CHAPTER 4: HEAT

1. The law of conservation of energy states that

energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but it may
be changed from one form to another.
2. Heat is a form of energy that flows from a body of
higher temperature to a body of lower temperature.
Unit: Joule (J)
3. Temperature measures the degree of hotness of a
body.Unit: Kelvin (K) or Celcius (C)
4. 4. Thermal equilibrium of 2 bodies in
contact
no nett flow of heat between the bodies
same temperature for the 2 bodies
5. 5. Thermometer & thermometry
6.
(a) Principle of thermometer
value of temperature shown by a thermometer
is the same as the temperature at thermal
equilibrium.
7. (b)
Property of thermometrical materials
able to detect or is sensitive to small changes
in temperature over a fairly wide range.
8. (c)
Examples of thermometrical
properties:
9. (i)
Volume of a liquid
10. (ii)
Pressure of a gas
11. (iii)
Resistance of a wire
12. (iv)
Electromotive force (e.m.f.)
13. 6. Mercury thermometer
14. (a)
Reasons mercury is chosen as the
liquid in a thermometer:
15. (i)
Sensitive to changes in
temperature
16. (ii)
Expands evenly with an increase in
temperature
17. (iii)
Does not stick to the walls of
the glass
18. (iv)
Opaque > easily seen
19. (v)
Large temperature range >
-39 C to 360C
20.
(b) Sensitivity of liquid-in-glass
thermometers can be increased by
21. (i)
using a capillary tube of
smaller bore
22. (ii)
having a thinner reservoir
wall
23. 7. Formula :
24.
25.
where x = value of
thermometrical property
26.
x0 = value of x at 0 C
27.
x100 = value of x at 100 C
28. 8. Heat produced by an electrical heater:
29.
30.

Where P = power (W or J s-1)

31.
t = time (s)
32. 9. Principle of conservation of heat transfer
Total heat released = total heat received
33. 10. Capacity of heat
34. (a) Heat capacity
Amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of an object by 1 C
35. (b) Specific heat capacity, c
Amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of an object of 1 kg mass by 1 C
C conduction of heat
36. (c) Heat released / absorbed by a
body:
37. Q= mc
38. where m = mass (kg)
39. c = specific heat capacity (J
kg-1 C-1)
40. = change in temperature
(C)
41. 11. Latent heat
42.(a) Heat absorbed / released during the change
of phase in a substance.
43. (b) Specific latent heat, l
Amount of heat transfer to change the phase of
a body of mass 1 kg without a change in
temperature. Unit: J kg-1
l more heat is involved during the change of
phase.
44. (c) Heat transfer during the change of
phase:
45.
Q= mcl
46. 12. Change of phase
47. (a)
fusion - liquid to solid (heat
released)
48. (b)
melting- solid to liquid (heat
absorbed)
49. (c)
vaporisation - liquid to gas
(heat absorbed)
50. (d)
condensation - gas to liquid
(heat released)
51. 13. Function of heat transfer in
52. (a)
the increase in temperature
kinetic energy
velocity of molecules
53. (b)
phase change
forming / breaking the bonds between
molecules
54. 14. Evaporation
55. (a)
Process where liquid molecules
escape from the liquid surface to become gas
molecules at all temperatures.

56. (b)
Factors affecting the rate of
evaporation:
57.
(i)
velocity of air
molecules rate
58.
(ii)
area exposed rate
62. SUBJECTIVE

59.

64.

Sand bag

65.

air / gas pressure

rate
60.
(iv)
61.
(v)
temperature rate
pp
0
er

63.
1. Figure below shows a bullet travelling at a
velocity of 360m/s about to be stopped by a
stationary sand bag.

(iii)

84. Le
ad

humidity rate
surrounding

85. 113
00

86. 130

87.
88. a) State two advantages of using copper as the
base of the pot.

360m/s

89. ____________________________________
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66.
67.
68.
69. If the c of the bullet is 150Jkg -1oC-1,what is
the increase in temperature of the bullet ?

90.
91. b) Suggest two reasons why aluminium was
chosen as the material for the body of the pot and
not copper or lead.

70.
71.
72.
73.2. A student who wanted to design a cooking pot
as shown in figure below chose to use copper for
the base and aluminium for the body of the pot.
Table below gives values of density and specific
heat capacity for three types of metals.
74.

75.

76. De
nsit
y/
kg
m-3

77. Specific heat

capacity /
Jkg-1oC-1

78. Al
um
ini
um

79. 270
0

80. 900

81. Co

82. 890

M
eta
l

92. ____________________________________
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93. c) Why is lead not chosen even though it has a
large density and a small specific heat capacity?
94. ____________________________________
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95.
96.
3. In figure below, block A of mass 5kg at
temperature 1000C is in contact with another block
B of mass 2.25kg at temperature 200C.
97.
5kg 98.
99.
A
100.

83. 390

101.
102.
103.

2.25kg

1000C

200C

104. Assume that there is no energy loss to the

surroundings.
(a)

Find the final temperature

of A and B if they are in thermal equilibrium.
Given the specific heat capacity of A and B
are 900 Jkg-1 C-1 and 400 Jkg-1 C-1
respectively.

105.
106.
107.
(b)

Find the energy given by A

during the process.

108.
109.
110.
(c)

Suggest one method to

reduce the energy loss to the surroundings.
111.
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112.
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113.
Table below shows two types of pot and their
characteristics.
114.
115.

(b) Based on Table above, state suitable

characteristics of the pot if it is to be used for
cooking something rapidly.Give reason for the
suitability of the characteristics
(i)
Material for making the pot.
120. _______________________________
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121. Reason
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122. ______________________________
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123.
(ii)
Mass of the pot.
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124. Reason
___________________________________
125.
____________________________________
126.
127.

128.5. Figure 4.42 shows how the temperature

of a substance changes with time when it
changes phase from a liquid to solid.
129.

130.
(a) What is the
substance?

116.
117.
(a) What is the meaning of specific heat capacity ?
118.
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119.

melting

point

of

the

131.
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132.
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133.
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134.
135.(b)
Explain why the temperature
remains constant during solidification

though heat is being released to the

surroundings.

143.

136.
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137.
138.(c)
The mass of the substance is 0.05
kg and heat is lost to the surroundings at an
average rate of 25 J s-1. Calculate the
specific latent heat of fusion of the
substance. An ice cube is taken out of the
freezer compartment of a refrigerator.
Explain why the surface of the ice is
initially dry but becomes wet a short while
later.
139.
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140.
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141.
142.
6. Diagram 1 shows a graph of temperature,
against time, t of a substance P which is obtained
from an experiment.

144.

(a) Based on the graph,

145.
146.

(i) what is the melting point of P?

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147.
148.

(ii) what is the boiling point of P?

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149.

150.
151.
(iii) what is the temperature of P
when t = 15 minutes?

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152.

153.
(b) (i) Determine the gradient of the graph for t =
10 minutes to t = 15 minutes.

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154.

155.
156. (ii) If the power supplied to heat up P is 300
W, determine the amount of heat per oC of
increase in temperature required when heating
P from t = 10 minutes to t = 15 minutes.

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157.

158.
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159.
160.
7.

Diagram 3.1 shows a plastic bottle place in a

hot water. The plastic bottle is then put into a
basin of ice. It found that the plastic bottle
crumpled as shown in Diagram 3.2.
161.

162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.

Diagram 3.1

Ice
Ais

168.
169.
170.
171.
172.
Diagram 3.2
173.
174.
Based on the observation on Diagram
3.1 and Diagram 3.2 and using your knowledge
of the gas laws:
(a) State one suitable inference.
(b) State one suitable hypothesis.
(c) With the use of apparatus such as capillary
tube, thermometer and other apparatus,
describe an experimental framework to
investigate the hypothesis stated in 3(b).
(i) Aim of the experiment.
(ii) Variables in the experiment.
(iii) List of apparatus and materials.
(iv) Arrangement of the apparatus
(v) The procedure of the experiment
which include one method of
controlling the manipulated variable
and one method of measuring the
responding variable.
(vi) The way you would tabulate the data.
(vii) The way you would analyse the data