AA2012-13

Prof. D. Manstretta

LEZIONI DI

FILTRI ANALOGICI
Danilo Manstretta
AA 2012-13

AA2012-13

Prof. D. Manstretta

High Order OA-RC Filters

an 1s n 1 ... a2 s 2 a1s a0
H ( s) n
s bn 1s n 1 ... b2 s 2 b1s b0

The goal of this lecture is to learn how to design high order

OA-RC filters using real OTAs.

AA2012-13

Prof. D. Manstretta

Ideal Operational Amplifier

symbol

equivalent circuit
i1

ee+

e2

Ro

e+

e2
Ri

A(e+-e-)

e-

In an ideal op-amp we assume:

input resistance Ri approaches infinity, thus i1 = 0

output resistance Ro approaches zero

amplifier gain A approaches infinity

AA2012-13

Prof. D. Manstretta

Operational Transconductance Amplifier

symbol

equivalent circuit
i1

ee2

e2

e+

e+

Gm(e+-e-)

Ro

Co

e-

In a real Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA) we assume:

input resistance Ri approaches infinity, thus i1 = 0

Finite DC gain (A0=GmRo )

Finite gain-bandwidth product (Gm/C0)

Gm has a finite value

AA2012-13

Prof. D. Manstretta

Cacaded Biquads Implementation

*

(s sz,1 )(s sz,1 ) (s sz ,2)(s sz,2 ) (s sz ,3)(s sz,3 )

H(s)

(s s p,1 )(s s*p ,1 ) (s s p ,2)(s s*p ,2 ) (s s p ,3)(s s*p ,3 )

s or 1/s
B1

B2

biquads

B3

AA2012-13

Prof. D. Manstretta

SINGLE-OTA BIQUADS
Sallen-Key, Rauch

AA2012-13

Prof. D. Manstretta

Low-Pass Rauch Filter

Q

C1
C2

1
R2 R3
R3
R2

R1
R2
R3

1
R2 R3C1C2
G

() =

2 1
2 3
1 + 2 2 + 3 +
+ 2 1 2 2 3
1

R2
R1

AA2012-13

Prof. D. Manstretta

Rauch Low-Pass with Real OTA

In order to simplify the equations,

consider a specific implementation:

C1=4C2=4C
R1=R2=2R3=2R

What is the effect of the real OTA

Ideal transfer function:

on the transfer function?

() =

0 =

1
2 2

1
1 + 4 + 2 82 2

Q=1/2

G = -1

AA2012-13

Prof. D. Manstretta

Rauch Low-Pass with Real OTA (ii)

AA2012-13

Prof. D. Manstretta

10

Rauch Low-Pass with Real OTA (iii)

Zero is located in the right half-plane (RHP) zero
close to gm/C
Complex poles frequency is shifted and Q is
modified: limited gm and GBW lead to poles Q
enhancement, finite gain leads to Q degradation
Additional (real) pole: around the OTA unity gain
frequency (- gm/C0)

AA2012-13

11

Prof. D. Manstretta

Sallen-Key Biquad (ii)

C1
VIN

R1

R2

R1R2C 1C 2
1

C2

Rb
Ra

() =

1 2 1 2
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
+ 2
1 2 1 2
1 1 2 1 2 2

02+s0/Q+s2

R1R2C 1C 2
1
1
1

R1C1 R2C 1 R2C 2

AA2012-13

12

Prof. D. Manstretta

Sallen-Key Design Strategies

Five design elements, two

main properties (G is less

important): several design
degrees of freedom
0

0=1/(RC)
G=3-1/Q
Note: Q is independent of R,C
Design 2. G=2 (Ra=Rb), C1=C2=C

1
R1R2C 1C 2
1

R1R2C 1C 2
Q
1
1
1

R1C1 R2C 1 R2C 2

G

Design 1. R1=R2=R, C1=C2=C

02=1/(R1R2C2)
R1=Q/0C
Note: R1/R2=Q2
Design 3. G=1, R1=R2=R
02=1/(R2C1C2)
C1=2Q/0C ; C2=1/2Q0C
Note: C1/C2=4Q2

AA2012-13

13

Prof. D. Manstretta

Sallen-Key: finite op-amp gain

The inverting and non-inverting terminals are not virtually shorted

E2=A0(E4-V-)
E4

C1
R1
E3

0 = 1 +

R2

E1

E2
E
Ra 2
R a Rb
A0

E2
E4

C2

1
1
E4 E2
0 A0
1/

Rb
Ra

E2 E4
=

1+

0
0

AA2012-13

14

Prof. D. Manstretta

Sallen-Key with OTA

In order to simplify the equations, consider a specific

implementation:
C1=2C2=2C

2C

R1=R2=R
=1

R
E2

E1
E3
() =

0 =

1
1 + 2 + 2 2 2 2

1
2

Q=1/2

G=1

E4
C

AA2012-13

15

Prof. D. Manstretta

Sallen-Key with real op-amp (OTA)

1 =

2
2 =

0 = 1 +

1
0

1 = 40 2 +

1 + 1 + 2 2
() =
0 + 1 + 2 2 + 3 3

2 zeros and 3 poles

2 + 0

2 = 20 2 2 + 4 + 20
2
3 = 2 0

AA2012-13

16

Prof. D. Manstretta

Sallen-Key with real op-amp (OTA) (ii)

The complex zeros have Q=(gmR) /2 >>1
zeros are close to being pure imaginary: notch in H(s) at the zero

frequency!
The frequency of the zeros is

Assuming the OTA DC gain gmR0>>1 and isolating the terms

corresponding to the ideal transfer function from the parasitic

pole, the denominator can be approximated as:
1 + 2 +

1
2
+ 2 2 2 2 1 +

1+

The complex poles change in frequency and Q

A parasitic real pole has appeared around gm/C0

AA2012-13

Prof. D. Manstretta

TWO-OTA BIQUADS
Fleisher-Tow, KHN, Tow-Thomas

17

AA2012-13

Prof. D. Manstretta

Fleischer-Tow Biquad
G

R 2
s R R1
1
s

R
R1C1 R 5 R 4 R3 R 6 C1C2
E2
5
s
1
E1
s2

R1C1 R2 R 3 C1C2

R2
R6

1
R2 R3C1C2

R1
R2 R3

C1
C2

AA2012-13

19

Prof. D. Manstretta

Kerwin-Huelsman-Newcomb (KHN)
R5
C

R6

E1

R1

R3

C
R2
E2

R4

Q
G02
E2

E1 s 2 0 s 2
0
Q

R5 R3 R4
R3 R5 R6

R6 R1C1
R5 R2C2

R6
1
R5 R1 R2C1C2
R4 R5 R6
R6 R3 R4

AA2012-13

20

Prof. D. Manstretta

Two-Integrators Biquad Design

-b0
b1

E1

b1

0
QP

a0

-1/s

a0 b0 02

Rb0
C

a0
E2
2
E1 s b1s b0

E2

-1/s

E1

Ra0

R
E2

Rb1

AA2012-13

21

Prof. D. Manstretta

Tow-Thomas
R3
R1
C
R4
E1

R
R2

1 R2 R4C 2
E2

E1 s 2 s 1
R1C R2 R3C 2

R
E2

G02
E2

E1 s 2 0 s 2
0
Q

R3
R4

1
R2 R3 C

R1
R2 R3

AA2012-13

Prof. D. Manstretta

Filter Design Using Real OPAMP

What happens if we replace the ideal OPAMP with a real

circuit?
Lets consider the impact of circuit limitations on the active
integrator, the basic building block of high order filters
designs.

22

AA2012-13

23

Prof. D. Manstretta

OTA-RC Integrator
C

VIN

Ideal integrator:

R
VO

gm(V--V+)

v IN
v0
sRC
RO

CO

What happens if the ideal OA is replaced with a real OTA?

Compute the transfer function as a function of the OTA

parameters
Derive design guidelines for the OTA

AA2012-13

Prof. D. Manstretta

OTA-RC Integrator Analysis

To keep equations simple lets consider different effects
separately:
Finite DC gain
Finite gm

Output capacitance
Study effect on poles Q:
define Integrator quality factor (QINT)

24

AA2012-13

25

Prof. D. Manstretta

Finite DC Gain
Neglect output/load capacitance (C0=0), Gm is very large
but the DC gain (GmR0) is finite and equal to A0.
1

vO
sC Gm sC v
RO

R
vIN

iIN
e+
Gm(e+-e-)

v0
Ro

v v
v
iIN IN
v vO sC Gm v O
R
RO

1 sC vO
v

O
Gm
AO Gm AO
v IN
1

vO v 1

sRC
sRC

vO
A0

v IN 1 sRC 1 A0

AA2012-13

26

Prof. D. Manstretta

Finite DC Gain (2)

AMPLITUDE

vO
A0

v IN 1 sRC 1 A0

PHASE

The effect of a finite OTA DC gain is to move the pole from

the origin to =0 /(1+A0).

AA2012-13

Prof. D. Manstretta

27

Finite DC Gain (3)

vO
A0

v IN 1 sRC 1 A0

vO
180 arctan 1 A0
v IN
0

The effect of a finite OTA DC gain is to move the pole from

the origin to =0 /(1+A0). The phase shift at 0 is slightly
larger than 90 (phase lead)

AA2012-13

28

Prof. D. Manstretta

Finite Gm
Neglect output/load capacitance (C0=0) and conductance:
DC gain is infinite but Gm has a finite value.
vO sC Gm sC v

R
vIN

iIN
e+

v0

G
vO v 1 m
sC

Gm(e+-e-)

v IN
1

v Gm
R
R

v v
iIN IN
v vO sC Gm v
R

vO 1 sC Gm

v IN sC R 1 Gm

AA2012-13

29

Prof. D. Manstretta

Finite Gm (2)
AMPLITUDE

vO 1 sC Gm

vIN sC R 1 Gm

PHASE

z = 100 0

The effect of a finite Gm is to introduce a RHP zero at Gm/C

and to move the unity gain frequency from 1/RC to
1/(R+1/Gm)C.

AA2012-13

30

Prof. D. Manstretta

Finite Gm (3)
z = 100 0

1 s z
vO

v IN sC R 1 Gm

vO
90 arctan
v IN
z

z = Gm/C

The zero must be at a much higher frequency than 0 . The

phase shift at 0 is slightly smaller than 90 (phase lag)

AA2012-13

31

Prof. D. Manstretta

Finite Gain-Bandwidth Product (GBW)

Now consider a finite output/load capacitance C0 and a
finite Gm (GBW= GmC0). Neglect output conductance
(infinite DC gain).
CTOT C CO
vO sCTOT Gm sC v
C
R
vIN

v IN
1

vO v 1

sRC
sRC

iIN
e+
Gm(e+-e-)

iIN

v0

Co

v IN v
v vO sC Gm v vO sCO
R

v IN
CTOT 1 sRC
vO 1

sRC
G

sC
sRC
m

vO
1
1 sC / Gm

v IN sR C 1 sC O / Gm

1 C O /C
Gm R

AA2012-13

32

Prof. D. Manstretta

Finite GBW (2)

AMPLITUDE

vO
1
1 sC / Gm

vIN sR C 1 sC O / Gm

PHASE

z = 100 0
p = 500 0

The effect of a finite GBW is to introduce an additional

pole at approximately -Gm /CO. The unity gain frequency
is also slightly increased.

AA2012-13

33

Prof. D. Manstretta

Finite GBW (3)

z = 100 0
p = 500 0

vO
1 1 s / z

v IN sR C 1 s / p

vO
90 arctan arctan

v IN
z
p

z = Gm/C
p = Gm/CO

The phase shift at 0 is slightly smaller than 90 (phase lag).

The pole and the RHP zero both contribute a phase lag

AA2012-13

Prof. D. Manstretta

34

Integrator Quality Factor (QINT)

The cumulative effect of integrator non-idealities on the
poles can be summarized in a single number: QINT
QINT is a measure of the integrator phase deviations from
90 at the unity gain frequency.

DEFINITION

QINT

H j0

tan

1
tan 90

H. Khorramabadi and P. R. Gray, High-frequency CMOS continuous time filters, JSSC Dec 1984.

AA2012-13

35

Prof. D. Manstretta

Integrator Quality Factor: QINT

Ideal integrator
H j

1
j 0

QINT

Real integrator
1
H j
R jX

H j H j e j

X
arctan
R

QINT

X 0
R 0

1
tan
tan 90

This alternative definition may be easier to remember.

AA2012-13

36

Prof. D. Manstretta

Summary
Finite DC Gain
vO
A0

vIN 1 sRC 1 A0

QINT

X 0
1 A0
R 0

Finite Gm (RHP zero z=Gm/C)

1 s z
vO

v IN sC R 1 Gm

X 0 1 / 0

R 0
1 / z

QINT

Finite GBW (additional pole)

vO 0
1

v IN
s 1 s / p

X 0
1

R 0 0 / p

QINT

AA2012-13

Prof. D. Manstretta

37

Summary (2)
QINT

1

0 0
1 A0 z p

Finite DC Gain gives a positive Q. Right half-plane zero

(such as introduced by the finite Gm) and additional poles
(such as introduced by load capacitance) introduce a
negative Q.
The two effects partially cancel each other but ensuring
complete cancellation across process variations is not
trivial.
Design guidelines: large DC gain, ensure that zeros and
poles are well above the poles frequency

AA2012-13

38

Prof. D. Manstretta

Biquad with Finite Integrator Q

If a biquad is realized using integrators having finite QINT, the poles QP

will be modified as follows:

QINT >0
Im(s)

QP
Q 'P
2QP
1
QINT

Re(s)

QINT <0
Im(s)

Re(s)

QINT must be much higher than the poles Q to preserve

the filter shape

AA2012-13

39

Prof. D. Manstretta

Biquad with Finite Integrator Q (2)

If a biquad is realized using integrators having finite QINT, the biquad

transfer function will be modified as follows:

HLP 0
H 'LP 0
2QP
1
QINT
If the error on the gain of the biquad at the pole frequency is to be

lower than ERR , a specification on the minimum QINT is derived:

QINT

2QP

10

ERR ,dB 20

Notice that the above considerations apply to any pair of poles of the filter

transfer function, independent of the filter implementation (i.e. even if the

filter is implemented as a ladder)
W.J.A. De Heij, E. Seevinck, and K. Hoen, Practical Formulation of the Relation Between
Filter Specifications and the Requirements for Integrator Circuits, TCAS Aug 1989.

AA2012-13

40

Prof. D. Manstretta

Two-Integrators Biquad Design

-b0
b1

a0

E1

b1

0
QP

-1/s

a0 b0 02
Rb0
C

a0
E2
2
E1 s b1s b0

E2

-1/s

E1

Ra0

R
E2

Rb1

AA2012-13

41

Prof. D. Manstretta

Integrator Non-Idealitities
The effect of integrator non-idealities will be evaluated using the modified
integrator transfer function HINT(s)
a0 b0 02

-b0
b1

E1

a0

b1

HINT(s)

HINT(s)

0
QP

E2
1

2
a0 H INT
s
H s
2
1 b1H INT s b0 H INT
s

HINT(s)

Finite DC Gain

RHP zero

Finite GBW
(additional pole)

1 A0

1
1 s z
s
1
1
s 1 s / p

AA2012-13

42

Prof. D. Manstretta

Finite DC Gain
H INT

1
1 / 1 A0 s / 0

2
a0 H INT
s
H s
2
1 b1H INT s b0 H INT
s

'0 0 1

Q 'P

1
1

2
QP 1 A0 1 A0
1

QP
QP

2QP
2QP
1
1
1 A0
QINT

b1

H s

0
QP

b0 02

20
1
1
2
s2 s 0

Q
1

A
Q
1

0
P
0
P
0

0
1
2QP 1 A0

QINT 1 A0

Assuming A0 >>1

AA2012-13

43

Prof. D. Manstretta

RHP Zero
H INT s

1
1 s z
s

b1

0
1

Q 'P

QPz

2
0
2
z

QP

2QP0

0
0
1
2QPz

QP
2QP
1
QINT

QP

b0 02

02 1 s / z
H s
0
02 0
02
2
s 1
2 s
2 02
z
QPz z QP

2
a0 H INT
s
H s
2
1 b1H INT s b0 H INT
s

'0

Assuming
z >>0

QINT

z
0

AA2012-13

44

Prof. D. Manstretta

Finite GBW
H INT s

1
s 1 s p

b1

2
a0 H INT
s
H s
2
1 b1H INT s b0 H INT
s

Q 'P

QP

2QP0

QP
2QP
1
QINT

QINT

p
0

H s

b0 02

QP

1 s / p s 2 s

Assuming
p >>0

02
0
Q 'P

02

AA2012-13

45

Prof. D. Manstretta

Summary
-b0
b1

E1

a0

HINT(s)

HINT(s)

E2

The effect of integrator non-idealities on the poles Q is:

1
1 / 1 A0 s / 0

Finite DC Gain

Finite Gm (RHP zero)

Finite GBW (additional pole)

H INT

H INT s

QINT 1 A0

1
1 s z
s

H INT s

Q 'P

1
s 1 s p

QINT

QP
2QP
1
QINT

z
0

QINT

p
0

AA2012-13

Prof. D. Manstretta

HIGHER ORDER
OPAMP-RC FILTERS
Canonic Synthesis

46

AA2012-13

Prof. D. Manstretta

47

Multiple-Loop Feedback Architectures

As the filter order increases, the Q of the poles increases

and biquad based implementations become too sensitive

to components variations and mismatches.
Multiple-loop feedback architectures are to be
preferred due to lower sensitivity
The state-variable synthesis method allows the
synthesis of an nth order filter (low-pass, band-pass or
high-pass) in the form
En
an1s n1 ... a2 s 2 a1s a0
n
E1 s bn1s n1 ... b2 s 2 b1s b0

AA2012-13

48

Prof. D. Manstretta

State-Variable Method:
All-pole filters
En
a0
n
E1 s bn1s n1 ... b2 s 2 b1s b0

E1

E2

bn1s n1 ... b2 s 2 b1s b0 E2 a0 E1

s n bn1s n1 ... b2 s 2 b1s b0 E2 E3

bn1s n1 ... b2 s 2 b1s E2 b0 E2 E3

bn1s n1 ... b2 s 2 b1s E2 E3 b0 E2

E1

a0
E3

E
2

-b0

s s n1 bn1s n2 ... b2 s b1 E2 E4

1
s n ... b1s b0

E3

E4

1
s n 1 b1

1
s

E2

AA2012-13

49

Prof. D. Manstretta

Controller Canonic Form Realization

Follow-the-leader feedback architecture
-b0
-b1
-bn-2
-bn-1
E1

a0
n

s E2

sn-1E2

1
n-2

s E2

sE2

E2

En
a0
n
E1 s bn1s n1 ... b2 s 2 b1s b0
K. Laker, M. Ghausi, "Synthesis of a low-sensitivity multiloop feedback active RC
filter," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, Mar 1974

AA2012-13

Prof. D. Manstretta

Inverting Integrators Realization

(+/-) b0
(+/-) b1
-bn-2
bn-1
E1

a0
n

(-s) E2

(-s)n-1E2

1
n-2

(-s) E2

-sE2

En
a0
n
E1 s bn1s n1 ... b2 s 2 b1s b0

E2

AA2012-13

Prof. D. Manstretta

51

Inverse Follow-the-Leader Feedback

AA2012-13

Prof. D. Manstretta

Circuit Realization Example

-1

b0
b2
b1
b3

E1

a0

E2
0.2756
4
E1 s 0.9528s 3 1.4539s 2 0.7426s 0.2756

E2

AA2012-13

Prof. D. Manstretta

Circuit Realization Example (ii)

-1

b0

The feedback resistors are

inversely proportional to the
corresponding coefficient:

b2
b1
b3
E1

a0

Ri=1/bi

E2
0.2756
4
E1 s 0.9528s 3 1.4539s 2 0.7426s 0.2756

E2

AA2012-13

Prof. D. Manstretta

General Realization

En
an1s n1 ... a2 s 2 a1s a0

E1 s n bn1s n1 ... b2 s 2 b1s b0

Realization of a generic transfer function with number of zeros

strictly lower than the number of poles

The realization with equal number of poles and zeros is only slightly

more complicated

AA2012-13

55

Prof. D. Manstretta

Filter Design Steps

Design
specification

FILTER MASK

Normalization

Approximation

Network
Function

Realization
Denormalizati
on

|H|
A0

IN-BAND
RIPPLE

PASS-BAND
p s

STOP-BAND
Min
ATTEN
.

AA2012-13

Prof. D. Manstretta

56

Example 3
Design a 5th order all-pole low-pass filter using follow-the-

leader feedback architecture

DC gain = 0dB
Chebyshev, 5th order, e=0.509, 0=1MHz
VOUT
a0
5
VIN
s b4 s 4 b3s 3 b2 s 2 b1s b0

AA2012-13

Prof. D. Manstretta

57

Design Example of a Chebyshev Filter

5th order, e=0.5088

(2k 1)
(2k 1)
(2k 1)

1
11
s

sin
sinh
v

j
cos
cosh v
k
k
k
v sinh u

2n

2n

2n
n
e

n = (1/5) sinh-1(1/0.5088) = 0.2856

Sinh n = 0.2895 ; Cosh n= 1.041
Normalized poles:
k=1 s1= sin(/10) x 0.2895 = 0.0895; 1= cos(/10) x 1.041 = 0.99
P1 = (s12+ 12)1/2 =0.994;
Q1 = P1 /(2s1) = 5.556
k=2 s2= sin(3/10) x 0.2895 = 0.234; 1= cos(3/10) x 1.041 = 0.612
P2 = (s22+ 22)1/2 =0.655;
Q2 = P2 /(2s2) = 1.4
k=3 s1= sin(5/10) x 0.2895 = 0.2895; 1= cos(5/10) x 1.041 = 0
P3 = 0.2894

2 sP1
sP 2
2 2
2
D( s) s
P1 s
P 2 s P 3
Q
Q
P1
P2

AA2012-13

58

Prof. D. Manstretta

Design Example of a Chebyshev Filter

2 sP1
sP 2
2 2
2
D( s ) s
P1 s
P 2 s P 3
Q
Q
P1
P2

Calculate the normalized polynomial coefficients:

D ( s ) s 5 b4 s 4 b3s 3 b2 s 2 b1s b0
b4 P 3

P1
QP1

b3 P21 P2 2

P1P2 2 P 2P21
2
2
b1 P 3

P1P 2
QP 2
QP1

P 2
QP 2

P1P 2
QP1QP 2

P 3P1
QP1

P 3P 2
QP 2

2
P1P 2 P 2P21 P1P2 2
2
b2 P 3 P1 P 2

QP1QP 2
QP 2
Q P1

b0 P 3P21P2 2

AA2012-13

59

Prof. D. Manstretta

Flowgraph
-1
b3

b1

b2
b4
E1

a0

b0

To de-normalize the coefficients:

bk= bk 05-k
If we substitute the integrators with 1/(sRC), the feedback
coefficients are changed as follows: bk=bk(RC0)5-k

E2

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Prof. D. Manstretta

Circuit Implementation
R
R

C
Rb0
VIN

Rb2

Rb3

Rb4

Rb1
C

Rb0
C

R
VOUT

1
0
RC

b ''k bk

R
Rbk
bk

AA2012-13

Prof. D. Manstretta

BACKUP SLIDES
MATERIALE INTEGRATIVO

61

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Prof. D. Manstretta

Pole Quality Factor

The solutions of D(s)=0 (i.e. the poles of the
network function) are complex numbers,
typically represented in the S plane.

Im(s)

S1

sp = sp+jp

0
sP

Re(s)

S2

0
2

Solutions sk can be real

or complex.
Complex solutions always appear in
conjugate pairs.
A very important design parameter is the
pole quality factor Q.
The pole quality factor is given by the ratio
between the pole frequency (distance from
the origin in the s-plane) and the real part
(distance from the imaginary axis in the splane)

AA2012-13

Prof. D. Manstretta

63

Biquad Magnitude Response

Two conjugate poles at0
=

1
1 + 0 + 0

Frequency response at 0
H(j0)=-jQ

Notice how the network function has been written, with explicit reference to 0
and Q. This is usually done in biquad-based filter design since it greatly
simplifies the design procedure.

AA2012-13

Prof. D. Manstretta

64

Biquad Phase Response

=

1
1 + 0 + 0

0
0 2 2

f(j0)=-/2

Notice how, in low Q poles, the phase starts to move about a decade before the
pole (i.e. much earlier than the magnitude response.
As we shall see, low Q poles are desirable to lower power consumption and to
minimize the sensitivity of the filter reponse to parameter variations.

AA2012-13

Prof. D. Manstretta

Appendix material (use only if needed)

Poles and poles Q
Multi-loop feedback architectures (summary)
Ladder filter synthesis (summary)
Frequency normalization and de-normalization

65

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Prof. D. Manstretta

Example 1
Design of a low-pass biquad:
DC gain=1
0=1MHz
QP=0.7

E2
a0
2
E1 s b1s b0

a0 b0 02

b1

0
QP

AA2012-13

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Prof. D. Manstretta

Flowgraph Implementation
b0
b1

E1

a0

-1/s

-1/s

-1

E2

Modify flowgraph using flowgraph rules to simplify circuit

implementation: divide and multiply by RC.
b0 RC

b1RC

a0 RC

E1

E4

1
sRC

E3

1
sRC

E2

AA2012-13

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Prof. D. Manstretta

Flowgraph (2)
1

To get a 1:1 equivalence with the circuit, let: 0 RC

-1
1/QP
1
S

E1

E4

1
sRC

E3

1
sRC

E2
R

Circuit
implementation:
Rbk

R
bk

QPR
C

R
R

E1

E3

E2

EE22

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Prof. D. Manstretta

Generic Biquad Implementation

E2'
1
2
E1 s b1s b0

E2 a2 s 2 a1s a0
2
E1
s b1s b0

E3 sE2'
E6 s 2 E2'

E6

Low-pass output
Band-pass
output
High-pass
output

a0
a2

-a1

E2 E2' a2 s 2 a1s a0

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Prof. D. Manstretta

Example 2
Design of a low-pass biquad with transmission zero
DC gain=1
0=1MHz
Q=0.7
z=2MHz

E2
a 2 s 2 a0
2
E1 s b1s b0

a0 b0 02

b1

0
QP

02
a2 2
z

AA2012-13

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Prof. D. Manstretta

Flowgraph
E2
a0 a 2 s 2
2
E5 s b1s b0

a2

a0

E2

AA2012-13

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Prof. D. Manstretta

Example 2
Start with the poles.
Modify flowgraph using flowgraph rules to simplify circuit
implementation: divide and multiply by RC
b0 RC

b1RC

a0 RC

E1

E4
a0
E2
2
E1 s b1s b0

a0 b0 02

1
sRC

E3

b1

0
QP

1
sRC

E2

AA2012-13

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Prof. D. Manstretta

Example 2
If we let 0

1
RC

the flowgraph is simply:

-1
1/QP
1
E1

E4

1
sRC

E3

1
sRC

E2

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Prof. D. Manstretta

Example 2
Adder circuit implementation:

E4 E1 E2

E3
QP

Rb0
E2
R

E1

E4
R

E2
Rb 0
R Rb 0

RG

E4

E3

E4
RG

E3 Rb1 RG

1
2 RG

QP Rb1 RG

Rb1 2QP 1 RG

Rb1

With this implementation we cannot set

the gain independent of the poles Q!

R
1

Rb 0

E4
2
4
E1
QP

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Prof. D. Manstretta

Zeros Implementation
The zeros are now implemented with another adder:

VOUT

02
E2 2 E4
z
-1
1/QP
1

E1

E4

1
sRC

E3

02 z2

1
sRC

E2
1

VOUT

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Prof. D. Manstretta

Circuit Implementation
R

VOUT

02
E2 2 E 4
z

Ra 2 R

2
z
2
0

R
E2
Ra2
E4

VOUT

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Prof. D. Manstretta

Final Circuit Implementation

R
C

E1

R
E2

E4
E3
R

2QP 1 R
z2
R 2
0

R
VOUT