ASIC Webinar Session 7 - Building Configuration Slides

AISC Night School
Session 7: Building Configuration

April 21, 2014
Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering

for Building Structures
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Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction
AISC Night School

April 21, 2014
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The American Institute of Steel Construction 2014

Course Description
Building Configuration
April 21, 2014
This Building Configuration lecture will focus on load path and the role
and components of diaphragms. There will be a discussion of foundation
issues. Irregularities and their treatment in steel frame design will be
covered. The session will present the treatment of 3-dimensional
analysis issues as well as of modal-response-spectrum analysis issues.
The concept of deformation compatibility will be presented. This lecture
will also include a discussion of issues related to fixity and rotation
demand.
Learning Objectives
Gain an understanding of load path for the design of steel
framed structures
Become familiar with diaphragm behavior and design
principles.
Learn and understand about foundation design concepts for
steel framed structures.
Learn and understand about deformation compatiblity in
steel framed structures.
Fundamentals of
Earthquake Engineering
Rafael Sabelli, SE
Copyright 2014
AISC Night School

April 21, 2014

Course outline
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Session 7:
Seismology and earthquake effects

Dynamics and response
Building dynamics and response
Steel behavior
System ductility and seismic design
Steel systems
Building configuration
Building codes
Building configuration
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Session topics
Load path
Load path
Foundations
Diaphragms
Collectors
Deformation compatibility
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Load path
Load path
Connects point of
application to point
of resistance
In seismic design,
every element with
mass is considered a
point of application
Foundation is
considered point of
resistance
Lateral
framing
Gravity
framing
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Wind vs. seismic loads
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Wind load path
Wind loads
o External
Exposed areas
participate
Seismic loads
o Inertial
All mass participates
Load path required

between mass and
foundation
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April 21, 2014

Seismic load path
Seismic load path
Mass without connection to structure:

No load path
All masses must have positive connection

to seismic-load-resisting system
Magnitude of connection force due to
o Ground motion
o Mass of item
o Building dynamics (local acceleration)
Diaphragms contain the majority of typical

building mass
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Seismic-load-resisting system
18
Load path issues
Vertical frames
Continuity
o Beams
o Columns
o Braces (if any)
o Load path must

be continuous
between mass
and foundation
Diaphragms
o Deck
o Chords
o Collectors
Foundations
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April 21, 2014

Load path issues

Eccentricity
Load path issues

Compression
Tension
o Horizontal eccentricity
between mass and
frame causes flexure
in diaphragm
o Vertical eccentricity
between mass and
foundation causes
overturning in frame
Change in direction
o At a change in
direction load path
there is an
additional force
Vertical
o Overturning
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Foundations
Foundations
Shallow foundations
o Support
o Lateral resistance
o Stability
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Deep foundations
o Support
o Lateral resistance
o Stability
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Shallow foundations:
lateral resistance
Shallow foundations: support

Overturning at
frames
Lateral resistance
o Sliding
o Friction
o Bearing (passive
pressure)
o Engagement of
multiple footings
o Bearing pressure
Short-duration
increase in resistance
Idealized as triangular
Or modeled with soil
springs
o No tension!
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Shallow foundations:
lateral resistance
Shallow foundations: stability
Lateral resistance
H
Relative lateral
movement of footings
can be problematic
Grade beam
o Sliding
o Friction
o Bearing (passive
pressure)
o Engagement of
multiple footings
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May be governing
consideration for
foundation
Nonlinear
o May be stable under ASD and
unstable under LRFD loads
Minimum requirement: Evaluate
under ASD
Design footings for soil capacity
(amplified)
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Shallow foundations: stability
Deep foundations: support
Implications of
designing for stability
with reduced loads
Overturning at
frames
o Compression
End bearing
Friction
o Rocking may be
governing mode
o System above may have
lower ductility demand
o Displacements may be
larger than anticipated
o Tension
Friction
o Short-duration
increases
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Deep foundations:
lateral resistance
Deep foundations:
lateral resistance
Lateral resistance
Lateral resistance
o Pile shear and bending

o Pile-cap bearing
(passive pressure)
o Engagement of multiple
footings
o Pile shear and bending

o Pile-cap bearing
(passive pressure)
o Engagement of
multiple footings
o Buildings tied together
o Batter piles
Engage all piles

Prevent relative
movement
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Grade beam
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Deep foundations: stability

Diaphragms
Stability
o Addressed by strength
design of piles
o Upper-bound soil
strength difficult to
establish
o Rocking mechanism not
applicable
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Steel Deck (AKA Metal Deck)
Deck and Fill
Shear load
path through
steel deck and
fasteners.
Shear load path

through steel
deck and
fasteners.
Steel chords
and collectors.
Concrete stiffens
deck and
prevents
buckling.
Steel chords and
collectors.
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Steel deck with reinforced

concrete fill
Horizontal truss diaphragm
Shear load path through

reinforced concrete and
shear studs.
Chords and collectors:
Steel members, or
Reinforcement in
deck
Shear load
path through
steel
diagonals and
framing.
Steel chords
and
collectors.
Shear studs.
Deck is for
gravity only.
Reinforcement
Truss
37
Diaphragms
Roles of diaphragms
Roles of Diaphragms
Diaphragm Components
Diaphragm Behavior and Design
Principles
Building Analysis and Diaphragm Forces
Diaphragm Analysis and Internal
Component Forces
Support gravity
Deliver forces to
frames
Brace columns
for stability
Transfer forces
between frames
Resist P- thrust
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Distribute inertial forces
Lateral bracing of columns
KL
(K=1)
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Transfer forces between frames
Resist P- thrust
Vertical
beam
reaction
Sloped
column
axial
force
Horizontal
thrust
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Transfer diaphragms
Transfer diaphragms
Podium
Setbacks
45
Backstay Effect
46
Collector
Demand at
backstay
diaphragm
Deck
(diaphragm)
Stiff plaza level
diaphragm
Shear reversal at
plaza level
Horizontal Force
Couple
Vertical Force
Couple
Chord
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Diaphragm rigidity
Collector
Flexible
Deck
Rigid
(diaphragm)
Chord
Semi-Rigid
49
Diaphragm types and analysis

Determinate
Flexible, or
3 lines of resistance
o Analyze diaphragm
o Diaphragm reactions
load frames
50
Analysis of Flexible Diaphragms
Indeterminate
Rigid, or
Semi-rigid
o Analyze building
Relative frame stiffness
Diaphragm rigidity
Frame location
o Forces to frames =
diaphragm collector
forces
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Typical diaphragm analysis
Typical diaphragm analysis

Chord
Tension
Fcoll
33%
33%
17%
17%
17%
33%
33%
Collector
17%
V
Fchord
Fp
Collector
Uniform
shear
Chord
Compression
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Alternate diaphragm analysis
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Chord
Tension
Collector
Chord
Tension
Collector
Collector
Collector
Non-uniform shear
Local chords
Nonuniform
shear
Chord
Compression
Chord
Compression
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Chord
Tension
Chord
Tension
Collector
Collector
Collector
Non-uniform shear
Local chords
Internal collectors
Chord
Compression
Collector
Chord
Compression
Critical for
design
Non-uniform shear
Local chords
Internal collectors
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Analysis of Non-flexible
Diaphragms
Analysis of Non-flexible
Diaphragms
Non-flexible diaphragms
activate the perpendicular
system to help resist
torsion (due to eccentricity
between center of mass
and center of rigidity)
Moment
Shear
Moment
Correction
Corrected
Moment
A 3-dimensional analysis
captures this effect
Combination of orthogonal
load effects is necessary
Shear
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Using the results of 3-D analysis
Critical for design:

Collectors and chords
Using the results of 3-D analysis
Loading distribution
adjusted to satisfy statics
Critical for design:

Collectors and chords
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Collectors
Collectors
Protected element
Reinforcement in composite deck
Steel framing
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Collector and frame loads: Case 1
Protected element
Force
Colors
V(i+1) =(Tmax(i+1) +Cmax(i+1))cos((i+1))

Critical elements
designed for this load
Lateral load
(oE)
Shear entering
frame line
Columns
Collector beams
F1(i) =Fleft (i)

+Fmid(i)
+Fright(i)
Fuses designed for this load

(E: design base shear)
V(i+1)
Fleft (i)
33%F1(i)
V(i)
Tmax(i+1)
F1(i)
Fmid(i)
33%F1
(i)
Cmax(i)
Cmax(i+1)
Capacity
Statics
Fright(i)
F1(i) =V(i) V(i+1)
33%F1(i)
Tmax(i)
V(i) =(Tmax(i) +Cmax(i))cos((i))
Deformation,
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Collector and frame loads: Case 2

(i)
=V(i)
/ [V
(i+1)+
Fp
Force
Colors
V(i+1) = (i) V(i+1)

Shear entering
frame line
F2(i) = (i) Fp
= Fleft (i)
+Fmid(i)
+Fright(i)
For
static
From
analysis
equilibriumV
V(i+1)
(i+1)
Fleft (i)
33%F2(i)
V(i)
T
T(i+1)
(i+1)
Fp(i)(i)
F2
Fmid(i)
33%F2
(i)
Cmax(i)
Reinforcement in deck
Wide section of deck
Diaphragm
C
C (i+1)
(i+1)
Fright(i)
Capacity
o Low stress
o Stability not critical
Eccentricity from frame
Statics
o Local chords
33%F2(i)
Concentrated shear
transfer
Tmax(i)
V(i) =(Tmax(i) +Cmax(i))cos((i))
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Reinforcement in deck
Reinforcement as collector
Reinforcement
used for collector
forces
oE / A= 0.5 fc
(unconfined concrete)
oE / (wt)= 0.5 fc
w oE / (0.5 fc t)
oE
L
C
C
e = w/2
Braced frame
Local chord force:

C = e (oE)/L
oE
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Beam-columns
Beam-columns
Compressive
strength
Compressive
strength
o Wide-flange with discreet

lateral and torsional
bracing
o Wide-flange with
continuous lateral
bracing
Major axis flexural buckling

Minor-axis flexural buckling
Torsional buckling
Major axis flexural

buckling
Constrained-axis flexuraltorsional buckling
o Higher strength than

minor-axis FB for same
unbraced length
o Strength between
minor-axis FB and
torsional buckling
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Constrained-axis
flexural-torsional buckling
Beam-columns
Constrained-axis
flexural-torsional
buckling
o Use 0.9 PE to calculate
Fcr
2 E Cw I y a 2
1
GJ 2 2
Pe
2
rx ry a 2
K z L
Minor axis flexural buckling
Constrained-axis
Flexural-torsional buckling
(no restraint)
(restraint at top flange)
Torsional buckling
(restraint at
centroidal axis)
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Beam-columns
Compressive
strength
o Wide-flange with
continuous torsional
bracing
Major axis flexural

buckling
Required torsional
stiffness TBD
o Slab stiffness
o Web stiffness
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Beam-columns
Collector connections
Gravity
Flexural strength
o Shear forces
o Composite deck
Composite strength
Seismic
o Steel deck only
o Axial forces (horizontal)

o Rotation
Lateral bracing with

flutes perpendicular
Unbraced with flutes
parallel
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Limit States
Plate Yield & Rupture
Bolt shear
Bearing & Splitting
Block Shear
Weld Rupture
Rn (y)
from Manual
Vu
Hu
Hu
Rn (x)
Vu
Rn (y)
1
Rn (x)
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Rotation
Rotation
o Single-plate connection
Follow Manual rules
o Welded top flange

Introduces some
eccentricity
o Plate thickness
o Bolt size
o Spacing
o Moment connection
o Double column of bolts

Extended plate method
Proportioning rules
Attracts moments
May have ductility
demands
Detail for ductility
Shear distortion adjacent
to tall frames
o Due to
Amplified
rotation
Lateral drift
Column axial deformation
o May result in large

rotation demands
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Necessity
Necessity
Connections
Flexible diaphragms
Stairs
Pounding
Critical conditions
Inelastic response
o Large drifts
Lateral system
Gravity system
Performance goal
o Prevent collapse
Global
Local
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Gravity connections
Flexible diaphragms
Connection rotation angle

~ drift angle
Simple connections in the
Manual provide inelastic
rotation capacity
Diaphragm
deformation adds to
story drift
Columns and
connections at
diaphragm mid-span
o 3% (minimum) for design range

o Seismic drift assumed to be
accommodated
Gravity
column
o Increased rotations
o Increased P-
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Stairs
Pounding
Act as braces
Dynamic effects
Column damage
o Stiff
Not ductile
Continued function
necessary
Detail to allow
movement
Column
damage
o At offset levels
Pounding
o Maintain gravity support
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Critical conditions
90
Critical conditions
High consequence
1.5Cd/R
1.5Cd/R
o Loss of gravity support

o Loss of egress
Treat with extra care
Member spanning
seismic separation
o Estimate upper-bound
displacements
o Absolute sum, not SRSS
Support on
bracket
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Summary
Summary
Structures require a complete load path to

maintain stability
Foundations and diaphragms are an
integral part of the load path
The entire structure must be capable of
deforming along with the seismic load
resisting system
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Parting thought
End of session 7
How are these issues

treated by building codes?
Next:
Session 8:
Building codes
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Additional resources
Question time
http://www.nehrp.gov/pdf/nistgcr11-917-11.pdf
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AISC Night School

Session 7: Building Configuration

Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering

Todays audio will be broadcast through the

Alternatively, to hear the audio through the

Todays live webinar will begin shortly.

AISC is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of

AISC Night School

Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering

AISC Night School

Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering

Seismology and earthquake effects

AISC Night School

Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering

Wind vs. seismic loads

Wind load path

Load path required

AISC Night School

Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering

Seismic load path

Seismic load path

Mass without connection to structure:

All masses must have positive connection

Diaphragms contain the majority of typical

Load path issues

o Load path must

AISC Night School

Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering

Load path issues

Load path issues

AISC Night School

Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering

Shallow foundations: support

Shallow foundations: stability

AISC Night School

Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering

Shallow foundations: stability

Deep foundations: support

o Pile shear and bending

o Pile shear and bending

Engage all piles

AISC Night School

Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering

Deep foundations: stability

Steel Deck (AKA Metal Deck)

Deck and Fill

Shear load path

AISC Night School

Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering

Steel deck with reinforced

Horizontal truss diaphragm

Shear load path through

AISC Night School

Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering

Distribute inertial forces

Lateral bracing of columns

Transfer forces between frames

AISC Night School

Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering

AISC Night School

Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering

Diaphragm types and analysis

Analysis of Flexible Diaphragms

AISC Night School