Chemical and Mechanical Engineering 2300 / Thermodynamics I

Solution to Homework Assignment 11 (Lectures 1 - 23)

Prof. Geof Silcox
Chemical Engineering
University of Utah
Due Friday, 2015 December 4, by 23:59
To ensure that you receive full credit for your solutions, write out all equations in
symbolic form, give numerical values for all variables and constants in the equations, and
write answers to definitions or conceptual problems in complete sentences. Approximate
answers are rounded to one significant figure. Your answers need to be reported with
three.

Problem 1
A steady diffuser on a jet engine (see Figure 9-48 of text) takes in air at -40C and 35 kPa
with a velocity of 300 m/s. The cross-sectional area of the inlet is 0.35 m2. The velocity
of the air leaving the diffuser is negligible compared to the inlet value.
a) Find the mass flow rate of air (kg/s). Approximate answer: 50 kg/s.
b) Calculate the exit temperature (C). Please assume room temperature (300 K), constant
specific heats and do not use Table A-17 for this problem. Approximate answer: 5C.

Solution 1
V1
T1
P1

300 m/s
-40 C
35 kPa

A1

0.35 m

Ru
M

8.31 kPa m /(kmol K)

29 kg/kmol

55.0 kg/s

2
3

m 1 AV
1 1

P1 M
AV
1 1
Ru T1

cp
T2 =
T2 =

1005 J/kg K
4.78 C
278 K

V2
2 0
m h1 1 mh
2

V12
V12
c p T2 T1
0
h2 h1
2
2
V2
T2 1 T1
2c p

Problem 2
An adiabatic turbine steadily receives combustion gases at 1400F and 160 psia. The
gases leave the turbine at 12.5 psia. The isentropic efficiency of the turbine is 85 percent.
Estimate the power output of the turbine by assuming (1) that changes in kinetic energy
are negligible, (2) that the combustion gases have the ideal gas properties of air, and (3)
that the heat capacities are constant and equal to their room temperature values (80F).
Approximate answer: 200 Btu/lbm

Solution 2
The turbine is sketched below.

m , h1 , s1
1
2

m , h2 , s2

Wout
F

T1
T1 =
P1
P2
T

1400
1860
160
12.5
0.85

cp
k

0.240 Btu/lbm R
1.40

R
psia
psia

k 1

T2s =
ws =
wa =

898 R
231 Btu/lbm
196 Btu/lbm

P k
T2 s T1 2
P1
W s
ws h1 h2 s c p T1 T2 s
m
wa T ws

Problem 3
A 8.5 kW pump steadily pressurizes liquid water from P1 = 100 kPa to P2 at the rate of
3.5 kg/s. What is the highest possible value of P2 if changes in kinetic and potential
energy are neglected? Assume the specific volume of water to be 0.00100 m3/kg.
Approximate answer: 3000 kPa.

Solution 3
The pump is sketched below.

Win

z2

z1
Win

m
P1
v

8.5 kW
3.5 kg/s
100 kPa
3

1.00E-03 m /kg

wrev ,in vdP v( P2 P1 )

1

P2 =

2.53E+03 kPa

P2

wrev ,in

P1
v
W 1
P2
P1
m v

Problem 4
You have been asked to estimate the overall efficiency and the rate at which coal must be
supplied to a 1000 MW (electrical) coal-fired electric power generation plant. As an
approximation, you will assume that the power plant operates on a simple, ideal Rankine
cycle. Steam enters the turbine at 9.0 MPa and 550C and the condenser is at pressure 10
kPa. The coal has a higher heating value (HHV) of 28,000 kJ/kg. Assuming that 90
percent of the HHV is transferred to the steam in the boiler and that the electric generator
has an efficiency of 97 percent, determine
(a) the overall plant efficiency where the overall efficiency is defined as

overall th genboiler

We
m coal HHV

(b) the feed rate of the coal (kg/s).

Approximate answers: (a) 40 percent, (b) 100 kg/s.

Solution 4
The ideal Rankine cycle is shown below on a T-s diagram.

P2 = P3
qin
3
2

wpump,in

P1 = P4
1

qout

4
s

The given information is summarized here.

We
P2 = P3
P2 = P3 =
T3
P1 = P4
HHV
boiler
gen

1000 MW
9.0 MPa
9000 kPa
550 C
10 kPa
28000 kJ/kg
0.90
0.97

Calculate the thermal efficiency

h3
s3
s4 = s3 =
sf4
sg4
x4 =
hf4
hg4
h4 =
v1 = vf1
h1 = hf1
h2 =
th =

3512.0
6.8164
6.8164
0.6492
8.1488
0.8223
191.81
2583.9
2158.9

kJ/kg
kJ/kg K
kJ/kg K
kJ/kg K
kJ/kg K

x4
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg

s4 s f 4
sg 4 s f 4

h4 1 x h f 4 xhg 4

0.001010 m /kg
191.81 kJ/kg
200.89 kJ/kg
0.406

h2 h1 wpump ,in h1 v f 1 P2 P1
W
Q
h h
th e 1 out 1 4 1
h3 h2
Q
Q
in

Calculate the overall efficiency

overall =
0.354

in

overall th genboiler

We
m coal HHV

Calculate the mass flow rate of the coal

m coal

101 kg/s

Problem 5
An ideal Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 10 and is sketched below on a P-v
diagram. The working fluid is air. The compression stroke starts with P1 = 100 kPa and
T1 = 50C. During the constant-volume heat addition step, qin = 800 kJ/kg. Assuming
constant, room temperature specific heats, determine
(a) the pressure and temperature at the end of the heat-addition process,
(b) the net work output,
(c) the thermal efficiency, and
(d) the mean effective pressure for the cycle.
Approximate answers: (a) 6000 kPa, 2000 K: (b) 500 kJ/kg; (c) 60 percent; (d) 600 kPa.

3
wout

P
qin
2

4
qout

win
1

TDC

BDC

Solution 5
The given properties and constants are
r
P1
T1
T1 =
qin
cv
k

10.0
100
50
323
800
0.718
1.400

kPa
C
K
kJ/kg
kJ/kg K

a) Find T3 and P 3.
T2 =

P2 =

T3 =

P3 =

812 K

2.51E+03 kPa

1926 K

5.96E+03 kPa

T2 v1

T1 v2

P2 rP1

k 1

v
or T2 T1 1
v2

T2
v
where r 1
T1
v2

qin cv T3 T2 or T3

P3 rP1

k 1

T3
T1

qin
T2
cv

b) Find wnet,out.

wnet ,out qin qout

T4 =

T4 v3

T3 v4

767 K

k 1

v
or T4 T3 3
v4

qout =

318.5 K

qout cv T4 T1

wnet,out =

481.5 kJ/kg

wnet ,out qin qout

c) Find thermal efficiency

th =

th

0.602

wnet ,out
qin

d) Find mean effective pressure

R
MEP =

0.287 kPa m /kg K

577 kPa

MEP

wnet ,out
v1 v2

wnet ,out
RT1 RT2

P1
P2

k 1