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1. What is electronic?
The study and use of electrical devices that operate by controlling the flow of electrons or
other electrically charged particles.
2. What is engineering?
The application of science to the needs of humanity and a profession in which a
knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences gained by study, experience, and practice is
applied with judgment to develop ways to use economically the materials and forces of nature
for the benefit of mankind.
3. Difference between electronic and electrical?
Electronics work on DC and with a voltage range of -48vDC to +48vDC. If the electronic
device is plugged into a standard wall outlet, there will be a transformer inside which will
convert the AC voltage you are supplying to the required DC voltage needed by the device.
Examples: Computer, radio, T.V, etc...
Electric devices use line voltage (120vAC, 240vAC, etc...). Electric devices can also be
designed to operate on DC sources, but will be at DC voltages above 48v. Examples are
incandescent lights, heaters, fridge, stove, etc...
4. Semiconductors?
Semiconductors are partial conductors which conducts electricity partially through them.
They play major role in electronics.
1 P-N Junction diode
2. Zener diode
5. Define diode and its property?
A diode is a two-terminal electronic component with asymmetric conductance, it has low
(ideally zero) resistance to current flow in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in
the other. A diode is an electronic device that allows current to flow through it in one direction
only.
12. Define potential barrier. What is a potential barrier for Si and Ge?
A restraining force due to which the diffusion of majority carriers is stopped from one
side to another side is called barrier potential. (Or) The oppositely charged ions present on both
sides of PN junction an electric potential is established across the junction even without any
external voltage source which is termed as barrier potential.
Potential barrier of Si = 0.6V
Potential barrier of Ge = 0.2V
13. P-N Junction Diode Characteristics?
Forward and Reverse Characteristics of a Diode: The response of a diode can be easily
indicated using the characteristics which called as V-I characteristics of diode.
15. What is the effect of forward biasing on the width of depletion region and the barrier
potential?
Width of the depletion region decreases with increase in forward biasing and the barrier
also decreases.
16. What is the effect on barrier potential on forward biased PN junction?
Barrier potential decreases with increase in forward biasing.
17. Why does the width of depletion region increases with increase in reverse biasing?
When a PN junction is reversed biased, the holes in the P region are attracted towards the
negative terminal of the voltage source and the electrons in the N region are attracted towards
positive terminal of the voltage source. This widens the depletion layer and increases the barrier
potential.
18. Define reverse saturation current?
In reverse biased PN junction practically no current flows due to majority carriers. A
small amount of current does flow due to the diffusion of minority carriers which are the hole
electron pairs generated through pout the semi- conductor material as a result of thermal energy.
The current so produced is known as reverse saturation current.
19. What are the types of reverse breakdown occurring in a PN junction diode?
1. Zener breakdown
2. Avalanche breakdown
20. What do you mean by zener breakdown?
In this case, the breakdown down occurs in junctions, which are heavily doped. The
heavily doped junction has a narrow depletion region. When the reverse voltage is increased, the
electric field at the junction also increases. A strong electric field causes covalent bond crystal
structure. As a result of this is large no of minority carriers are generated and a large current
flows through the junction.
Ripple factor =
With Filter:
inverse
voltage
is
either
the
specified
maximum
voltage
that
a diode rectifier can block, or, alternatively, the maximum that a rectifier needs to block in a
given application.
34. What are the applications of rectifier?
The primary application of rectifiers is to derive DC power from an AC supply. Virtually
all electronic devices require DC, so rectifiers are used inside the power supplies of virtually all
electronic equipment. Rectifiers are also used for detection of amplitude modulated radio signals.
Rectifiers are used to supply polarized voltage for welding.
35. What is the function of the filters?
40. What are Universal gates? Why are they call so?
NAND and NOR gates called universal gates. All other gates/functions can be
implemented by NOR or NAND gates. So they are called universal gates.
41. Define Flipflop?
The basic unit for storage is flip flop. A flip-flop maintains its output state either at 1 or 0
until directed by an input signal to change its state.
42. State De Morgan's theorem?
De Morgan suggested two theorems that form important part of Boolean algebra. They are
1) The complement of a product is equal to the sum of the complements. (AB)' = A' + B'
2) The complement of a sum term is equal to the product of the complements. (A + B)' =
A'B'
43. Explain Kirchhoffs law?
Kirchhoff's circuit laws are two approximate equalities that deal with the current and
potential difference (commonly known as voltage) in electrical circuits.
Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL):
This law is also called Kirchhoff's first law, Kirchhoff's point rule, or Kirchhoff's
junction rule (or nodal rule).
The principle of conservation of electric charge implies that:
At any node (junction) in an electrical circuit, the sum of currents flowing into
that node is equal to the sum of currents flowing out of that node, or:
The algebraic sum of currents in a network of conductors meeting at a point is
zero.
The current entering any junction is equal to the current leaving that
junction. i2 +i3 = i1 + i4
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL):
This law is also called Kirchhoff's second law, Kirchhoff's loop (or mesh) rule, and
Kirchhoff's second rule. The sum of all the voltages around the loop is equal to zero.
v1 + v2 + v3 - v4 = 0.
4. Measurement of frequency
5. Measurement of phase angle
6. To see transistor curves
7. To trace and measuring signals of RF, IF and AF in radio and TV.
8. To trace visual display of sine waves.
Specifications
Wave form
Amplitude
Sine distortion
Offset
Frequency range
Output impedance
: 49% to 51%.
Differential linearity
: 0.5%
Range selectors: Decode frequency by multiplying the range selected with the frequency
indicated by dial gives the output frequency, which applies for all functions.
Function selectors: Selected desired output wave form which appears at 600 output.
VCO input: An external input will vary the output frequency. The change in frequency is
directly proportional to input voltage.
TTL output: A TTL square wave is available at this jack. The frequency is determined by the
range selected and the setting of frequency dial. This output is independent of amplitude and
D.C OFFSET controls.
Amplitude control: Control he amplitude of the output signal, which appears at 600ohms.
OFFSET control: Control the DC offset of the output. It is continuously variable for 5V,
100V.
Fine frequency dial: Multiplying the setting of this dial to the frequency range selected gives
the output frequency of the wave forms at the 600ohms.
50. What is Regulated Power Supply?
Power supplies provided by a regulated DC voltage facilities fine and coarse
adjustments and monitoring facilities for voltage and current. They will work in constant
voltage and current mode depending on current limit and output load.
The current limit has good stability, load and line regulations. Outputs are protected
against overload and short circuit damages. They are available in single and dual channel
models with different voltage and current capacities. Overload protection circuit of constant
self restoring type is provided to prevent the unit as well as the circuit under use.
The power supplies are specially designed and developed for well regulated DC output.
These are useful for high regulation laboratory power supplies, particularly suitable for
experimental setup and circuit development in R&D.
51. Define ohms law?
Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly
proportional to the potential difference across the two points.
where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the potential difference
measured across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the resistance of the conductor in
units of ohms.
Ohm's law states that the voltage (V) across a resistor is proportional to the current (I), where the
constant of proportionality is the resistance (R).
52. What is a Resistor?
An electric resistor is a two-terminal passive component specifically used to oppose and
limit current. A resistor works on the principle of Ohms Law which states that voltage across the
terminals of a resistor is directly proportional to the current flowing through it.
The unit of resistance is ohms.
54. Explain the colour coding of resistors?
. The measuring digits against color codes given in the following table. The sentence within the
quotation marks may be of great help to memorize these color codes in order, "B.B. ROY of
Great Britain has a Very Good Wife".
COLOR
First digit for
the 1st band
Second digit
for the 2nd
band
Multiplier
digit for the
3rd band
Resistance
tolerance
Black
10^0
Brown
10^1
1%
Red
10^2
2%
Orange
10^3
3%
Yellow
10^4
Green
10^5
Blue
10^6
Violet
10^7
Gray
10^8
White
10^9
Gold
10^-1
5%
Silver
10^-2
10%
No color
20%
E.g. the value of a four band Carbon resistor having color bands Red, Red, Red, Silver
will have value 22*100=2200 Ohms with 10% tolerance.
54. What are the types of resistors?
Resistors can be broadly classified based on the following criteria: the type of material
used, the power rating and resistance value.
1. Fixed resistor
2. Variable resistors
55. What is Capacitor?
Capacitors are used to store large amount of static current. When they are included in
circuit it acts open circuit. Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct
current while allowing alternating current to pass. SI unit of capacitance is the farad, which is
equal to one coulomb per volt.
They are three types
1. Disk capacitor
2. Fixed capacitor
3. Variable capacitor
56. What is Inductor?
The inductance is defined as the ability of an inductor which opposes the change in
current. It is denoted by the letter L and its unit is Henry(H). They are used to block the flow
of AC current while allowing DC to pass; inductors designed for this purpose are called chokes.
57. What is the material used in LED. Symbol of LED?
Light Emitting Diodes are made from exotic semiconductor compounds such as Gallium
Arsenide (GaAs), Gallium Phosphide (GaP), Gallium Arsenide Phosphide (GaAsP), Silicon
Carbide (SiC) or Gallium Indium Nitride (GaInN) all mixed together at different ratios to
produce a distinct wavelength of colour.
58. If you are given 2 LEDs in series, then how will the resultant intensity of light be
affected?
First it will increase the resistance as it is connected in series, therefore the current will
decrease and intensity depends on current, thus less current so less intensity.
59. If you are given 2 LEDs in parallel, then how will the resultant intensity of light be
affected?
The intensity will remain same, as same voltage across each led is equal and resistance
also the same so same current flows.
60. What is an amplifier?
An amplifier is a device which produces a large electrical output of similar
Characteristics to that of the input parameters.
61. Define Transistor
Transistor consists of two junctions formed by sandwiching either P-type or N-type
semiconductor between a pair of opposite types.
62. When does a transistor act as a switch?
The transistor acts as a switch when it is operated at either cutoff region or saturation
region.
BJT
1.
Unipolar device
Bipolar device
2.
3.
4.
5.
72.
An electronic
symbol is
a pictogram used
to
represent
various electrical and electronic devices (such as wires, batteries, resistors, and transistors) in
a schematic diagram of an electrical or electronic circuit.
RESISTORS:
-fixed resistor
-variable resistor
CAPACITORS:
-fixed capacitor
-variable capacitor
INDUCTORS:
-Fixed inductor
TRANSFORMERS:
Primary
SWITCHES:
secondary
Variable inductor
SPST
SPDT
DPST
DPDT
SEMICONDUCTORS:
Zener diode