Gas Turbine

A Basic Introduction

Prepared by : Mohsin Murtaza

Prepared on : 4th Aug, 2015

SYNOPSIS
INTRODUCTION
OPERATION PRINCIPAL AND THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE
INTRODUCTION TO GE GAS TURBINES AT FATIMA
MAIN COMPONENTS AND THEIR WORKING
TURBINE AUXILARY SYSTEMS & THEIR WORKING
GAS TURBINE MAINTENANCE
BASIC OPERATION

A Comparison of Prime Movers

Gas Turbine
Steam Turbine
Internal Combustion
Engine
Electric Motor
Expansion Turbine
Thermal
efficiency
Size
Maintenance
cost
Operating cost

Advantages
Weight reduction of 70%
Simplicity
Reduced manning
requirements
Quicker response time
Faster
Acceleration/deceleration
Modular replacement
Less vibrations
More economical

Disadvantages

Many parts under high stress

High pitched noise
Needs large quantities of air
Large quantities of hot exhaust
(target)
In situ repairs
Less thermal efficiency

Applications

Applications

THERMODYNAMICS

THERMODYNAMICS

Working Principle
Conversion of Chemical Energy of fuel to
Mechanical Energy.
Air Compressor/Turbine mounted on single
shaft are brought to speed by diesel
engine.
Air Compressor draws atmospheric air &
increases its pressure.
High pressure air flows to combustion
chamber where fuel admitted under
pressure.
Spark ignites fuel/air mixture to increase
temperature and pressure.

Working Principle
InletFlame
plenum
Zone

Temp =1650C ~ 1700C

GAS

Firing temperature
Temp =1050C ~ 1100C

Combustion chamber

Exhaust temperature
Temp =450C ~ 515C

Exhaust plenum

Exhaust
thermocouples = 12

Turbine section
Axial Compressor

GTs at Fatima

No of gas turbine Units at O&U

No of gas turbine units at ammonia
Manufacturer
Gas Turbine model series
Gas Turbine application
Base out put
Operation cycle
Shaft speed
Air inlet temp.
Exhaust temp. (On Gas fuel)
Control system

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

02
01
General Electric
MS-5001 PA
Single Shaft Unit
Generator / Compressor Drive
26.3 MW
Simple
5100 rpm
43C
507 C
Mac 3

Gas turbine Operating Principles

Iso Conditions
Firing Temeperature
Pressure Ratio
Heat Ratio
Specific Power Output

GTs at Fatima
Compressor

Compressor type
:
Axial Flow (Horizontal
Split)

No. of compressor stages :

17

Inlet Guide Vanes

:
Variable

Pressure Ratio
:
10.5 : 1

Combustion
Chamber

Combustors
:
10 (Reverse flow design)
Chamber Arrangement
:
Concentrically around
compressor

Fuel nozzle
:
1 per chamber, Atomizing

Spark plugs
:
02, Electrical type, spring
Injected,
Self retracting

Flame detectors
:
04, UV type

Turbine

No. of Stages
Type
:

:
2
Axial flow (Horizontal split)

Basic Design
Starting System
Air inlet System
Compressors
Combustor
Turbines
Exhaust System
Cases

Ventilation
system
Bearings
Rotor
Seals
Couplings
Turning Gear

Starting System

Starting Device

Starting System
Functions of Starting Device
Supply high torque at zero speed to breakaway the turbine.
Drive the unfired Gas Turbine to Firing Speed (18% or 1000
rpm)
Assist the Fired Gas turbine to self sustaining speed

Types of starting systems

Electric motors
Diesel Engines
Steam turbine
Pneumatic starters

Air Inlet and Exhaust System

Air Inlet System

Filter House consists of three stage filter assembly:
Inlet screens & Inertial separators
Pre-Filters (Primary Filters)
High Efficiency filters (secondary filters)

Inlet ducting and silencing

An air inlet duct connects the Filter House to air inlet plenum at
compressor suction.
Silencing provided in the duct by the use of acoustically perforated
sheets.
Silencing baffles eliminate typical compressor tone.

Compressor

Compressor
Centrifugal and axial type compressor
are used in GTs.
Compressor divided into four portions:

Inlet section
Forward section
Aft section
Discharge section

Compressor

Compressor

Compressor

Combustion System

Combustion System

Combustion System

Combustion System

Combustion System

Combustion System

Combustion System

Combustion System

Turbine

Turbine
High temperature gases from combustion section converted
to shaft horsepower.
Power required to drive load package & compressor
provided by the two-stage turbine rotor.
Turbine components

First stage nozzles

First stage Buckets & wheel
Second stage nozzles
Second stage Buckets & wheel

Turbine

Turbine

Turbine

Turbine

Turbine

Turbine

Exhaust Section

Ventilation system

Bearings
Bearings have several purposes.

Support Engine parts

Minimize friction
Minimize wear
Allow freedom of movement Thermal expansion
Carry loads

The primary loads that act on main bearings

are;

Weight of rotating mass

Axial forces of power or load change
Thermal expansion and misalignment
Vibration Acceleration forces

Bearings

Seals

Lube Oil System

Lube oil is used in gas turbine to;
Provide oil for the Control Oil System
Provide oil for Hydraulic Oil System
To Lubricate the Accessory Drive Gear
To Lubricate the Turbine and Load Bearings
To Absorb Heat to the Turbine and Load Bearings

Lube Oil System

Fuel Gas Control System

Fuel Gas Pressure
Transmitter

Fuel Gas Vent

SOV

14.4 Kg/cm2

Fuel Gas Low

Pressure switch
11.6 Kg/cm2

Isolating
Valve

Gas
Strainer

SRV
P
1

17.8 Kg/cm2

Fuel Gas Supply

From V-613

GCV
P
2

14.4 Kg/cm2

P
3

9.3 Kg/cm2

To
Combustion
Chambers

Auxiliary Systems

Gas Turbine Maintenance

Maintenance Inspections
Stand by Inspections
Running Inspections
Dismantling Inspections

Gas Turbine Maintenance

STAND-BY INSPECTIONS
They are required when the engine is not in operation. During
this period of time, the following items should be checked :
LUBE OIL SYSTEM COMPONENTS
FUEL SYSTEM COMPONENTS
INTAKE SYSTEM AND FILTERS
INSTRUMENTATION SETTINGS AND REPAIRS
EMERGENCY BATTERIES STATUS
FLUIDS LEVELS (OILS, WATER, ETC.)
OTHER AUXILIARIES IN GENERAL
BORESCOPE INSPECTION FOR ALL THE INTERNAL PARTS

Gas Turbine Maintenance

RUNNING INSPECTIONS

Gas Turbine Maintenance

DISMANTLING INSPECTIONS
Combustion System Inspection
Hot Gas Path Inspection
Major Inspection

Startup Control Sequence

1) Fire

Supplies sufficient fuel to the

combustors to provide good ignition

2) Warm-up

Reduces the fuel level & holds it constant

Reduces thermal shock

3) Accelerate Allows the turbine to accelerate gradually

Once the Gas Turbine is at full speed, the next

control loop will take control of the fuel input.

Startup Control Sequence

Shutdown Control Sequence

Thanks