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The University of British Columbia

Department of Mining and Mineral Process Engineering

'MMPE 302
Mining Methods and Equipment

Assignment #2 Method Selection

You are given the enclosed plans, sections, longitudinals, geology, fabric infonnation, strength,
stressamong other infonnation for the Main Zone of the Myra Falls Operation. The ore is massive
sulphide with rock mass ratings and distributions as indicated in the enclosed reports. The footwall
is andesiteand the hangingwall is rhyolite. In all cases a variation in degree of alteration occurs to
reflect the rock mass ratings shown in Figure A. Generally the footwall and hangingwall for stope
areas west of 3700E on Figure A are slightly altered and east of 3700E can be considered to be
strongly altered and RMR values as per Table 4 for the andesite and rhyolite rock types. Use the
orientation of the jointing as shown in Figure A. The ore is 2% copper and the host rock surrounding
the ore is 0% copper. Surface is at 3367m.
Objective: 1) Determine what mining method/methodsto be usedfor the Main Zone shown in Fi~
A. You must justify all assumptions and conclusions made employing I\IfMPE 302 course notes,.
referenceie. Nicholas Method/requirements/etc.Show all sections,plans and proposed longitu~s
for the stoping blocks that you will design for the Main Zone. Show the development and access
required and size of openings for a 2000 tonne per day orebody (employ diagrams/sketches).Marks
15/20
2) What equipment is required for this area in tenns of drilling, blasting and haulage given
the above constraints and a production from this area of 2000 tonne per day. Marks 5/20

The report should include the following;

I) Cover Page/Scopeof Study
2) Introduction
3) Methodology/Results
4) Observations
5) Conclusions and Recommendations
Some assumptions may have to be made, however, employ your course notes to arrive at solution
to the above problem. The overall report should be limited to 20 pages including diagrams.

NOV

21

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H-W MAIN ZONE. OREBODY ISOPACH

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OREBODY FOOTWALL

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SUBJECT:

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TYPICAL V /\LUES FOR ROCKMASS CLASSIFICATION HW ~

UPDATED 25 OCTOBER 1996

file: WR.96_13.dc.:

The foUo\1fing
table9give typical valuesfor rockmassclassificationparametersat the HW Mine. These
tables areprovidedto allow "fust pass"stability analysisto be carriedout without. actual mapping,and
also to providefor comparisonof mappedvalues.Values outsidethe givenrangesare possible)
however,if they do occur they should be recheckedfor accuracy.
TABLE 1: GEOLOGIC STRUCnJRE - HW MAIN ZONE (dip/dipdirection)
ROCK1YPE

ALTERA'nON

ANDESrrE
ANDESrrE
RHYOIn"E
RHYOr..rn:
CfrERTYRHY
CHERT
QFI'
FAUt T ZONES
ORE

SLIGI-rr
STRONG
SUGHT
STRONG
SUGlrr
SUGHr
SUGHT
COMPLETE
FRF.5H

1
flat fault
50/050
501050

2
3
schi$tosity a-cjoint

4
joint 1

5
joint 2

6
joint 3

7
g
splayfault mull

75/045

75/330

75/090

70/150

65/030

80/020

82/085

50/050

75/045

75/330

75/090

70/150 65/030

80/020

Sl/OS5

501050
50/330

75/045
75/250

75/330
70/150

7S/090 70/150
SO/SO 20/110

80/020

82/085

65/030

NO1ES: 1) Orientationsfor geologic structurc are +/- 100for dip. +/- 1.5for dip ~on.
2) Thc table lists geologic stru~
that may be prcscnL Not all geologicstructW"c:s
arc present in a.lllocalions,
ie. in are thcre is typically only 2 or 3 joint $CIs,in StrOnglya1te~ roc:ktlt~ is typically 3 or 4 joint sets.

TABLE 2: GEOLOGICSTRUCTURE GOPHERZONE (dip/dip direction)

ROCK TYPE

ALTERATION 1
major
SUGHT
89/097
STRONG
89/097
SUOHf
891097

2
~jor
63/014
63/014
63/014

3
foliation
78/326
78/326
78/326

4
minot
S4/198
54/198
54/198

RHYOLn"E
S1"RONG
89/097
CI-IERlY RHY. SUGI-rr
FAULT ZONES COMPLETE
89/097
ORE
fRESH
89/097
NOTES: 1) Oricntauonsfor geologic stru~

63/014

7&1326

.14/198 26/079

ANDESn'E
ANDESfl
RHYOUrE

5
6
minor
fiat fault
26/079 30/350
26ro79
30/350
26/079 30/350

7
foliation
80/020
&0/020
&0/020

g
shan
65/360
65/360
65/360

30/350

80/020

65/360

63/014 78/326
54/198 26/079 30/350
63/014 78/326
54/198 26/079
arc +/- 100for dip, +/- 150for dip dirt(:tjon.

80/020

65/360

2) The ublc lists geologic stru~

that may be p~scnt. Not al! gcologic:sw~cs arc pRsent in alllOC1ltions,
ie. in arc lbe~ is typically only 2 or 3 joint sets)in strongly altered rock thereis typically 3 or 4 joint sets.
,

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MICHAEL CULLEN ~1.En&.

'.En,~TNat:I~~CHN]CALINO~"U.B.

TABLE 3: GENERAL CLASSIFICATION VALVES

ROCK TYPE

ALTERAll0N

U.C.S.
(MPa)

RQD

PERCENT
RECOVERY

ANDESrrE
ANDESm
RHYOurE
RHYOLm

SLIGl{T
STRONG
SUGH!
STRONG

125-250
so - 100
125- 200
so - 100

70 - 100
40.60
70 - 100
40.60

100
9&.100
100
98 - 100

10 ~ 100

100

60 -100

100
100

CHERTY 'BlrY.

SUGHT

ARGILUTE
QFP

SUGHT
SUGKr

30 - 1so
100-175

40- go

ORE

FRESH

100- 300

50 - 100

FAULTZONES COWLETE

100 ~200

1- 25

0 - 40

80- 98
100

TABLE 4: RMR CLASSIFICATION VALVES (1976)

ROCKTYPE

ANDESITE

STRONG

4-7

5 - 10

13-20

JOINT
1000
SPACING CONDmON
12-25
12-20

10- 15

0-12

RHYOLn'E
RHYOUTE
CHERTYRH.

SLIGHT
STRONG
SUGHr

12
5- 7
7 - 10

13-20
8 -12
5 - 10

12-25
10-15
10-15

12-20
0 -12
12- 20

8-12
10- 15
S
15-30

15-20
10 20
0
6-25

ANDESrrE

AL-rEM 110N
SUGffi

S"IUNGTH
12

RQD

ARGD..Ln'E

SUGHT

12

13

QFP

SUGlfi"

7.10

12- 20

FAULTZONES
ORE

COMPLETE
FRESH

0.2
7-15

3-8
13-20

GROUND
WATER
10

10n-rr
ORlENTA1ION
-10

10
10
10

-10
-10
-10

10

.15

10

-10

10

-10

7-10
10

4]0
-]0

TABLE 5: Q CLASSIFICATIONVALUES
ROCKTYPE

AL1DAllON

RQD

Is

IT

J.

ANDESnE
ANDESnE
RRYOLn'E
RHYOun:
CI-JERTY
RHY.
ARGIWTE
QFP
FAULTZONES
ORE

SUGHT
STRONG
SUGHT
STRONG
SLIGHT
SLIGHT
SUGHr
COMPLETE
fRESH

70 -100
40 - 60
70.100
40 - 60
80 -100
so - 60
60 - 80
0-40
50-100

3- 6
6 - J2
3-6
6 - lJ
4- 9
4-9
4- 9
9-15
2.9

2- 4
].5 - Z
2-4
1.5- 2
1.5- 4
1.5- 3
1.5- 2.5
0.5-1.5
1.S-]

1-2
2- 4
1-2
2- 4
0.75- 2
1.2
1- 2
4-lJ
0.75-2

IN SITU STRESS
,

Vcrrical ~s
is equal to overburden \\'Cight (0.028 Mpa p~ m depth)
Ma QrnW11horizontal stress (0'\) is equal [0 2 times the vertical suess with oricntation 1 14OFJ04.
Minimum borizonto'llstrcss (a1) is cqual to 1.1 times thc ~rtical ~S with oric:rtarlon 02S~ ISo
Th~e values arc consistcnt \vith ~S
estimates ba.!cd on anal~.sisof earthquakes, regional tectonic 3.~~. and
prcv1ous mess measurcmeDCS
carri~ out in f-IW Min~ foot\\-a1]rOCKS. Tho va1u~ arc not consistent \vith
prcv1ous ~s
measu~ents taken in the ore zone. VisuaJ observatiOD-'of strcss related failures suggest that the .
oricntation and magnitude of stre.sscscan vary signifiC4lntly throughout tho mino, pouticularly in close pro.'Cimityto
faultin&.

TOT~ p,~

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..

4.1 GEOW<;YOF THE HeW MINE.f

The ore depositsof Westrnin ResourcesLcd.'sMyra Falls Operationsoccuras individual oreb<x1ies
groupedinlOseveraJmajor zones. This casestudy is basedon !he Main Zone of !he H-W orebody. The Myra
Falls ore deposilSare polymelaJlic massivesulphidedeposirsassociatedwith felsic volcanicrocks. The ore
formed as sedimentarylenseson the seafloor, precipitatedfrom melaJbearinghot springscontemporaneous
with felsic volcanic rocks. Hot spring activity producedwidespreadhydrothermalalterationof waJlrocks.
particularly below !he ore lenses. Hydrothermalalterationis representedby sericitization.silicification. and
pryritization. A generalizedcross-sectionof the H-W Mine with the larger ore lensesis shown in Figure 37.
The ore minerals are: pyrite. sphalerite.chalcopyrite,galena and barite.all of which vary widely in
!heir proportions. Occurrencesof rhyolite. sulphidesand altered rocks are distributedverticalIy and lateraJly
".,
within a stratigraphic zone approximately 400 10 500 metres thick. The mine sequence lies within the Myra

formation of !he PalaeozoicSicker Group. The mine sequenceis comprisedof massivevolcanic and coarseto
fine volcaniclasticrocks. which include basalt.andesite.dacite and rhyolite. as well assubordinatesedimentary
rocks which includechen. carbonaceousargillite. sulphidesand barite. The mine sequenceis intemaJly bedded
and is predominantlymafic and volcaniclastic. Li!hologic unirs are laterally discontinuouswith a distinct
.

northwest trendwhich parallel the trend of the individual orezones.

5 Thc lcoqical dcscripcioo~~

in this scctioois ~ced

~milW\lIy

(rom Walka. 1983.

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WESTMIN\.

MINES "

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Location plan ofWestmin ResourcesLId.'s Myra Falls operations.

The H-W orebody and associatedlensesoccur at the baseof. andwithin. the H-W rhyolite unit which
lies at the bottom of the mine sequence.The mine sequencehas beenfolded and metamorphosedin the lower
greenschistfacies. Deformational fabricsarevariably developedwith widespreadoccurrenceof schistoseand
lineatedrocks. Schistosity is most intensein sericitic rhyolites and alteredrocks. Schistosity strikes northwest!
anddips steeplynortheast. Lineations. aswell as fold hinges, rrend northwestwith flat to very shallow plunge.

Post~tamorphic faultsoffsettheorezonesandzonesof brokenground~ commonalongmajorfaultsand

ore con~cts. Most notable is the east-westsbiking flat fault againstwhich the Main Zone of the H-W orebody
tenninatesto the north. A seriesof east-westa'endingfaults are presentin the southernponion of the orebody.

.
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.
TheH-W orebody has a thickne.'sof 60 metresat the core and tapersat the margins. The majority of
the arebody is belW~n 10 metresand 40 metresthick. The orebodyexhibits stronglateralzoning ranging from
a very massive,pyrite core with high copper-zincratios. to zinc and barite rich marginswith low copper-zinc
ratios.

HW Ww,8

~
~

Heodfrane

Nor th
Price
Portal

(11.045 II)
13 Level Myra

13 L.~
(3289.4)

R.turn
Fresh
Air
Raisn

Air
Raises

Escape
Manwoy
18 Le.el
(JO~.5

20 L.'"
(2962.8)
~1 Level
(2918.0)

23 L.'"
(2825.J)

24 L.~
(2779.J)

North

2~ L.""
(2719.6)
25 L.""
(258J.J)
27 L.""
(25~21)

Lens

100 metres

~OO 'eel

.
LoadIng
Pocket

Figure 37:,

A simplified I:ross-section of the H. W Mine showing the location of the shaft, lateral development
and the major orebodies.

-I

57

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4.2 MINING PRACTICE AT THE

H.W MINE

Variations of ~veral different mining methodshave been used at the H-W Mine. Listed below ~

the

methods that have accounted for the bulk of the production from the H.W Mine:

.
.
.

cut-and-filllongitudinaJ

room-and-pillar

blastholeopen stoping
cut-and-fill post-pillar

The more steeply dipping. southern flank of the Main Zone has been primarily mined with
longitudinal cut-aDd-fill stapes. augmented by longitudinal blasthole staping. The core of the orebody has been
mined primarily with cut-and-fill

post pillar stopesand the north flank has been mined using transverse

blasthole open stopes. The smaller. gently dipping tabular lenses to the north of the Main Zone have been
mined using room-and-pillar methods. Figure 38 is a simplified cross-section through the orebody looking

0
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0

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,.,

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r=-Y~

ZO-3Z& DRIFT

CUT .. FILL

Z 1-337 DRIFT

ILONGITWINAL I

CONVERTED TO LONGHOLE

ROOM"

PILLAR

EL 2600M

0
Z4-))1

Z4~)4

DRIFT

DRIFT
LONGHOLE

34.90 EAST
I.COKING WESTI
.

Figure )8:

Sl:hemiltic of mining method and the respective location

withintheorebodyusedin theH-W

Mine.

58

...

~;

..

.
we~1showing the local Ion within Ihc oreb<Jdyof ea<:hmining mcthc)(j u'icd Hydraulil:ally placcd cemented
backfill is used in all ~IOp<:S.Figure 39. Figure 4{). Jnd Figurc 41 sl:hcmalically illustrate op<:nsloping and

room-and-pillar mining methods.

In 1989.the mining praclicesal the H-W Mine were abruplly changedfrom 80% cul-and-fill postpillar and 20% blastholemethods1090% blastholeand 10%cul-and-fill post-pillar methods. This resulted in
lower mining coststhrough the reduclion of manpowerand equipment requirements.Blastholestopesare
drilled off using either 57 mrn or 89 mm blastholesup 1020 me[TeSin length. Sloping blocks are variable in
size and shape.with the largest blastholestopecreatedto-datebeing 25.600m3. Smallerblocks of
approximately7.500 m3 are more frequentlymined. The mining methodsemployedhavenecessitatedthe
developmentof a number of barrier pillars in the orebody. These barrier pillars containnumerousopenings
which include: drifts. drawpoints. ore passesandraises.
"..

Figure 39:

Sl:hcmalic layout for sublevelopen'i((lpingwilh ring-drilled bl;L'i1holc~ (afler Hamrin. 1982).

S9

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Figure40:

.
Figu~ 41:

Elcmcnts of a sup~)r1cdmcth(>tJ
(If nllnlnl,: (~flcr HJmnn. I ').I(~)

60

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.,
4J

WESTMININ-SITU DATABASE
A datacollection program wu underu.kenin order to determinethe distribution or the in.situ rock

masspropcniesat Westmin ResourceslId.'s H-W Mine. This sectionpresentsthe resultsor the data collection
program.

4J.l IntactStrengthAnalysis
In order to assessthe strengthor a rock mass.knowledge or the in~t rock strength is required.
Sampleswerecollected from five locationsthroughoutthe H-W Mine. representingmassivesulphide ore,
hangingwaJlvolcanics. footWall volcanics,alteredfootWall volcanics,and felsic dyke in order to assessthe
inrxt strengthproperties. Sampleswere obtainedat depthsbetWeen440 metresand S40merresbelow surface.
Testing wu carried out [0 ISRM standardsat me Mining ResearchLaborarories(Gorski & Conlon, MRL
Report92-027(InL, Ottawa to detenninethe following intact rock properties:

.
.
.
.

unconfined com~ssive strength

tensilesrrength
elastic modulus

...,..

poisson'sratio

Theresulrsof this restingprogramarepresented

in Table8.

4.3.2 Fabric Analysis

Geotechnicalmapping was undertakenat all accessiblelocationswirhin the barrier pillars throughout
the H-W Mine - Main Zone and limited mappingwas undertakenin me footWallvolcanics. The geotechnical
datacollectedincluded structural featuresand rock massclassification. The parameterscollected for each
srruc~ mappedwere:

.
.

orienration
infilling

roughness

length

continuity

openness

hardness

waterconditions

planarity

"

61

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.
Table 8:

We~rmin

intactrockproperties
for the H-W Main Zone.
A verage

Standard

Count

Deviation

ar p
Altc~

kc

FootWallAndesite

Tensile

(MPa)

(MPa)

172

70

17

91

31

147

12

29

13

Standard

Count

Average

Strength

Elastic

Deviation
(MPa)

(MPa)

12

12

nla

13

13

16

16

13

13

Standard

Count

Average

Modulus

Deviation
(GPa)

(GPa)

166

63

45

10

71

24

10

Standard

Count

Average

Deviation
0.15

0.06

0.12

nla

0.26

nla

0.25

0.04

0.32

0.3

Three joint sets were identified. one major. one intermediate. and one mjnor. The major joint set
corresponds to the orientation of the foliation of the volcanics and the major faults in the mine area. The
orientations of the joints sets are presented graphically on Figure 42 and are tabulated Table 9.

62

.
""

..

Join t Set 8
159/75 W
Join t Set A
251/57 N
Join t Set C
058/68 S
.7

N:,~:l

~,

East

Figure 42:

Isometric vi~w showing the major joint sets identified within the H-W Main Zone.
..,..

4.3.3 Rock Mass Clllssijication

Rock massclassification~rding

to the CSIR-RMR medlod. (Bieniawski, 1913),was performed

dlroughout the barrier study areaat approximatelyten metre intervals along drifts within the barrier pillars.
Rock massquality within the barrier pillars varied from a fair-good (RMR ~)

to good-verygood quality rock

mass(RMR 80%). It must be noted that. due to the extent of mining. the RMR valuesrecordedrepresent

,;,

inducedrock massratings within the pillars and not the pre-mining rock massquality. Areas of the mine
subjectto lower stressconditions,as determinedby modelling, were observedto havehigher rock mass

classification ratings.

i
;

4.3.4 Geometry

The H- W Mine orebodiesconsistof the Main Zone. the North Zone and a numberof smaller zones.
The casestudy domain was confined to the Main Zone orebody.which hasapproximatedimensionsof 850
me~s in strike length and 220 me~s in width. The Majn Zone orebody varies in dip from 200 to 500 to the
north and plungesat approximately 100to the west. Mineable thicknessvariesfrom approximately 10 n1elres
in the south to 40 me~s in the north-west
The study requireda detailed understandingof the mine geometryin thttt dimensions. This was
accomplishedby cn.nsformingtWo-dimensionalmine sectionsand plans into a three-dimensionalmodel within

AutoCAD. This three-dimensional

computermodelformedtheframeworkfor thenumerica!modellingphase
of !.heproject Figure 43 and Figure 44 are isomebic views of !.heWee-dimensionalgeometricmodel showing
sloping blocks and barrier pillars respectively.
63

-.

..
"..

"W;;;,
,,!, ,,'"

;,

r.

..
Table9:

;,,~,'
'~

Summary of joint fearure~or the Weslmin H.W Main Zone.

\:,

SetA . 17'2obs.

Average

SId. Dcv.

Strike(deB.)

251

18

Dip (deg.)

S7 N

17

Length(m)

7.1

End Visible
P1anariry

).)

0
Planar .
Wavy

Roughness

Openness

tight

SetB . 172obs.

Average

Sid. Dev.

Strlke(deg.)

159

19

Dip (deg.)

7S W

16

3.3

2.1

~gth

(m)

End Visible

P1anarlry

Planar

Roughness

12

OpeMess

tight

SetC 39 obs.

Average

Sid. Dev.

Strike (deg.)

058

20

Dip (deg.)

68 S

17

~gth

4.7

3.0

(m)

End Visible

P1anariry

Planar

Roughness

Openness

tight

43.S In-Situ StressDetermination

Triaxial overcoring s~ss measuremenlS
10determinein-siru stressconditionswere performed at two
locationsin !he H-W Mine by the Mining ResearchLaboralories.Elliot LakeOnto(Arjang & Stevens.MRL
Report91. 144(TR. The in-situ testwasperformedalthe shaft stationon 23 Level. al a depth of 600 metres.
10detennine!hecumnt state of in-siru stressin the vicinity of the H-W Mine. The resullSof !he in-situ triaxial
test arepresentedin Table 10. The resullSof the biaxial in-situ stressmeasurement
program.which was
performedpreviously allhe H-W Mine. arepresentedin Table II"

64

~.

, "

~':

3+M
N

Figure 43:

Isometricview showingthelocationof stopeswith theH-W MainZone.

3+M;

~
Figure 44:

,37

600

:t'tl

""""

355

Isomeaic view showing the localion of Ihe b;uricr pill~

wilhin the H.W Main Zone.

6.5

~"
"

.
,"

'.

","

.
Table 10:

In.siN lriaxial suessmeasu~~nl ~sulu al the H-W Mine.

Principal
S~ss
01

Table I I:

Muiliplier
1.90.

MaaniNde
MPa
36

02

1.10.

20

0,

0.

19

USE TH'S
N025.E/18.
Vertical

In-sibJbiaxial SIreSS
measure~nt resultsat the HoW Mine.
Principal
SIreSS

Multiplier

MagniNde
MPa

Orienlation
DirectionI Ptun e

0,

2.250.

34.2

N 021.E 127.

OJ

1.810.

27.5

N2<xJ8E/OI.

15.2

NIOS.E/63.

0)

0.

Figure 45 (a) is a stereonetplot of !be Iriaxial in-sibJsb'eSS

~ure~nts
the historical measme~nts (biaxial d~).
s~

andFigure 45 (b) is a plot of

Figure 45 showsthat the orientationsof dte principal

determinedfrom dte two programscomparefavorably. The major diffe~nce betweenthesetwo

.,..

programs is dte magnitudeof d1ehorizontal componentsof the in-sibJSIreSS.The ratio of horizontal to vertical
stressfor dte biaxial program were lower dtan dIoseof the biaxial program. This wasmost pronouncedfor

.whichwas2.25Oyfor d1ebiaxial programand 1.1O'vfor the biaxial program. The ~ults

ON-S

of the biaxial

progr3JnWeIeusedfrx nwnericaJmodeIJingpwposes.however.dte impact of the polentiaJlyhigher stressesas

predicted by the biaxial program was investigatedwidt a pararnebicmodeIJingsessionand is discussedin
Section 4.4.1.2.1.

.
.

,
s
In-$;I..SIr... Plo!- T"o..ojo cor. 2J L

Figure 45:

5101-

S
In-Sil..Sir... - B,o...1
lleo~'.m."I.

Polarslereanelplou of !he multi of tho biuW and the biaxiaJ in-siN Slre.s.s
mclSu~mcnt
proaramswithin !he HoW MaiD Zone.