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COMPUTER GRAPHICS

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CS2405

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LAB MANUAL

INDEX

SN

TITLE

PAGE

Line Drawing Using Bresenham Algorithm

1A

Ellipse Drawing Using Bresenham Algorithm

1C
2

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Two Dimensional Transformations

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Cohen Sutherland 2D line clipping and Windowing

. Three dimensional transformations

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10

8
9

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. Implementation of Line, Circle and ellipse Attributes

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Circle Drawing Using Bresenham Algorithm

1B

SYLLABUS
COMPUTER GRAPHICS LABORATORY

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CS2405

1. Implementation of Bresenhams Algorithm Line, Circle, Ellipse.

2. Implementation of Line, Circle and ellipse Attributes
Shear.
4. Composite 2D Transformations

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5. Cohen Sutherland 2D line clipping and Windowing

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3. Two Dimensional transformations - Translation, Rotation, Scaling, Reflection,

6. Sutherland Hodgeman Polygon clipping Algorithm

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7. Three dimensional transformations - Translation, Rotation, Scaling

8. Composite 3D transformations

9. Drawing three dimensional objects and Scenes

10. Generating Fractal images

1) Turbo C

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LIST OF EQUIPMENTS:

TOTAL: 45 PERIODS

2) Visual C++ with OPENGL

3) Any 3D animation software like 3DSMAX, Maya, Blender

LINE DRAWING USING BRESENHAM ALGORITHM

EX.NO: 1A

DATE:

AIM:
To write a C program for Line Drawing Using Bresenham Algorithm.

Step 1 : Start the program.

Step 2 : Declare the necessary variables.
Step 3 : Initialize the graph using dx, dy, gd, gm.
Step 5 : Similarly, absolute values to dx, dy.

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Step 6 : put pixel and set 15 to pixel position.

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Step 4 : Assign the values of x1, y1 to x,y respectively.

Step 7 : Using do-while loop, put e,x,y,I values.

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Step 8 : Stop the program.

PROGRAM:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

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ALGORITHM:

#include<dos.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<graphics.h>
void main()
{
float x,y,x1,y1,x2,y2,dx,dy,e;
int i,gd=DETECT,gm;
printf("\n ENTER THE VALUE OF X1:");
scanf("%f",&x1);
scanf("%f",&y1);

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printf("\n ENTER THE VALUES OF Y1:");

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clrscr();

scanf("%f%f",&x2,&y2);
initgraph(&gd,&gm," ");

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dx=abs(x2-x1);
dy=abs(y2-y1);
x=x1;
y-y1;

e=2*(dy-dx);

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i=1;
do
{

putpixel(x,y,15);

while(e>=0)

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printf("\n ENTER THE VALUES OF X2 AND Y2:");

{
y=y+1;
e=e-(2*dx);
}
x=x+1;
e=e+(2*dy);
i=i+1;
delay(100);

}while(i<=dx);
closegraph();

getch();
}

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OUTPUT:
ENTER THE VALUE OF X1 : 600

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ENTER THE VALUE OF X2 AND Y2 : 300 400

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ENTER THE VALUE OF Y1 : 400

Ex. No : 1B
Date
AIM:

CIRCLE DRAWING USING BRESENHAM ALGORITHM

To write a C program for Circle Drawing Using Bresenham Algorithm.

ALGORITHM:
Step 1 : Start the program.
Step 2 : Declare the necessary variables.
Step 3 : Create the function for Circle.
Step 5 : Initialize the graph with gd, gm and assign y<-radius.
Step 6 : Start the circle function and p<- 1- radius.
Step 7 : Check the while loop until the condition is satisfied.

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Step 4 : Enter the radius and center values.

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Step 8 : Check the if else condition until the condition is satisfied.

PROGRAM:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

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#include<graphics.h>

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Step 10 : Stop the Program.

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Step 9 : Assign all operation for circle function and the values.

void circlefun(int xcenter, int ycenter,int x,int y);

{

void main()

int x=0,radius,xcenter,ycenter;

int y,p,gd=DETECT,gm;
clrscr();

initgraph(&gd,&gm," ");
printf("\n ENTER THE XCENTER &YCENTER:");
scanf("%d%d",&xcenter,&ycenter);
printf("\n ENTER THE RADIUS:");
scanf("%d",&radius);
y=radius;
circlefun(xcenter,ycenter,x,y);
p=1-radius;

while(x<y)
{
if(p<0)
x=x+1;
else
{
x=x+1;

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y=y-1;
}
if(p<0)
else
p=p+2*(x-y)+1;

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circlefun(xcenter,ycenter,x,y);

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p=p+2*x+1;

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getch();
}

void circlefun(int xcenter,int ycenter,int x,int y)

{

putpixel(xcenter+x,ycenter+y,1);

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putpixel(xcenter-x,ycenter+y,1);
putpixel(xcenter+x,ycenter-y,1);
putpixel(xcenter-x,ycenter-y,1);

putpixel(xcenter+y,ycenter+x,1);
putpixel(xcenter-y,ycenter+x,1);

putpixel(xcenter+y,ycenter-x,1);
putpixel(xcenter-y,ycenter-x,1);

OUTPUT:
ENTER THE X CENTER AND Y CENTER : 500 250

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ENTER THE RADIUS : 70

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RESULT:

Thus the above program CIRCLE DRAWING USING BREASENHAM is executed

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successfully.

ELLIPSE DRAWING USING BRESENHAM ALGORITHM

Ex. No : 1C
Date

AIM:
To write a C program for Circle Drawing Using Bresenham Algorithm.

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ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the program.
Step 2: Initialize the variables.
Step 3: Call the initgraph() function.
Step 4: Get the initialize points P1,P2.
Step 5: Get the values of Co-Ordinates of the ellipse (x,y).

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Step 6: Enter the coordinates a,b of the ellipse .

Step 7: Display the output.

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Step 8: Stop the program

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

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#include<graphics.h>

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PROGRAM

#include<math.h>
void disp();
float x,y;
int xc,yc;
{

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void main()

int gd=DETECT,gm;

int a,b;

float p1,p2;

clrscr();

initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");
scanf("%d%d",&xc,&yc);
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
x=0;y=b;
disp();
p1=(b*b)-(a*a*b)+(a*a)/4;
while((2.0*b*b*x)<=(2.0*a*a*y))
{
x++;

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if(p1<=0)
p1=p1+(2.0*b*b*x)+(b*b);
else
{
y--;
p1=p1+(2.0*b*b*x)+(b*b)-(2.0*a*a*y);
}

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disp();
x=-x;
disp();
x=-x;

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}
y=0;
disp();

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p2=(a*a)+2.0*(b*b*a)+(b*b)/4;

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x=a;

while((2.0*b*b*x)>(2.0*a*a*y))
{
y++;
if(p2>0)
else
{

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p2=p2+(a*a)-(2.0*a*a*y);

x--;

p2=p2+(2.0*b*b*x)-(2.0*a*a*y)+(a*a);

disp();

y=-y;

disp();
y=-y;
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
void disp()

12

{
putpixel(xc+x,yc+y,10);
putpixel(xc-x,yc+y,10);
putpixel(xc+x,yc-y,10);
putpixel(xc+x,yc-y,10);
}

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INPUT
Ellipse Drawing Algorithm
Enter the co-ordinates

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Xc = 200
Yc = 200

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A = 100

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B = 70

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OUTPUT

Result:

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Thus using C++ program implementation of Bresenhams algorithm for line, circle and

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ellipse drawing is done.

TWO DIMENSIONAL TRANSFORMATIONS

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Ex. No. :: 3
Date

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AIM:

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the program.

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To write a C program for Two Dimensional Transformations.

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Step 2: Declare the necessary variables and initialize the graph, gd, gm.
Step 3: Use do-while loop and declare the function clear device.
Step 4: Create four cases translation, scaling , rotation and exit.
Step 5: In case 1 enter the translation values and print the translation
object.

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Step 6: In case 2 enter the scaling values and print the scaling object.
Step 7: In case 3 enter the rotaion values and print rotation object.
Step 8: Clockwise rotation and counter clockwise rotation use the same

equation.

Step 9: Stop the program.

PROGRAM:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
void main()
{

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int x,y,c;
float a;
int gd=DETECT,gm;
initgraph(&gd,&gm," ");
do
{
cleardevice();

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printf("1.TRANSLATION 2.SCALING 3.ROTATION

4.EXIT");
printf("\n ENTER YR CHOICE:");
scanf("%d",&c);

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switch(c)
{

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case 1:

rectangle(100,200,300,300);

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printf("\nENTER THE TX AND TY VALUE:");

scanf("%d%d",&x,&y);

outtextxy(130,180," ORIGINAL OBJECT");

rectangle(100+x,200+y,300+x,300+y);

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outtextxy(130+x,180," TRANSLATION
OBJECT");

break;

case 2:

rectangle(50,100,150,150);
printf("\n ENTER THE SX AND SY
VALUE:");
scanf("%d%d",&x,&y);

outtextxy(38,85,"ORIGINAL OBJECT");
rectangle(50*x,100*y,150*x,150*y);
outtextxy(250,250,"SCALING OBJECT");
break;
case 3:
printf("\n ENTER THE X AND Y VALUE:");
scanf("%d%d",&x,&y);

16

printf("\n ENTER THE ANGLE;");

scanf("%d",&c);
a=(3.14*c)/180;
cleardevice();
line(100,100,200,100);
outtextxy(210,100,"ORIGINAL OBJECT");
line(100*cos(a)-100*sin(a)+x*(1-cos(a))

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+y*sin(a),100*sin(a)+100*cos(a)+y*(1-cos(a))
-x*sin(a),200*cos(a)-100*sin(a)+x*(1-cos(a))

+y*sin(a),200*sin(a)+100*cos(a)+y*(1-cos(a))
-x*sin(a));

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outtextxy(110,75,"COUNTER CLOCKWISE
ROTATION");

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line(100*cos(a)+100*sin(a)+x*(1-cos(a))
-y*sin(a),-100*sin(a)+100*cos(a)+y*(1-cos(a))

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+x*sin(a),200*cos(a)+100*sin(a)+x*(1-cos(a))

-y*sin(a),-200*sin(a)+100*cos(a)+y*(1-cos(a))
+x*sin(a));

outtextxy(110,150,"CLOCKWISE ROTATION");
getch();

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break;

case 4:

exit(0);

getch();

}while(c!=4);

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OUTPUT:
1.TRANSLATION 2. SCALING 3. ROTATION 4. EXIT
ENTER YOUR OPTION : 1
ENTER THE TX AND TY VALUE : 150 150
TRANSLATION OBJECT

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ORIGINAL OBJECT

ENTER YOUR OPTION : 2

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ENTER YOUR SX AND SY VALUE : 2 2

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1. TRANSLATION 2.SCALING 3. ROTATION 4. EXIT

1. TRANSLATION 2.SCALING 3. ROTATION 4. EXIT

ENTER YOUR OPTION : 3

ENTER THE X AND Y VALUE :100 100

ENTER THE ANGLE :90

ORIGINAL OBJECT

COUNTER CLOCKWISE
ROTATION

CLOCKWISE ROTATION

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RESULT:
Thus the above programTWO DIMENSIONAL

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TRANSFORMATIONS Is executed successfully.

COHEN SUTHERLAND 2D LINE CLIPPING AND WINDOWING

Ex. No : 5

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Date

AIM:

To implement cohen-sutherland 2d clipping and window-view port

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mapping

COHEN-SUTHERLAND 2D LINE CLIPPING

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#include<stdio.h>
#include<graphics.h>

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#include<math.h>

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#include<conio.h>

float cxl,cxr,cyt,cyb;
code(float ,float);

void clip(float ,float,float,float);

void rect(float ,float,float,float);

{

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main()

float x1,y1,x2,y2;
int g=0,d;

initgraph(&g,&d,"c:\\tc\\bin");

settextstyle(1,0,1);
outtextxy(40,15,"BEFORE CLIPPING");

printf("\n Please Enter Left,Bottom,Right,Top Of Clip Window");

scanf("%f%f%f%f",&cxl,&cyb,&cxr,&cyt);
rect(cxl,cyb,cxr,cyt);
getch();
printf("\n Enter The Line Coordinate");
scanf("%f%f%f%f",&x1,&y1,&x2,&y2);
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
getch();
cleardevice();

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settextstyle(1,0,1);
outtextxy(40,15,"AFTER CLIPPING");
clip(x1,y1,x2,y2);
getch();
closegraph();
}

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void clip(float x1,float y1,float x2,float y2)

{
int c,c1,c2;
float x,y;

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c1=code(x1,y1);
c2=code(x2,y2);

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getch();

while((c1!=0)||(c2!=0))
{

if((c1&c2)!=0)

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goto out;
c=c1;

if(c==0)

c=c2;

if((c&1)==1)
{

y=y1+(y2-y1)*(cxl-x1);
x=cxl;
}
else
if((c&2)==2)
{
y=y1+(y2-y1)*(cxl-x1)/(x2-x1);
x=cxr;
}

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else
if((c&8)==8)
{
x=x1+(x2-x1)*(cyb-y1)/(y2-y1);
y=cyb;
}
else
{
x=x1+(x2-x1)*(cyt-y1)/(y2-y1);
y=cyt;

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}
if(c==c1)

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{
x1=x;

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y1=y;

c1=code(x,y);

}
else
{

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x2=x;
y2=y;

c2=code(x,y);

out:

rect(cxl,cyb,cxr,cyt);
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);

}
code(float x ,float y)
{
int c=0;
if(x<cxl)

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if((c&4)==4)

c=1;

22

else
if(x>cxr)

c=2;

if(y<cyb)

c=c|8;

if(y>cyt)

c=c|4;

else
else
return c;

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void rect(float xl,float yb,float xr,float yt)

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{
line(xr,yb,xr,yt);
line(xr,yt,xl,yt);

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line(xl,yt,xl,yb);

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line(xl,yb,xr,yb);

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OUTPUT

SAMPLE INPUT:

Please Enter Left , Bottom , Right , Top Of The Clip window

200
200
400
400

Please Enter The Line Coordinates (X1, Y1, X2, Y2)

150
300
400

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450

SAMPLE OUTPUT:

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BEFORE CLIPPING

AFTER CLIPPING:

Windowing To Viewport Mapping

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#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<math.h>
main()
{

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float sx,sy;
int w1,w2,w3,w4,x1,x2,x3,x4,y1,y2,y3,y4,v1,v2,v3,v4;
int gd=DETECT,gm;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\tc\\bgi");

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printf("Enter The Coordinate x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3\n");

cleardevice();
w2=5;
w3=635;
w4=465;

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w1=5;

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scanf("%d%d%d%d%d%d",&x1,&y1,&x2,&y2,&x3,&y3);

rectangle(w1,w2,w3,w4);
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);

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line(x2,y2,x3,y3);
line(x3,y3,x1,y1);
getch();

v1=425;
v2=75;

v3=550;

v4=250;
sx=(float)(v3-v1)/(w3-w1);
sy=(float)(v4-v2)/(w4-w2);
rectangle(v1,v2,v3,v4);
x1=v1+floor(((float)(x1-w1)*sx)+.5);
x2=v1+floor(((float)(x2-w1)*sx)+.5);
x3=v1+floor(((float)(x3-w1)*sx)+.5);
y1=v2+floor(((float)(y1-w2)*sy)+.5);
y2=v2+floor(((float)(y2-w2)*sy)+.5);

25

y3=v2+floor(((float)(y3-w2)*sy)+.5);
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
line(x2,y2,x3,y3);
line(x3,y3,x1,y1);
getch();
return 0;

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Enter The Coordinate x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3

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100
300
400
500
350

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SAMPLE OUTPUT:

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200

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SAMPLE INPUT:

w
Result :

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Ex. No. :: 07
Date

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TRANSLATION AND SCALING USING 3D

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AIM:

ALGORITHM:

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To write a C program for Translation and Scaling Using 3D Method.

Step 1: Start the program.

Step 2: Declare the necessary variables, with member functions.

Step 3: Create the main function, in that function to initialize graph using

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do-while statement.

Step 4: Using Switch statement for translation, scaling, exit.

Step 5: Using get function for getting the values.

Step 6: Similarly, get the draw function for draw the lines.

Step 7: Stop the program.

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PROGRAM:

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#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<math.h>

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int n,dep;
float x[10],y[10],nx[10],ny[10];

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void translation();
void rotation();

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void scaling();
void draw(float x[],float y[]);
void get();
void main()
{

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int gd=DETECT,gm,i,ch;
initgraph(&gd,&gm," ");
get();

do

cleardevice();
draw(x,y);
printf("\n 1.TRANSLATION 2.SCALING 3.EXIT");
printf("\n ENTER UR CHOICE:");
scanf("%d",&ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
translation();
break;

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case 2:
scaling();
break;
case 3:
closegraph();
exit(0);
}

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getch();
}while(ch!=3);
}

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void get()
{

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int i;

printf("\n ENTER THE NO.OF SIDES& DEPTH OF THE

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POLYGON:");

scanf("%d%d",&n,&dep);

printf("n ENTER THE CO ORDINATES\n");

for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{

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printf("\n ENTER THE X%d&Y%d VALUE:");

scanf("%f%f",&x[i],&y[i]);

void draw(float x[],float y[])

int i;
for(i=0;i<n-1;i++)
line(x[i],y[i],x[i+1],y[i+1]);
line(x[i],y[i],x[0],y[0]);
for(i=0;i<n-1;i++)
line(x[i]+dep,y[i]-dep,x[i+1]+dep,y[i+1]-dep);
line(x[i]+dep,y[i]-dep,x[0]+dep,y[0]-dep);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
line(x[i],y[i],x[i]+dep,y[i]-dep);

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}
void translation()
{
int i,ch;
float tx,ty;
draw(x,y);
printf("ENTER THE TRANSLATIONFACTOR TX &TY

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VALUE:");
scanf("%f%f",&tx,&ty);
for(i=0; i<n;i++)

ny[i]=y[i]+ty;
}
}
void scaling()
{
int i,ch;
float sx,sy;

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draw(x,y);

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draw(nx,ny);

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nx[i]=x[i]+tx;

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printf("ENTER THE SCALING FACTOR SX &SY

scanf("%f%f",&sx,&sy);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)

nx[i]=x[i]*sx;
ny[i]=y[i]*sy;

}
draw(nx,ny);

VALUE:");

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OUTPUT:
ENTER THE NO OF SIDES & DEPTH OF THE POLYGON : 4 10
ENTER THE CO-ORDINATES :
ENTER THE X1 AND Y1 VALUES : 200 10
ENTER THE X2 AND Y2 VALUES : 250 10

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ENTER THE X3 AND Y3 VALUES : 250 60

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1. TRANSLATION 2. SCALING 3. EXIT

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ENTER THE X4 AND Y4 VALUES : 200 60

ENTER YOUR CHOICE : 1

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ENTER THE TRANSLATION FACTORS TX AND TY VALUES : 100 0

1. TRANSLATION 2. SCALING 3. EXIT

ENTER YOUR CHOICE : 2
ENTER THE SCALING FACTORS SX AND SY VALUES : 2 2

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RESULT:

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Thus the above program TRANSLATION AND

SCALING USING 3D Is executed successfully.

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.c

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.c

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