UNIT IV

JET PROPULSION
SYLLABUS
(X)* First half
Theory of jet propulsion - ram jet, turbojet, turbofan and turbo prop
engines

(Y)*Second Half
Operating principle, cycle analysis and use of stagnation state performance
of engines. Thrust equation Thrust power and propulsive efficiency
PART A

IVX1. What are the benefits of thrust augmentation in a turbojet engine?

IVX2. What is the significance of low and high TSFC in jet propulsion?
IVX3. What is the type of compressor used in turbo jet?
IVX4. Why ramjet engine does not require a compressor and a turbine?
IVX5. Define thrust power of aircraft engine.
IVX6. List out the different types of jet engines.
IVX7. Give the components of turbo jet.
IVX8. Define propeller engine and jet engine.
IVX9. What is the difference between shaft propulsion and jet propulsion?
IVX10. What is turbo prop unit?
IVX11. What is ram effect?
IVX12. Explain specific thrust as applied to jet engines.
IVX13. Differentiate between pressure thrust and momentum thrust.
IVX14. What is thrust augmentation?
IVX15. Why after burners are used in turbojet engine?
IVX16. What are the effects of forward speed and altitude in the case of propulsion?
IVX17. What are the advantages of ram jet?
IVX18. What are the main parts of ramjet engine?
IVX19. Name three commonly used aircraft engines.

IVX20. How is turbofan engine different from turboprop engine?

IVX21. What are the various types of breathing engine?
IVX22. What is a bypass engine end define bypass ratio
IVY1. Find the ratio of jet speed to flight speed for optimum propulsive efficiency.
IVY2. A turbojet engine having a flight velocity of 800 km/hr at an ambient pressure of 60 kPa,

the properties of gas entering the nozzle are 300 kPa and 200 0C. The mass flow rate of air
is 20 kg/s. Assuming for air Cp/Cv = 1.4 and R = 0.287 kJ/kgK. Find the thrust power of
the engine.
IVY3. Find the optimum propulsive efficiency when the jet velocity is 500 m/s and flight

velocity is 900 m/s.

IVY4. Draw T-S diagram of ideal and actual brayton cycle and bring out the differences

between them.
IVY5. Define propulsive efficiency.
IVY6. Define thrust for a rocket engine and how it is produced.
IVY7. What is specific impulse?
IVY8. Define speed ratio in propulsive system.

PART B
IVX1. (i) Differentiate turbojet and turboprop propulsion engines with suitable diagrams.

IVX2.

IVX3.
IVX4.
IVX5.

IVX6.
IVX7.

(ii) Write the equations to calculate propulsive efficiency and thermal efficiency of an
aircraft.
Explain with sketches the working of the by-pass engine. How thrust equation is derived
for bypass engine? What are the merits and demerits of such engines over its
competitors?
How is forward motion of an aircraft achieved by propeller action? How does the aircraft
lift-off the ground? Explain with the help of illustrative sketches.
Derive an expression for the air-standard efficiency of a turbojet engine in terms of the
pressure ratio. Depict graphically its variation with the temperature ratio.
(i) Draw a neat sketch of a supersonic diffuser for a ramjet engine with oblique and
normal shocks.
(ii) Depict variation of static pressure through the diffuser from its entry to exit.
Explain with neat sketches the principle of operation of (i) Turbofan engine and (ii)
Turbojet engine.
Explain the working principle of the ramjet engines with neat sketch and state its
advantages and disadvantages.

IVX8. Derive the expressions for the jet thrust, propeller thrust, propulsive efficiency, thermal

efficiency, overall efficiency and the optimum value of flight to jet speed ratio for a
turbojet engine.
IVX9. Derive the following relations for aircraft engine
F
Flight to jet sped ratio 1
ma c j
Thrust in a turbojet engine F ma (c j u ) ma (ce u ) ( p e p a ) Ae
IVY1. A turbojet engine operating at a mach number of 0.8 and the altitude is 10 km has the

IVY2.

IVY3.

IVY4.

following data. Calorific value of the fuel is 42,800 kJ/kg. Thrust force is 50 kN, mass
flow rate of air is 45 kg/s, Mass flow rate of fuel is 2.65 kg/s. Determine the specific
thrust, thrust specific fuel consumption, jet velocity, thermal efficiency, propulsive
efficiency and overall efficiency. Assuming the exit pressure is equal to ambient pressure.
A jet propelled aircraft flying at a mach number 0.6 at an altitude of 5.0 km inducts air at
a rate of 20 kg/s. The diffuser recovery is 0.9. The compressor pressure ratio is 5.0 and
the maximum total temperature in the cycle is 1300 K. The gases expand in the nozzle to
a pressure of 0.7 bar. The isentropic efficiencies of the compressor, turbine and nozzle
are 0.8, 0.85 and 0.92 respectively. The calorific value of the fuel is 44 MJ/kg. Assume
that the products of combustion have the same properties as that of air. Calculate (i) Airfuel ratio (ii) Power output of turbine (iii) Exhaust jet velocity (iv) Engine thrust and (v)
Overall efficiency.
An aircraft propeller flies at a speed of 440 kmph. The diameter of the propeller is 4.1 m
and the speed ratio is 0.8. The ambient conditions of air at the flight altitude are T = 255K
and P = 0.55 bar. Find the following: (i) Thrust (ii) Thrust power and (iii) Propulsive
efficiency.
A ramjet engine propels an aircraft at a Mach number of 1.4 and at an altitude of 6000 m.
The diameter of the inlet diffuser entry is 40 cm and the calorific value of the fuel is 43
MJ/kg. The stagnation temperature at the nozzle entry is 1500 K. The properties of the
combustion gases are same as those of air. ( = 1.4, R = 287 J/kg K). Determine the
following:
1. The efficiency of the ideal cycle,
2. Flight speed,
3. Air flow ratio,
4. Diffuser pressure ratio,
5. Fuel air ratio,
6. Nozzle pressure ratio,
7. Nozzle jet Mach number,
8. Propulsive efficiency and
9. Thrust. Assume diffuser efficiency D = 0.92, Combustion efficiency B = 0.97
and nozzle jet efficiency N = 0.95. Stagnation pressure loss in the combustion
chamber = 0.02 P02.

IVY5. An aircraft flies at 90 km/hr. One of its turbojet engines takes in 40 kg/s of air and

expands the gases to the ambient pressure. The air-fuel ratio is 50 and the lower calorific
value of the fuel is 43 MJ/kg. For maximum thrust power determine:
1. Jet velocity,
2. Thrust,
3. Specific thrust,
4. Thrust power,
5. Propulsive, thermal and overall efficiencies.
IVY6. A turbojet plane has two jets of 250 mm diameter and the net power at the turbine is 3000
kW. The fuel consumption per kWhr is 0.42 kg with a fuel of calorific value 49 MJ/kg,
when flying at a speed of 300 m/s in atmospheric having a density of 0.168 kg/m3. The
air fuel ratio is 53. Calculate (i) Absolute velocity of jet, (ii) Resistance or Drag of the
plane (iii) Overall efficiency of the plane and (iv) Thermal efficiency.
IVY7. A turbojet engine operates at an altitude of 11 km and a Mach number of 0.82. The data
for an engine is given below: Stagnation temperature at the turbine inlet = 1220 K,
Stagnation temperature rise through the compressor = 170 K, Calorific value of the fuel
= 42 MJ/kg, Compressor efficiency = 0.75, Combustion chamber efficiency = 0.96 and
specific impulse = 20 seconds. Determine (i) Air fuel ratio, (ii) Compressor pressure
ratio, (iii) Turbine pressure ratio, (iv) Exhaust nozzle pressure ratio and (v) Mach number
of exhaust gas.
IVY8. The diameter of the propeller of an aircraft is 2.5 m. It flies at a speed of 500 kmph at an
altitude of 8000 m. For a flight to jet speed ratio of 0.75 determine,
1. The flow rate of air through the propeller,
2. Thrust produced,
3. Specific thrust,
4. Specific impulse and
5. The thrust power.
IVY9. A turbojet engine operating with its exhaust nozzle unlocked propels an aircraft at a
uniform speed of 900 km/h when it develops a thrust of 14 kN. The air intake to the
engine is 50 kg/s and its air fuel ratio is 85. The calorific value of the fuel supplied to the
engine is 44000 kJ/kg. The isentropic enthalpy change in the nozzle is 150 kJ/kg. Find
the thrust power, propulsive power, propulsive efficiency, thermal efficiency and overall
efficiency of the engine.
IVY10. A turbojet aircraft flies at 850 km/h at an altitude of 10000 m above the mean sea level.
The diameter of the inlet section and the jet exit are 0.75 m and 0.5 m respectively. The
pressure and velocity of the gases at the exit are 0.3 bar and 500 m/s. The air fuel ratio for
the engine is 40. Calculate (i) air flow rate through the engine (ii) thrust (iii) specific
thrust (iv) fuel specific impulse (v) thrust power and (vi) TSFC.