APPLIED LINGUISTICS

Linguistics is the study of language. Linguistic disciplines are morphology,

syntax, semantics, pragmatics Philology includes linguistic and other areas
which scientific study of language but with other meaning.
Literacy is the ability to read and write.

Applied linguistics is the coherent activity which theorises through

speculative and empirical investigations about real-world problems in which
language is the central issue ( Davidson).

Linguistics is primarily concerned with language itself and with language

problems, insofar as the provide evidence for better language description.

Context- applied lingustics is concerned with context as with language

and will therefore be likely to draw on disciplines other than lingustics.

Descriptive linguistics is the approach which sets out to describe the facts
of language usage as they are at a particular period of time.

Diachronic- the dimension of lingustics investigation which studies

historical development of language.

EFL- English as foreign language

ESP- English for specific purposes

ESL- English as a second language

First-language acquisition the normal development in a child of his or her

first language.

Language death- the point at which there are no living speakers of

language. Language decay- the early stage of language death.

Language planning- the systematic approach to developing language as a

national or regional resource (rulers, government).

Mother tongue- the language first learned.

Psycholinguistics- the study of relation between linguistics and

psychological processes.

Pragmatics- the study of language from the point of view of its users and
of the choices.

Second language- any language which is learnt formerly.

Interdisciplinarity- relationship across disciplines which presupposes that those
disciplines have independent existence.

Interdisciplinary relationships are established where areas of possible

convergeance can be identified.

The target of AL it remains true that many of those who study AL have
been and will continue to be involved at some level in language teaching.
Term AL first appeared in 1950s as postgraduate qualification. Its initial target
was language teaching.

AL components- language acquisition, learning; psycho/neurolinguistics;

language teaching; sociolinguistics; pragmatics; discourse analysis; text
translation; computational linguistics, machine translation; corpus linguistics;
language control/ diectology; the international association of AL; the AILAacronym of its French name-assosiation international de linguistics.

Billingual- one who is proficient in two languages

Multilingual- one who is proficient in more than two languages

Contrastive lingustics- a method of exploring structural similiarities and

differences between languages, important in historical linguistics and formerly
influential in language teaching

. Diachronic- the dimension of linguistic investigation which studies the

historical development of language.

Dialect- a regional or social variety which is not standard.

Case study- the collection and presentation of detailed information about

particular participant or small group, frequently including the accounts of
subjects themselves. A form of quantitative descriptive research, the case
study looks intensily at an individual or small group drawing conclusions only
about that particular or group and only in that specific context. Language
teaching and language teacher education- the only which belongs to AL field.

Why is language teaching/learning important? because it is better for

communication. Whatever the method, only desire and necessity can make
student learn a language. Educational failure and lack of achievement- the
history of language teaching is the history of method. Methods in language
teaching emerge and disappear.

Teaching vs. learning- teaching and learning are themselves aspects of

knowing about language in the context of second-language acquisition and it

is through understanding than improvement will come. There is no teaching

without learner and learner without teacher.

Acquisition vs. learning- if you learn language in the classroom setting,

then it is called learning, but if you learn language in the nature, then it is
called acquisition

. Foreign language vs. second language- a foreign language ( FL) is more

restricted sense is a non-native language taught in schools that has no status
as a routine medium of communication in the country. A second-language is
non-native language that is widely used for purposes of communication in the
country.

Lines of comparison of language- pronunciation; spelling; choice of

alphabet; grammar; vocabulary.

The behaviorists view( 1950-1960) language learning is seen as a

process of imitation and reinforcement ( learner attempts to copy what they
hear). L2- input obtained from controlled, formal instruction.

Behaviorism- study of observative and measurable behaviour.

The cognitive view- exposure to authentic use of L2 in near natural

situations. Input processes using natural strategies. Transitional strategies of
learning. Learners construct rules, try them out, and alter them if they prove
to be inadequate. Language learning proceeds in a series of transitional
stages teaching language system.

Acquiring/ acquisition picking up a language sub-conciously by using it

to communicate, e.g. immigrants acquiring their new language through daily
use.

Error- a language learners systematic use(it keeps repeating) of a

linguistic item that does not conform to the rules of the target language
because knowledge of those rules Is incomplete.

Error analysis- the systematic interception of the unacceptable forms used

by someone learning a langage usage.

Extralingustics- said of anything other than language to which language

can relate.

Forensic linguistics- the use of linguistic techniques to investigate crimes

in which langage constitute part of evidence.

Input language heard or read by learners.

nterlanguage the language system used at and intermediate stage of

foreign language teaching.

Mentalistic said of the study of language through interception rather

than through the description of behavior.

Metalanguage a language used for talking about language used to

describe language system itself.

Mistake unsystematic performance faults; incorrect form of use of

language that a learner can correct because he/she knows the correct form of
use.

LAD language acquisition device. It is situated in our brain. Successful

language learning- motivation ( one of the key factors); exposure ( being
exposed to something)

Critical period- the claim that there is a stage in human development

during which natural language acquisition is possible, usually placed before
the sensitive age. Universal optimum age for starting a second of foreign
language as early as possible in order to allow for possible acquisition as a
native speaker. Immersion the teaching of the second language as the
medium of instruction. The use of the second language as medium is much
older than Canadian enterprise.

Language skills- there are four language skills ( reading, writing,

speaking, listening)

Mental lexicon all the information about the words/lexemes that

someone knows.

Multiple choices choice of exercise in which the learners have to choose

the best of several answers.

Aptitude innate language ability.

Slip-mistake caused by factors such as tiredness or nerves.

Reliability term used in Evaluation and testing

Active vocabulary words that learners are able to use in their speech
and writing.

Monolingual- said of a person/community with only one language.

Native language a language with native speakers.

Neurolinguistics the study of brain structure and function in relation to

language use, acquisition and disorder.

Transfer the influence of a foreign learners mother tongue upon the

target language; positive transfer facilitates learning, whereas negative
transfer hinders it.

Second language research design a brief summary of research that

includes the research question, the methods used and the result.

Classroom observation an observation carried out in a classroom setting

often, using a structural scheme.

Control-group design a type of design that includes one group which

does not receive the experimental treatement but participants in the testing
session.

Corpus a collection of authentic data often with detailed information

about the context of collection.

Data-elification a subset of data collection refers to the process of

directly eliciting information from individual e.g. an interview task.

Focus-group interviews involving several participants in a group

discussion, often with a facilitator whose goal is to keep the group discussion
targeted on a specific topics

Interview comparable to a questionnaire but on a real mode.

Information is often gathered by means of open-ended questions and answers.

Introspective methods a set of data eliction techniques that encourage

learners to communicate about their internal processing and/or perspectives
about language learning experience.

Questionnaire usually written survey often used in a large scale study to

gather information.

Research question- a question that will be addressed/investigated in a

study.

Sampling the way participants/data for a study are selected.

Think- aloud a type of verbal reporting in which individuals are asked
what is going through their mind as they are solving a problem or performing
a task.

Triangualism using multiple research techniques and multiple sources of

data In order to explore the issues from all feasible perspectives.

Variable a characteristic that differs from group to a group or person

( e.g. native language, age, headedness)

Lexicography much knowledge other than linguistics is involved

( morphology, semantics, syntax, phonetics, phonemic, sociolinguistics)

Usage - a set of labels to mark words of senses of words that are

restricted in some way in the contexts in which they may occur.

Prescribed rules rules prescribed In language usage. Very useful, but

must be changed some day.

Acceptance acknowledgement by an educated native speaker of a

language that a sentence or other linguistic unit conforms to the norms of
language.

Achievement test an instrument designed to measure what a person has

learned within a given period of time of a known syllabus of course of
instruction

Aphasia loss of speech or of understanding of language, owing to brain

language

Appropriacy acknowledgement by an educated native speaker of a

language, that a sentence or other language unit is suitable or possible in
given social situation.

Authentic reading material genuine texts rather than those invented

solely for language teaching purposes.

CDA critical discourse analysis which analyses how language choices in

texts are used to maintain and create social equalities.

Census official numbering of a population and its characteristics, carried

out in many countries every ten years.

Clinical language either the application of language or the practice of

professionals such as speech therapists.

Codification producing systematic statements of the rules and

conventions of a language variety.

Competence the unconscious or implicit knowledge of language that the

native speaker has and which is the object.

Communicative competence knowledge of how to use a language

appropriety as well as the ability actually to do so.

Correctness strongly held notion that there are right and wrong usages.
Critical AL - judgment approach by some AL to normal AL on the grounds that
it is not concerned with the transformation of society.

Diaglosia situation in which two distinct variety of a language are used

in a speech community for quietly distinct purposes.

Ethical mileu the sense of right conduct shared by the members of a

profession. Immersion programs a form of bilingual education in which
children who speak only one language enter school where a second language
is the medium of instruction for all peoples.

Inclusive language the attempt to revise public documents so as not to

make them refer to members of both sexes.

Pedagogical grammar grammatical description of a language which is

intended for teaching purposes.

Simplified reading material teaching materials such as books, papers in

which the grammar and vocabulary have been made deliberately for the
reader, much used in SLA teaching.

Stylistics the study of varieties of language (for example register)

including literary varieties .

UCH unitary competence hypothesis, the view that there is one general
factor underlying language ability. Ultimate attainment the level of a
proficiency characteristic of the educated native speaker Variety natural
term for a language code, used for dialect, register etc.