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Table of thermodynamic equations

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For list of mathematical notation used in these equations, see mathematical notation.
Main article: List of thermodynamic properties

Thermodynamics

This article is summary of common equations and quantities in thermodynamics (see

thermodynamic equations for more elaboration). SI units are used for absolute
temperature, not celsius or fahrenheit.
The classical Carnot heat engine

Contents

Branches

1 Definitions
1.1 General basic quantities
1.2 General derived quantities
1.3 Thermal properties of matter
1.4 Thermal transfer
2 Equations
2.1 Phase transitions
2.2 Kinetic theory
2.2.1 Ideal gas
2.3 Entropy
2.4 Statistical physics
2.5 Quasi-static and reversible processes
2.6 Thermodynamic potentials
2.7 Maxwell's relations
2.8 Quantum properties
3 Thermal properties of matter
3.1 Thermal transfer
3.2 Thermal efficiencies
4 See also
5 References

Definitions
Main articles: List of thermodynamic properties, Thermodynamic potential, Free entropy,
Defining equation (physical chemistry)
Many of the definitions below are also used in the thermodynamics of chemical
reactions.

General basic quantities

Classical
Statistical
Chemical
Equilibrium / Non-equilibrium
Laws
Zeroth
First
Second
Third
Systems
State
Equation of state
Ideal gas
Real gas
State of matter
Equilibrium
Control volume
Instruments
Processes
Isobaric
Isochoric
Isothermal
Adiabatic
Isentropic
Isenthalpic
Quasistatic
Polytropic
Free expansion
Reversibility
Irreversibility
Endoreversibility
Cycles
Heat engines
Heat pumps
Thermal efficiency
System properties

Note: Conjugate variables in italics

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Quantity (Common

(Common)

Name/s)

Symbol/s

SI Units

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_thermodynamic_equations

y' '

dimensionless

dimensionless

Number of moles

mol

[N]

Temperature

[]

Heat Energy

Q, q

[M][L]2[T]2

Latent Heat

QL

[M][L]2[T]2

Number of molecules

Property diagrams
Intensive and extensive properties

Dimension

Functions of state
Temperature / Entropy (introduction)
Pressure / Volume
Chemical potential / Particle number
Vapor quality
Reduced properties
Process functions

General derived quantities

Quantity
(Common
Name/s)

(Common)
Symbol/s

Work
Heat

Defining Equation

SI Units

J1

Entropy

J K1

Negentropy

J K1

[T]2[M]1[L]2

Specific heat capacity

temperature

Partition
Function
Gibbs free
energy

[M][L]2[T]2
[]1
[M][L]2[T]2
[]1

[M][L]2[T]2

[M][L]2[T]2

dimensionless dimensionless

Internal Energy U
Enthalpy

[M][L]2[T]2

Chemical
potential (of
component i in
a mixture)
Helmholtz free
energy

(Ni, S, V must all be

[M][L]2[T]2

[M][L]2[T]2

constant)

A, F

, G

[M][L]2[T]2

Carnot's theorem
Clausius theorem
Fundamental relation
Ideal gas law
Maxwell relations
Onsager reciprocal relations
Bridgman's equations
Table of thermodynamic equations

Free energy
Free entropy

Helmholtz free energy

Gibbs free energy

potential
Massieu

J K1

entropy
Planck
potential, Gibbs
free entropy

Equations

Enthalpy

Energy, Grand

Helmholtz free

Thermal expansion

Internal energy

potential,

Potential,

Compressibility

Potentials

Landau
Landau Free

Material properties
Property databases

Thermodynamic
beta, Inverse

Dimension

J K1

[M][L]2[T]2
[]1

[M][L]2[T]2
[]1

History
Culture
History
General
Heat

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Thermal properties of matter

Entropy
Gas laws

Main Articles: Heat capacity, Thermal expansion

Quantity (common

(Common)

name/s)

symbol/s

General heat/thermal
capacity
Heat capacity
(isobaric)
Specific heat capacity
(isobaric)
Molar specific heat
capacity (isobaric)
Heat capacity
(isochoric/volumetric)
Specific heat capacity
(isochoric)
Molar specific heat
capacity (isochoric)
Specific latent heat

"Perpetual motion" machines

Defining equation

SI units

Entropy and time

Entropy and life
Brownian ratchet
Maxwell's demon
Heat death paradox
Loschmidt's paradox
Synergetics

[M][L]2[T]2

J K 1

Cp

J K 1

Cmp

J kg1 K1

Cnp

JK

Philosophy

Dimension

[]1
[M][L]2[T]2
[]1

mol1

CV

J K 1

CmV

J kg1 K1

CnV

J K 1 mol1

J kg1

[L]2[T]2

Theories

[]1

Caloric theory
Theory of heat

[M][L]2[T]2
[]1 [N]1

Vis viva ("living force")

Mechanical equivalent of heat

[M][L]2[T]2
Motive power

[]1

Key publications

[L]2[T]2
[]1
[M][L]2[T]2

"An Experimental Enquiry

Concerning ... Heat"

"Reflections on the
Motive Power of Fire"

[L]2[T]2

Ratio of isobaric to

Timelines

isochoric heat
capacity, heat

"On the Equilibrium of

[]1 [N]1 Heterogeneous Substances"

capacity ratio,
adiabatic index

Thermal transfer
Main article: Thermal conductivity

dimensionless dimensionless

Thermodynamics
Heat engines
Art
Education

Maxwell's thermodynamic surface

Entropy as energy dispersal
Scientists
Bernoulli
Carnot
Clapeyron
Clausius
Carathodory
Duhem
Gibbs
von Helmholtz
Joule
Maxwell
von Mayer
Onsager
Rankine
Smeaton
Stahl
Thompson
Thomson
Waterston
Book:Thermodynamics

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Quantity
(common

(Common)
symbol/s

name/s)

Defining equation

Temperature No standard

SI units

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Dimension

K m1

[][L]1

W=J

[M] [L]2

s1

[T]3

W m2

[M] [T]3

analogue of q

W m2

[M] [T]3

gradient

symbol

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Thermal
conduction
rate, thermal
current,
thermal/heat

flux, thermal
power
transfer
Thermal
intensity
Thermal/heat
flux density
(vector
thermal
intensity
above)

Equations
The equations in this article are classified by subject.

Phase transitions

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Physical

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Equations

situation
Adiabatic
transition
Isothermal
transition

Isobaric

For an ideal gas

p1 = p2, p = constant

transition
Isochoric

V1 = V2, V = constant

transition
Adiabatic
expansion
Free
expansion
Process
Work done
by an
expanding
gas

Net Work Done in Cyclic Processes

Kinetic theory
Ideal gas equations
Physical
situation

Nomenclature

Equations

p = pressure
V = volume of container
T = temperature
Ideal gas law

n = number of moles
R = Gas constant
N = number of molecules
k = Boltzmann's constant

Pressure of

m = mass of one molecule

an ideal gas

Mm = molar mass

Ideal gas

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Quantity

General Equation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_thermodynamic_equations

Isobaric

Isochoric

Isothermal

p = 0

V = 0

T = 0

(for monatomic ideal

(for monatomic

Adiabatic

Work
W

Heat
Capacity

(as for real gas)

gas);

ideal gas);

C
(for diaatomic ideal gas)

(for diatomic
ideal gas)

Internal
Energy
U
Enthalpy
H

Entropy
S
[1]

Constant

Entropy
, where kB is the Boltzmann constant, and denotes the volume of macrostate in the phase space or otherwise called
thermodynamic probability.
, for reversible processes only

Statistical physics
Below are useful results from the MaxwellBoltzmann distribution for an ideal gas, and the implications of the Entropy quantity. The distribution is
valid for atoms or molecules constituting ideal gases.

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Physical

Nomenclature

situation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_thermodynamic_equations

Equations

v = velocity of
atom/molecule,
m = mass of each molecule
(all molecules are identical in
kinetic theory),

Non-relativistic speeds

(p) = Lorentz factor as

Maxwell

function of momentum (see

Boltzmann

below)

distribution

Ratio of thermal to rest

mass-energy of each

Relativistic speeds (Maxwell-Jttner

distribution)

molecule:
</div">
K2 is the Modified Bessel function
of the second kind.
Entropy
Logarithm of
the density
of states

Pi = probability of system in
microstate i
= total number of

where:

microstates

Entropy
change

Entropic
force
Average kinetic energy per degree of
freedom
Equipartition
theorem

df = degree of freedom
Internal energy

Corollaries of the non-relativistic MaxwellBoltzmann distribution are below.

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Physical

Nomenclature

situation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_thermodynamic_equations

Equations

Mean speed
Root mean
square speed
Modal speed
= Effective cross-section
Mean free
path

n = Volume density of
number of target particles
= Mean free path

Quasi-static and reversible processes

For quasi-static and reversible processes, the first law of thermodynamics is:

where Q is the heat supplied to the system and W is the work done by the system.

Thermodynamic potentials
Main article: Thermodynamic potentials
See also: Maxwell relations
The following energies are called the thermodynamic potentials,
Name

Symbol

Formula

Natural variables

Internal energy
Helmholtz free energy
Enthalpy
Gibbs free energy
Landau Potential (Grand potential)

and the corresponding fundamental thermodynamic relations or "master equations"[2] are:

Potential

Differential

Internal energy
Enthalpy
Helmholtz free energy
Gibbs free energy

Maxwell's relations
The four most common Maxwell's relations are:

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Physical

Nomenclature

situation

= Enthalpy

potentials as
their natural
variables

Equations

= Internal energy

Thermodynamic
functions of

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_thermodynamic_equations

= Helmholtz free
energy
= Gibbs free
energy

More relations include the following.

Other differential equations are:

Name

GibbsHelmholtz equation

Quantum properties

Indistinguishable Particles
where N is number of particles, h is Planck's constant, I is moment of inertia, and Z is the partition function, in various forms:
Degree of freedom

Partition function

Translation
Vibration

Rotation

where:
= 1 (heteronuclear molecules)
= 2 (homonuclear)

Thermal properties of matter

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Coefficients

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_thermodynamic_equations
Equation

Joule-Thomson coefficient
Compressibility (constant temperature)
Coefficient of thermal expansion (constant pressure)
Heat capacity (constant pressure)
Heat capacity (constant volume)
Derivation of heat capacity (constant pressure)
Since

Derivation of heat capacity (constant volume)

Since

(where Wrev is the work done by the system),

Thermal transfer

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Physical situation

Nomenclature

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_thermodynamic_equations
Equations

Texternal = external
temperature (outside of
Net intensity
emission/absorption

system)
Tsystem = internal
temperature (inside system)
= emmisivity
CV = isovolumetric heat

Internal energy of a
substance

capacity of substance
T = temperature change of
substance
Cp = isobaric heat capacity

Meyer's equation

CV = isovolumetric heat
capacity
n = number of moles
Series
i = thermal conductivity of

Effective thermal
conductivities

substance i
net = equivalent thermal
conductivity

Parallel

Thermal efficiencies
Physical
situation

Nomenclature

Equations

= efficiency
W = work done by engine
QH = heat energy in higher

Thermodynamic engine:

temperature reservoir
Thermodynamic
engines

QL = heat energy in lower

temperature reservoir
TH = temperature of higher

Carnot engine efficiency:

temp. reservoir
TL = temperature of lower
temp. reservoir
Refrigeration performance

Refrigeration

K = coefficient of
refrigeration performance

Carnot refrigeration performance

See also

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Antoine equation

GibbsHelmholtz equation

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Bejan number

Gibbs' phase rule

Bowen ratio

Kopp's law

Bridgman's equations

KoppNeumann law

ClausiusClapeyron relation

NoroFrenkel law of corresponding states

Departure functions

Onsager reciprocal relations

DuhemMargules equation

Stefan number

Ehrenfest equations

Triple product rule

References

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1. ^ Keenan, Thermodynamics, Wiley, New York, 1947

2. ^ Physical chemistry, P.W. Atkins, Oxford University Press, 1978, ISBN 0 19 855148 7
Atkins, Peter and de Paula, Julio Physical Chemistry, 7th edition,
W.H. Freeman and Company, 2002 [ISBN 0-7167-3539-3].
Chapters 1 - 10, Part 1: Equilibrium.

McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1961.

Reichl, L.E., "A Modern Course in Statistical Physics", 2nd edition,
New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
Schroeder, Daniel V. Thermal Physics. San Francisco: Addison

Bridgman, P.W., Phys. Rev., 3, 273 (1914).

Landsberg, Peter T. Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics.
New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1990. (reprinted from Oxford
University Press, 1978).
Lewis, G.N., and Randall, M., "Thermodynamics", 2nd Edition,

Wesley Longman, 2000 [ISBN 0-201-38027-7].

Silbey, Robert J., et al. Physical Chemistry. 4th ed. New Jersey:
Wiley, 2004.
Callen, Herbert B. (1985). "Thermodynamics and an Introduction
to Themostatistics", 2nd Ed., New York: John Wiley & Sons.

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