Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Ginseng Jawa (Talinum paniculatum Gaertn.) is the traditional plant which has similar
component to Panax ginseng. It is assumed that it has the same effect to the memory processing in
the brain especially in the hippocampus neuron.
Objective: To reveal the effect of ethanol extract of Ginseng Jawa root on the thickness of CA 1
pyramidal lamina of the hippocampus.
Methods: Three-month old male rats (n=42) 150-200 g body weight, were divided randomly into six
groups, i.e. the control group (KN1 and KN2) administered with aquadest and propylen glikol
respectively. Treated group (P1, P2, and P3) administered with etanol extract of Ginseng Jawa root
orally, at doses 6, 12, and 24 mg/rat, the positive control group (KP) received ethanol extract of
Panax ginseng root at 12 mg/rat. After three days of rehearsal followed by twelve days of test of
eight-arm radial maze, the rats were decapitated, and the brains were collected for histological
preparation. The hippocampal sections were stained with Tholuidin Blue 1 % and the thickness of
CA1 pyramidal lamina of hippocampus were measured. Data was analyzed statistically with KruskalWallis and Mann Whitney test.
Results: The thickness of CA1 pyramidal laminas of hippocampus were 42,989,54 m (KN1);
46,559,99 m (KN2); 46,1911,39 m (P1), 64,5811,25 m (P2) and 70,0014,56 m (P3);and
62,6212,81 m (KP).There was significant effect for the thickness of CA 1 pyramidal lamina of
hippocampus (p<0,05) at 12 mg/rat and 24 mg/rat doses of Ginseng Jawa root compared with the
negative control group. Using thin layer-chromatography, terpenoid saponins were found as the main
active constituents in Ginseng Jawa root
Conclusions: Ginseng Jawa root administered orally increases the thickness of pyramidal lamina
CA1 of the hippocampus at 12 mg/rat and 24 mg/rat.
Key words: Ginseng Jawa, memory, CA1 pyramidal lamina, Hippocampus, Rat
INTRODUCTION
Panax ginseng has been known since thousands years ago as traditional herb
plant used as tonic and aphrodisiac. In addition, a variety of research has proven the
influence of Panax ginseng on the cardiovascular system, central nervous system, and
immune system1, 2.
In Indonesia, traditional herb that similar to Panax ginseng is Ginseng Jawa
(Talinum paniculatum Gaertn.). Research on Ginseng Jawa roots have been done, and
proved to have the benefits of anti-inflamation 3, increasing motility of spermatozoa4,
anti-diarrhea5, and as stimulant nervous system 6. Syamsuhidayat and Hutapea7 (1997)
which
increase
excitatory
potential
synaptic
on
postsynaptic
hippocampus neuron, which can end up until a few hours, days, or weeks. Those aferen
pathway which started in the subiculum to CA1 regions, namely: (1) the perforant
pathway (from the subiculum to cell granuler gyrus dentatus), (2) the mossy fiber
pathway (of the granuler gyrus dentatus to CA 3 pyramidal cells hippocampus), (3) the
Schaffer's collaterals (pyramidal cells of CA3 to CA1 hippocampus) 14. Changes to the
LTP may lead to changes in memory. Previous research has proven the correlation
between the memory and hippocampus, which the increase of memory accompanied
active substances which could enhance memory similar to that of in Panax ginseng.
Therefore this study aimed to reveal the effect of ethanol extract of Ginseng Jawa roots
on the thickness of CA1 pyramidal lamina of the rat hippocampus.
METHODS
Three-month old male rats (Rattus norvegicus) obtained from the Development
Unit of Animal Experimental (UPHP), strain Wistar, n=42, 150-200g body weight, were
kept in wire cages sized 40x40x20 cm3, each containing three and four rats. Food, in the
form of pellets and drinking water provided daily for ad libitum.
The root of Ginseng Jawa is taken from the Medicinal Plant Research Center
(BPTO) Tawangmangu, Surakarta. Ethanolic extraction of the root of Ginseng Jawa was
performed in the way specified in the Pharmacopoeia Indonesia Ed. III with some
modification15. The root of Ginseng Jawa was cleaned then dried with a dryer at
temperatures of 50 degrees Celsius, than it was made into powder with a certain degree
of fineness.
Panax ginseng root extractdose16 given to rats was 8 mg per day for 12-33 days.
Based on that experiment, this study administered variation doses of ethanol extract of
Ginseng Jawa root at 6 mg, 12 mg, and 24 mg per day orally for 18 days, using a simple
experimental post-test only control group design17. A total of 42 rats were divided
randomly into six groups as follows: (1) negative control group 1 (KN1) with 1 ml of
distilled water orally, (2) negative control group 2 (KN2) with 1 ml of propylene glycol
orally, (3 ) treatment group (P1) ethanol extract of ginseng Jawa root 6 mg / rat orally,
(4) treatment group (P2) ethanol extract of ginseng Jawa root 12 mg / rat orally, (5)
treatment group (P3) ethanol extract of ginseng Jawa root 24 mg / rat orally, and (6)
positive control group (KP) with ethanol extract of the roots of Panax ginseng 12 mg /
rat orally. After treatment for 18 days, experimental animals underwent 8-radial arm-
maze test, to investigate on memory performance, for three days followed by a real test
for twelve days18.
After measurements of memory performance, the experimental animals were
decapitated, than taken for preparation of microscopic specimen. Location of cerebral
cutting was on the cerebrum area 3.3 mm posterior to bregma19. Brain tissue grown in
tragachant then immersed into nitrogen liquid20 for 25 to 35 seconds, then placing inside
the refrigerator at a temperature of 25oC. Tissue was cut using a microtome with a
thickness of approximately 6 to 8 m, then attached it on the object glass, to be stained
with toluidine blue 1%. Pyramidalis cells will appear bright blue. The thickness of the
lamina pyramidalis CA1 hippocampus was measured using a micrometer on a light
microscope. Measurements made on the medial, top, and the lateral part of CA1
hippocampus. From each rat were made 12 observations in the 4-5 slides that contain 34 preparations lamina pyramidalis CA1 hippocampus layer, which then be averaged.
Data were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis analysis, followed by the Mann-Whitney
test to see the significance of differences between groups.
RESULTS
This study used 42 rats as experimental animals but only 41 rats (n = 41) are
eligible for analysis, 1 rat was dead. Histological hippocampus appearance shown in
Figure 1 and Figure 2, while the average measured thickness of the lamina pyramidalis
CA1 hippocampus of each group shown in Figure 3.
DISCUSSION
This study revealed that there was a significance difference between the
thickness of CA1 hippocampus after administration of ethanol extract of ginseng Jawa
root 12 mg and 24 mg/rat. Research conducted by Huang et al. 21 (1995) suggested that
area CA1 is the most important areas in spatial learning. Long-term-potentiation (LTP) is
an activity that causes changes in the thickness or the number of synapses found in the
hippocampus. LTP is important in the process of learning and memory 22. Increased
28
sprouting dendrites of neurons in the ventromedial region of the hippocampus and the
CA123, and the increase in dendrite spine number is associated with an increased number
of synapses that mediated by LTP24.
Induction of long-termpotentiation (LTP) in the Schaffers collateral pathway
involves NMDA receptors (N-methyl D-aspartate) and non-NMDA receptors 14. In the
resting state, the receptor is blocked by magnesium ions. Sensitization to the receptor
and postsynaptic membrane depolarization causes releasing magnesium and calcium
channel opened
25, 26
11, 29
THE CONCLUSION
Administering ethanol extract of Ginseng Jawa (Talinum paniculatum Gaertn.)
root could increase the thickness of lamina pyramidalis CA 1 hippocampus in rats
(Rattus norvegicus). Effective doses of ethanol extract of Ginseng Jawa root to increase
the thickness of lamina pyramidalis CA1 hippocampus is 12 mg and 24 mg/rat.
REFERENCES
1.
2.
Owen RT. Ginseng in the Nineties : More Than A Roborant (cited 10 Februari
2002). Available from URL: http://www.nimh.btinternet.co.uk/ejhm/1_2_mm3.htm
3.
Sumastuti R. Efek Anti Radang Infus Daun dan Akar Som Jawa (Thalinum
paniculatum Gaertn.) pada Tikus Putih in Vivo. Warta Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia
Vol.IV No.5. Jakarta: Kelompok Kerja Nasional Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia, 1999
4.
Saroni, Yun Astuti N, Adjirni. Pengaruh Infus akar Thalinum paniculatum Gaertn.
terhadap Jumlah dan Motilitas Spermatozoa pada Mencit. Buku Panduan Seminar
Nasional Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia XI: 4-5 September 1996: Surabaya, 1996
5.
Rahayu L, Purwanggana A. Uji Efek Antidiare Akar Som Jawa. Buku Panduan
Seminar Nasional Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia XI:4-5 September 1996: Surabaya,
1996
6.
7.
8.
Wahjoedi B, Martono WP, Shelvia D. Efek Androgenik Sari Akar Ginseng Jawa
(Talinum paniculatum Gaertn.) pada Anak Ayam Jantan. Warta Tumbuhan Obat
Indonesia Vol IV No.5 1999.
9.
25. Squire LR, Kandel ER. Memory: From Minds to Molecules. New York: Scientific
American Library.2000.
26. Salim KN, McEwen BS, Chao HM Ginsenoside Rb1 Regulates ChAT, NGF and
trkA mRNA expression in The Rat Brain. Brain Res July 47(1-2) 1997:177-182
27. Mook-Jung I, Hong HS, Boo JH, Lee KH, Yun SH, Cheong MY, Joo I, Huh K,
Jung MW Ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 Improve Spatial Learning and Increase
Hippocampal Synaptophysin Level in Mice. J Neurosci Res Mar 63(6) 2001: 509515
28. Abdrasilov BS. The Effect of Total Saponins from Panax ginseng CA Meyer on the
Intracellular Signalling System in Erlich Ascites Tumour Cells. Biochem Mol Biol
Int 38(3) Mar 1996: 519-526.
29. Chen X, Lee TJ. Ginsenosides-induced Nitric Oxide-mediated Relaxation of the
Rabbits Corpus Cavernosum. Br J. Pharmacol 115(1) May 1995: 15-18.
CA1
CA2
HiF
CA3
PoDG
10m
(a)
10m
(b)
10m
(c)
10m
(d)
10m
(e)
10m
(f)
TABLE 1. Results Statistical analysis Mann Whitney test on a thick layer of CA1
hippocampus in rats after 18 days treatment
Kelompok
KN1-KN2
KN1-P1
KN1-P2
KN1-P3
KN1-KP
KN2-P1
KN2-P2
KN2-P3
KN2-KP
P1-P2
P1-P3
P1-KP
P2-P3
P2-KP
P3-KP
Notes: * significant at p <0.05
0,021*
0,077
0,000*
0,000*
0,000*
0,718
0,000*
0,000*
0,000*
0,000*
0,000*
0,000*
0,022*
0,248
0,001*