiler is formed in the main
generating bank because it has the largest heating surface. This is a large
group of one inch tubes which run from the water drum to the steam drum
and are located behind the superheater.
O. Since these boilers are uncontrolled superheat and the plant is designed to
use lower temperature steam in many applications to help reduce
construction and maintenance costs, the steam needed for these services
must pass through a desuperheater. The desuperheater is a multi-pass tube
bundle which is located in the water drum in most boilers. There are several
boilers which have the desuperheater in the steam drum. As the superheated
steam passes through the tube bundle, it gives up heat to the boiler water in
the water drum.
P. The boiler is protected from the high temperatures of combustion by the
refractory. Refractory lines the inside surface of the inner casing enclosing
all of the furnace area and extending to the outer row of generating tubes.
There are several different types of refractory which work together to
protect the boiler.
1. Firebrick is a heavy casted refractory used as the outer layer of
refractory and is exposed to the direct flames of combustion. It has
poor insulating qualities, but it will withstand direct flame contact.
2. Insulating brick is a lightweight casted refractory used between the
insulating block and firebrick. It has good insulating properties, but
it will not withstand direct contact with flame.
Figure 6
R. The boiler is enclosed by casings which provide an airtight boundary from
the boiler furnace up through to the stack area. The inner casing encloses the
boiler fireside area to the base of stack to provide an airtight lining between
the combustion air space and furnace to contain the products of combustion
within the boiler and support the refractory materials. The outer casing
encloses the entire boiler from the bilge to the stack to provide double
encasement so the boiler air pressure is not affected by the fireroom
atmosphere. The combustion air flows through this space between the inner
and outer casing and is directed to the air registers. The stack is located
above the boiler economizer and extends to above the superstructure to carry
boiler combustion products safely away from the ship. The inner stack or
smoke pipe provides a path for combustion gases to the atmosphere, the
outer stack supports the inner stack and provides a space to receive
incoming combustion air to the boiler and protects personnel from the hot
inner stack surfaces.
S. The fireroom watch team must be able to monitor the exhaust gases to help
maintain a clear smoke free stack. Smoke indicators and periscopes are
installed to allow monitoring of the stack gases leaving the boiler. The
smoke indicator is an electro-mechanical device and the periscope is an
optical device. All ships have periscopes and many have electro-mechanical
smoke indicators or stack gas analyzers. These devices are located above the
economizer at the base of the stack so that combustion gases leaving the
boiler must pass through its line of sight or the sensing element. From
monitoring the stack gases, the combustion process can be adjusted for
maximum efficiency or a casualty situation can be detected (Refer to Figure
7)
TYPICAL PERISCOPE CONFIGURATION
Figure 7
T. Maintaining proper boiler water level is one of the most critical aspects of
boiler operation. To be able to monitor this critical parameter water level
indicators are installed. There are two types, a direct reading gage glass
mounted on the steam drum and a remote water level indicator. The gage
glass gives a direct measurement of the steam drum water level. The remote
water level indicator gives an inferential indication of the steam drum water
level.
1. The direct reading gage glass may be isolated or removed for
maintenance if necessary but, at least two remote water level
indicators must be installed and working. (Refer to Figure 8).
REMOTE WATER LEVEL INDICATOR
Figure 8
2. There are usually two remote water level indicators in the fireroom
for each boiler. They are located on the lower level and the
BTOW/console station. There is also a remote indicator located at
the throttle station for the engine served by that boiler.
3. There are high and low water alarms installed in the remote water
level indicators. They are set to alarm when the steam drum water
level reaches 7 inches above normal or 6 below normal inches on
most steam ships.
U. Because air casing fires sometimes occur in the boiler, a steam smothering
system is installed between the inner and outer casings. This piping comes
from the 150 psi desuperheated steam system and is perforated to allow the
steam to fill the casing and smother the fire. The piping is located at the
lower portion of the casing under the furnace floor and/or brickpan. Steam
can be admitted to the furnance by filling the air casing and then opening the
air registers. (Refer to figure 9).
Figure 9
V. Once the steam flowing through the superheater is what keeps it from
overheating, there must be a means of providing a flow prior to any steam
pressure forcing a flow. This means is called the superheater protection
steam system. The inlet is connected to the steam drum steam outlet piping
and outlet is connected to the desuperheater outlet piping. This arrangement
provides steam flow through the superheater during light-off and securing. It
is also the entry point for the steam used to provide a steam blanket lay-up.
The steam bled off the boiler to provide the flow is routed to the auxiliary
exhaust system. When the boiler is being secured, this system needs to be
aligned to prevent over-pressurization of the boiler because it is still
generating steam. This system is commonly called the superheater bleeder.
(Refer to figure 10)
SUPERHEATER PROTECTION SYSTEM
Figure 10
W. Fuel oil burners are located on the boiler front and extend into the furnace to
provide a means of firing the boiler. Depending on boiler design two to six
burners are installed in the boiler. (Refer to Figure 11).
BURNER ASSEMBLY
Figure 11
1. The burners deliver fuel and air to the boiler furnace in the proper
mixture to obtain optimum combustion. The two main components
of an oil burner are the atomizer assembly and the air register
assembly. The atomizer divides the fuel oil into very fine particles,
the air register admits combustion air to the furnace and promotes
mixing of the air and the fuel oil spray.
2. The types of atomizers used on ships are straight mechanical, steam,
and vented plunger, as described below.
3. In straight mechanical atomization, all the oil pumped to the
atomizer is sprayed into the furnace. The firing rate of this type of
burner is controlled by varying the supply fuel oil pressure and
changing sprayer plate sizes.
Figure 12
3. The stationary type of soot blower usually has one or two rows of
nozzles directed to the area immediately near the drums of the boiler.
Steam is admitted for a short duration by a manually or power
actuated stop valve.
4. The soot blower element must be kept cool and clean during
operation. To accomplish this, a small amount of air is piped into the
element through a small air line. This air is called scavenging air and
comes from the combustion air that pressurizes the boiler air casing.
This allows a small amount of air to enter the soot blower element to
keep it cool and clean. There is a check valve installed in this line to
prevent steam from entering the air casing during soot blower
operation.
5. The operation of soot blowers is called "blowing tubes." Tubes are
blown on the following minimum occasions:
a. After leaving port
b. Before entering port
c. After making heavy smoke
d. Once each week when steaming
Figure 13
1. Surface blowdowns are conducted on a steaming boiler as needed to
maintain boiler water within the proper chemical control limits. The
Chelant system also uses an occasional scum blow to maintain
limits.
2. A boiler is bottom blown only when it is secured. Never bottom blow
a steaming boiler since this could cause a loss of natural circulation
and boiler damage. Boilers shall be secured and bottom blown every
360 steaming hours if the Chelant treatment system is installed or
every 168 if the Coordinated Phosphate (COPHOS) system is in use.
There are many conditions that require a boiler to be bottom blown.
For a complete listing refer to NSTM 221 or 220 volume II.