Derivation of CRLBs for the correlated interferer

models
Sean O’Rourke
March 31st, 2010

1 Correlated Interference Model

Assume that an arbitrary m element array recieves a single scaled and delayed
replica of a known signal s(t), corrupted by an interferer with an unknown (and
possibly complex) signal y(t). The sampled baseband array output is modeled
as the m × 1 complex vector

x[n] = as(nTs − τ0 ) + by(nTs ) + e[n] , (1)

where Ts is the sampling period; a, b ∈ C I m are the spatial signatures of the

direct-path arrival and the interferer; τ0 is the direct path time of arrival; and
e[n] comprises additive (white Gaussian) noise. Let us further suppose that
the interferer’s waveform is correlated with the delayed replica of s(t) to some
extent; that is, we can decompose yu (t) as

y(t) = s(t − τo ) + yu (t) , (2)

where E[yu (t)yu∗ (t)] = σb2 and E[yu (t)s∗ (t−τo )] = 0 We note that σb2 is a measure
of how uncorrelated y(t) is with the desired signal, and in general is dependent
on τ0 .
Using this, we can now form Equation 1 as

x[n] = (a + b) s(nTs − τ0 ) + byu (nTs ) + e[n] (3)

x[n] = (a + b) s(nTs − τ0 ) + z[n] (4)
x[n] = αu s(nTs − τ0 ) + z[n] (5)

where the covariance matrix of the new “noise and uncorrelated interference”
term z[n] is Q = E z[n]zH [n] = σn2 Im + σb2 bbH . We refer to Equation 4 as
the unstructured model. If we assume that the array is calibrated such that
the response to the direct-path signal, say a0 , is known to within a complex
constant α0 , we obtain the form

x[n] = (α0 a0 + b) s(nTs − τ0 ) + z[n] (6)

1
where the covariance matrix of z[n] is identical to the previous case. We shall
refer to Equation 6 as the structured model.
If we assume that z[n] ∼ C I N (0, Q), then x[n] ∼ C I N (µ, Q) where µ[n] =
(a + b) s(nTs − τ0 ) for the unstructured model, and µ[n] = (α0 a0 + b) s(nTs −
τ0 ) for the structured model. Since our model is Gaussian, we can use the
Slepian-Bangs formulation [?] to calculate the Fisher information matrix, and
thus the Cramer-Rao bounds for each of our models. The formulation states
I p , η[n] ∼ C
that, for a given parameter vector η = [η1 · · · ηp ] ∈ C I N (µ[n], Q), the
(i, j)th element of the associated Fisher information matrix is:
(N  )
X ∂µ[n] H 
∂µ[n]
  
∂Q
 
∂Q

−1
FIMij = 2Re Q +Tr Re Q−1 Q−1
n=0
∂ηi ∂ηj ∂ηi ∂ηj
(7)
Then, the Cramer-Rao bound for each parameter in η can be found along the
diagonal of FIM(η).

2 CRB Derivation for the unstructured model

For this case, our parameter vector is η u = [Re{a}, Im{a}, τ0 , Re{b}, Im{b}, σb2 , σn2 ].
Note that for this parameter vector, the structure of our FIM is:
..
 
 F aa f aτ . F ab faσ b
2 f aσ 2
n 

f .. 
 τa Fτ τ . f τ b Fτ σb2 Fτ σn2  
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 
FIM =  ..  (8)
 Fba fbτ . Fbb fbσb2 fbσn2 
 
 . 
 fσ2 a Fσ2 τ .. fσ2 b Fσ2 σ2 Fσ2 σ2 
 
 b b b b b b n
.
fσn2 a Fσn2 τ .. fσn2 b Fσn2 σb2 Fσn2 σn2

where, for example,

 
FaR aR FaR aI
Faa =
FaI aR FaI aR
 
fτ a = fτ0 aR fτ0 aI

with aR = Re{a}, aI = Im{a}. Each of these submatrices contain the appro-

priate elements from the Slepian-Bangs formulation above.
With this structure in mind, we form the derivatives of the mean and co-
variance matrix needed for the formulation. From inspection, we see that µ[n]

2
has no dependence σb2 or σn2 , nor does Q have any dependence on a or τ0 . Thus:

∂µ[n] ∂µ[n]
= = 0(2m+2)×1
∂σb2 ∂σn2
∂Q ∂Q
= = 0m×1
∂aR,i ∂aI,i
∂Q
= 0m×m
∂τ0
where aR,i (aI,i ) is the ith element of the real (imaginary) part of the vector
a. Note that the derivative of Q with respect to a is element-wise, because we
choose not to define a “3-D” structure to handle the derivative of a matrix with
respect to a vector. These mean that the blocks of the FIM that have derivatives
with respect to a, τ0 contain only the first term in Equation 7; similarly, blocks
with derivatives w.r.t. σb2 , σn2 contain only the second term.
The derivatives of µ[n] are:

∂µ[n] ∂µ[n]
= = s(nTs − τ0 )Im×m (9)
∂aR ∂bR
∂µ[n] ∂µ[n]
= =  s(nTs − τ0 )Im×m (10)
∂aI ∂bI
∂µ[n]
= (a + b)d(nTs − τ0 ) (11)
∂τ0
ds(t)
where d(t) = dt . Likewise, the derivatives of Q are:

∂Q
= σb2 beTk + ek bH


(12)
∂bR,k
∂Q
= − σb2 beTk − ek bH


(13)
∂bI,k
∂Q
= Im×m (14)
∂σn2
∂Q
= bbH (15)
∂σb2

where ek is the kth m-dimensional unit vector (e.g., a 1 at position k and zeros
elsewhere). Given these derivatives, we can form the constitutent blocks of the
FIM. We note that any block whose subscripts are reversed (say, τ0 aR ) is the
transpose of the original block (say, aR τ0 ).

2.1 Direct path FIM components (Faa , faτ , fτ a , Fτ τ )

For the upper diagonal blocks in Equation 8 (listed in this subsection’s title),
the zero derivatives discussed above lead to these blocks requiring only the first

3
term of Equation 7. The blocks are:
 
Re {F1 } Im {F1 }
Faa = (16a)
−Im {F1 } Re {F1 }
 
Re {f3 }
faτ = (16b)
Im {f3 }
h i
fτ a = Re {f3 }T Im {f3 }T (16c)
Fτ τ = Re{F2 } = F2 (16d)

where
2
F1 = 2Q−1 ks(τ0 )k (17a)
H −1 2
F2 = 2(a + b) Q (a + b)kd(τ0 )k (17b)
−1 H
f3 = 2Q (a + b)s (τ0 )d(τ0 ) (17c)

are used for notational ease. In Equation 16d, note that Q (and thus Q−1 ) is a
I m , x 6= 0
positive semidefinite matrix, thus any quadratic form xH Q−1 x, x ∈ C
is necessarily real and non-negative. Hence, Re{F2 } = F2 .

2.2 “Cross term” FIM components (Fab , faσb2 , faσn2 , fτ b , Fτ σb2 , Fτ σn2 )
The blocks for this section of the FIM are:

Fab = Faa (18a)

faσb2 = faσn2 = 02m×1 (18b)
fτ b = fτ a (18c)
Fτ σb2 = Fτ σn2 = 0 (18d)

We obtain zero (a zero vector) for Fτ σb2 , Fτ σn2 (faσb2 , faσn2 ) because each of the
parameters zeroes out one term in the Slepian-Bangs formulation. The cor-
respondence of the other blocks with blocks from the previous subsection is a
result of the mean depending on both a and b. As mentioned previously, the
blocks Fba , fσb2 a , fσn2 a , fbτ , Fσb2 τ , and Fσn2 τ are the transposes of the blocks listed
in Equation 18, so they are not listed explicitly.

2.3 Interference and noise FIM components (Fbb , fbσb2 , fbσn2 ,

Fσb2 σb2 , Fσb2 σn2 , Fσn2 σn2 , etc.)
So far, calculation of the FIM blocks has only required the first term of the
Slepian-Bangs formulation, because of terms that only existed in the mean;
hence, the derivative of Q with respect to these terms was always zero. With
these blocks, we require either both terms (in the case of Fbb ) or the second
term only (for the rest of the blocks) of Equation 7. This requires more careful
derivations, so we shall address certain blocks in their own subsections.

4
2.3.1 Calculation of Fbb
First, we consider Fbb . As described above, this block uses both terms of the
Slepian-Bangs formulation. For ease of notation, let us write this block as the
sum of two matrices, one formed from each term of Equation 7:
Fbb = M + C (19)
where M is the 2m × 2m matrix from the term of mean derivatives, and C is
the 2m × 2m matrix from the term of covariance derivatives. Each of these are
further subdivided into 4 blocks as follows:
 
FbR bR FbR bI
Fbb = (20a)
FbI bR FbI bR
 
MbR bR MbR bI
M= (20b)
MbI bR MbI bR
 
CbR bR CbR bI
C= (20c)
CbI bR CbI bR
where the subscripts R and I indicate the real and imaginary parts of a vector,
respectively.
Since the derivatives of the mean with respect to the elements of b are the
same as those with respect to a, it is clear that
 
Re {F1 } Im {F1 }
M= (21)
−Im {F1 } Re {F1 }
with F1 is defined as in Equation 16a.
In order to derive the form for C, we require the use of several properties
from matrix algebra and calculus. First, we use the following property of the
trace operator [?]:
Tr(ABCD) = vec(D)T (A ⊗ CT ) vec(BT ) (22)
where A, B, C, D are conformable matrices, vec(A) stacks the columns of A
into a single vector, and ⊗ is the Krönecker product. Furthermore, note that
for a rank-one matrix, say uvH , its vectorization is:
vec(uvH ) = v∗ ⊗ u (23)
Given this, we can write Equations 121315 Using the second term of the Slepian-
Bangs formulation, we can write the (k, l)th element of CbR bR as:
 
∂Q −1 ∂Q
[CbR bR ]k,l = Tr Q−1 Q (24)
∂bR,k ∂bR,l
T !
∂Q T

∂Q −1 −1 T
= vec (Q ⊗ Q ) vec (25)
∂bR,l ∂bR,k

3 CRB Derivation for the structured model

Here, our parameter vector is η s = [Re{α0 }, Im{α0 }, τ0 , Re{b}, Im{b}, σb2 , σn2 ]