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Muskat
Equations,
p-p.,=325(q"B/Fkh)
q,=.00333
k.C:"-o
-~::s--------
. )q
log(r.lr,)
curve
u:
.
"
100
~
~
]
Fig. 5.25 - 1949
Such as well r.dius
"0
..
'"
0>
Theor,'
and experience
show thai cones
can be controlled
by low rates which
ollen
are uneconomical_
However,
during
lale life most water drive reservoirs
are produced
at very high rates and
high water cut to obtain
maximum
011
reco~ery.
Production
at low rale
during
early lite then Is nolproper.
:I:
100
Production
Ralesa!
StarlWller
Coning
Top Open Interval
is alTop
at Pay.
A
10%oftotalpaylsopen-Chaneyelal
B 20% ollola]
payJsopen
C 30% 01 total pay is open
o
40% 01 total payisopen
E 50% ollolalpllyisopen-Chaneyetat
F 50% oflotalp.8yisopen-Muska.1
Dalareadfromlhlslheoretlcalcur;els
converted to field conditions by equation:
q=.00333k.(Lpo,w)
'(Irom curvej
,B
10
q, =
0.00167
---_.~.
k, {~_oo,gl
'(from
curve)
---
Recovery
eHlciency
is reduced
when 011 wels
an inlUal gu
cap. Recovery
of 011 which
II
adjacent
to Ihe gu
oil contact
Is dlfflcufl
at economic
rales 01 oil production.
Gas
Injection
and completing
well.
below
water
oil conlacl
may be helpful
when Itrong
waler
ad~ance
is . ilable.
I
The main assumptions
madeara
aslol:ews:
(1) Ihereservoir
rock is homogeneous
(eilher isot,opicoranlsOlropic};
(:2) the
~olume of the aquifer underlying fhe oil
zone;s ~er)' sm"lI, so that it does not
contribute to reservoir energy; and (3)
the gas cep expands afa very low rllte,
so lhatHcan
be assumed to be in
Cluasi-staticcondilions.
400ft.
160 fl.
40ft.
10%
40%
20,000
1:>.
Production
Rates at Starl Waler Coning
Top Open Interval is at top 30% of Tolal Pay
A
10% of tOfal payis open-Chaney
etal.
B :20%olfolalpayisopen
C 30% oltolalpaylsopen
o
40% 01 lolaJ pay is open
E 50%oll0lalpaylsopen
pay. (cour-
from
Top of open
.nd
10% 01
o Top of open
and 40% 01
Top of open
and 10% of
Top 01 open
and 40% 01
starts at30%'or
& gas-watersYltems.
graphl
Interval
011 pay
Inl&fVal
011 pay
interv.lls
oil p.y
Inlervall.
011 pay
I.
I.
I.
I.
by ChaneY
al 20"W of
perforatftd!
at 20% of
perfoTated.
al 40%'of
i. perforaled.
al 40% of
I. perforated.
011 pay
011 pay
oil pay
011 p.y
pay. (courtesy
The relatedpreSSllre
drop can be computed
from the basIc flow equarlonl:
Muskat: p,_p"
'" 325(qI'B/Fkh)log(r,/r~)
5.10
Where Fallows
for skin, partlal penetration,
perforations.
and similar restriclions
to Ilow
p,-p., = (141 (quB/klll
[In(r'/r,l'';s
0,-.75]
p,-p"
= 141(q~B/kh)
[InCUr,) -.75J
Equations assume steady slile Ilow and
the .75 is omitted when depletlon absenl
pay. (cour-
'""
~\
'
...
- ....
'7
..
..::-' '"::-
=
==
=
_~
h
,1
,2
,3
A
I pertorJted
iE'_t~~val
of 011pay
Thickness
'~
~,
O'~
\~ ~,
\.'\,
:"
'--
"
:3.07:3
.;)
~
~
~\ s
i'--.
-,
.... ....
~
f--
'\
:i =~=2
8
-- -- -- --
\~
p-
...
}
...
=~=.o
[j =-~=
'-
American
,'\
'a
5=~=.1_
"'-.., p-
Units
x
ICyl h~ ~
B"
'V
(r1h-' E,
8)
!J-"
Unfortunately,
the pay adjacent to the well-say,
within 50 ft-is often difficult to describe in detail.
Thin shale stringers and less-permeable
hard streaks
that severely reduce the vertical permeability may not
be recognized adequately by studying cuttings, logs,
or cores. Coning water and gas is a severe problem
in many fields. Handling the added water and gas
can be costly. Also, premature depletion of a gas cap
can reduce recovery by wetting the original gas pay
with oil. Production of secondary gas caps formed
by vertical segregation of dissolved gas reduces pressure without obtaining the displacement effects associated with gas drive. When a very strong natural
water drive is present, production at high rates results in added oil recovery at abandonment. Reducing
production rate to reduce coning does not appear attractive, as shown by Fig. 9-6.
For these conditions, an increase in the well density
at the locations of the last updip producing wells
should be economical. Downdip wells when a strong
edge-water drive is present do not contribute to ultimate recovery in homogeneous
pays. Pays often are
lenticular and are not connected-are
not homogeneous-so
downdip wells and close overall spacing
of wells may increase ultimate recovery as well as increase the overall rate of production. Unfortunately,
water entry often is limited and must be supplemented
on some pattern throughout the oil-bearing reservoir.
A source of water capable of entry is necessary, and
permeability of pay must be sufficient to allow the
necessary water to move.
A decrease in well penetration results in higher oil
recovery. Minimum penetration
permits the maximum rate of water free production.
Comparing the
graphs in Fig. 9-1 suggests a small, perforated interval
is best, and perforations somewhat below the top of
the pay are not extremely harmful when flow capacity
is adequate.
An increase in the gravity to viscous force ratio
results in a higher oil recovery.
Days, months or years are required for the cone
to form and reach the point of incipient breakthrough
into the well. During this time, the well is producible
at rates in excess of the critical production rate. A
higher rate increases the tendency toward a higher
cone, but a short early test does not evaluate the possibility of future coning problems.
The kh/kv term is the most critical term appearing
in the coning equations. Also, coning is directly proportional to oil viscosity. Compressibility, well radius,
and drainage radius are relatively unimportant in the
semisteady-state
flow equations.
A well being swabbed or pumped intermittently
b =
=h
C) = ,1
v- = ,2
- = ,3
6 = .4
E
..
1:.::::..- ..
6
5
;.;
",'
S
~
...
1"_
r-
..
pay-
\-
l--
i..,,- t" __
I--.
I-
1:1__
..... ... ,
D~-'"
....
-~
1'0--
J_
~-
I"--
1""
"'"-
.....
r
"'"'
......
r--
...
1--
,...
...
1"-
"""-
II
..
.....
C\l
'""'
1-0
-,
17'-
l"_
"'1'Ii
__
'(
.... ~
)-
[) - .5
1""".
",,",
..
1-
Or-
,-=,-
} II'
1-
""10-.....
1'-_
....
;.........
'-
100-..
Perforated interval
Thickness of oil
.1
w,
.-
I-
'-.
_/
.--;
II
w!
II
,(
~
I
Notes:
Cross plot of data presented by Chierici and Ciucci in "A
Systematic Study of Gas and Water Coning by Potentiometric Models", Journal of Petroleum
Technology,
Aug. 1964,
LEUM ENGINEER
!:\TI':I(l'i.\T!ONAL,
Fd)., HJ7<'\.
2. All methods,
Muskat. Chaney and C'hieril'i, g-ive
comparable results \\'!wn permeability
ratio is OIl<'.
:3. These curves usuall,l' al'l' not applil'able \\'!wn faults
OJ' tig-ht stringers
sUt:h as thin shall's are pl'esent,
4. Corredions
must IX' mac!l' for soml' typl'S of skins.
M"\iib~"=*
Later woe
Original woe
----
#
w
_Later
1.2
1.1
;:;
0
1.0
II
.2~-
0.9
0.8
.9
~
C
0.7
Spherical flow
(I)w
rw(ll
rw
'0
0
.~
0.6
([
Potential
above dividing
plane
{:, Potential
below dividing
plane
1230
.t
a;
12.20
"
1ij
.~
C
<D
0
0.6
12.10
r, ~ 500 tt
(L
1.000 tt
~
~-
12.00
0.5
<!>w
0
0
(L
o.
11.90
"
Ie ~
1.000 ft
Perforations
top of oil
Figure 9-8. Solution of location of dividing plane and velocity potential over well surface for case of simultaneous
gas. (after Arthur, courtesy JPT, SPE)
2. Draw a tangent
to the potential
curve of fl<j>/
1, zlh = 1).
The value of zlh at the point of tangency represents
the maximum height y of a stable cone (ylh = 1 zlh). Intersection of the tangent to the curve with
the value zlh = 0 gives the value expressed by:
fl<j>e vs. zlh from the point
(fl<j>/ fl<j>
Llep)
_ 1 _ gLlyh
( Llepe zlh=O
LlP
3. From the graphically determined value of (fl<j>/
solve for flP, the maximum pressure differential without coning:
fl<j>e)zlh=o,
P=
to
zone
gLlyh
1-(~:1Ih=o
=1-
600
:10e
400
15
14
200
13
.c
s:::
12
100
"0
0:
0;
11
Q
E
w
ro
10
Q.
~
~
"
::>
-0
CO'
W
c
it
0
10
b
Well penetration, ft
Sand thickness,
Figure 9-11.
tt
Figure 9-10.
0.2
Velocity
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Well penetration b/h
potential
distribution
07
0.8
0.9
1.0
Yo
w=
well, Ib per sq in.
p
<p:"
= potential at drainage
x= penetration parameter
o/w
<Pc
radius
b = penetration of well in sand, ft
= density of oil
<pz
0.001
= 2h
depth parameter = 2h
.
= ra d IUSparameter = 2h
q = fl ux density = 1
In = natural logarithm
C= correction of <p~ for value of pw other than 0.001
d= distance from end of perforated interval of well to point z, ft
L = distance from end of perforated interval of well to static interface of the two flUids, ft
g!!.y = difference in hydrostatic gradient at reservoir conditions
tween the two fluids involved, Ib per sq in. per ft
be-
=
=
500 ft
0.3 glcc
I-l
/3
viscosity
formation-volume
factor
However, Fig. 9-13 should not be considered quantitatively correct. Because of the higher concentrations of the pressure drop about the well bore in
heterogeneous-flow
systems, the critical pressure differentials for actual gas-drive oil-producing
wells
should be higher than those in Fig. 9-12. In estimating
the corresponding
maximal production rates from
Fig. 9-13, account for the reduced values of k/JL/3,
taken as 1 in Fig. 9-13, because of the effect of connate
water and free gas on k and of the gas evolution
on JL.
~
.0
10
.c>
0>
::l
=;:
.c
[lJ
.0
!<
OJ
(l)
:i
~
'ji
:i
1.0
40;"
100
'~
~
0
'"
0
~
'6
U)
(l)
(ij
(l)
5-
1,000
0,1
~
'x
'xOJ
10
::e
OJ
:;;
0.3
glee
Density difference between
cc
0.6 gl
STB/d
(9.3)
Position
I,
I
Oil
Well
~~
/t'
Kc (Llyg,w) Q curve
Qc = ----------
Ed
, Mo,
/-Lg V
Kc
0.00167
Kc (LlYo,g) Qeurve
B
/-Lo
'
ST
BI
SPE,
100
~
?i
]3
100
~
2
"
~
l'
c
a
"
c
a
~ 10
"-
0.1
10
Distance
10
10
from top perforation
15
to top of sand
20
or gas-oil
contact,
25
tt
Distance
20
40
60
to top of sand
80
or gas-oil
100
contact,
ft
rate curves. (1) Water-coning curves: A, 2.5-ft perforated interval; S, 5; C, 7.5; D, 10; E, 12.5. Gasconing curves: a, 2.5-ft perforated interval; b, 5; c, 7.5; d, 10; e, 12.5. (2) Water-coning curves: A, 5-ft perforated interval; S, 10; C, 15;
D, 20; E, 25. Gas-coning curves: a, 5-ft perforated interval; b, 10; c, 15; d, 20; e, 25. (3) Water-coning curves: A, 10-ft perforated
interval; S, 20; C, 30; D, 40; E, 50. Gas-coning curves: a, 10-ft perforated interval; b, 20; c, 30; d, 40; e, 50. (after Chaney et al.,
courtesy OGJ, May 1956)
where:
q= m3/d
-.-here:
X 10-3
h= meters
ilp = gm/cc
kRo =md
/-Lo=cp
Eo = m3/m3
Bo
kRO 'l'(rDe, E, 0)
/-Lo
q=STB/d
On the diagram
h=ft
for
ap = gm/cc
for
rDe =
kRo=md
J-Lo = cp
Bo= bb/STB
The function 'l' has been determined
following ranges of its parameters:
5 ,,:;;rDe
reIvo
h
k
=-
within the
,,:;;
80
Ro
0.07":;;0 =
It ,,:;;0.9
qog-3.0n
-3
0.643
x 10 x 140 1.25
x~
1.11
745 !306
= 140 Y90 = 9.72
50
-3
qow - 3.073 X 10
20.351
140 1.25
X~
1.11
X
0.065 = 89 STB/d
09 = 140 = 0.357
30
e=140=0.214
ow=
60
140 =0.429
0,40
0.35
0.30
0.06C
0.25
0.50 0.25 0.04C
89 ~
~
h
Lw
Ow
e ~
h
b
h
SPE)
in an isotropic
formation
pili)
is given by:
[b- ( 1 + 7 - cos7Tb)]
h
2b
2h
~w
b value
.t::':::==.t:
':::OU')OLOO
llh ...... C\J(\J("')
II II II II II II
.0.0 .0..0.0.0
Reservoir pressure
Permeability
Reservoir pressure
2,000 psia
Permeability
100 md
External-boundary radius 1,000 ft
External-boundary radius
1,000
:2
:;;:"
.,;
"'5
'"
"
:-'l
100
b = footage perforated, ft
D = distance from formation to cone
surface at r, ft
h = gas-sand thickness, ft
kg ~ permeability to gas at connate
water saturation, md
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1
Figure 9-17. Water-free gas rates for 1,500 psia. (after Trimble
and Rose, courtesy JPT, May 1977, @ SPE)
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0,9 1.0
Figure 9-18. Water-free gas rates for 2,000 psia. (after Trimble
and Rose, courtesy JPT, May 1977, @ SPE)
b value
======
~~~~gjg
II II
.Q..Q
I!
II II
Reservoir pressure
2,500 psia
Permeability
100 md
External-boundary radius 1,000 ft
11
0.1
0.2
0.3 0.4
0.9 1.0
Perforated interval/gas-sand
thickness
Figure 9-19. Water-free gas rates for 2,500 psia. (after Trimble
and Rose, courtesy JPT, May 1977, SPE)
* Material
50
:E
4.0
OJ
'ij;
.r::
OJ
c
0
""'
3.0
"'
OJ
C
0
'u;
c
OJ
E
'6
N
t,-~
S==-
:..;rvesapply only to coning situations for which break::-crough conditions fall on Fig. 9-20 (i.e., if for Z at
~reakthrough,
tv is less than 7.5).
1. Using Eq. 9.11, calculate the dimensionless cone
.-_eight for breakthrough
to determine whether break::-crough will occur within the limits of Fig. 9-20, and,
-= it will, where the departure curve will lie.
:2. Find the dimensionless time, tv, that corresponds
::: the calculated Z for breakthrough.
3. Using Eq. 9-12, calculate t, the actual time of
~~eakthrough in days.
-t. Determine the cone height at any time before
_~eakthrough by assuming a cone height less than
:-.e breakthrough
height, by calculating Z from Eq.
"-11, by determining the corresponding
tv from the
~:.sic buildup and appropriate
departure curves, and
:'::-;allyby solving Eq. 9-12 for time, t.
Z = 0.00307 b.p kh h he
!Joo qo Bo
(9.11)
tv ----------
!Joo
+ Mrljt
cj> h Fk
where:
t = time, days
</> = porosity
Fk = horizontal-to-vertical
permeability ratio,
M= water-oil mobility ratio = }-Lo (kw)or/}-Lw
where (kw )or is the effective permeability
ter at residual oil saturation and (ka )wc
effective permeability to oil at connate
saturation
a=0.5 for .vl< 1; 0.6 for 1 < M< 10.
kh/k"
(ka)we
to wais the
water
qo
re
Inrw
Figure 9-21. Model for coning control by injection. (after Richardson et al., courtesy JPT, September 1971, SPE)
/La
In Li.h
re = 1,024 ft
rw = 1 ft
In 1024/1
In 1024/32
= 6.93
= 3.47
6.93/3.4 7 = 2.0
Oil is injected into the upper perforations
To find how much oil production rates can be iLcreased above the critical coning rate by injection~:
liquid, solve using Eq. 9.13. The limiting gas-free C':.
production rate possible without liquid injection IS
g-
(0.0246)(1.0)(54.3 - 5.7)(322
~=
1 darcy
2.31 cp
po
54.3 Ib/cu ft
pg=5.73 Ib/cu ft
he = 32 ft
hp = 8 ft
6.h= 32 ft
* If desired, the more accurate method of Chaney et al. can be
used for the case with no injection and this critical rate can be
multiplied by the ratio (In re/rw)/(In re/6.h) to obtain a closer estimate for the reference rate with liquid injection.
= 72.0
82)
2.31lnC,~24)
o-
}-to =
as shoh:-.
in Fig. 9-21.
bid
By injecting oil, a liquid barrier having an effecri-,c:radius of about 32 ft can be formed. The corresponc..
ing production rate is now calculated to be 144 b/e
or twice the previous rate. Thus, the model predica production increase of 72 bid should be possib>o:
with only a moderate increase in the net GaR, a:
though it is not possible, using this simple mode:
alone, to predict how much the GaR will increase
Z.
h",_
a
0.5:
2
Water
6 8 10
a;.-car thickness
20
hw
ho