THE CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG

Department of Mathematics
Math4010 Functional Analysis
Assignment 2 Suggested Solution
Please email to tutor if there are mistakes .

P63 12
12 We prove by contradiction , suppose that defines a norm on R2 , then by question 11 the closed
e under this norm must be a convex set , However , (0,1) and (1,0) belong to B
e as (0,1) = 1
unit ball B
1
1 1
1
e,B
e is not convex
/B
= (1,0) , let y = 2 (0,1) + 2 (1,0) = ( 2 , 2 ) , (y) = 2 greater than 1 , we have y
, contradiction . Therefore , does not define a norm R2 . Graph(omitted)

P70 7 , 10 , 14 , 15
7 Let Y be be space of sequence consist of finitely many non zero term and yn in Y s.t ynj = 0 if n
P+ n
P+ 1
n
k = n12 ,
6= j and ynn = n12 , kyP
n=1 ky k =
n=1 n2 <P+ , it absolutely converges . Let
n
n
1
i
Z=( 112 , 212 , 312 , ......) , k i=1 y i -zk = (n+1)
2 tends to zero . if
i=1 y converge to y0 in Y , then by
Pn

uniqueness of limit in l , we have y0 = z not in Y , contradiction . Therefore i=1 y i can not converge
in Y and absolute convergence does not implies convergence .

10 WLOG,consider the case for F = R , Let ei , i N be a Schauder basis of the normed space ,none of
ei is zero , otherwise by choosing another sequence of scalars which differs from the original
Pn one on the
ith term , the uniqueness of i on P68 will be violated
.
Now
consider
the
set
D
=
{
n
i=1 i ei , i is
S
rational number} , show that the countable set D = n=1 Dn is dense in the space . let x X and  > 0 ,
PN
by definition of schauder basis , N a natural number and i i=1,2,3,...N in F , s.t kx i=1 i ei k < 2
, also by dense property of rational number in R , rational numbers i i=1,2,3,...N s.t |i i |kei k <
Pn
PN 
PN
PN


i=1 i ei D and ky-xk kx
i=1 2i  . So
i=1 i ei k +
i=1 |i i |kei k 2 +
2i , then y=
D is dense is X and X is separable . Remarks: countable product of countable set may not be countable
but countable union of countable set is countable .

14 Please refer to p 57 for more about quotient space . Note for all x
b X/Y x0 in X s.t x
b = x0
+ Y . Define a norm by kb
xk = infzx0 +Y kzk , well defined and is independent on choice of x0 in x
b,
as x0 +Y = x1 +(x0 x1 ) + Y = x1 + Y for x1 x
b . We show the above function define a norm .
Nonnegativity is trivial . If x
b 6= 0 in X/Y , then x0 not in Y s.t x
b = x0 + Y , by closedness of Y , Ball
B centre at x0 with radius Yc , therefore kb
xk = infzx0 +Y kzk = infyY kx0 +zk > 0 . non zero
F , kb
xk = kxk
c = infyY kx0 +yk = infyY ||kx0 + y k = infzY ||kx0 +zk = ||infyY kx0 +yk =
||kb
xk , the case for = 0 is trivial . Let yb = y0 + Y for some y0 in Y , then yb + x
b = x[
+ y = (x0 +
y0 ) + Y , then for z , z1 in Y kx[
+ yk k(x0 + y0 )+zk kx0 +z1 k + ky0 -z1 +zk , taking infinmum over
z in Y , we have kx[
+ yk kx0 +z1 k + kb
y k , further take infinmum over z1 in Y , kx[
+ yk kb
xk + kb
yk
, therefore triangular inequality is true . We have kb
xk is a norm on X/Y .

15 kxk > 0 as kx1 k1 and kx2 k2 are non negative . kxk = 0 kx1 k1 and
kx2 k2 = 0 x1 = 0 and x2 = 0 x = ( x1 ,x2 ) = (0,0) . in field F , kxk = max(kx1 k1 ,kx2 k2 )
= max(||kx1 k1 ,||kx2 k2 ) = ||max(kx1 k1 ,kx2 k2 ) .
let y = (y1 ,y2 ) , kx + yk = max(kx1 + y1 k1 ,kx2 + y2 k2 ) 6 max(kx1 k1 + ky1 k1 ,kx2 k2 + ky2 k2 )
6 max(kx1 k1 ,kx2 k2 ) + max(ky1 k1 ,ky2 k2 ) as we have kxi ki + kyi ki 6 max(kx1 k1 ,kx2 k2 ) + max(ky1 k1 ,ky2 k2 )
for i=1,2 , k.k is a norm .

P76 6 , 8
6 let x = (x1 , x2 , ..., xn) , kxk2 =

pPn

i=1

|xi |2 6

pPn

i=1

kxk2 =

nkxk , and |xj | 6 kxk2 for all

j , so kxk 6 kxk2 .
Pn
Pn
Pn
8 ByPCauchy Swartz P
Inequality , (kxk1 )2 = (P i=1 |xi |)2 6 n i=1 |xi |2 = n(kxk2 )2 . (kxk1 )2 = ( i=1 |xi |)2
n
n
= ( i=1 |xi |2 ) + 2( 1i<jn |xi ||xj |) ( i=1 |xi |2 ) = (kxk2 )2 , kxk1 kxk2
P81 7 , 10
7 We use the notation as in P78 , n N , yn Y s.t a kv yn k a + n1 , then kyn k
kv yn k + kvk a + 1 + kvk < . Let R = a + 1 + kvk , the sequence yn is contained in the closed
ball of radius R which is closed and bounded in the finite dimensional Y , so is compact , by Thm 2.4-3
subsequence ynk converges to yo in Y . By continuity of norm and squeeze Thm , kv y0 k = a , let
0
in Z , kzk = 1 and y Y , kz yk = | a1 |kv y0 ayk aa = 1 as y0 + ay belongs to Y .
z= vy
a
10 It suffices to show that Ta is continuous , let M be a closed subset of X , prove (T a )a {M } =
T{M } is closed . M is compact as any sequence in M is also in X , so the sequence has convergent
subsequence in X , by closedness of M ,the limit is in M . Then by Thm 2.5-6 we have T{M } is compact
,we also know that any compact set in metric space is closed , T{M } is closed and Ta is continuous .