EE101 EE CIRCUITS 1

1T SY 2014-2015

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Complete Response of RC and RL

Circuits

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LEARNING OUTCOMES
Solve

for the complete response of RC circuits using

Laplace transformation and by getting the natural
response and forced response.
Solve for the complete response of RL circuits using
Laplace transformation and by getting the sum of the
natural response and forced response.

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FIRST-ORDER CIRCUITS

A first-order circuit is characterized by a first-order

differential equation.

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 = +

= +

= +

= +

= +

=
+

() = + 0

() =
+ 0

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COMPLETE RESPONSE OF RC CIRCUITS

() = + 0

Three steps to find out the step response of an RC circuit:

1.
2.
3.

The initial capacitor voltage, (0)

The final capacitor voltage, ()
The time constant, = RC

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COMPLETE RESPONSE OF RL CIRCUITS

() =
+ 0

Three steps to find out the step response of an RL circuit:

1.
2.
3.

The initial inductor current, (0)

The final inductor current, ()
The time constant, = L/R
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Complete Response in Terms of Source of the

Responses

Forced response: produced

by the circuit when an
external force is applied
Natural response: behavior of the circuit itself, with no external
sources of excitation; eventually dies out

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Complete Response in Terms of Permanency

of Responses

Steady-state response:
behavior of the circuit a long
time after an external
excitation is applied/portion
that remains after the
transient response has died
out

Transient response: temporary response that will die out with

time/decay to zero as time approaches infinity

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Time Constant

The rate at which capacitor voltage charges by 63.2% or

discharges by 36.8% of its initial value.
The rate at which inductor current builds-up by 63.2% or
decays by 36.8% of its initial value.

= /

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Time Constant

Transients last for only five time constants 5

Capacitor is fully discharged (or charged) after five time constants (same
as in the case of inductor).
In other words, it takes for the circuit to reach its final state or
steady-state when no changes take place with time.

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Universal Time Constant Chart

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Time Constant
Larger the time constant:
Longer duration of transient
Slow response
Takes longer to reach its steady
state/final state
Smaller the time constant:
Shorter duration of the transient
Fast response
Reaches its steady state/final state
quickly

At any rate, whether the time constant is small or large, the circuit reaches
steady state in five time constants
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Capacitor Voltage and Current Response

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Inductor Voltage and Current Response

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ILLUSTRATION 1

If the switch in the circuit below opens at t = 0, find v(t)

for t>0 and w(0).

= 8 2 V, 0 = 5.33 J

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ILLUSTRATION 2

The switch in the circuit below has been closed for a long
time. At t = 0, the switch is opened. Calculate i(t) for t>0.

6 4

What about the voltage

across the 16- resistor?

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ILLUSTRATION 3

The switch in the figure below has been in position A for

a long time. At t = 0, the switch moves to B. Determine
v(t) for t>0 and calculate its value at t =1 s and t = 4 s.

= 30 15 0.5 V, 1 = 20.9 V, 4 = 27.97 V

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ILLUSTRATION 4

The switch in the circuit below has been closed for a long
time. It opens at t=0. Find i(t) for t>0.

= 6 + 3 10 A

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MORE ILLUSTRATIONS
5.

6.

7.

How long does it take a 20-F capacitor charged to 150

V to discharge through a 3-M resistor, and what is the
total energy dissipated in the resistor? 300 , 0.225
A 2-F capacitor, initially charged to 300 V, is discharged
through a 270-k resistor. What is the capacitor voltage
at 0.25 s after the capacitor starts to discharge? 189
Closing a switch connects in series a 200-V source, a 2M resistor, and an uncharged 0.1-F capacitor. Find the
time required for the capacitor voltage to reach 50 V.
57.5

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MORE ILLUSTRATIONS
8.

9.

10.

A coil for a relay has a resistance of 30 and an

inductance of 2 H. If the relay requires 250 mA to
operate, how soon will it operate after 12 V is applied
to the coil? 65.4
How long after a short circuit is placed across a coil
carrying a current of 2 A does the current go to zero if
the coil has 1.2 H of inductance and 40 resistance?
Also, how much energy is dissipated? 0.15 , 2.4
A short is placed across a coil that at the time is
carrying 0.5 A. If the coil has an inductance of 0.5 H and
a resistance of 2 , what is the coil current 0.1 s after
the short is applied? 0.335
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UNIT-STEP FUNCTION

Unit step function

Unit step function advanced by 0

Unit step function delayed by 0

UNIT-STEP FUNCTION

Represent an abrupt change for:

1.

for voltage source.

2.

for current source:

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ILLUSTRATION 11

In the figure below, the switch has been closed for a long
time and is opened at t=0. Find i and v for t>0.

= (20 10 0.6 ) V ; = (1 + 0.6 ) A

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REFERENCES
Please refer to course syllabus.

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